Eur-Aryan Roots with their English Derivatives, Volume 1 (2024)

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EUR - ARYAN ROOTSWITH THEIR ENGLISH DERIVATIVESAND THECORRESPONDING WORDS IN THE COGNATE LANGUAGESCOMPARED AND SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGEDBYJ. BALY, M.A.Worcester College, Oxon. , Fellow of Calcutta UniversitySometime Archdeacon of CalcuttaVOL. I.༣NEW YORKHENRY HOLT AND COMPANY18987721B219eWMERINTRODUCTION.THE DESIGN of this work is to present to English readers in as populara form as the subject admits, and with an especial reference to theEnglish language, the results recently obtained by German philologists.Although it was an Englishman-Sir William Jones-to whom wasdue the first practical impulse to the study of the comparative philology of the Eur-Aryan languages, when in 1786 he declared ' that nophilologer could examine the Sanscrit, Greek and Latin withoutbelieving them to have sprung from a common source, and that theGothic and Celtic languages had probably the same origin, ' yet theimpulse thus given was not immediately followed by English scholars .6It was Francis Bopp, of Berlin, who, in 1833 (nearly fifty yearsafterwards) , published his Comparative Grammar of the Sanscrit,Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German, and Sclavoniclanguages,' and in that work first laid the scientific foundation forthe study of comparative philology. He was closely followed by asuccession of eminent scholars—Aug. Fred. Pott, Max Müller,Diefenbach, Schleicher, G. Curtius, Aug. Fick, Karl Brugmann,and others, who have built upon the foundation laid by Bopp astructure of scientific certainty, and placed it beyond the possibilityof question that the old Aryan, Iranic, and Armenian languages inAsia; the old Greek, Latin , Lithuanian, Slavonic, Teutonic, Celtic, inEurope; and all the modern languages descended from them both inAsia and Europe, are, in truth, only dialects of a common language· once spoken by a people living together in the same seats, who insuccessive migrations separated, and now form distinct nations; andthat their speech, originally one and the same, has been so changedafter their dispersion by the influence of their external circ*mstances,varying modes of life, importations of new words from different foreign131152vi INTRODUCTION.sources, &c. , that it has developed into many languages, each intelligible only to those that use it.English scholars-notably Skeat, Sayce, Whitley Stokes, andWhitney in America-have made most valuable contributions to thefuller knowledge of the comparative philology of the Eur-Aryanlanguages, and to the proof of their original unity. I have availedmyself largely of their help; yet it will be acknowledged that in thefulness of their data and the accuracy of their research the greatGerman scholars are still pre-eminent. This attempt, therefore, tomake English readers better acquainted with German scholarshipwill, I hope, help them to a better understanding of the origin,formation, and history of by far the larger proportion of Englishwords, and of their relation, not only to words in other languages, butto other English words, often differing widely in sound and sense,yet having a common origin and a proved etymological connection.The original speech of the ancestral race, and the collective groupof the languages into which it has developed have been variouslydenoted by the names Aryan, Indo-Germanic, Indo-European. Theseare confessedly inexact and inadequate. To apply the term Aryan,which denotes strictly only the Indian and Iranic peoples with thelanguages they use-viz. Sanscrit, Zend, and the modern Indian andPersian vernaculars-is an arbitrary use of the word, and would seemto favour a false notion that these are the older languages and therest of the group derived from them, instead of the fact that all havedeveloped contemporaneously from the same parent source. IndoGermanic, again, connotes only the Indian and Germanic dialects,omitting the Iranic , Celtic, &c. , while Indo- European omits the Zendand the modern Persian vernacular. I have therefore ventured tosubstitute for those hitherto used the term Eur-Aryan, which, thoughless simple than Aryan, has the advantage of being truer, and is bothless cumbrous and more exact than either Indo- Germanic or IndoEuropean. It was first suggested to me by Mr. Wh. Stokes.A brief explanation is necessary of what is meant by roots. Theoriginal language of the Eur-Aryan people had become inflectionallong before their division, and had attained a high standard of grammatical completeness. It had special forms for genders, numbersand cases of nouns, for personal endings, numbers, tenses and moodsof verbs, and for all the other parts of speech, as proved by a com-INTRODUCTION. vii·parison of the grammatical forms still to be found in all the existinglanguages of the Eur-Aryan group. But there are no less evidenttraces that in a far remote age Eur-Aryan speech passed through theuninflectional stage, in which a number of articulate sounds, rather thanwords properly so called, served as the means of expressing humanthought, emotion, and sensation. And philological research leads usto the conclusion that the oldest of these sounds were of the shortestand simplest kind, nothing more than either single- vowel or diphthongal sounds, or combinations of a single or double consonant witha vowel in the forms a +p or p +a. Each of these, if we may judgefrom later root-sounds, had a wide range of meaning, the various shadesof which must, in the earliest stage, have been differentiated byvariety of gesture, intonation, lengthening or shortening the vowel, orchanging its quality. As the range of human thought and experienceexpanded and became more complex, the need was felt of a larger andmore complex mode of expression, which was obtained first of all bysimple juxtaposition. Two or more sounds were put together to conveya concept for which a single sound was inadequate, and of this compound so formed one part became in time associated with the essentialmeaning, the others expressed subordinate relations, such as timewhen, manner how, a doer or a thing done, number, gender, person,&c. &c. Later, simple juxtaposition was followed by fusion of theparts into one compact word, of which, however, one part was stillregarded as the kernel and the significant element, and the others asmerely formative, expressing relation of one kind or another. Inthe language of grammar the first is called the root, the secondsuffixes e.g. in Sans. sach-a-ti , Zend hach-ai-ti, Gk, EπT-E- Taι,Lat, seqv-i-tur, all from Eur-Ar. seq-e-ti , the first syllable is theroot, while the two others are regarded as merely formative suffixes,although at one time they, too, probably had an independent meaningof their own.As an example of the earlier Eur-Ar. root- sounds we may take√ei-, √i-, to go, from which are Sans. e-ti , Zend ãi-ti, Gk. cî-01 (for ei-tı) ,Lat. i-t , Lith. ei-ti , goes, Goth. i-ddja, went. Eur-Ar. √på-, nourish,protect, rule, from which are Sans. pi-tr, Gk. Tα-τýρ, Lat. pa-ter,Goth. fa-dar, N.H.G. va-ter, N.E. fa-ther. Eur-Ar. √pi-, √po-, drink,from which are Sans. pi-tas, drunk, Gk. πí-vw, to drink, TO-Týρ,drinker, Lat. po-tus, a drink.The later Eur-Ar. roots were extended from the older by addingviii INTRODUCTION.to them final consonants, single or double, which are probably theremains of older significant sounds, and were employed to differentiateand modify the wider range of meaning covered by the unextendedroot: e.g. √√ter-q-, turn, twist, from which are Sans. tark-us, a spindle,Gk. а-трак- тоs s.s., Lat. torqv-ere, to twist, is an extended form of√ter-, through, pass through , from which are Sans. tar-ati, pierces,Lat. ter-it, wears away.Another method of extending the root is by imperfect reduplication: e.g. Eur-Ar. √ger-g- (for ger-ger), from simple form √ger-, toswallow, from which are formed Sans. gar-gar-a, an eddy, Gk. yópyvp-a, a drain, sewer, Lat. gurg-es, a whirl-pool, N.H.G. gurg-el, thegullet, N.E. gurgle, a noise in the throat. In the following pages frequentinstances will be found both of these and of other modifications of theolder and simpler root-sounds. What determines these and their modifications, and connects a particular sound with a particular action,thought, feeling, or state, seems to me a physiological question of thesame kind as the inquiry into the connection of the various soundsmade by the dog in the expression of his anger, fear, pleasure, orpain, and to lie outside the province of comparative philology.Dealing with the languages of Eur-Aryan origin now existing, eitherin books, ancient documents, or modern speech, its concern is totrace their development from the original root-sounds, and to proveas a matter of indisputable fact that they all belong to one stock, andthat notwithstanding their present differences of form the greaterbulk of their words are the same words, and retain the same, or asimilar meaning as the words used by the old Eur-Aryan peoples ina far remote past, and long before the dawn of the earliest history.The method I have adopted in tracing English words to theirEur-Aryan root is the following:Under each Eur-Aryan root the nearest cognates in each derivative language, where such are found, and attested by agreement withthe established laws of phonetic change, are placed in this order:Sanscrit, Zend, Armenian, Greek, Latin, L. Latin and Romance,Balto-Slave, Teutonic, and Celtic. Under Sanscrit, words from themodern Indian vernaculars will sometimes be found; and under Zend,occasionally, modern Persian words. Greek includes the variousdialectic forms of the language; and Latin, words of Umbrian andOscan. L. Latin and Romance include, as a rule, Italian, Provençal,old and new French, and Middle English words; less frequently,INTRODUCTION. ixSpanish and Portuguese. Under Balto-Slave, Lithuanian and O.Slavonic will generally be found; old Prussian, Lettish, and Russian,only occasionally. Under Teutonic, words from Gothic, old and newHigh German, old Norse, and Anglo- Saxon are generally cited; LowGerman, Dutch, and old Frisian, less frequently. Celtic includes oldand new Irish, Welsh, Gaelic, and Breton. Nearly all our Englishwords are traced back to the Eur-Ar. root through a Greek, Latin,Romance, Teutonic, or Celtic channel, and very few through Sanscrit,Zend, Armenian, and Balto-Slave; yet these languages are cited tosupply an intermediate link of resemblance, otherwise missing, andso to strengthen the chain of connection between all the severallanguages. Sanscrit and Zend citations have, indeed, a special value,because, if cognate to European words, they prove that both belongedto the Eur-Aryan race before its partition into the Asiatic andEuropean branches.As an example useful for the guidance of readers the Eur-Ar. root√tel- √tll- may be selected. It has the senses to bear, endure, carry,take, lift, weigh, balance.The Sanscrit form of the root is tul- tol-, found in tola, a weight,balance, zodiacal sign, equality, similarity (Hindi, tola, a small weight= oz.) , tula-yata, weigh, compare, match.1•Greek, ταλ- τλα-, in τάλας, suffering , τλάω, to endure, τλητός,Dor. Thatós, enduring, miserable; Táλavтov, a balance, weight,Τάνταλος for Τάλταλος, name of a mythical king of Phrygia, socalled either from his great wealth, ep. Ταντάλου τάλαντατανταλίζει, he weighs the talents of Tantalus, or from τανταλόομαι, τοbe swung, with reference to the myth of his being swung over water, andlifted away from it when near enough to drink, Tavтaλíčew , to swing,weigh; "Arλas, one of the older gods supposed to bear the pillarsof heaven; TépμOVES 'ATλavтIKOί, the mountains on either side ofthe Strait of Gibraltar, the Pillars of Hercules; Xírpa, a Sicilian coin,also a pound weight—a Sicelo-Greek form of Lat. libra (Liddell andScott) .Latin, tol- tla- tli-, in tollere, old Lat. tolere, tulere, to lift, take, p.p.latus (for tla-tus, cp. Dor. Tλaτós) , used also as p.p. of ferre, to bear,and its compounds, as latus , allatus, dilatus, collatus, elatus, oblatus,prælatus, prolatus, relatus, translatus, ablativus, dilatare, dilatorius,1 Τάλταλος is evidently a reduplicated form of ταλ- , and in Τάνταλος thefirst syllable is changed by dissimilation to TAV- .X INTRODUCTION.superlativus, legislator. Libra (for *tli-bra) , a pound weight, balance,zodiacal sign, libella (dimin. of libra) , a small silver coin, an instrumentfor finding the level, librare, to level, balance, swing, deliberare, toponder, equilibrium, equal weight, tolerare, to bear with, talentum,talent (loan-word from Gk. ) .L. Latin and Romance, o.F. and M.E. collacioun, o.F. delaiier,M.E. delayen, N.E. delay (Lat. dilatare) , O.F. and M.E. oblacioun,oblation, O.F. and M.E. prelat, N.E. prelate, O.F. relater, N.E. relate (L.Lat. relatare), o.F. and M.E. relation, o. and N.F. relatif, N.E. relative,O.F. translater, M.E. translaten , N.E. translate, O.F. and M.E. translation,O. Ital. libbra, N. Ital. lira, O.F. livre, a coin, a weight, Ital . livella ,O.F. livel, nivel, M.E. livel , N.E. level (subs. ) , N.F. niveler, to level, N.F.niveau, a level (Lat. libella) , F. and N.E. tolerant, tolerable, o.F. andM.E. talent, N.F. litre (orig. Greek loan-words) .Balto-Slav. tol- tul-: O. Slav. tolite, to be quiet, Lith. pa-tul-kas,patient, O. Slav. tlu-ku, Lith. tul-kas, an interpreter.Teutonic: Goth. thulan, O.H.G. dul-ten, N.H.G. dul-den, O.N. thola,A.S. tholian, bear, be patient, o.H.G. dult, N.H.G. geduld, patience, O.N.tulka, to interpret, O.N. tulkr, interpreter, Swed. tolka, to interpret(Slavonic loan-words) , M.E. talken, to talk (? see under √tel-, p. 457) .Celtic tal- Ir. tallaim, I take away, o.w. taile, Wel. tal, salary,payment, compensation.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, tola, a weight used in India.Greek, Atlas, Atlantic, Atlantis, talent (thr. Lat. and F.) , Tantalus,tantalise.Latin, extol, ablative, collate, delate (vb. ) , dilatation, dilatory,-iness, collate (vb. ) , elate, -ion, oblate, superlative, legislate, -ion, -or,-ive, libration, deliberate, -ion, -ive, Libra (zodiacal sign) , equilibrium,tolerate, -ion.L. Latin and Romance: collation, oblation, relation, translation,relate, translate, dilate, delay, -al, prelate, -cy, -tist , level, tolerant,tolerable, talent.Balto-Slav. talk, talkative (thr. o.N. and M.E.?).Teutonic thole, to bear (Scot. ).I hope that this plan (which is consistently followed) will be founduseful to students in tracing the pedigree, not only of English words,but of words in the cognate languages, and especially in those of theINTRODUCTION. xiTeutonic and Romance groups; for, besides assigning the word to theoriginal Eur-Ar. root—(1) It compares it with its nearest cognates in the derivativelanguages, and follows it, when it passes through one language toanother, or from one period to another of the same language.(2) It records the changes of form and meaning which the wordundergoes in the course of its progress.(3) It shows the channel through which the word has found aplace in a given language: viz. whether it has been a part of it fromthe first, and dates to the united Eur-Aryan period, or, whether ithas been introduced at a later period through the channel of someother cognate language.(4) In the latter case, it makes a distinction between words atfirst received as learned words used by professional persons or experts ,and still regarded as foreign loan-words, and those which have founda home in the native vernacular and have become generally adoptedas household-words into common use.1(5) It explains how words which look so unlike that a commonorigin for them seems altogether impossible may nevertheless , inspite of their differences, be assigned to the same root. To illustratethese remarks by the example given above of √tel- √tll-. The word' tola,' cited as a derivative from Sanscrit through Hindi, is a directloan-word in frequent use among Anglo-Indians. The words Atlas,Atlantic, tantalise, are direct loan-words from the Greek. Talent isan indirect loan-word, which has come from the Greek, through Lat.talentum, F. talent, into English, where it may be now regardedas domiciled. Extol and the other words cited as Latin derivativeswere adopted direct from Latin, into the written language first, butbeing used with Eng. inflections, they quickly passed into general use,and became part of the language.own.The L. Latin and Romance languages occupy a place of theirTheir words are mostly Latin as spoken by the Romanised' It is often hard to say whether a word should be classed as a loan-word, or asone grafted upon the language. A word may be limited to the cultivated classes fora period, and be spelt and pronounced as a foreign word, which in time is taken upby the mass of the people, and is subjected then to the popular spelling and pronunciation. When the word theatre was first introduced into English from the French,it was pronounced theatre; when it came into general use it was shortened to theatre;but old-fashioned people still pronounced theatre; and now that pronunciation, oncethat of the cultivated class, has become a vulgarism. The word tea was first pronounced ' tay ' by the refined, tee ' by the vulgar; nowthe latter is general, the former has become a vulgarism.xii INTRODUCTION.Celts and the mixed populations of Spain and Italy; but manyTeutonic and Celtic words are found, in a somewhat disguised form,in the various Romance languages. The Old French has a specialinterest for English students, as so large a number of its words wereintroduced into English under the Norman kings, between 1050 and1350 A.D. (about), which have given quite a new character to thelanguage. It is in these words that the original Eur- Aryan root ismost disguised, and, in some instances, completely hidden; as, forinstance, N.E. level shows but little connection with √tel until it istraced through M.E. livel, O.F. livel, Ital. livella, Lat. libella andlibra, to Old Lat. tli-bra, where the root syllable tli- connects it atonce with Eur-Ar. tel-.From the Balto- Slave languages the English derives the word' talk ' through the O.N. tulke, Swed. tolka, Dan. tolke, from Lithuanian tulkas, O. Slav. tluku, an interpreter (?, pp. 459, 509) .From Teutonic sources English seems to have no modern representative of √tel- but the almost obsolete Scotch provincialism ' thole,'to bear, endure. The O.N. thola, A.S. tholian, have disappeared from thelanguage, and their place is taken by the Teutonic ' beran ,' and derivatives from Lat. ' ferre, ' ' durare, ' and ' pati '; but modern German stillretains dulden, to bear, and geduld, patience.These changes must not be regarded as arbitrary or accidental.They are regulated by general laws, ascertained and attested by induction from a large number of instances in conformity with them. Anyvariation from these, incapable of explanation, throws a doubt uponthe correctness of the etymology in which it is found; although theremay be cases where, notwithstanding a variation from the law, theevidence in favour of the etymology is so strong that it may beaccepted as highly probable, though perhaps not absolutelyproved.To give a full and detailed explanation of every change of soundor letter would occupy far too large a space, and I can only appendto this Introduction a tabular statement of the regular changes withsome explanatory notes of the most frequent or important of them ,to which readers should pay very careful attention.INTRODUCTION. xiiiFor a more complete explanation the undermentioned books maybe consulted:For the changes in the whole range of the Eur- Aryan languages,Vol. I. of Brugmann's Comparative Grammar.'For special changes from Latin affecting the Romance group,the Introduction to Brachet's ' Etymological Dictionary of the FrenchLanguage.'For changes of the Eur-Aryan sounds in the Teutonic group,Noreen's Abriss der Urgermanische Lautlehre.'For special sound-changes in the Teutonic group, Wilmann's' Deutsche Grammatik '; Skeat's ' Brief Notes, ' pages xiii-xx in theIntroduction to his 'Etymological Dictionary.' For those in theCeltic to Macbain's Gaelic Dictionary, 1896.The principal authorities consulted by me are the following:BRUGMANN, Comparative Grammar, and Etymologische Forschungen.SCHLEICHER, Compendium of the Comparative Grammar oftheIndo- Germanic Languages.FICK, Indo-Germanic Dictionary (3rd edit. ) .BEZZENBERGER, FICK, and W. STOKES, vol. i . (4th edit.) .SCHRADER'S Prehistoric Antiquities ofthe Aryan Peoples.VICTOR HEHN'S Kultur- Pflanzen und Hausthiere.POTT, Etymologische Forschungen.MAX MÜLLER, Lectures on the Science ofLanguage, &c.DIEFENBACH, Comparative Dictionary of the Gothic Language:Origines Europeœ.ZEHETMAYR'S Comparative Dictionary of the Indo- GermanicLanguages, 1879.WHITNEY, Sanscrit Roots.MUIR, Sanscrit Texts.MONIER WILLIAMS, English- Sanscrit Dictionary, and PracticalGrammar.APTE, English-Sanscrit Dictionary.CAPPELLER, Sanscrit-English Dictionary.WILSON, Hindi and English Dictionary.FORBES, Hindustani Dictionary.G. CURTIUS, Greek Etymology (last edit.) .PRELLWITZ, Greek Etymological Dictionary.LIDDELL and SCOTT, Greek Lexicon (last edit. ) .W. CORSSEN, Beiträge, &c.xiv INTRODUCTION.PLANTA, Oscan and Umbrian Dialects.WEISE, Greek Loan-words in Latin.KELLER, Latin Popular Etymologies.BRÉAL'S Latin Etymological Dictionary.LEWIS and SHORT, Latin Dictionary.VANIČEK, Greek and Latin Etymological Lexicon.DIEZ, Romanisches Wörterbuch.KÖRTING, Lateinisch-Romanisches Wörterbuch.Du CANGE, Manuale Media et Infimæ Latinitatis.MOISY, Dictionnaire Anglo-Normand.BRACHET, French Etymological Dictionary.LITTRÉ'S French Dictionary.MIKLOSICH, EtymologischesWörterbuch der Sklavischen Sprachen.KLUGE, German Etymological Dictionary.VIGFUSSON and CLEASBY, Icelandic English Dictionary.SWEET'S Anglo-Saxon Dictionary.NOREEN, Abriss der Urgermanische Lautlehre.WILMANN, Comparative German Grammar.BEZZENBERGER, FICK, and STOKES, vol . ii . (Celtic) .W. STOKES, Cormac's Glossary.O'BRIEN, Irish Dictionary, with Supplement by O'DONOVAN.MCALPINE, Gael. -Eng. and Eng. -Gael. Dictionary, 9th ed. 1890 .SPURRELL, Eng. - Wel. and Wel. -Eng. Dictionary.MACBAIN'S Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language.RHYS, Lectures on Welsh Philology.SKEAT, English Etymological Dictionary.CENTURY Dictionary.MURRAY, Historical Dictionary of English.MÄTZNER, Old English Dictionary and English Grammar.STRATMANN, Dictionary of Old English.JAMESON, Scottish Dictionary.TAYLOR'S Place-Names.BARDSLEY, English Surnames.MAXWELL'S Scottish Land-Names.It is with considerable reluctance that I have found myselfcompelled to publish the first volume in advance of the second; butin a work of this kind constant reference to the completed portion ofit is necessary in order to avoid repetition and confusion . This, withan unindexed manuscript of some seven hundred pages of closelyINTRODUCTION. XVOnwritten matter, became so difficult, and occupied so much time, that,with a view to bring the whole work to an easier and speedier end, Iresolved to publish the first volume in advance, with a paged indexof the Eur-Aryan roots in order of treatment, and an alphabeticaland paged index of every English word derived from them.the completion of the second volume, which I hope will be in thecourse of two years or a little more, complete alphabetical indiceswill be given of all the words in the several languages (as well asof the English) which have been cited in the two volumes.In the use of this first volume, the reader, in order to trace theetymology of any English word contained in it, must first refer tothe English Alphabetic Index, where he will find the page or pageson which it occurs. Referring next to the proper pages, the wordwill be found among the English Derivatives, ' and very occasionallyin a footnote, and he will then, by tracing it upward to its channelor channels of derivation, be able to see at a glance how it hascome into the English language, what changes of form or meaningit has undergone, what are its nearest cognates in other languages,and, finally, how through one or more of these it may be traced upto its original Eur-Ar. root.xvi INTRODUCTION.TABLE OF SOUNDEUR-AR. SANSCRIT ZEND1 i i i2 i i i3 ŭ=xŭ>=>=4 ū5 ĕ67et13ū163ǎŭūai, ā, ē, ōARMENIANi (dropt in syll.not final)iǎ (dropt in syll.not final)ūĕ (i beforenasals)GREEK ec€i (dropt in syll. (a Doric)not final)ŏ, ǎ (u beforenasals)ŏLATINİ, ĕi, eiů (I before labials and 1)ū (i Umbrian)ĕ (i in unaccentedsyll. & bef. nasals)ĕ (1 before i in following syll . )ŏ, ŭ (ĕ final)8910>3103āپورai, ā, ē 163در3 28ō (ü rarely)ǎ, ǎ, İ10163ā ā ā (ē beforepalatals)ā (n Ionic) ā11ཟླ་ei ē, ai ae, oi ē in final, i in not final, syll.EL i (ei Old Lat. )1212 eu ō, au ao, eu oi in final, ū in not finals εν ou13 oi ē ae, oi ai, ē οι oi, œ, ū (i final)10ة оц 14ao, eu oi ( ū in syll. notfinal )ου ou, ū, ō15 aiΦΙae (ē final)ai αι, α æ, ê, i16 au(?) ao ةαπ au, ù17 Init. i y y j ( = Eng.y )? ' spiritus asper 'j = Eng. y18 Init. u v(lost bef. v (u prothetic) V, gu, kuů, ú)F= Eng. W v (or dropt bef. 1(8 dialectic) & r in initial syll. )19 q(not labialised)k, ch k, ch k, k (asp. ) , č, g K с200q k, ch k, ch(labialised)k (č before e, i)(g before nasals)K, π, T (0) qv (qu), c77333INTRODUCTION. xviiOR LETTER CHANGES.LITHUANIAN OLD SLAVONIC OELTIC GOTHIC OLD HIGH GERMAN OLD NORSE ANGLO-SAXON1 İ i i, ĕ i (ai bef. h, r) i (ĕ bef. a, e, oin foll. syll. )i i2 Ji i ei (script for i) i i i3 ǎ, Ŏ ů, ŏ u(Ŏ bef. ao in following syll. )й (au beforeh, r)й (o bef. a, e, oin foll. syll. )ŭ, ŏ ŭ(obef.a, oinfoll. syll. )4 ū ů ů ū й ü5Xĕ ĕ ĕ, i ĕ, İ ĕ, İ ĕ, i ĕ, iē(ǎ after k,g, ch, j)i ã, ea, ia (e in un- accented syll. )ā, ē, æ a,7 Ŏ, ǎ Ŏ, ǎ› ୪ă963ǎ811ū ā ā, in syll. with acute accent, ūfinalcent. )ǎ (Ŏ in syll. ǎ (ĕ, in eighth without acuteaccent)0, по10109ਅਤੇă ୪ ǎ (ǎi bef. syll.with e, i)ǎ10ة 10ǎ for orig., āā bef. nasal ā (ai bef. syll.with e, i)10ǎ (Ŏ in syll.without acuteaccent)ō, uo10ة ة>3 1011 ei, ē i ē, ia ei (ai before i (from ii) i, œ, y i, y (a bef.vowels) vowels)12 av, au Ov, ůeu iu eo, io, iu У eo13 ē, ai ē, i final oe, ae, ai (i ai ei, ē ei, i163final)14 an ů о, па au15 ē, ai16 ац17 |j = Eng. Vau, io eaae, iai ē, ei auu au, ōau au, ōau ea, ĕj= Eng.y i= Eng . V j =Eng. y j = Eng. y j (initial) is dropt, j (=Eng.y) , not initial3-18 V f (O. Ir. ), gw W W(Brit. ), b (O. Ir.and Brit. )19 k k, č, c c, O. Ir. and Brit.h, g, k (in sk-) h, g, ch h, g h, g, 320 k k, č, c c (Ir. ), p (Brit.) hw-, f, bh hv, k hv, f, g hw, faxviii INTRODUCTION.TABLE OF SOUND BEUR-AR. SANSCRIT ZEND ARMENIAN GRECK LATIN2721 Κ ç, sh, chh s, ç$ K(palatal)2222g g, j j, ž kγg(not labialised)2324g(labialised)g, jمةgkY, B, 8 (5) v, go, gj z, ž›NchE 25γg(palatal)25 gh(not labialised)gh, jh Ng, j, žΧh, g26 272627(labialised)gh(palatal)gh gh, jh gمنg, j , žΦ, θ, χf, b, gu, vh>Nj, z Xh (f), g282929+ rdt t, th, dh t (asp. ) d (after Tn, r)rdd, dh t♡30930 dh dh d d 031 р p p (f before con- sonants)h, p (asp. ) , v П2232(rare)b(rare)b♡d, 1 (rarely)f (b, d)pb3333bh bh b φ f (b)34 1 1, rH1 λ135 r r. 1 r rrρ36Bm mm3m37 n n n n νn38 *1 Į, ul, il er al (?) αλ, λα ol3940r, ur, ir,35er ar (?)or αρ, ραmEoam, a a, am am а, ам em, im41 n an, a a, an an α, αν en, in O42 j = Eng. y y У y j = Eng. y43 S S h, s, ç dropt bef. vowels (spir.asp. ) stween vowels, h(rare), 'p (for sp. )For the changes in the derivative languages of Eur-Ar. I, F, m, n, which are not yet accurately determined , see Brugmann, Comp. Gram. ' vol. i . pp. 243-246.s, randnasals, and be-INTRODUCTION. xixTASO OR LETTER CHANGES—(continued).LITHUANIAN OLD SLAVONIC CELTIC GOTHIC OLD HIGH GERMAN OLD NORSE ANGLO-SAXON1276S, SZ S c (O. Ir. and h, g, k(in sk-)|Brit. )¹x , h, g h, k (insk-) h, 3 , c (in SC-)22 g g, dž, dz g (O. Ir. andBrit . )k x, kk с23 -8 g g, dž, dz b, g (O. Ir. andBrit. )q, kw, v, p k, chw, f kv, f kw, p, f71724 >NNg (O. Ir. andBrit. )k k k C25 g g, dž, dz g (O. Ir. and Brit.)g g g g, 326منg g, dž, dz b, g (O. Ir. andBrit.)W, V W, V V W27 ŽNg (O. Ir. andBrit. )g g60g g, 328 t (but tltokl)t (th, d, afterVowels)t, th, d d, t (final) th d, dh29 1)d (but dl d d t Z tto gl)30 d d d d, dh tCTd, dh d31 P p b, p (in sp-), f f, pf f f 3232 b b b (O. Ir.; f, v,Brit. )P f f f, p33 b b b(O.Ir.; f, Brit. )|b b b b, f34 1 1 1 1 1 1 135HrHHHr36 m m m m m m m37 n n n n n n n38 il il li ul, ol, lu lu, ul, ol ul, ol ul, ol39 ir ri ri ur, or, ru ur, ru, or, ro ur, or ur, or40 im, um i, im ē (from em)um um, om um, om um, om41 in, i e, inĕ un un un, on un, on42 | j = Eng. V j = Eng. y j = Eng.y j = Eng. y j = Eng. y j = Eng. y |j = Eng.Y, 343 8, SZ S s, O. Ir. , h,Brit.S, Z S, I s, r s, r1x represents the hard German guttural'ch ' as in ' Ach! 'XX INTRODUCTIONNOTES ON THE TABLE OF SOUND OR LETTER CHANGES.(1) It must be remembered that these changes occurred beforethe introduction of writing, and in the first place were merelyof sound; when sound was afterwards expressed in writing, thealphabets expressed the change of sounds previously completed bya corresponding change of the letter employed to represent it. Thusin the change caused by labialisation, while non-labialising Sanscritused the symbol denoting a hard ' g ' sound, the labialising Greeksused ẞ, the Latins ' v,' the Teutonic q or kv. For the consonantalsound of i (i ) the Sans. used y (pronounced as in ' you ' ) . The Greeksrepresented it when initial by ( ) spiritus asper; the Armenians,Latins, Balto-Slavs, and Teutons, by j ( =Eng. y) .(2) The table includes the most prominent of regular changes,especially those of initial sounds or letters; but besides these thereare other changes in each of the several languages which cannot berepresented in a general table, and demand a separate study. Such,for instance, in Greek are the changes of τέν- ω to τείνω, πράκτιωto πрáσσш, пράτTw: in Latin, of ves- num to vēnum, mems-rum tomembrum, &c. &c.: in Sans. the changes of ai , au, to aya, ava; ofva- to u, &c. &c.(3) The gutturals q, g, qh, gh, are generally described as velar orlabio-velar ( so called from velum palati, the soft palate, which is instrumental in their pronunciation); k, g, gh, are described as palatal,because pronounced from the hard palate in front of the velum palati.The former are deep gutturals with an inclination for a labial aftersound, and are most easily pronounced before a, aw, u, ō. This labialtendency finds in several languages a literal expression , (a) by addingu or w to the guttural letter: e.g. Lat. quis, A.S. hwa, who, fromEur-Ar. qe, qo; A.S. cwen, queen, from Eur-Ar. gen; (b) by thefalling away of the guttural, and the substitution of a labial: e.g. inGothic fidwor, Wel. pedwar, from Eur-Ar. qetuer, four; Gk. Baivo,Lat. venio, from Eur-Ar. gam, to go; Goth. wulfs, O.H.G. wolf, fromEur-Ar. ulqos (wulkos) ,, a wolf. In Gk. the change is sometimes toT, 8, 9, as Greek TéτTapes = Eur-Ar. qetuer, dɛλþús = Sans. garbhas,INTRODUCTION. xxithe womb, from Eur-Ar. gerbh-, to contain, enclose. This change iscalled labialisation. The labialising languages are Greek, Latin,Celtic, Teutonic; the non-labialising, Aryan, Armenian, and BaltoSlav. But even in the labialising languages, velar gutturals oftenremain unchanged; words are labialised in one language and not inanother; and in the same languages, of words derived from the sameroot some are labialised, others not. The laws determining thevariations are not yet ascertained.(4) It will be observed from the Table of changes that Lat. frepresents the three Eur-Aryan aspirates gh- dh- and bh-; e.g. Lat.formus, warm, from Eur-Ar. √gher-, to be warm; Lat. fac-ere, to do,from an extension of Eur-Ar. ✔dhe-; Lat. fari, to speak, from Eur-Ar.✔bhe-.(5) In Celtic, Eur-Ar. p is never retained as p. It was lost inprimitive Celtic; cp. O. Ir. orc, a pig (from Eur-Ar. √perk-), with Latinporc-us; O. Ir. athir, a father (from Eur-Ar. √pa-) , with Latin pater;O. Ir. en, Bret. etn, a fowl (from Eur-Ar. √pet-, to fly), with Latinpenna (for petna, a wing) , Ir. nia, Wel. nai, sister's son (from Eur-Ar.nepot), with Latin nepos, nepotis. But pt in Ir. becomes cht: cp.Ir. secht, Wel. seith (from Eur-Ar. septm, seven), with Latin septem;Ir. suan, Wel. hun, sleep (from Eur-Ar. √suep-), with Gk. úπvos , Lat.somnus (for sopnus). The p which is found in the British forms ofCeltic represents Eur-Ar. q, which in Ir. is represented by c: e.g. Wel.pimp (cp. Gk. Téμжε) , O. Ir. coic, five Eur-Ar. qenqe; Wel.pen-Ir. ceann, head, summit.is(6) In the Teutonic languages f is the representative in genuineTeutonic words of Eur-Ar. p: e.g. Goth. fulls, OH.G. fol , A.S. ful, full ,O.N. fullr, full, from Eur-Ar. ple-, full. In foreign loan- words pretained in the L.G. dialects, which becomes pf in o. and N.H.G.: e.g.A.S. pāl, Du. paal, but O.H.G. pfal , N.H.G. pfahl, a pole or stake, fromLat . palus. In some loan-words of early introduction b representsEur-Ar. p: e.g. O.H.G. biscof, A.S. bisceop, from Gk. ¿TiσKOπos, theGoth. aipiskaupus, a bishop. In Goth. and the Low German dialects prepresents a Eur-Ar. b, as Goth. slep, A.S. slæp, O. Sax. slup, Du.slaap; but o. and N.H.G. use f, as in slaf, schlaf, sleep, from Eur- Ar.√sleb-, slack, languid (cp. Lat. labi, to sink, grow weak, O. Slav.slabu, lax, weak).(7) ofthe sounds r and 1, r is thought the elder, and 1 a dialecticform struck off from it while the Eur-Aryans were undivided . Nolaw can be safely laid down for the use of r and 1 in the derivativelanguages. In Sanscrit there is scarcely a root with 1 which does notxxii INTRODUCTION.also show derivative forms with r. In the later period of the language the distinction between r and 1 became wider, and 1 formsmore general, yet still much less common than the r forms, in theproportion of one 1 form to seven or eight r forms. Of the otherlanguages of the group, Zend and O. Persian used the r form exclusively, while the Armenian and European languages use both r and 1forms: e.g. Sans. purnas, Zend parena, full, Gk. Tíμπλημe, to fill,Lat. pletus, Lith. pilnas, O. Slav. plunu, Goth. fulis, O.H.G. fol , O. Ir.lān (for plono), full. A similar variety of taste or facility in the useof sounds exists in the case of r and 1 between the Chinese and theMaoris. The Chinese dislike r, and when found in a foreign wordpronounce it as 1, ' all light ' for ' all right,' "'melikins ' for ' Americans ';while the Maoris dislike 1 and prefer r, pronouncing ' Leviticus ' as' Revitiruha.' In the European languages it cannot be incapacity topronounce either, since both sounds occur in the same languages,and it is therefore probable that combination in the word of r and 1with some other sound or sounds determines the choice betweenthem-one combination making the ' r' form, another the ' 1 ' form ,the easier or pleasanter to use.(8) When s is found as the first of two consonants in a root,it is dropt in some languages, retained in others: e.g. in ske- ste-√sne- √spe- √sme- √sle- √sre, √sue- which are found also in theforms √ke- √te- √ne- √pe- me- le- re-, √ue-, so that there aretwo forms of the roots and of their derivatives to be found in differentlanguages, and even in the same language, one with, the other without,s: e.g. in Sans. paçyate and spaçyate, to mark, from Eur-Ar. √pe- and✓spe- respectively; Gk. σTέyw, Lat. tego, to cover, from Eur-Ar.√steg- and √teg-; Gk. -σkoos, ' caring for,' Gk. Koέw, to observe,Lat. caveo, beware, A.S. sceawian, to cause to see, show, from✔skey- and key-; Gk. Taupos , O.H.G. stior, a bull , steer, fromEur-Ar. steur-os, teuros; Sans. sname, bathe, wash, Lat. nāre, toswim, Lat. navis, a ship, from Eur-Ar. sne- and √ne-, to be moist,wash, float, &c. &c. A similar loss of the initial consonant occurs inother combinations than those with s, but less frequently: e.g.√nip-=√knip-, Vrek-- Vurek, &c.kośw,The change of s to r between two vowels may be noted in Latinand Teutonic; also of final s to r: as Old Lat. eso for later ero, I shallbe, O. Lat. esus for later erus, herus, a master, lord; Class. Lat.Aurora for older Ausosa, the dawn, cp. Sans. ushas (s.s. ); O.H.G. chiusuto churum, choran , N.H.G. erkiesen, to choose, p.p. erkoren, chosen,O.H.G. friosan, p.p. gifroran; Latin arbos, arbor, honos, honor, &c. ,INTRODUCTION. xxiiiGoth. us-, O.H.G. ir-, N.H.G. er- prefix. In Celtic s between vowels wasreplaced by h and finally dropt: e.g. O. Ir. iarn, Wel. hearn for iharn,eharn, from older Isarn-, found in Latino- Celtic Isarnodori, The irongates,' from Eur-Ar. ais, metal, copper, brass."(9) There is also an occasional falling away of r from a combinationof consonants in Latin, e.g. in testa for * tersta, tostus for * torstus,posco for *porcsco, festino for *ferstino. A similar loss of r occursin the Prakrit and modern vernaculars which have developed fromSanscrit: e.g. Hindi bhai, from Sans. bhrātar, brother, Hindi puchna,to ask, Sans. pracchati, asks ( = Lat. poscit).(10) It will be seen that in the derivatives from the same rootdifferent vowels are used, e.g. (in Greek) pópos, páp, a thief, frompépw, to bear, carry (Eur-Ar. √bher-). In Latin str-uere (cp . Sans.str-tas), ster-nere, strā-tus (cp. Gk. σTρwτós) from Eur-Ar. √ster-, toextend, spread out, strew. Similar changes occur in all the Eur-Aryanlanguages. The German name for this change of vowel is ' Ablaut,'and Brugmann explains this term by Vocal-Abstufung,' i.e. vowelgradation. English scholars use for this system of vocal changeeither the German term Ablaut ' or the English terms vowel-gradation, vowel-mutation. A scheme of these vowel- changes is given byBrugmann ( Comp. Gram. ' i . 250), and illustrated by the nominalsuffix -ter-, -tor- as follows: -6Low grades-ter--torHigh grades(a) in unaccented (b) with grave ( 1 ) tér (2) tor (3) tér (4) tōrsyllable-tr- traccent-trrFor the more complete explanation of these changes in the ě, ǎ, andŎ vowel-rows, his whole section from p. 246 to p. 261 should bestudied.xxiv INTRODUCTION.TABLE OFEUR-ARYAN, AND SANSCRIT LETTER-SOUNDS.EUR-ARYAN= ǎ Eng. a in pat الع= 99 a in cartSANSCRITI = 99В п111Пů ==П П Пx 10xej===eu=oi""i in pinee in peeru in putoo in mood" e in pet" a in pate19 o in on19 o in bone= "= ""دود محموددشود " =ouaj =au|| 11 || 0i in pineoo in soot (?) , rootoi in coin (?)oo in moodwith the same sound as Eur-Ar.Sanscrit has no ĕė (regarded as a diphthong) a in pate Sanscrit has no Ŏ=0 in boneai -y in why (broadly pronounced)au =ow in townkkin Katekh =ckh in block- headg =gin gateghgh in loghutn =ng (nearly) before gutturalsn =ny (nearly) before palatalsn = dental, as n in pantchch in churchchhchh in church-hilljjin jet" y in try (broad)"" ow in town= "" y in yon99 w in war= " c in coo (deep guttural)19 k in kin (nearly as ky-) jh =dgh in hedg(e)hog = " g in goose (deep guttural) ţ =t in tool (cerebral)= " gin gear (soft guttural)t -t in tip (dental)= "9 gh in foghorn ḍd= in doom (cerebral)dgh in rag- heap =d in dip (dental)th =th in rat-hole B " t in tub th = th in dialectic top o'thill ddhp =

= 19 dh in sandhill" pdh in dead-house (cerebral)dh - dh in dead-heat (dental)p = pph =ph in uphillgh20 180 50 150+b = 39bh= "9 bh in abhor b = bHbh = bh in abhor = 1 in lot 1 = 1 in lot r = 99 r in rot r =r in rot m = " m in metn =:"1 n in netm =m in met=To go go יח= 99m == "9 en in mizen (miz'n)-le in able-re in sceptre, F. quatrem in schism1- le in settle=re- ri-, in centre, centricaly =y in yon= v in vast= Germ. ch in sichelS =Eng. s in sit =||" y in yon sh =sh in shoot8 8, orz before medials. h = h in hotINTRODUCTION. XXVTABLE OFZEND, LITHUANIAN, AND O. SLAVONIC LETTER-SOUNDS.ZEND LITHUANIAN AND OLD SLAVONICāIwith the same sound as Eur-Ar.1ůě) open sounds as in German ge- nugsee (a lake)closed vowels as in pen, paintas Eur-Aryan Ŏ and ō} as аеaiaoauoieu}=ai in Germ. kaiser=ou in houseas Eur- Ar. oi, eukkin Katech =ch in church (palatal]Χ =gch in loch (guttural)=g in gatej =j in jetttin tubththin thinkddin damedh-th in theeP = pOnly those letters are given in thesealphabets which need a particularexplanationLITHUANIANVowels ĕ and a are open vowelsẻ and o are always longy=I (i.e. as ee in peer)Diphthongs ai, au, ei, as in Eur-Ar.ë-=ye in yea)Consonants:j =y in yonV =v in vat or w in wetᏃ =z in gazez =z in azure or F. j in jeuneᏚᏃ = Germ. sch in schönс =ts as in tsarCZ =- Germ. tschOLD SLAVONICVowels a, e, o, i , 1, u, u, y, é; e and oare openI =I in pinǎ -Eng. u in but, cutb bΓ =r in rot▼ =v or w in vat, wetym =m in metD as in Sanscrity =y in yonffin fatw=w in warŚ ==Germ. ch in sichel- Sans. ç and like8 =s in sitshsh in dish?Z =z in gazež z in azure, or F. j in jeunehhîn hot=ū (i.e. as oo in boot)éē= (i.e. as a in pate)ch - Germ. ch in Ach!š Germ. sch in schönNŽс==z in gaze=z in azure or F. j in jeune=ts in tsar- Germ. tschbxxvi INTRODUCTION.ABBREVIATIONSСур.Lat.= LesbianSans.Zd.=- Sanscrit= ZendArm. = ArmenianGk. =GreekAtt. = AtticIon. = IonicEol. = EolicCret. = CretanLes.- Cyprian = LatinO. Lat. =Old LatinL. Lat.Rom.= Low (or late) Latin = RomanceIcel.Scot. = ScottishA.S. =Anglo- SaxonO. Sax.Fris.O. Fris. =Du.O. Du.Goth.O.H.G.M.H.G.• N.H.G.L.G.O.N.=Gothic==Old High German- Middle High German= New High German =Low German = Old Norse=New IcelandicOsc. - Oscan Lith.Umb. = UmbrianSab. SabellianLett.O. Pruss.Ital. =ItalianO. Ital. = Old ItalianSpan. = Spanish Pol.Port. = Portuguese O. Ir.Prov. =Provençal Ir.O.F. =- Old French O. Wel. =N.F. = New French Wel.O. Slav.Russ.= Old Saxon= FrisianOld Frisian= Dutch =- Old Dutch-= Lithuanian= Lettish= Old Prussian= Old Slavonic= Russian= Polish= Old Irish= New IrishOld Welsh=- New WelshM.E. == Middle English Corn. = CornishN.E. = New English Bret. =: BretonNorth. E. =Northern English Gael. = Gaelicadj . =adjective abl. =ablativeadv. =adverb loc.subs. =substantive p. p.=vb.==verb p. t.prep. =preposition pr. p.pron.pr. n.=pronoun pr. t.=proper namepref. =prefix suf. = suffixfut. t.trans.intrans.caus.= locativepast participle = past tense=present participle =present tense = future tense=transitive== causativeintransitivecomp.=pers. pron. = personal pronoundem. pron.=demonstrative pronoun == comparativeinc. =inceptivefreq. =frequentativesuperl. =superlativem. or masc. = masculineinten. = intensivedim. =diminutivef. or fem. =feminine dial. = dialecticn. or neut. neuter obs. = obsoletesing. = singular thr. =through du.plu.=dual fr. = from= plural SC.nom. =nominative 8.S.=that is to saysame sensegen. =genitive cp. = comparedat. = dative e.g. for instanceacc. =accusativeINTRODUCTION. xxvii= equal to

MARKS.placed at the beginning of a word, denotes that it does not actually occur, butis a form presupposed from another word.O under 1 m nr, denotes that they are used as vowels.under i and u, that they are used as consonants, viz. y and w.A·over k kh g gh, denotes that they are palatal gutturals ( see Letter Table) .under td in Sanscrit words, denotes a cerebral t d.V over Lithuanian, O. Slavonic and Zend. z, denotes the soft palatal sound.་when found under vowels, denotes that a nasal sound is given them.denotes that the vowel over which it is placed is long.similarly placed denotes a short vowel.INTRODUCTIONCONTENTS.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS (WITH THEIR DERIVATIVES) .APPENDIX I.-CORRIGENDAAPPENDIX II.-INDEX OF EUR-ARYAN ROOTSPAGEi-xxvii1-706709-712714-720APPENDIX III.-ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ENGLISH WORDS 722-781EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.A.Eur-Ar. AIDH , burn, give light, shine.Sanscrit, edh- idh- in edh-as, firewood, idh-ra, clear, idh-ana, to seton fire.Greek, ai0- 10- in aï0w, to burn, ailos, burning heat, A¡lío↓, anEthiopian (burnt face), ailńp, the clear sky, aïopios, bright, ilapós,pure, clear, Aiτvn, Etna, ' the burning.'Latin, aid- æd- in O. Lat. aidis (class. ædes) , a hearth , a house;ædilis, a municipal inspector of houses, ædificare ( ædes +facio) , to build;æstus, warmth, the flowing tide, æstuare, to be in violent motion, as astormy sea, æstuarium, a tidal river, æstas, -atis, summer, æstivus,summery; ater¹ (for aid-ter) , black with smoke, atrium, the hall (Serv.ad Verg. ' ibi enim culina erat, unde et atrium dictum est, atrumenim erat ex fumo '); atrox (from atrare, as ferox from fero) , dark,terrible, fierce, atrocious; idus, bright days ' at the time offull moon,—the ides ofthe month. Ether, clear sky (Gk. loan-word) .

•L. Latin and Romance, F. édifier, to edify; Ital. state, Prov.estatz, O.F. este, N.F. été.Teutonic, A.S. ad, a pile offirewood, A.S. ast, a kiln, O.H.G. eit, firewood, O.H.G. eiten, to burn (Kluge) . Skeat suggests the possibility ofa connection of O.H.G. ital, N.H.G. eitel, vain, empty, A.S. idel, idle, withroot aie- and Gk. i0após, shining, pure, clear; so, void, empty; then,idle, worthless.Celtic, Ir. aid, fire, Wel. aid, heat, zeal.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, ether, etherialize, etherial, Ethiopian; Eth- first syllable ofEther, used to denote chemical compounds of Ethyl, the hypotheticalradical of the dicarbon series.' This explanation of ater, atrium, atrox, must be regarded as problematical.วาB2 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Latin, ædile, edile, edifice , (thr. Fr.) edification, estuary, estival,estivate, Ides.Romance, edify.Teutonic, idle (?) , &c. , oast, a hop-kiln.Eur-Ar. VAIS , VAIS SK , inceptive: to wish, seek.Sanscrit, is- ich- in ichchati for is-skhati, to wish; ichcha, a wish,desire.Zend, aeshma, desire, lust, Aeshma-deva, the god of lust, Asmodeus.Greek, io- in uepos for iouepos, desire, ixapós, ¹ merry (so Fick andVaniček, but the spiritus asper is unaccounted for) , i'xvos, a truck,ixvéve, to search, ixveúpwv, the hunter (i.e. of crocodiles' eggs).Latin, is- æs- in æs-tumare, ² to price, esteem (later spelling æstimare) ,ex-is-timare, to think, hilarus, hilaris, merry (a Greek loan-word); Sabineaisos, prayer.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. and Prov. esmer=Lat. æstimare, O.F.aesmer, aemer ( Lat. ad-æstimare), M.E. aymen, to esteem, value, calculate, to aim at, endeavour, to attain, N.F. estimer, to esteem.Teutonic, Goth. ais-tan, to regard, O.H.G. eis- con, to ask, A.S. as-cian(Northern dialect ac- sian) , M.E. ax, axe, to ask, O.H.G. ēra, N.H.G. ehre,O.N. eir, a.s. ār, honour, grace, A.S. ārian, to favour (by change of s to r) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Zend, Asmodeus.Greek (through Lat.) , hilarious, hilarity, exhilarate, Hilary (n.pr.) , ichneumon (see Vuik).Latin, estimation, estimate, estimable.L. Latin and Romance, esteem, aim, aimless .Teutonic, ask: the forms ' ax, axe ' are now vulgar, but weregenerally used in literary English down to 1600.' Fick's explanation must be regarded as doubtful, notwithstanding the apparentlyintimate connection as regards meaning between hilaris and iλapós; cp. ¡λápia(Lucian) and hilaria (a festival celebrated at Rome about the time of the vernalequinox, iλapórns (Plutarch) and hilaritas , which, however, look like transliterations ofLatin words by one writing in Greek. ' Iλapós may be connected with laos, gra ivus,kindly, and the verb ἱλάω, ἵλαμαι, λάσκομαι, which Brugmann derives from a Greekbase σλα-, ἵλαμαι standing for σί- σλα-μαι: cp. ἵστημι for σί-στημι. If this be correct theorigin of hilaris is still to seek.2 Corssen derives æstumare from æs (copper, bronze) + -tumo from √ti-, estimate,and gives as its meaning ' to reduce to a copper standard ': e.g. a sheep waspriced at 10, an ox at 100, lb. of copper (Festus, p. 273). The early use of theword in this sense makes this seem probable (cp. also, from the XII. Tables, ' tribusnundinis continuis in comitium procitato et æris æstimiam prædicato ' ). Brugmannconnects it with Goth aistan, O.H.G. êra, as given in the text.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS, 3Eur-Ar. √AIS-, to be fresh, lively, strong—perhaps identical with thepreceding.Sanscrit, ish-, sap, strength, freshness, in ishiras, vigorous, strong,invigorating (an epithet of the gods) , ish-ayati, ' invigorates.'Greek, is- in iɛpós (for iopos) , Hom. ipós, Æol. ¡após, vigorous, lively,divine, sacred (cp. Germ. heil, good health, and heilig, holy) , iáoµaι (forioάopai), to heal, larpós, a surgeon, physician, iepeús, a priest.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, hierarch, hierophant, hieroglyphic.Eur-Ar. √AQ √00 , with nasalised √ANQ- √ONQ-, bend, curve,bulge, swell, wind about, wriggle, with variant VANG VONG.Sanscrit, ak- in ak-na, bent, anka, a hook, a bend; ap-ak, ap-ank(apa, from, + ank) , turned away.Zend, ak- in aka, a hook.Greek, ȧyк- ỏуk- , in åykúλŋ, bend ofarm or wrist, äykuλos, crooked,aykuρa, anchor, aykos, a hollow or dell, ayxwv, elbow, öyкos, barb ofan arrow, an angle.Latin, ac- anc- unc- ung-, in ancus, with a crooked arm, uncus,crooked, uncus a hook, angulus ( Umbr. anglom, for * anklom) , a corner,an angle, angularis, angular, annus, a year¹ (the circle of the seasons),for acnus (cp. Umb. acnu, a year, per-acne - per-enne) , sollemnis,yearly, annulus, a ring, dim. (from O. Lat. ānus from ac-nus, a ring) ,ancus (O. Lat. ) , a servant, as bending, crouching; anculus (dimin. ) s.s. ,ancilla, a maid-servant, anclare ( =anculare) , to serve, hand dishes(' antiqui anculare dicebant, ' Paul. ex Fest. p. 20, Müll. ); anchora(borrowed from Gk.) , anchor.L. Latin and Romance, It. anca, Fr. hanche, haunch (Diez derivesthis from Gk. ǎyêŋ, a bend, or better from O.H.G. ancha, the tibia, theleg, and compares with Fr. hanche the Fris. hancke, haunch); Fr.ancre, anchor; Ital. angolo, O.F. angle, M.E. angle.Old Slavonic, ag- in aglu, an angle.Teutonic, anc- ang- öng-, in O.H.G. ancha, the leg, O.N. önkla, O.H.G.anchala, anchla, N.H.G. enkel, A.S. ancleow, the ankle, O.N.öngull , O.H.G.¹ Other explanations are:-(1) Corrsen's from an- or am- in am-bi, roundabout, in reference to the returning season. He makes annus =am-nus. (2) Others deriveannus direct from an-us, a ring (annulus the dimin. of an-us is an incorrect spelling),which they, as Corssen, derive from an- or am- in ambi, roundabout. (3) Brugmanngivesan-nus, a year= at-snos, and compares it with Goth. ath-n, a year. He would thereforeplace it under the Eur-Ar. net, old, a year, at- standing for an older vat-. Thisexplanation must be accepted but for the Umbrian ac-nu and peracne. It is held,however, to be extremely doubtful whether these latter words represent Lat. annus,perennis. Corssen thinks they do not, beause cn in Lat. is never assimilated to nn:the c is either changed to g, or disappears, the preceding vowel being lengthened. Ifso, the explanation in the text is false, and Brugmann's seems the best.B 2EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.angul, A.S. angel, a fish-hook; Dutch anker, a measure of 8 glns., socalled from its round shape; O. Sax. avuh ( = af, from, + uh: cp.Sans. ap-ak) , O.H.G. apuh, O.N. afa*g, afig, M.E. auk, perverse, turned away.Celtic, Ir. unne, gen. ain-ne, a ring.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, anchylosis (medical term) , stiffening ofthe joint, for ancylosis ,anchor (through Lat. and Fr.) .Latin, angle, a corner (thr. Romance) , tri-angle, &c. , angular,tri-angular, &c. , angularity, angulate, tri-angulate; annular, annulated; annual, ' biennial, &c . , millennium, perennial, solemn, solemnity,solemnize, annals, annalist, annates, a year's income, annuity, -ant,ancillary.L. Latin and Romance, haunch (thr. O.H.G.) , angle.Teutonic, angle, to fish, angler, ancle, an-clet, anker, awkward.Eur-Ar. √AQ- =dark, blind, only found in European branches.Greek, ȧκ- in ǎxapos (a Locrian word) , blind, åxλús, a mist overthe eyes (Hom. ) , axλów, to darken.Latin, aq- in aquilus, dark, aquila, an eagle, from its dark browncolour (cp. Gk. µeλaváɛtos) , Aquilo, the north wind, from its bringingcloudy weather; op-ācus, dark, not transparent.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. aille, ² egle, aigle ( =Lat. aquila) , M.E.egle, aegle, N.E. eagle.Lithuanian, ak-las , blind.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, aquilino, opaque, opacity.Romance, eagle, eaglet.Eur-Ar. √AĞ-, to drive, lead.Sanscrit, aj- in aj-ami, I drive, aj-as, a driver, leader, aj-ras, a tractofland, aj-man, a train of men, troop, army, aj-as, a goat, aj-â, a shegoat, aj-ira, nimble, aksha, an axle.Zend, az-, az-ra, the chase.Armenian, aic, a goat, gen. aici.Greek, ȧy-, äyw, drive, lead, åyós, leader, äypa, the chase, ǎypos,tract of land, ovaypos, wild ass , åypios, wild; åyóv, a contest, strife,' Brugmann's explanation, if established, requires that annus with all its derivatives should be placed under ✔get.2 Körting derives o.F. aille from O.H.G. adelar, N.H.G. adler.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 5ἀγωνία, a wrestling match, ἀγωνίζω, to contend, ἀγωνιστής, α wrestler,competitor, ἀντ- αγωνιστής, πρωταγωνιστής; στρατηγός, leader of anarmy; ȧywyós, a guide, waidaɣwyós, a servant who took a boy to school(παῖς + ἀγωγ-), δημαγωγός (δήμος + ἀγωγ-) , leader of the people,συναγωγή (σύν, with, +ἀγωγ-) assembly, χολαγωγός (χολή +ἀγωγ-),carrying off bile, &c. , ȧywyń, a driving, ǹyéoµaí, to lead, to deem,think fit; ἡγεμών, α leader, ἡγεμονία, leadership, ἡγούμενος, chiefof an abbey (late) , ¿§ýynois, a statement, explanation; aï§, aiy- ós, agoat; aiyidiov, a kid, aiyís, the shield of Jove—literally a goat-skin.On the statues of Athene the ægis is represented as a short cloakcovered with scales, and set with the Gorgon's head; aiylλwy, a kindofoak bearing an esculent acorn, so called probably because the fruitwas eaten by goats (cp. aiyeipos, the poplar, the leaves of which goats*eat): the tree was also called onyós, from payw, to eat; aiyavén, oakenspear; ǎ§wv (åk +0) , an axle; ǎğıoș, worthy, worth, equivalent to,weighing (uvâv ayew , to weigh a pound, µvâs ä§ios , weighing, orworth a pound); ȧgíwpa, that which is approved, an axiom.Latin, ag- in ag-ere, egi, ac-tum, to drive; with compoundsamb-ig-ere, to drive or go about, ambiguus, doubtful, ex-ig- ere, driveout, extort, demand, consider, weigh, prod-i-gere, to drive forth,squander, pro-digus, wasteful, red-ig-ere, redactus, to reduce, restore,trans-ig-ere, to carry through, transactus, co- g-ere for co-ig- ere, tocompel; all these form perf. and supine in -egi, -actum.Other compounds forming in -are, -avi, -atum are cast-ig-are (castus +ago) ,chastise, fat-ig-are (fassus + ago), fatigue, fum-ig-are (fumus +ago) ,to fumigate, jur-g-are for jurigare (jus + ago) , to quarrel, to contend atlaw, lit-ig-are (lis + ago) , to go to law, litigiosus, mit-ig-are (mitis +ago), to soften, nav-ig-are (navis +ago) , to sail, pur-g-are for purig-are (purus +ago) , to purify, objurgare, to scold, expurgare, to freefrom impurity; ag-itare (freq. of ago) , to agitate, co-g-itare ( = coagitare), to turn about, meditate, co-ag-ulare, to curdle; actor, a doer,actus, an act, actio, an action, activus, active, actualis, actual,actuarius, a shorthand writer, a keeper of accounts, agilis, easilymoved, moving easily, agilitas; agmen, a troop on march, exāmen=ex-ag-men), a swarm of bees (cp. exigere in sense ' drive out ') ,examen, means of weighing, tongue of a balance, exagium, a weighing,testing (exigere, to weigh), examinare, to weigh; exactus, precise,exiguus, scanty. Ager, originally a drive for cattle, pasture-land,afterwards, when cultivation was introduced, arable land; agolum, ashepherd's stick, a goad, agrestis, agrarius, relating to land, agricola,tiller of land, agricultura, agriculture, per-agr- o, to roam, per-egr-inus,√AĞ-6 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√AĞ- a traveller,foreigner, peregrinare, to travel; axis, assis, an axle, a beam orplank, āla (for axla) , a wing, ax-illa, a wing, wing of an army, shoulder,assula, a splinter, shingle, ales , afowl, æsculus for æg-sculus, an ash.(Cp. Gk. aiyíλwy, alyeipos.¹) Egidius (prop. n. fr. Gk. ) .L. Latin and Romance, o.F. pelegrin, pelerin,2 Prov. pelegrino, Sp.peregrino, It. pellegrino, peregrino, M.E. pelegrim, pilegrim, a pilgrim,O.F. pelerin, a pilgrim's cloak, pelerine; Ital. esagio, assaggio, Prov.essais, O.F. essai, M.E. assai, a weighing, testing, trying, Ital .assaggiare, O.F. essaier, asaier, L. Lat. exagiare, to weigh, test (fromexagium), N.F. enacter, to put in force, N.F. exacter, L. Lat. exactare,to exact, L. Lat. coactare, Prov. cachar, o.F. cacher, to press together,se cacher, to crouch down, hide oneself, N.F. cacher, to hide, conceul,N.F. cache, a covering, hiding place, N.F. cachet, covering of a letter,the seal, stamp; Ital. cagliare, O.F. cailler (Lat. coagulare) , to curdle,N.F. examiner, examine, O.F. chastier, M.E. chastien (Lat. castigare),Ital. purgare, F. purger, to cleanse, purify, Ital. faticare, F. fatiguer,to tire, O.F. ais, Ital . asse, an axle, a beam or plank, O.F. aisselle (dimin. ,s.s.) from Lat. assis =axis, O.F. aiseler, aiselier, a board or plank, thatwhich fills up the armpit (axilla) or angle, M.E. asheler; O.F. aile, aisle,a wing, an aisle or wing of a church.Balto-Slav. , Lith. ozis, a goat, Lith. aszis, an axle, O. Slav.osi (s.s.) , O. Slav. igla, Lith. yla, an awl.Teutonic, ak- ah- ök-: O.N. aka, to drive, perf. ōk, Goth. and O.N.akr, O.H.G. ah-har, N.H.G. acker, A.S. äcer, a field, Goth. akruna, A.S.äcernu (neut. pl. ) , fruits of the field, wild fruit, äcern, an acorn, O.N.akarn (s.s. ) , Dan. agern, an acorn; A.S. äsc, O.N. askr, O.H.G. asc, N.H.G.esche, ash tree, O.H.G. ahsa, N.H.G. aihse, A.S. eax, a shoulder, O.H.G.ahsala, O.N. öxull, A.S. axel, M.E. eaxel, axle, diminutive forms ofahsa, eax; O.N. al-r, A.S. avel, al, O.H.G. ala, an awl.¹3ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, agony, agonize, antagonist, protagonist, demagogue, leaderofthe people, pedagogue, synagogue, cholagogue, with other compoundsterminating with -agogue; strategy, stratagem (a device in war) ,1 Schrader's Præhist. Antiq. p. 272.? There are but few derivatives in the Romance, from ager (which has beensupplanted by campus) , and with one or two exceptions these are learned words.It is the same with agere, the place of which is taken by minare.Kluge regards these words as only distantly connected with, not borrowed from,Lat. æsculus; he takes the same view of Greek öğún, a species of beech, O. Slav. jasika,Lith. usis, the ash.• The connection of awl with Latin agolum and O. Slav. igla, a shepherd's stick, agoad, is doubtful.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 7strategic, hegemony, Hegumenos, exegesis, exegetic, axiom, axiomatic,ægis, Ægidius (pr. n. ) , epact, a supplementary addition.Latin, agent, agency, act, actor, -ress, action, active, actual,actuate, actuary, agile, -ity, agitate, cogitate, coagulate, ambiguous, -ity,cogent, -cy, coagent, exigent, exact (adj . ) , exiguity, prodigal, transact,-ion, castigate, -ion, fumigate, -ion, objurgation, litigate, -ion, litigious,mitigate, -ion, navigate, -ion, navigator, navvy (a term first applied tothose who dug out the English canals), expurgate, purgatory, purgation, indefatigable, react, redactor, counteract, agile, -ity, examination;agrestic, agrarian, agriculture, peregrinate, axis, aliped (ales + pes) , awing-footed animal, as a bat. Egidius, name of a Saint, corrupted inEnglish to St. Giles, which has become the source of several surnames,as Giles, Gill, &c.L. Latin and Romance, pilgrim, -age, pelerine, a kind of cloak, essay,assay, enact, exact (vb. ) , chasten, chastise (by arbitrary change of termination), purge, fatigue, cache, cachet; ashlar work, masonry of squarehewn stones, opposed to rubble- work in carpentry the short uprightquarterings in garrets between the rafters and the floor to cut off theacute angle; aisle, the wing of a church.

Teutonic, acker (O.N.) , acre (A.S.) , acorn (a.s.) —corrupted form, amistaken connection with ' corn, ' as though the word meant oak-cornaxle, awl (A.S.), ash-tree.Eur-Ar. VAGH , ANGH , with variants VEGH , VENGH, to presstight, bind, pain.Sanscrit, ah- amh-, in ah-i, snake, ah-ema, bind together, am-has,ahas, pressure, oppression, amhu, tight.Zend, az- -anz, in azhia, snake, azah, pressure, anxiety.Greek, ax-, ayx-, ex-, ɛyx- , in åx- os, pain, åx-éw, to pain,ax-los, a burden, trouble, äx-Ooµai, to be burdened, troubled; äyx-W,to bind, press tight, throttle, xvv- áyx-n, dog-quinsey, sore throat (Galen);ǎyx-1, àɣx-oû, near, ¿yy-ús, near, éxis, a snake, ëx-idva, a viper, ëyxɛλvs, an eel, ¿xîvos, a hedgehog, opis, a snake ( 4 = Eur-Ar. ğh) .²Latin, ang- in ang-ere, anx-i, to distress, ang-ina, a pain, spasm,quinsey, angor, pain, sorrow, anxius, anxious, ang-ustus, narrow,angustia, narrowness, difficulty, ang-uis, a snake, ang-uilla, an eel,echinus (borrowed from Gk. ) .L. Latin and Romance, It. angoscia (Lat. angustia), o.F. angoisse,Either from aiyldıov, a kid, a name of endearment, or from Alyldios, Jove's ægis. '

• See Brugmann, vol. ii. p. 262, and for alternative derivation of Curtius see under

✔oq-. Brugmann's is to be preferred.8 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.anguisse, M.E. angoise, anguise, pain, grief, o.F. esquinance, squinancie,M.E. squinancie, squinsey, quinsey.Balto-Slav. , Lith. ank-sztas, narrow, O. Slav. azuku, narrow,O. Slav. azosti, narrowness , Lith. ang-is, a snake, O. Slav. azi ,a snake, Lith. angurys, an eel.Teutonic, ang-, ông-, eng-, ag-, eg-, og-: O.H.G. angi, engi, N.H.G.eng, O.N. öngr, Goth. aggvus, narrow, O.H.G. angust, N.H.G. angst, fear,anxiety, O.N. angr, trouble, A.S. ange, trouble, M.E. angri, angerich,troubled, angry, O.N. angra, M.E. angren, to give trouble, Goth. agis,O.N. agi, A.S. ege, oga, fear, M.E. eghe, aghe, dread, A.S. egsian, tofrighten, A.S. egeful, awful, Goth. agan, p.t. og, to fear, Goth. ogjan,to terrify, O.N. œgir, one who terrifies; O.N. ugga, fear, uggligr, ygligt,fearful, M.E. uggely, Goth. aglas, troublesome, Goth. agl-on, trouble,A.S. eglan, to trouble, pain, M.E. ailen, eylen, Goth. us-agljan, to troubleexceedingly, A.S. acan (vb.) , äce (subs.) , pain, M.E. aken, ' to ache (oldspelling ake); O.H.G. igil, N.H.G. igel , a hedgehog, N.H.G. blut-igel, aleach, O.H.G. unc, a snake, N.H.G. unke, a toad (cp. Gk. ¿xîvos).²Celtic, ang-, O. Ir. esc-ung, a swamp-snake, an eel, Gael. easg-ann(eel).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, echinus, the sea- urchin, ophidian; quinsy, through o.F.squinancie.Latin, anxious, -ety, angina pectoris.L. Latin and Romance, anguish (from Lat. ).Teutonic, anger (O.N.) , awe (from O.N. agi) , awful; ugly (0.N.);ail (vb. trans. ) (A.S. from eglan) , ailment; ache (A.S.) .Eur-Ar. √AGH , to say, affirm, say yes.Sanscrit, ah- in āha, he declared.Greek, - in nµí, I say.Latin, aj- ag-, in ajo, for agjo, aio, ais, ait, I say, ad-ag-ium, an adage,a proverb, prod-igium ( = prod-agium), a portent of a future event; 3negare, to deny—according to Vaniček, formed from a noun ne-igus,one who denies, but Ascoli assumes a corruption of nec- aiere to negare:¹ Johnson, in his Dictionary, wrongly connects it with axos and writes: " It is moregrammatical to write ache.'2 A. S. äl, Germ. aal, cannot be connected with this root. Skeat suggests an unnasalised form ag-la as the base of these words, but the nasal form of the root isfound in all the European names for eel, and the older form avel for ahl, äl , is quiteopposed to his suggestion.' Brugmann, i . p. 375, connects ad-agium and prod igium. Another explanationfrom prodicium is given under deik .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.both assumptions seem more than doubtful. Brugmann regardsnegare as a verb formed from a negative particle such as ne-gi (cf.Lith. nigi, nigu-), found also in neg-otium, no leisure, negligo, not tochoose; so nego, to say no, as aiere, to say aye. Brugmann's explanation places negare, negotium, with their derivatives, under ne- enn- (see under these).L. Lat. and Romance, N.F. adage, a saying, prod-igy, -igious.From nego, Sp. renegado, an apostate, Ital. denegare, O.F. deneier,denier, from denegare, to deny.Balto-Slav. , Lith. nigi, nigu, not, Russ. nekatu sja, to deny.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, negative, negation, abnegation, prodigy, -ious.L. Lat. and Romance, adage, renegade (corrupted into runagate),deny, denial. (I incline, however, to Brugmann's view. )Eur-Ar. ANG-ĻLO-S-, probably a messenger.Sanscrit, Anjiras, a mythical being, messenger ofthe gods.Old Persian, angaros, a mounted courier.Greek, ayyapos (Persian loan-word) , ȧyyapɛów, to press into serviceas a courier, ayyeλos, a messenger, an angel, ɛvayyéniov, the rewardof good tidings, a votive offering to the gods for good tidings, later, goodtidings, (eccles. ) gospel (i.e. good + spel) , good news, ɛvayyɛλíÇoµai,to bring good tidings, preach the gospel, evayyeλioτýs, an evangelist.Latin, angarius, a messenger (Gk. loan-word), angariare (late) , topress into service as a courier, angelus (Gk. loan-word) , angel, evangelista, evangelium (Gk. loan-words) , angelicus, angelic.Teutonic, Goth. aggilus, O.H.G. angil, N.H.G. engel, O.N. engill, A.S.ængel, M.E. aengel, N.E. angel (all from Gk. thr. Lat. ).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek (through Latin) , angelic, angelical, angelica, a herb so calledfrom its supposed curative virtue, arch-angel, evangelize, evangelist,evangelical.L. Latin, angariate, to press into service; a word now obsolete, butused in the seventeenth century.Through Teutonic, angel. A gold coin of the reign ofEdward IV. wasalso called an angel, because it bore the stamp of St. Michael and thedragon (like that ofthe modern sovereign) . This was copied in 1465from the French coin of Louis XI. called for the same reason angelot.The original value of the English coin was 6s. 8d. but afterwards it10 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.increased in value to 7s. 6d. , 8s. , and 10s. , and was last coined byCharles I., who used to present it to everyone of those touched forthe ' king's evil '; angel- proof, angel-gold, denoted gold of the samestandard as the coin.Eur-Ar. √AT- ET-, further, in addition to.Sanscrit, at- in ati, further, besides.Greek, ET- in Tɩ, further, still.Latin, at in at-que, and, at-avus, ancestor, et, and, etiam(= et +jam) , also.ENGLISH DERIV. Latin, atavize, atavism, et cetera.Eur-Ar. ATTA, term of endearment for father, mother, &c .Sanscrit, attā, mother.Greek, άTтa, a salutation, to elders =father.Latin, (Sabine) atta, Atta Clauzus - Appius Claudius.Teutonic, Goth. atta, father, O.N. edda, great-grandmother, the nameof the book written by Snorri Sturluson, and containing old mythological lore and rules for verse-making; it was afterwards used generallyfor ancient poetry. The name Edda is also applied to a collection ofO.N. poems of the thirteenth century erroneously attributed to theIcelandic historian Sämund.Eur-Ar. √AN-, to breathe, exhale.Sanscrit, an- in an-iti, ' breathes,' an-ila, wind, an-anam, mouth.Zend, ainika, face.Greek, av- in äv- eµos, wind, åvnlov, åvioov, anise, dill (thefragrant?), åveµóvn, the anemone, πρоσ- ŋvýs (from a base vo-),turning the face towards, àπŋvýs, turning the face from, πρāvýs,πρηvýs, face forward.Latin, an- in an-imus, mind, soul, an-ima, breath, life, an-imal,an animal, animadvertere, to turn the mind to; ālum (for an-slum) ,garlic, (cp. pilum for pinslum, from pinso, to pound), allium, aliumgarlic (from its exhaling so strong a perfume) , an-īsum, the anise,hālare, to breathe, emit fragrance (for [h]anslo-; h is inorganic) , withcompounds, exhalare, to exhale, inhalare, to inhale, an-helare, to havedifficulty in breathing, gasp (an-, is either the Greek form of the privative particle, or a preposition related to Gk. åvá) , halitus, breathing.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. anima, Prov. anma, O.F. anme, N.F.âme, Span. alma, the soul; Ital. anice, O.F. anis, M.E. anese, N.E. anise.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 11Teutonic, an- in Goth. an-an, to breathe, O.N. an-da ( s.s. ), O.N. önd,soul, andi, mind, spirit, A.S. an-da, rage; Goth. an-sts, favour, O.H.Ggi-unnan, N.H.G. gönnen, O.N. unna, A.S. unnan, M.E. unnen (pres.tense on, ' ich on well that ye witen ,' ' I grant freely that ye know '),to admit, grant; to own, grant.Celtic, an- en- in O. Ir. anim (dat. anmain, mind: borrowed fromLatin), an-al, breath, Corn. en-ef, soul, Wel. an-adil , breath.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, anemometer, anemoscope, anemone (the windflower).Latin, animal, animalcule, animate, animosity, unanimous,inanimate, animadvert, inhale, exhale, -ation.L. Latin and Romance, anise, aniseed.Teutonic, O. Eng. ande, onde, (dialectic) aynd, anger) , O. Eng.ande, ainde (dial.) , to breathe; to own = admit, grant.Eur-Ar. ANATI, NATI, ṆTI, a duck, a waterfowl.Sanscrit, āti, a waterfowl, perhaps for ōti.Greek, vāτ- in vñoσa, a duck, from * var- la.Latin, anas, gen. anatis, a duck.Baltic, Lith. antis, a duck.Teutonic, O.H.G. anut, N.H.G. ente, O.N. önd, A.S. æned, M.E. ende,a duck, O.H.G. antrahho, N.H.G. enterich, O.N. andriki, a drake, L.G.Drake, probably a popular shortened form for andrake, ' ' endrike.'ENGLISH DERIV. Drake.6Eur-Ar. AN-dhas, a plant (prob. from VAN-, to breathe, exhale,with the termination -dhas = Gk. -Oos) , the exhaler ofperfume.Sanscrit, andhas, a herb.Greek, aveos, a flower, åvléw, to blossom, bloom, culminate,ȧvloλoyiká, choice poems, proverbs, &c.Latin, an-thologica (s.s.) , a Greek loan-word.ENGLISH DERIV. Anther, the top of the stamen, anthology, aselection of poems, and other compounds of antho-, anth-, as polyanthus, &c.Eur-Ar. √AP- OP-, to attain, gain possession of, fit, connect, work.Sanscrit, ap- ap-, in ap-nomi, I attain, ap-ta, possessed of, ápas(subs.), work, a religious function, ap-as (adj . ) , active, energetic, ap-nas,12 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√AP- OP- possession, property, ap-ti-s, the gaining possession, connection, anâp-tas, unattained, unfit. Hindi, apna, one's own.Greek, άπ- оπ- ap-, in åπτw, to touch, take hold of, fasten, å↓-is,a loop, an arch, circle, äp-evos, äþvos, property.¹Latin, ap- op-, in ap-ere (old), to bind, fasten, ap-tus, connectedwith, fitted to, suitable, in-ep-tus, unfit, improper, silly, ineptiæ, follies;ap-iscor (inceptive of ap-ere), to attain to , adipiscor, obtain, adeptus(part. ) , cœpi (pf. = co- epi from co-apere), take hold of, to begin (cp.Germ. anfangen, to catch hold of, begin) , copula = (co-apula) , a fastening together, connection, copulare, to join; ap-tare, tofit, adaptare, adapt,ap-ex, the small rod at the top of the flamen's cap, bound with wool, thecrown, the summit. The root op- is found in sing . op-is, ability ,strength, plur. op- es, wealth, plenty, Op- s, gen. Opis, the Earth, i.e.the productive, optare, to wish for, freq . of obs . opire ( s.s. ) , cops, copis

co-ops , co-opis) , abundant, copia, plenty, copiosus, plentiful; opulentus, rich, op-īmus, fruitful, rich, fat, sumptuous, opīma spolia, ‘ the

richest spoils,' op-timus, best, op-us, work, op-erari , to work, opera, labour,operarius, a workman, co-operari, to work with, opifex ( =opus +facere),a workman, officium ( =opi-ficium) , a work, duty, service , office, officiosus,obliging, officialis, official, officina , a workshop.=L. Latin and Romance, Ital. attitudine (for aptitudine), fitness,N.F. attitude, of sixteenth century (cp. o.F. ate, active, from aptus),Ital. copia, O.F. copie, a copy ofa manuscript, &c. (from the later senseof Lat. copia, a copy, i.e. that which gives the facility of readingwhat was contained in the original) , Ital. copula, copola, Prov. cobla,O.F. cople, couple, M. and N.E. couple, a pair (Lat. copula) , O. Ital .ovrare, N. Ital, operare, Prov. and Span. obrar, to work (Lat. op-erari),O.F. ovre, œvre, eure, N.F. œuvre, a work, O. Ital . ovriere, ovrero, O.F.ovrier, N.F. ouvrier (Lat. operarius) , a workman, L. Lat. manopera,hand-labour, Sp. manobra, N.F. manœuvre, It. manovra, working of aship, O.F. maneure, M.E. manure, orig. tilling by hand-labour, modernsense, any fertiliser, spec. dung; L. Lat. officiarius, o.F. officier, anofficer, O.F. ' in eure,' in operation, at work, M.E. enure, to bring or comeinto operation, to habituate by practice.Teutonic, ab- af- ob-: Goth. abra, strong, A.S. afor (s.s.) , O.N. afl,strength, A.S. abal (s.s. ) , O.H.G. uob-o, a husbandman, O.H.G. uoben (fromōbjan) , N.H.G. üben, to do work, L.G. œfenen, to practise, take care of,practise, O.N. æfa, A.S. æfian, to work, do, especially with reference tofieldwork, and performance of religious rites.' The original Gk. form seems to have been ap-, which would correspond to aEur-Ar. abh-. The loss of the aspirate by the change of 4 to π in åπт is compensated for by the spiritus asper on the initial vowel å.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 13ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, apse, the semicircular end of a chancel, a vaulted recess,apsidal.Latin, apex, apt, aptitude, &c . adapt, -ation, -able, adept (fromLat. adeptus, part. of adipiscor) , one who has attained the highestknowledge, copula, copulate, -ion, cornucopia, copious, -ness, operate,-ion, -ive, co-operate, -ion, -ive, in-operative, &c . , office, -er (thr. F. ) , -ial ,-ate, officinal, &c. , optimist, opulent, -ce; optative, adopt, co-opt, &c.L. Latin and Romance, attitude, copy, copyist, couple, couplet,manœuvre, manure, enure, inure, to be in force, put into practice, trainto, habituate.1Eur-Ar. AP-, water, a variant of √ABH (?).Sanscrit, ap, water.Zend, ab, water.Greek, Meσσ-απ-la, the country between rivers; гî áπía, an old nameofthe Peloponnesus, ' the water-land, ' or ' the land over the water. 'Latin, ap- in Apulia, the well-watered land; Lat. ab- in am-nis (forab-nis) , a river.Balto-Slav. , Lithuan. upe, a stream; O. Pruss . ape, a stream.Celtic, O. Ir. ab, abann, N. Ir. abhan, a river, Gael. abha, water,Corn. avon, water, a river.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Zend, Panjab (panj =5 , + ab , stream) , the land of the five streams,Doab, a district between two rivers.Greek, Messapia.Latin, Apulia.Celtic, Avon, the name ofseveral English rivers. The prefix aberconfluent streams, found in the names of towns, as Abergavenny,Aberdeen, &c.=Eur-Ar. AP, APA, prep.: as prefix AB-, from, away.Sanscrit, apa, away from, aparas (comp.) , apamas (sup.) , farther,farthest from, apākas, remote, distant.2Zend, apa, apara, apema, far, farther, farthestfrom.Greek, åπà, from, away from, àp- in compos. before spiritus asper,as in ἀφ-ήλιον ( =ἀπὸ + ἥλιος) , ἀπωτέρω, ἄψ, back; perhaps ὀψέ, late.' Brugmann thinks that ap- is a variant of abb-, from which are Sans. abh-ra,Lat. imber.2 Brugmann regards apakas as apa +suffix qa-; others, as a compound of apa +anq-, to bend, turn awayfrom.14 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.AP, APA Latin, ab, abs,' ā (af- in inscriptions) , ap-, in ap-erire, to open.Balto- Slav. , O. Slav. opaky, contrary to, pače, over against.Teutonic, Goth. af, from, af-ar (comp. ) , afta (sup. ) , behind, fromwhich are formed aftara, behind, aftra, again, aftuma, the last, thehindermost, O.H.G. aba, N.H.G. ab, a.s. af, of, from, 4.S. æfta, æftan,behind (superl. from af) , æft, eft (s.s.) , æft- er, comp. of æft (cp . Goth.aftara), after, behind in place, order, time, äftemest, last, äfterweard,afterward, O.H.G. av-ar, abur, N.H.G. aber, but; Dutch, afval ( = af +vallen, to fall, Dan. af-fald, Goth. ibuks, O.H.G. ab-uh, ab-ah, turnedfrom, perverted, evil, O.N. of- agr, of-egr, turned the other way, O. Sax.avuh, perverse, M.E. awk, auk, awke, the wrong way, N.E. awkward,in the wrong direction (awk +-ward) . O.H.G. aband, N.H.G. abend, O.N..aptann, A.S. äfen, æften, evening, are connected by Diefenbach withEur-Ar. apa, abend = time of departing day, but Kluge, ‘ Etym. Dict. ,'rejects this, as the German idea of ' abend ' is rather the beginningof the following day ' (cp. Sonn-abend, Saturday eve of Sunday) .Murray assigns aband, &c. , to a Eur-Ar. ep- or ebh-, 2 of unknownetymological sense, and regards the Teutonic forms as presentparticiples.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.=6Greek, in compounds with apo-, with general sense of ( 1) fromasunder, (2) back, again: as ( 1 ) in apo-stle (àπò-otoλos) , one sentof, apo- state, one who renounces his creed, (2) apo-logy (from aπоXoyέoμai, to answer back) , apo-thegm, a maxim (for apo-phthegm) , fromảπоþ¤έyyoµai, to speak plainly; aphelion, the farthest point from thesun, aphorism, a terse saying, a definition, åπò + ópí¿w , to define, &c.Latin: abs-cond, abs-tain, abs-cess, ab-olish, ab-lative, ab-ject,ab-surd, avert, avulsion, &c. In English words of Romance originIn comp. abs- is found before -c, -q, -t as abs-condere, abs-tinere, abscedere,abs-que: also out of composition in the elder Latin, abs chorago, abs terra, abs te;before -p abs lost its b and became as- in as- pellere, as-portare, as-pernari (foras-spernari) . A was used before -m and -v as in a-mittere, a-vertere, a-vellere;ab passed through v to u in au-ferre, au-fugere.2 Noreen gives this equation: O.N. aptann, O. Swed. afton , A. S. æften, æfen, O.H.G.aband from noun aftan representing a Eur-Ar. eptónt with a base for obliquecases abund = Eur- Ar. eptât, of which the t has dropt out in some of the Teutonicforms. On the whole, it seems that the explanation of Diefenbach is correct, notwithstanding Kluge's objection. In Sonnabend as in Fastnacht, the terminations wereused in the ecclesiastical sense given to the word eve in English. Although the OldGerman way of counting the whole day of twenty-four hours may have begun fromthe night, yet abend, evening, may have still meant the last part of the light day.The Greek vuxenµepov, a day of twenty-four hours, suggests a similar computation, yet¿yía (from ¿yé, late, late in the day, probably cognate with Gothic af, afta) the latterpart ofthe day, the evening, implies that the evening was considered as the last partof the light day. Noreen's explanation is compatible with the one given in thetext; as is also Murray's.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 15the prefix a = not Lat. ab, but ad, or e, ex, as in a-bridge, amerce &c.(see Ad) .Teutonic, of, ¹ off, offal , off-set, &c . , aft, eft- in eft-soons, abaft ( = onbi-aft, in the hinder part), after, aftermost, after-ward, &c. , evening,even, eve (day before a festival), even-song, even-tide, &c. , awkward.Latin, Abella (origin of the name unknown) , a town of Campania,celebrated for the cultivation of fruit-trees, especially the apple: cp.Virg. Æn.' vii. 740, Et quos maliferæ despectant monia Abellæ.'Celtic, O. Ir. abhal, abhal, Welsh afal, apple."Teutonic, O.H.G. aphul, N.H.G. apfel, O.N. eple, A.S. äppel, M.E.äppel, apple.Balto-Slav. , Lith. obul-as, O. Slav. jabluko, ² an apple.Eur-Ar. AMR, AMĻ, bitter, sour.Sanscrit, amla, sour.Latin, amarus, bitter.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. amarasca, marasca, the sour cherry,maraschino, a liqueur.Teutonic, O.H.G. ampfaro, N.H.G. ampfer, sauer-ampfer, sorrel,originally an adjective, bitter, sour.ENGLISH DERIV. amarine, the bitter principle in vegetables.L. Latin and Romance, maraschino.Eur-Ar. VAU, to like, be satisfied, favour, protect, wish, take noticeof, feel, perceive.Sanscrit, av- in av-ati , ' favours,' avi, observing, av-as, favour.Zend, av- in av-anh, protection.Greek, af- in alw, for åf-iw, to hear, aioðávoµai (for åfioðávoµai),to perceive, feel, aioOnrikós, perceptive, sensitive , oùs , the ear (for öfis,variant form of af-is, cp. Lesb. aus), gen. Tos. Fick and othersconnect oïs and Lat. ovis, a sheep, as being more cherished and protected than cattle, with this root; but see under Vue-, to weave,clothe.' Of- in compounds of Latin origin is from Lat. prep. ob.

• Schrader (Antiq. of the Aryan People, p. 276) is inclined to derive all these

names of the fruit from the name of the town Abellæ ( cp. German Pfirsich, peach,from Latin [malum] persicum, the Persian apple). This he supposes to have beenfirst adopted by the Celts as they passed through Italy, and to have spread from themto the other North European branches of the Eur- Aryan people (see also Cormac'sGloss. Stokes, p. 15) . Victor Hehn suggests a Finnish origin.16 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VAU- Latin, av- in avere, (1) to favour, like, long for, desire eagerly,trans. , (2) to fure-well, ‘ ave,' a salutation, hail, avus, a term of affection for a grandfather, at- avus, an ancestor, avunculus (dim. ) , mother'sbrother, an uncle, av-idus, greedy, av-arus, miserly, aud-ere, to bedesirous of, to dare (for avd- ere from avd- or aud-, an extended formof av-), audax, bold, audacia, boldness, autumnus (for avi- or avtumnus), the bountiful season, harvest time, autumn (autumnus wasincorrectly written auctumnus, as though from auctus, increased);utor, to make use of, ' to satisfy oneself by ' (Old Lat. oeti, oiti =uti, ¹oitile =utile, useful) , usus, use, usura, right of using, utensilis, useable,usualis, usual, usucapio, acquiring by use, usufructuarius, one who hasthe use or profit ofa thing without property in it, usurpare, to use without right, abuti, to use up, consume by using, abusivus, using improperly; otium, leisure, ease (for avtium, autium; compare lautus =lotus from lav-are, to wash) , otiosus, at leisure , neg-otium, bus ness(negative of otium) , negotiari, to be occupied in business; auris (foraus-is =avsis) , ear, auricula, later oricula, dimin. , ear, aus-cultari, tolisten (perhaps from a dimin. form aus-culus),2 omen, Old Lat. osmen(=aus-men), something to be heard,³ a sign, a portent, something to ben ted, ominosus, abominari, to deprecate, avert omens; aud-ire, to hear,give ear to (from expanded form aud - aus- +-do, cp. condio con +-do), auditor, audientia, obedio, ob-oedio (ob + audio) , to obey.=L. Latin and Romance, Prov. avoncle, (contract. form) auncle, O.F.oncle, uncle, Ital. usare, O.F. user = L. Lat. usare, to use, N.F. usage,Ital . obbedire, O.F. obeir, M.E. obeien, to obey, O.F. des-obeir, obeissance,Ital. audire, udire, O.F. oir, N.F. ouir, to hear (Latin, audire) , Ital .oreglia, O.F. oreille, ear, O.F. oyez, ' hear ye,' a term used in publicnotices, N.F. audacieux, bold, N.F. abuser, to abuse, disuser, disuse,Ital. ascoltare, Prov. escoltar, O.F. escolter, escouter, N.F. écouter, tohear, Ital. ausare (from * ausare, freq. of audere) , osare, O.F. oser, toventure, Ital. usurario, usuriere, O.F. usurier, N.E. usurer, Ital. usaggio(L. Lat. *usaticum) , Prov. uzalges, o.F. usage, usage, using.Balto- Slav. , Lith. ausis, an ear, O. Slav. ucho (s.s.) ,. usese(gen.) , usi (dual); Lith. avynas, O. Slav. aji, uncle.' This explanation is very doubtful. Brugmann cites Oscan uitteuf, use, andPælignian oisa (abl. ) , used, consumed, as probably connected with Gk. olros, fate, docm,lot, that which will come, from elu , Igo, or (in Attic use) I shall go or come. Thechange of Eur-Ar. ei to O. Lat. oi- , Class. Lat. u-, is regular, but that of au to oi is contrary to rule.2 Skeat suggests ausicula diminutive of older aus-is, from which the verb ausiculitari (auscultari) is formed.But Varro, i . 1 , 6, says, ' quod ex ore primum elatum est osmen dictum '; andelsewhere, ' omen velut oremen.'EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 17Teutonic, Goth. auros, O.N. eyra, A.S. eâre, O.H.G. ôrâ, N.H.G. ohr,ear; A.S. eam (from eaham), Du. oom, Fris. em, O.H.G. oheim, N.H.G.oheim, ohm, mother's brother, uncle.¹ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, æsthetic, -ism, anæsthetic.Latin, Ave Maria, Hail Mary, avidity, avarice, -itious (thr. F.) ,atavize, to go back to the original stock, avuncular, audacity,autumn, -al, utility, use (subs.) , useful, usury, -er (thr. F.), usual,usurp, -er, -ation, utensil, usucapio, usucaption (thr. F.), usufruct,otiose, negotiate, -ion, aurist, auricular, auricula, name of a flower,auricle, audit, auditor, auditorium, audience, audible, obedient, -ce,disobedient, auscultation, omen, ominous, abominate, &c.L. Latin and Romance, uncle, use (vb. ) , usage, abuse, abusive, disuse,misuse, obey, obeisance, disobey, ' oyez,' audacious, scout, a listener.Teutonic, ear, oom, used by the Boers for older men.Note. The inclusion of audeo, utor, and omen is disputed, andcannot be regarded as certain.Latin, aqua, water, aquæductus, an aqueduct, aquaticus, aquosus,aquatilis, aquarius.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. (of seventh and eighth centuries),áeva, O.F. eave, eue, eaue, N.F. eau, water; O.F. and M.E. ewer, a basin.Teutonic, Goth. ahva, O.H.G. aha, O.N. â, water; O.N. ey, Swed. oe,an island, a.s. igland, egland, M.E. iland, yland, from the simple a.s.form, eg, ieg, which appears in Eng. local names as -ea, -ey, an island,A.S. igod, egod, M.E. eyet, a small island in a river, O.H.G. -awa, -auwa,N.H.G. au, aue, a well- watered plain, an island, used only in composition, as Moldau, and in Latinised form Moldavia, &c. , O.N. Sudhr- ey,south island, Sodor.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, aqua-vitæ (eau de vie), water of life, aqueous, aquatic,aquarius, -m, aqueous, aqueduct, aquatile.L. Latin and Romance, eau de vie, ewer, a water basin.Teutonic, island (s introduced under the influence of Fr. isle),eyot, ait (A.S. egod), a river-island, Heligoland (helig + öland), Holy' The final syllable in O.H.G. oheim, A.S. eaham, is difficult to explain. Klugesuggests very doubtfully that it may mean the owner of the grandfather's house.Others include h in the first syllable, eah- oh-, and then -m has to be regarded as asuffix with perhaps a diminutive sense.18 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Island, -ey, -ea in terminations, as Wolvesey (wolf's island) , Sheppey,sheep's island, Anglesey, Bardsey, Chelsea, Bermondsey, Chertsey, &c. ,Sodor.Eur-Ar. √E, EI-, 1-, pronominal base, with many derivative andcompound formations.Eur-Ar. VI, in i- s (m. ) , eia (f. ) , i- d (neut. ) , third person pronominalbase: this, he.Sanscrit, i- ay- a-, in i-tt, even so, itha, itham, so, itaras,another, ay-am, this , and in the oblique cases, as a-smai, dat. sing.(a + sma) .Greek, (dialectic) ‹ in iv (Cretan) , µív (for oµív= sm- +ɩv).Latin, i- in i-s , ea (for eia) , id, he, she, it, ita, so, item, also, iterum,again, Umbr. etrus, another, foreign, whence Etruria, Etruscus, Lat.form, Tuscus.Balto-Slav. , Lith. jis, O. Slav. ji , this (nom. ) , Lith. jo, O. Slav.jego, of this (gen.) .Teutonic, i- in Goth. is, o.H.G. ir, N.H.G. er, he, es, it, O.N. es(later), er, M.E. as, relative pronoun = who, that, still found in vulgaruse, e.g. ' it was him as did it'¹; Goth. ith, therefore.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, item (an entry in an account or list, with the originalmeaning ' also '; it was prefixed to every entry after the first: hence itsmodern meaning); iterate, reiterate, &c. , Etruria, Tuscany, Tuscan.Eur-Ar. VIE, that, who.Sanscrit, yas, yā, yad, who, which.Zend, ya, yâ, yat, who, which, also he, this.Greek, ős, ý, ő, for os, who, which, but occasionally he in Homerand Herodotus, in Attic also, d'os =said he; is for us, as, Tepos 2(for LETεpos, comparative form of -os) , another.Latin, jam, already, etiam (et jam), also.L. Latin and Romance, ja-mais, never =jam magis (with omissionof ne, as in rien [ = rem] , nothing) .Teutonic, o. and N.H.G. Goth. ja, A.s. ge, also, a.s. geâ, yea, M.E.ay, aye (corrupted form) , a.s. gêse ( =gê + swâ) , and so, yes , a.s. git,get, O. Fris. ieta, M.H.G. jezuo, yet, now. Skeat thinks A.S. get isNot the same word as conj . ' as, ' which is from al-sva.- 2 Brugmann makes repos = Eur.-Ar. sm-teros.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 19for ge+to ( and too, moreover, yet) , and compares M.H.G. jezuo.Goth. jains, o.N. enn, inn, O.H.G. jenêr, N.H.G. jener, A.S. geon, M.E.yone, yon, yond, that there, that, O.H.G. eogilih, N.H.G. jeglich, O. Fris.ellik, A.S. ælc (for ea +ge +lik), M.E. elch, ilk, eich, eache, N.E. each,A.S. æfre-ælc, æfre-ilk, every, each, everyone, M.E. ævric, everich, everic,everye, N.E. every, A.S. ægther (contracted from e + ge +hwather) ,either, M.E. æyther, auther, outher, from which ' or' is a contractedform; A.S. nather (na +hwæther) , M.E. nawther, neither, nor, are fromEur-Ar. yetero-, but the modern spelling of neither, nor, followseither, or.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, words compounded with hetero-, as heterogeneous, of anotherkind, heterodox, of another opinion, &c.Teutonic, yea, yes, yet, yon, yonder, beyond, each, every, either,or, neither, nor. Ilk (Scott) .Eur-Ar. E-QA, AI¯QA, one =È + QA.Sanscrit, ēka, one.¹Latin, æqu-us, equal (same as one) , æqui- in composition, æqualis,æquitas, iniquus, iniquitas, æquor, the level surface of the sea,æquanimus (even-minded) , æquinoctium, equal night (and day) , æquare,to equal, æ-mulus æg-mulus, rivalling, æ-mulare = æg-mulare, torival, imitari ( =iq-mitari) , to imitate, imago, (gen. ) -inis ( = iq-mago) ,imaginari, to imagine.2=L. Latin and Romance, F. and M.E. égal, égalité, image, imaginer.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, equi-distant, equipoise, equivocal, equivocate, &c. , equity,-able, iniquity, -ous, equanimous, -ity, equinox, equator, equation,adequate, &c. , equal, -ity, -ize, co-equal, emulous, -ate, &c. , imitate, -ion,-ble, inimitable, &c. , imagination, imaginary, imaginative (thr. F.) .L. Latin and Romance, egalitarian (of recent introduction afterFr. égalitaire) , image, imagery, imagine, -ation, -ary.Eur-Ar. E in E-ÕHŌ-M (formed of pronom. E+GHE, intensive anddemonstrative suffix), first person pron. I.Sanscrit, a in a-ham for a-gham (nom. sing.) , and in the pluralforms a-sman, a-smad, a-sme, &c. , dual, a-vam.¹ In Zend the pronominal base Ē- with suffix -ve, and in the European group withsuffix -ne, is used to express ' one. ' ( See E- NE- EVE. )2? Adoubtful suggestion of Corssen's (Beitr. p. 349).c 220 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Zend, a in a-zem (nom. sing. ) , in plural and dual forms a-hmath,a-hmai, a-hmaken; a-vam, a-va, &c.Armenian, e, i, in e-s ( = eğh) , gen. is (for ims) , acc. inj (for imj)=emeğh, dat. im.Greek, ἐ- in ἐ-γών, ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ (gen.) , ἐμοί, ἐμοί-γε (dat. ) , ἐμέ, ἐμέ-γε(acc. ) , and in the plural ἡμεῖς (for ἔ-σμες) .Latin, e in e-go, also (in Old Latin , ‘ Carmen Arvale') e-nos (nom.pl. ) , we.Romance, eo, iɔ, in O.F. of ninth century, jo in eleventh, je intwelfth, Sp. and It. io, Port. yo; all are forms of ego by omission of g.Balto-Slav. , e, a, in O. Lith. esž, later asž, až, O. Slav. azu.Teutonic, Goth. i in ik, O.H.G. ihha, ih, N.H.G. ich, O.N. ec, a.s. ic,M.E ik, I, Swed. jag, Dan. jeg.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, egoist, egotist, egotism, egotistical.Teutonic, I.¹Eur-Ar. IU-, base of second pl . pers. pron.Sanscrit, yu-yam, ye.Zend, yu-s, ye.Greek, ὑμμές, ὑμεῖς (for ὕσμες) , ye.Latin, vos, gen. vestri.Teutonic, Goth. jus, gen. izwara, O.H.G. ir, gen. uswar, dat. iu, o.N.ier, er, gen. yôar, acc. yôr, a s. 3e, gen. eower, dat. and acc. eow, your.Balto-Slav., nom. and acc. ju-s, gen. yu-su, O. Slav. vy, gen.vasu, ye, yours.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, ye, you, your.Eur-Ar. EISO ( = EI + SE [ TE]) , that.Sanscrit, e-shá, e-shã, e-tad, that.Latin, is-te, -a, -ud, that, the demonstrative of the second person ='that near you.' Proto-Italic base * is-so, * issa, esso, essa. Oscan andUmbrian i-so, e-so, are formed with -se, but Lat. is- te, -ta, -tud with -te.Ipse, self, is a compound of two particles -pe and -se with pronominalbase i- ( i +-p-se) , ipsissimus, superlative form.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. icist ( = Latin ecce istum, ' see that') ,icest, cest, also cestui (acc. ) , cet, fem. cette, this; L. Lat. metipsimus,Except in the cases mentioned above the base e has been lost (cp. Gk. formsμoí, μé), but its being still found in so many renders it probable that it was originallyprefixed to all cases, though formed with other suffixes, me (sme), ne, ve. (Seeunder each. ) The consonant in -eğh is retained in Sans. dat . ma-hyam, Lat. dat.mi-hi, Goth. mik, O.H.G. mih, N.H.G. mich, N.H.G..ich, Swed. jag, Dan. jeg.EUR ARYAN ROOTS , 21200.. >,the very same, Ital . medesimo; Pro metessme, U.F. medisme, meïsme,meesme, mesinė, N.F. même, same, even. The suffix -met (as in egomet-, me-met, tibi-met) has an Intensive, force; in met-ipsimus,&c. , it is used as's prefix. ⠀⠀⠀ENGLISH DERIVATIVESLatin, the phrase ' ipse dixit.'L. Latin and Romance, the legal expression ' cestui que trust,'' cestui que use,' ' for the beneficiary under a trust.'From Eur-Ar. (E +˜ÑI) are formed—-Greek, E-KEî, there, &-kɛîvos, he.Latin, ecce, ' there, look there (cp. N.F. voilà), Osc. e-kas, these,nom. plu. fem. , e-cuc, this, nom. sing. neut.L. Latin and Romance, It. ecco, see there, O.F. iço , ço, N.F. ce. Toecce also belong, N.F. ici, ça, cel, celle , celui, ceux: see under √ŘI.Eur-Ar. VE EI +DE, demonstrative base.Sanscrit, i-da-m, this here, this, nom. sing. neut.Latin, i-de-m, the same, *i-do, now, here (an old adverb found inido-neus, fit, suited to present time or place: cp. ultroneus, similarlyformed from ultra), in-de, thence, in popular Lat. used for ex or abillo, deinde, &c.L. Latin and Romance, N.F. identité ( = Scholastic Latin identitas),sameness, identique ( = Scholastic Lat. identicus) , identical, F. identifier,to identify, O.F. int, ent, later and N.F. en, ' ofhim, her, it,' o.F. souvent,Ital. sovente ( =Lat. subinde) , ' now and then,' often.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, identification, identical.L. Latin and Romance, identity, identify, -ication.Eur-Ar. (E+ NE), (1 ) ENE with variants, ( 2) ANE, (3) ONE, thatone, une.(1) EN, AIN , OIN , UN are the forms found in the Europeangroup, with sense of one.' The derivation of ec- is disputed. Curtius regards it as the root eq- or oq- foundin oculus with the imper. sense see! but others, as the locat. case of pron. base emeaning here, ecce being an intensive ' here here '; others, as the same as ec in ecquis.22 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Greek, oiv- in oivý, olvós, the are an ice.¹Latin, oin- un-, in anus, O. Lat. cinos, one, urire, ie unite, unitas,unity, unicus, only, unio, -onis, tke numberone, unio, onis, a single largepearl, a kind of onion Columella) , allus, unyone (for unu-lus), nullus,no one, universus, alis, itas, ur-dècim, elever, uni-sonus, of onesound,L. Latin and Romance, N.F. unité, unique, oignon, an onion, Prov.uignon, N.F. onze, eleven , nul, none.Teutonic, Goth. ain-as, O.N. einn, O. and N.H.G.ein , A.S. ân, one, Goth.ain-lif, O.H.G. ein-lif, M.H.G. ei-lif, N.H.G. eilf, elf, A.S. an-lif,² later endlufeon, eleven, A.S. änig, any, A.S. anes, M.E. ones, N.E. once, M.E. onliche,oonli, only, M.E. al one ( = quite one) , alone, M.E. at-one, at one, together,agreeing, reconciled, M.E. atonemaker, a mediator, M.E. anan, anon ( =on-one) , at one time, continuously, immediately, at once.Balto-Slav. , Lith. veno, O. Slav. inu, one.Celtic, O. Ir. uen, one.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, unit, unite, union, unitarian (unitas) , unanimous, unicorn,uniform, &c. , universe, -al, -ity, nullity, nullify, unification.L. Latin and Romance, unity, unique, onion, null, annul, unify,unison.Teutonic, one, once, only, anon, alone, lone ( = [a]lone) , lonely,lonesome, atone, atonement, eleven, an (indefinite article ' a ' [with ndropt ] before a consonant), any, anything, &c.; an (the article) isconcealed in several words, e.g. newt ( = an ewt) , nugget (corruptform of ningot = an ingot) , nick-name =an eke-name, a surname.Note.-Uncia has sometimes been explained as a derivative fromLat. unus, but is better connected by Brugmann with Greek öykos,a burden, a weight; there is a Sicilian oùyxía, but probably borrowedfrom Lat. uncia, as also Goth. ugk-ja, an ounce, A.S. ynce, M.E. ynche,inche, N.E. inch, the twelfth part of a foot.Eur-Ar. EN, ENI, in, preposition, comp. enteros, sup. entemos.Sanscrit, an-tar, among, between, an-tama, innermost, antram,intestines.Zend, antare, O. Pers. antar, within, N. Pers . anderun, inner-room,women's apartment.once,' The Greek els, μía, ev are from sem- one, the same, found in Latin sem- el,&c.2 Feist ( Goth. Etym. ) dissents from this.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 23287Greek, éví, siv, dialectic vs ( =èvis) , év, in, eis, ès, into, évтós, évdov, EN, ENIwithin, low, within, soárepos, comp. , inner, evтepov, intestine, ¿v- incomposition, as έvlovoiaoµós, inspiration; before labials μ-, beforegutturals èy-, μßpvov, an embryo, eykavoтov, burnt in, encausticcolour, ¿ykúkλios, circular, general, ¿ykóµíos, in the village, ¿yxɛipídiov,a manual, eµßλnμa, an insertion, mosaic, µπερía, experience,ἐμπόριον, a mart, a depot, ἔμπυρος, fiery, ἐμφύω, to implant, ἔμφυτος(adj.), implanted by nature, grafted, μovтov (subs.) , anything grafted,ἔμφασις, ἐμβροχή, a fomentation (ἐμ- + βρέχω, to moisten).Latin, in, intus, intro (adv. ) , within, intra, within (prep. ) , inter,among, intro-ire, intrare, to enter, intestinus, inside, interior, inner,intimus, inmost, intimare, to announce, make known to, interim, meanwhile, internus, internal, integer, entire, O. Lat. endo- in-do- in-du-(cp. Gk. v-dov) , now only found in composition, indigena, a native ofa country, ind-oles, natural disposition, ind-ulgere, ind-uo, &c. Then of in before b, m, p becomes m, and is assimilated before 1 and r.L. Latin and Romance, en, in (em- before labials in compos) , e.g.F. en-courager, Ital . insegna, O.F. insigne, M.E. ensign, N.E. ensign, F.en-seigne (Lat. in- signia) , a sign, a showing, Ital. insegnare, O.F. enseyner, N.F. enseigner, to show, instruct, en-tailler, to cut in, Ital. integro,Prov. entegre, entieyre, O.F. enteyr, N.F. entier (Lat. integrum) , entire,entre, within, between, entresol (intra +solium) , entretenir (intra +tenere), O.F. entrailles, Prov. entralia (Lat. intra-nea) , entrails, en-trer(Lat. in-trare), to enter, en-velopper, ' to envelop, O.F. enque (from Lat.encaustum, but with the accent on first syllable, N.F. encre, M.E. enke,inke, N.E. ink, &c.; embarquer (em + barque) , to enter a ship, Ital.im-barrazzo, F. embarras, embarrassment, a word of the sixteenth century (em + barre, within a bar) , embosser, to swell out (em + bosse, aswelling, a knob) , to emboss, Ital . imboscato, (im + boscus, from O.H.G.busc, a bush, wood) , F. of sixteenth century, embuscade, o.F. embuche,M.E. embushe, N.E. ambush, O.F. embucher, lit. to draw into the wood,i.e. an ambush (from en +L. Lat. boscum, buscum, a wood, froma Teutonic source; cp. O.H.G. busc); O.F. embracer (em +brace, Lat.brachium, an arm) , to embrace, F. embraser, to set on fire, embrasure,an opening through which a gun can befired, F. empire (Lat. imperium,in +paro) , F. employer (Lat. implicare) , to employ, &c.; O.F. dens (contracted for d'ens = de +intus, from inside) , N.F. dans, in, dedans, within.' Körting derives this from Latin volup- in voluptas, pleasure, through Italian inviluppare, to wrap up, cover. He supposes the original sense to be to takepleasure in ' = ' to be wrapt up in ' and used literally in the sense to wrap up in. 'This explanation is less applicable to ' develop,' but the older forms, Ital. ingoluppare, Prov. envolupar, o.F. envoluper, M.E. envolupen, make connection with Lat.velare difficult.24 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.EN, ENI Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. jętro, the liver, cp. Gk. Evтepov, O. Slav.atri, within.Teutonic, Goth. , O.H.G. , A.S. in, in, A.S. inn, O.N. inni, literally indoors,an inn, O.H.G. impiton, imption, M.H.G. impfeten, N H.G. impfen, A.S.impian (corrupted loan-word from Greek, supów) , to graft, M.E. imp,a graft, a scion, offspring: ' a noble imp ' ( = a noble child), found in aninscription on a tomb in the Lady Chapel, Warwick.Celtic, O. Ir. eter, iter, between.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.N. Persian, Anderoon.Greek, compounds of ev-, éµ-, vdo-, as enthusiasm, encyclical,encyclopædia, encomium, enchiridion , encaustic, embryo, embrocation,emblem, -atic, empirical, emporium , empyrean, emphasis, emphatic, &c.endogenous (growing from within) , &c . , esoteric (teaching restricted tothe initiated) , enteric.Latin, compounds of in- (im-, il-, ir-) , inter, intra, intro, inde, asinduce, impose, imperial, illuminate, irritate, &c.; inter-rupt, inter-est,intra-mural, intro-duce, &c.; indi-genous, indulgent, ind-igent, industrious, ind-ue; intestine, -al , interior, intimate (adj . and vb.) , -cy, -tion;interim, intern (vb. ) , internal, integrity, intro-it (eccles. ) , a psalm sometimes chanted before the Communion service, inter, to bury ( = in +terram).L. Latin and Romance, compounds of en-, em-, as entre, to enter,en-courage, en-sign, en-tail, en-tire, en-tirely, en-trance (vb. ) , en-velop,ink (O.F. enque, Lat. encaustum, loan-word from Greek) , em-bark,em-barrass, em-boss, am-buscade, am-bush, em-brace, em- brasure,em-pire, em-peror, em-press, em-ploy, &c.; entresol, entertain, enter,entrance (subs.) , entry, entrails. The o.F. en- and em- of compounds have in many instances been displaced by the original Lat.in- im-, as impair, O.F. empeirer, to damage, &c.; in others the O.F. andLat. forms are used indifferently, e.g. im-pale or em-pale, im- panel orem- panel &c. , intaglio (Ital. intagliare, to cut in) .Teutonic, in (prep . ) , inn, innings, inner, inmost, inward, within,inside, &c. , imp, -ish (Gk. through A.S. ) . ¹ The compounds of theEnglish ' in ' may as a rule be distinguished from those of the Latin' in,' ( 1 ) by being found before words of English origin, ( 2) by nremaining unchanged before labials, 1 and r, as in- born, in-bred,' Now used in a bad sense, a young or small devil, a mischievous child.' Thereis a L. Lat. impotus and Prov. impent, but the Eng. imp is derived through the Teutonic.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 25in-most, in-mate, in-let, in-lay, inland, inroad; but in some words ofliterary use, and recent introduction, the o.F. form em, or Lat. im ,has been substituted for English in: e, g. as em- or im-body, em- or imbosom, im-brown, em- or im-bower (all used by Milton), im-bed(Johnson), em- or im-bitter (Dryden).Eur-Ar. VAN TE, opposite, over against, facing, antos, limit,boundary.Sanscrit, anti, facing, anta, end, limit, antamas, last.Greek, ȧvri, facing, against, instead of, åvτ-íos, opposite, opposedto, ἄντ-ομαι, to meet, Αντίοχος (nom . pr. ) , ἀντίφωνος, responsive,ȧvτl-pρivos, snapdragon, from its resemblance to an animal's snout,or mouth, ȧvτ -πalns, opposed in feeling, åvτídotov, something givenagainst, åvτí-πodes, the antipodes, åvтíðɛTov, an antithesis.Latin, ante, before, (post-classical and popular) ab-ante, antæ,pilasters projecting at the sides of a door, antiæ, forelocks, ante-cedere,to go before, ante-cessor, one who goes before, anti- cipare, to anticipate,ante-currere, to run before, anterior, preceding, anti-quus, former, old,anti-quare, to treat as old, to reject (of a bill) , antiquarius, antiquary,antiquitas, late Latin antianus former, old, antiphōna, an anthem(eccles. ).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. av-ante ( = Lat. ab +ante) , O. and N.F.av-ant, to the front, before, as an exclamation, onward, go on, awaywithyou, M.E. avaunt, O.F. avancer, from L. Lat. ab-anteare, to go in front,start first, M.E. avance, avaunce, O.F. avantage (L. Lat. ab-antaticum),superior position, the being ahead of another, M.E. avauntage; 0.F.devant ( Lat. de +ab +ante) , before, O.F. avant-brase, M.E. avawmbrace, armour for the arms, vam-brace, o.F. vant-pie for av-ant- pie,the fore partofthe foot, an upper leather, M.E. vaunt-pe, vaum-pe (s.s.) ,M.E. vampay-en, to furnish with an upper leather, N.E. vamp (s.s.) , alsoto patch up; O.F. avant-garde, M.E. avan-guarde, vanguard, N.F.avant-courier, a fore-runner; L. Lat. ancessor, Prov. ancessor, O.F.ancesor, ancestre, N.F. ancêtre, M.E. ancessour, ancestre, auncester,ancestor; F. antique (introduced in the sixteenth century in place ofthe O.F. antif) , M.E. (sixteenth century) , antike, antik, antick, fromItal. antico (literally, old, ancient, but applied to the fantasticallysculptured flowers and animals found in the ruins of old Rome, inthe sense of grotesque, strange; it is now used as a substantive, ofludicrous gestures and movements) , Ital. anziano (Lat. antianus) , Prov.ancian, O.F. ancien, M.E. auncien, auncient, ancient; Late Latin (Isidore)26 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.and Ital. antifona (from Gk. ȧvrípwvos), Prov. antifena, antiefna,O.F. antievne, A.S. (loan-word) antefn, M.E. antefne, antephne, antemne,antem, N E. anthem; o.F. antoiller, earlier form antoglier, L. Lat. ant(e)-ocularem (ramum) , i.e. the branch or tine of a stag's horn in front ofthe eyes (cp. N.H.G. augensprosse, the eye-sprout) , N.F. andouiller, M.E.auntelere, auntler, antler, originally the lowest forward directed branchof a stag's or other deer's horn (Murray, ' Phil. Dict. ') , but now thebranched horn of any kind of deer.Teutonic, Goth. and (prep.) , against, also anda, A.S. and-, ond-, M.E.un-, O.H.G. ant-, N.H.G. ent-, Du. ont- (a prefix to verbs implying thereverse action of the simple verb: e.g. from ' wind,' unwind) , a.s. andswarian, M.E. answerien, to answer, Goth. anda-waurdi, N.H.G. antwort,an answer; Goth. andeis, andis, O.H.G. enti, N.H.G. ende, A.S. ende, theend; A.S. and, ond, O.N. enda, O.H.G. anti , enti , unti, N.H.G. und, and:M.E. and, or an, had the meaning ' if' as well as and, but when the conditional sense of an ' was lost sight of, ' if' was added in the phrase' an if.'ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, words compounded with anti; anti-phon, anti-rrhinum, antipathy, anti-dote, anti-podes, anti-thetic, ant-agonist, &c. , anti-christ,anti-pope (thr. Lat. ), Antiochus, Anti-och, &c.Latin, antæ (in architecture) , ante-cedent, anti-cipate, anti-quate,antiquary, antiquity, with other compounds of anti-, ante-; antedate,antediluvian, &c. Antelope is not a compound of ante-, but fromGk. ȧvláλwy, of uncertain origin, probably a loan-word.6L. Latin and Romance, van, thefront, avaunt! vambrace, vamp, vanguard, avant-courier, advance, &c. , vantage, advantage, &c. ancestor,-try, antique, antick, antic, antics, ancient, ci-devant,' anthem, antler.Teutonic, un-do, un-strap, un-bind, &c. , answer, end, endless,unending, and, an if, ' ' an't please you. '6Eur-Ar. EL-IOS, (pron. base, EL +suffix -ios) , with sense of other.Armenian, ail, another.Greek, aλ- in ǎλ-λos for äλ-ios (Cyp. ) , alλos, another, äλ-λŋλos,one another, map-áλ-λnλos, by one another, parallel, ảλλáoow, tochange for another, åλλayý, an exchange, µɛtaλλayń, interchange,μɛtaλλáw, to search after other things, to inquire, to investigate,μέταλλον, a mine, μεταλλουργία, α working of mines, ἀλληγορέω, toexplain one thing by another.¹ Métaλλov, a mine, as the place where metals are searched for, is generally connected with μeraλλáw. If this be correct metal and metallic belong to al-; butEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 27Latin, al in al-ius, another, aliud (n. ) (with disused by-form al-is, EL IOSalid); alienus, foreign, alienare, to estrange, give to another, alias ,otherwise, alibi, elsewhere, aliorsum (alivorsum) , elsewhere, aliter, otherwise, aliquot, several, so many, ali-quis, some one or other, anyone,al-ter (a comparative form of al-) , the other, the second, alternus, alternative, alternari, to alternate, altercari, to dispute with another; adulter,a violator of the marriage vow (' adulter et adultera vocantur quod etille ad alteram et hæc ad alterum se conferunt, ' Paul. D. p. 22; cp.Sans. anyaga, [ = anya, another, + ga- to go], an adulterer), adulterium, adultery, adulterare, to adulterate, to corrupt.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. alcuno (Lat. aliq[ is] +unus) , Prov.alcus, O.F. alcun, N.F. aucun, Prov. alhors, F. ailleurs (aliorsum) , elsewhere, Prov. ando.F. alques, Span. algo, some one, hidalgo, son ofsome one,a gentleman, Ital. and O.F. alsi , N.F. aussi, also (Lat. ali[ud] +sic) , O.F.altant, N.F. autant, as much, so much, Ital. altrui , O.F. autrui, another's(l'autrui cheval le cheval d'un autre) , o.F. Alsace, L. Lat. Alisatia,(from O.H.G. see below) , Ital. medaglia (L. Lat. metallea) , a coin,medal, O.F. meaille, N.F. médaille, a medal, N.F. maille, a small coin,Ital. medaglione, o.F. medaillon, N.E. médaillon, O.F. and M.E. metal(also M.E. mettal, mettle) , N.E. metal, and mettle, with the sense ofspirit, ardour.Celtic, O. Ir. aile, another.Teutonic, al-, el-, in Gothic al-is, other , alja, besides, aljathro , elsewhere, O.H.G. ali-lanti , ele-lente, foreigner, foreign land, banished,M.H.G. ellende (s.s.) , N.H.G. elend , wretched, A.S. eleland, a foreign land,M.E. elelendis, a foreigner, O.H.G. Elisazzo , a dweller on the other sideofthe Rhine, N.H.G. Elsass, now the name of the province (the latinisedform of the O.H.G. name was Alisatia, whence o.F. Alsace, and Eng.Alsatia) , A.S. el-les, else (adv. ) , originally genitive of adj . el, other.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, allegory, -ical, &c. , allo-pathy (the cure of one disease by theintroduction of another) , allo-tropy, the change of one condition toanother, parallel, -ogram, &c. , metallurgy, metalliferous (thr. Latin) ,metal, -lic, medal, -list, medallion (thr. Lat. and Rom. ) .Latin, alibi, alias, aliquot, alien, alienate, -ion, inalienable, &c. ,Schrader considers it a Semitic word introduced by the Phoenicians, and connects itwith the Hebrew matal, to forge, metil, a forged bar of iron. He supposes thePhoenicians to have erected smelting houses near the mines worked by them, forconverting the ore into metal on the spot, in order to make the transport easier.This is highly probable, but not historically proved; if allowed, the Greek µetaλ\dwmust be considered a popular etymology.28 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.alter, -ation, -ative, and alternate, -ion, -ive, altercate, -ion, adultery,&c., adulterate, -ion .L. Latin and Romance, altruism, -tic , regard for the good of others,hidalgo, Alsace, Alsatia, a name given to a district in London (Whitefriars) from its disorder; medal, -lion , -ist, mettle.Teutonic, else, elsewhere; Elsass.Eur-Ar. EL AL OLI, demonstrative pronominal base, that (perhaps pron. base E + suffix -le, -la) , with additional suffix-se in Latin.=Latin, ol-, il- , ul- ( + suffix -se ) in O. Lat. ol-lus, olle for ol-se, 'Class. Lat. ille (for il-se by assimilation) , he, that, ōlim, ² at that time,i.e. formerly, once, O. Lat. ul-s, ouls, on that side (opposed to cis , onthis side; cp. et uls et cis Tiberim,' Varro); ultra, ultro (comp.forms), beyond (prep. ) , ulter (adj . ) , beyond, with comp. and superl.ulterior, ultimus; penultimus, last but one, ultimare, to come to an end.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. elli, egli , he, ella, she; as def. art.(by loss of -le) , il, the; as dem. pron. lo , l' (by loss of il-) , that, O.F.pron. il, he, it, elle, she, def. art. le , la, ³ the; gen. sing. o.F. del, N.F.du, dat. sing. o.F. al (for a le) , N.F. au, dat. plu . O.F. als , aus (for ales), N.F. aux. Le (as pron. ) dat. sing. lui , gen. plu. leur (forLat. * illui , illorum) , nom. plur. Prov. els , o.F. els , ils, N.F. ils, they,acc. plur. o.F. els (from Lat. illos) , eus, N.F. eux, them; O.F. oïlLat. hoc +illud) , N.F. oui, yes.¹ Ital. all' arme! the cry toarms! ' Prov. alarma, O.F. alarme, alarm, Ital. allarmare, O.F. alarmer,to cry to arms, to alarm, Ital. esser all' erta (from Lat. erectus, elevated,on the stretch , animated) , to be on the alert, in an erect position, watchful, ready to act, O.F. alerte, N.E. alert, F. à la mode, in the fashion,F. à la mort, to the death, Ital . oltre, Prov. oltra, O.F. oltre , N.F. outre,beyond, F. outrance, excess, extremity, L. Lat. *ultraticum, *ultragium,Ital . oltraggio , Prov. outratges, O.F. oltrage, outrage, M. and N.E. outrage, Ital. oltraggiare, o.F. oltrager, outrager, to outrage, go toextremes, N.F. outrageux, N.E. outrageous, O.F. outrecuidant (ultra +cogitare) , overweening, with subs. outrecuidance.1 Cp. velle for vel- se, and Lat. collu-m with Goth. hals, neck.2 Wackernagel derives ōlim from eva, ava, that.In each case the unaccentuated syllable was the dropt one.ordinary talk is to be found in Terence: e.g. enlum for en illum.represents the assimilated suffix -se.The loss of it inThe O.F. le strictlyThe Prov. affirmative was simply oc ( = Lat. hoc): hence the distinction betweenlangue d'oil and langue d'oc, and the origin of the name Languedoc for the province in which the Prov. form of the affirmative was retained .The N.H.G. larm, noise, alarm, is derived from F. alarme, with loss of the unaccented syllable.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 29ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, the phrase ' ne plus ultra,' compounds of ultra as ultramarine, -montane, -ist,' -mundane, ulterior, ultimate, penultimate,ultimatum. Utrecht, a Dutch town (contracted from Ultra trajectum,beyond theford).L. Latin and Romance, alarm, -ist, -ing, alarum, larum, alert, -ness,alamode, all amort ' (Keates) , outrage, outrageous.6Eur-Ar. VEN VAN VON (= E + suffix NE) , demonstrative basewith additional suffix -ie.Sanscrit, an-, an-ya- in antara, another, different from (a comp.form), an-yas, another, anyatara, another.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. onu, he, that, Lith. ans, he, Lith. antras, theother.Teutonic, Goth.2 an-thar, O.H.G. an-dher, N.H.G. ander, O.N. annarr, O. Sax. odar, adar, A.S. other, other.ENGLISH DERIV. other, another, otherwise.Eur-Ar. ANA, ONA, preposition and prefix, on, upon.Sanscrit, Zend, ana, on.Greek, ává, (Æol. ) ỏvá, ỏv, on, in composition, upward, again, åvaTEXλw, to rise, avaroλn, the East, ȧvágτaois, resurrection, ȧvaXpoviše , to refer to a wrong time, ȧva-ẞaπтiçεw, to baptise overagain, avayρáþɛuv, to write up, rewrite, ȧvá-λoyos, according to a proportion, ȧva-λúw, to unloose, dissolve, àvá- 0ɛµa, a thing devoted (inlater usage, ' devoted to evil,' accursed), ȧva-xwpnτýs , one who retiresapart, ȧveúpvoμa, a dilatation of an artery.Latin, an- in anhelare, to breathe upon, exhale.L. Latin and Romance, anachorita, an anchorite, O.F. anachorete,M.E. anchoret.Teutonic, Goth. and O.H.G. ana, N.H.G. an, A.S. on, an, M.E. on, a.s.on- efn, ‘ on even,' on equality with, in relation to, regarding, M.E. anent(contracted from an- efent with added t), cp. O. Sax. an-eban, M.H.G.neben, nebent, en-eben ( =an-eben, ' on even with ') , A.S. on-an, M.E.anan, anon ( =on-one) , at once, ▲.s. anælan, to set on fire (an +ælan) ,to anneal, temper by heat, A.S. on-elan, to anoint with oil, A.S. andelong,' Beyond the mountains, i.e. the Alps, Italian, the extreme party in the Roman Church.? These, with the English derivatives, are all old comparative forms.30 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.andlang, endlang, M.E. anlong, along, ' on the length.'In manyEnglish words the A.S. on, an, is represented by a-, as again ( =A.S.ongean), about ( = A.S. on +bi +utan), on the outside, a-baft ( =A.S.on +bi-æftan) , on the hinder side, in the after part, above ( =on + biufen) , on the upper side; also in a-begging ( = on begging) , &c. &c. ,and in abroad (=on +broad) , asleep =on sleep, &c.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Anatolia, Anastasius, Anstey, nom. prop. , ana-chronism, anabaptist, anagram, a re-arrangement of letters, ana-logy, -ous, -ical ,analysis, -tic, analyse, anathema, -tize, an-eurysm , &c. &c.Latin, anhelation .L. Latin and Romance, anchorite.Teutonic, on, onward, on- set, onslaught, anent, anon, anneal, anele,along, about, abaft, above, again, abroad, asleep, aslant, along, ashore,aside, askew, awry, &c.Eur-Ar. AN-DHAS, N-DHAS, a-dhas, under, beneath.Sanscrit, a-dhas, under, a-dha-ras, adha-mas, lower, lowest, withby-forms an-dha-ras, an-dhamas.Zend, adhara, the lower.Latin, infra (Eur-Ar. dh =Lat. f: but Umb. hondra, beneath,Osc. huntru, s.s. , Umb. hondumo, lowermost, retain orig. d),inferus, below, inferior, infimus, lower, lowest, infernus, underneath,inferna, the lower regions.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. inferno, o.F. enfer, hell.Teutonic, O.N. und, undan, beneath, A.S. odh, adh, beneath, O.H.G.untan, beneath, N.H.G. unten, Goth. undar, O.H.G. undar, untar, N.H.G.unter, O.N. under, A.S. under, beneath, under, A.S. undern, O.H.G.untarn, a time of the day, probably the time midway between sunriseand noon, and that also between noon and sunset.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, ' infra dig. ,' inferior, -ity, infernal." L. Latin and Romance, feu d'enfer.'Teutonic, under, under-neath, -most; under-, in composition withnouns and verbs, as under-tone, under-wood, under-go, under-take, &c. ,aunder, orndorns, undern (Provincial), nine o'clock in the morning,a lunch.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 31Latin, ad, ' to, towards (O. Lat. and Umbrian ar [cp. Plautus, ‘ ar mevenias '] , Osc. az, s.s.) , found in many verbal compounds, as ad, andassimilated before c, f, 1, g, p, r, t, ac-currere, af-ferre, alludere,ag- gerere, apportare, arripere, attingere. Ar- in O. Lat. seems tohave beenused chiefly before labials, e.g. arbiter. a mediator, ar-vorsum,arfuerunt, arbitrare, to decide, and to have been originally an Umbrianor Samnite form; ad becomes a before -sc, -sp, -st; as, ad- ora-scribere, -spergere, ad- or a-stringere.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. ad, a, Prov. az, a, F. à, to, with,for, at.Teutonic, Goth. at, O.N. at, A.S. ät, at.Celtic, Bret. arh, ar, as armor, by the sea, O. Ir. ad-gladur, toaddress.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin: many compounds with ad-, as ac-cident (accidere) , affect(afficere), ag-gress (ag-gressus), allude (alludere), appeal (appellare),arrogant (ad-rogare), assist (from ad-sistere) , ascend (ad + scendere) ,aspirate (ad +spirare), astringent (ad +stringere), attempt (attentare) , arbiter, arbitrate, arbitrary, -tion, -ment.L. Latin and Romance: the Romance à ad appears in English asa, e.g. abut, abuse, adroit, agree, alarm, amass, amuse, apart, avenue,&c. &c.Celtic, Armorica, Brittany, i.e. the land bythe sea.Eur-Ar. EP-I, OP , preposition and prefix, on, upon, in the way of,against, about.Sanscrit, a-pi- in compos. denoting connection, extension, continuation.Zend, ai-pi, to, about, towards.Greek, è̟-πí, on, to , at, near to, towards , &c . , largely used as a verbalprefix (when before an aspirated vowel it appears aз 4-) , as in¿πιypáḍw, to write upon, έπidnµixós, extending among the people,epidemic, πíσкоπos, an overseer, ¿p-ýµepos, lasting for a day.Latin, O. Lat. op, now found only in compounds, op-acus, shaded,in the shade, op- erire, to put on, to cover, * op-inus, likely to happen,found only in nec-opinus, in-opinus, unexpected, and in opinari, to' It is difficult to assign Latin ad to a Eur.-Ar. root with any degree of precision.It seems to approach both in form and meaning nearest to Sans. adhi- a weakenedform of the above, adha.32 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.expect, think likely, opinio, an opinion . In later Latin the form obis used, which phonetically belongs to the following word (see below);episcopus (Gk. loan-word) , bishop, epi-stola (Gk. loan-word), a letter.L. Latin and Romance, N.F. opaque, dark, not transparent, opacité,opacity, Late Lat. co-operire, to cover, Ital. coprire, Prov. cobrir, O.F.covrir, N.F. couvrir, M.E. cuveren, coveren, O.F. couvert, a covert,couverture, covering, Prov. cobricap, cover-head, o.F. cuevre-chef, M.E.kouer-chef, ker-chef, a head-covering, O.F. cuevre-feu, M.E. cour-few, thecurfew,the evening bell giving notice thatfires must be put out; Ital.vescovo,O.F. evesque, N.F. evêque, a bishop, o.F. epistle, a letter, N.F. épître.Teutonic, Goth. aipi- skaupús, O.H.G. biscof, N.H.G. bischof, A.S.bisceop, a bishop, O.H.G. biscoftuom , N.H.G. bistum, a bishopric, O.H.G.biscoves marc, N.H.G. bîsmark, a bishop's jurisdiction or territory; O.H.G.epistula, N.H.G. epistel, A.S. epistol, M.E. epystoll, epistel, epistle (allearly loan-words from Gk. thr. Lat. ) .Celtic, O. Ir. epscop, Gael. espiog, Wel. esgob, a bishop.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, compounds with epi-, eph-, epigram, epigraph, epidemic,episcopal, &c. (thr. Lat. ); epidemic, epistle (Lat. and Fr. or A.S. ) ,ephemeral, &c. &c.Latin, opaque, opacity (thr. Fr.) , opine, -ion, -ionated.L. Latin and Romance, cover, uncover, discover, recover, to coverafresh (not recover, to get back) , covert, coverture, kerchief, handkerchief, curfew.Teutonic, bishop, -ric, Bismark (nom. pr. ) .Celtic, Gillespie, servant of the bishop (nom pr. ) .Eur-Ar. E-BHI, O-BHI, EM-BHI, M-BHI, compounds of pronom. baseE with suffix BHI with sense of nearness, joining with (seeBrugmann, vol. ii . 520); the two latter are nasalised forms.Sanscrit, abhi, over against, in respect of, round about, ubhau,both. In Hindi bhi is an independent word with sense of also, too, asyih bhi, this also.Zend, aibi, above, in addition to.Greek, ȧµpí, àµpís, around, on both sides, relating to, äµów, both.'Aupí- is frequent in composition, e.g. àµþíßios, having a double life,ảµpı-déžios, right-handed on both sides, àµpı-0έaтpov, a theatre surrounded by seats, ἀμφι-φορεύς (shortened form ἀμφορεύς) , a jar withtwo handles.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 33J.Latin, ambi-, amb-, am- in composition, ambo, both, am-icire (=am+jacere), to throw round (of a garment) , to clothe, amb-ire, to goaround (cp. Osc. amfr-et ambiunt), amb-itio, a going round, a canvassing, am-bulare, to go about, walk¹ ( =am +root of Baivw, betere, togo (?) , am-putare, to prune or cut all round, ambi-dexter, using bothhands, ambiguus (from ambigere, to go about), having a doublemeaning, am-plecti, to embrace, am-plexus, an embrace, am-plus(from am +pulus, from root plu, to fill) , full all round, am-plificare, toamplify, am-phora (Gk. loan-word) , a wine jar, ampulla (amb+ollaor irregular dim. of amphora) , a small two-handled bottle; ob, in theway of, in front of, against, toward, about, obiter, by the way, in passing,&c.; the old form obs is found in obsolesco, ostendo for obs-tendo; ob iscommonly assimilated before p, f, c, g, as opponere, offerre, occurrere,oggerere, ob-ire, to die.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . ambulare, Prov. amblar, to travel,walk, O.F. ambler, M.E. amblen, used of a horse or mule, O.F. amicte(= Lat. amictus) , also amice, amis, part ofa priest's dress, F. amplifier,to amplify, N.F. préambule, preamble; compounds of ob, as F. obéir,to obey, obliger, to oblige.Balto-Slav. , Lith. abu, O. Slav. oba, both.Teutonic, O.H.G. umbi-, M.H.G. umb, N.H.G. um, A.S. embe-, emb-,ym-be, ymb-2 (prep. ) , around, and in composition, as A.S. ymb-ren,a circuit (fr. ymbe-ryne, a running round) , a.s. ymb-snīdan, to cutaround (=άµpí). In the Teutonic group the compound um-be(=Eur-Ar. m-bhi) is divided, and its two parts have each a distinctmeaning: the first syllable um- retains its use as a prep. , ' roundabout,' while the suffix bi, be, has the sense of juxtaposition, beside,near, both, &c.: O.H.G. umbe, N.H.G. um, around; O.H.G. bi, N.H.G. bei,Goth. bi, by, around, A.S. bi (be- in compos.) , by; Goth. ba, o.N. bai,O.H.G. bei, be, A.S. bo, ba; M.E. begen, ba, bu, bo, both; also with theaddition of the definite article, Goth. ba-tha, O.N. ba-thir, O.H.G. bē-de,O. Sax. bei-diu, N.H.G. bei-de, A.S. ba-tha, both =literally both the.'³The derivation of ambulare is uncertain. Some regard it as a direct and simple formation from amb-. But a better explanation is , that it is a compound of amb + arootal- el- found in Greek aλdoμai, to roam about, èλ-0eîv, to come, Lett. al- ut, to wander about. The Umb. amboltu ( = Lat. ambulato) implies a different form of conjugationin the Umbrian equivalent to that between sonere and sonare, to sound, in Latin.2 O.H.G. umbe, A.S. embe, ymbe, are compounds of am- +bi⇒Eur-Ar. m-bhi.• The following Teutonic forms may be related to Eur- Ar. E-BHI. Goth. jabai,ibai, O.H.G. ibu , ube, uba, N.H.G. ob (conj . ) , O.N. if, ife, ef, efe, A.S. gif (ge + if) ,O. Swed. iæf, O. Fries. ief, M.E. 3if, if, N.E. if, Goth. ibna (adj . ) , plain, level , O.H.G.eban, N.H.G. eben, O.N. jafn, A.S. efn (s.s.), O.H.G. ebano, O. Sax. efno, A.S. efne, N.E.even (adv.), Goth. ibuks, backwards, O.H.G. ippihon, to roll back, A.S. ebba , ebb, ebban,to ebb. Eng. Deriv. if, even, anent, ebb.E-BHI,0-BHI,EM-BHI,M-BHIᎠ34 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.E-BHI,0-BHI,6Celtic, O. Ir. imb, imm, Wel. amb, am, Gallic amb-, about, O. Ir.imm-agim, I drive about, Latino-Gallic amb-actus ( = amb +CelticEM-BHI, deriv. of √ag-, to drive, go, &c .) , one who goes about, a servant (seeM-BHI Festus: Ambactus apud Ennium lingua gallica servus appellatur ').From this Gallic ambactus it is most probable that Goth. andbahts,holder of an office, O.H.G. ambaht, a servant, Goth. and-bahti, O.H.G.ambahti, A.S. ambiht, M.H.G. ambet, ammet, N.H.G. amt, an office, service,are derived; while the Romance words, Ital. ambasciata, Prov.ambassade, Span. ambaxade, O.F. and M.E. ambassade, ambaxade, areformed, as upon a L. Lat. ambasciata, the being charged with an officeor mission. L. Lat. ambascia, a mission, is the original of o.F. ambasse,ambassee, M.E. ambassie, N.E. embassy; Ital. ambasciadore, o.F.ambassadour, an ambassador. Kluge is in favour of this explanation,and Skeat takes the view that the Teutonic words are original."ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, amphi-bious, amph-ora, amphi-theatre, with many othercompounds.Latin, ambient, ambition, &c. ambulance, perambulate, -or, ambiguous, &c. , amputate, &c. , ambidexter, ampulla (ecclesiastical) , flaskfor the consecrated oil, ample, -itude, amplification, oppose, occur,occasion, offer, office, obsolete, ostentation, ostensive, oblivious, ' postobit,' obituary, ' obiter dictum, ' and other compounds of ob.L. Latin and Romance, amble, preamble, amice, amplify, obey,oblige, &c.6Teutonic, by, bye, by and by, by the by (earlier on the bi ') =bythe way. The be- in verbal compounds has the original sense around,all over, thoroughly, as besmear, bedaub, beset, become. Be- is usedalso as an intensive prefix, or it gives a transitive sense to an intransitive verb, as bedazzle, bewilder, bemoan, belabour. It is found incompos. with prepositions of time and place, as be-fore, be-hind, beneath.In some of these it only appears as -b-, as in about (on, bi utan) ,above (on bi ufan) , but (bi-utan) , abaft (on bi æft) . By, in composition with nouns, has often the sense of subsidiary, by the side of,additions, as by-name, by-plot, by-play, by-path, &c. Both; ember inember-days.¹Celtic, embassy, -age, ambassador (thr. Latino-Gallic, Teut. , andRomance).¹ The common explanation given of ember-days is from quartember ( = quatuortempora, the four seasons, i.e. for ordination); and this holds good for M.H.G. kottember, N.H.G. quatember, L.G. quatertamper, tamper, Du. quatertemper, quatemper,Swed. tamper-dagar, Dan. tamper-dage and kvatember. But the other Teutonicnames for these seasons, viz. O.N. imbru- dagar, ember-days, imbru-vika, ember-week,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 35Eur-Ar. √E-UE, one, that = √E+ suffix UE.Sanscrit, ava, that, a-sau, these.Zend, a-va, that, aēva, one, O. Per. hau, for sã +u, these.Greek, aúrós ( = e + u +te =a-v-TO) , self (reflexive pronoun), inoblique cases, ' he,' ávtós, ávtý, taỶтó ( = se [te] + å-v-ró), the same,olos for oifos, alone, avto- (av0-, before aspirates) , in composition,αὐτο-κρατής, ruling by oneself, αὐτόματος, moved by oneself, αυτόνομος, independent , αὐθεντικός, warranted, ταὐτο-λογία, repeating thesame thing, ovTOS ( = se +v + Tos), this.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. ovu, that.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, autocrat, autocracy, automaton, autograph, autonomy, autopsy, autobiography, authentic, tautology, &c.Eur-Ar. VI VEI VIE, to go.Sanscrit, e-mi (first p. sing. ) , i- mas (first p.pl.) , yanti (third p.p¹ . ) ,go, -ita (p.p.) in dur-ita, hard to travel, ya-na, a going, an access,Hindi jana, to go, jão (imp. ), go.Zend, a-eiti (third sing. ), ayan-tem (pr. p. acc. sing. ) (cp. Lat.euntem), going.Greek, εἰμί, Igo, i-μέν, we go, -ἰτός (p.p.) in ἀπρος-ιτός, inaccessible, oirós,¹ course of events, fate.1Latin, eo, is, it, itum, i-vi, ire, to go: compounds, ad-ire, to go to,ad-itus, an approach, ambire, to go about, ambitio, canvassing (goingabout), ambition, circum-ire (circuire), to go round, circuitus, a goinground, circitare (for circuitare, freq. of circu-ire), to go about, tofrequent,co-ire (=cum + ire, to go with) , coetus, an assembly, coitus, coitio,coition, comes (from com-eo) , a companion, com-itium, an assembly,comitatus (from freq. com-itari) , an assemblage, a train, ex-ire, togo out, exitus, an exit, ex-itium, destruction, in-ire, to go in, begin,initium, -alis, initiare, to initiate, intro-ire, to enter, ob-ire (sc. supremum diem), to meet the last day, to die, per-ire, to perish, præ-ire, togo before, praetor, one who goes before, leader, præter-ire, pass beyond,præter-itus, past, red-ire, to return, sed-itio, a going by oneself, apart,sub-ire, to go up to, approach, with especial sense of secrecy, sub-itusA.S. ymbren- dæg, ember- day, ymbren- wice, ember - week, are from an O.N. imbru- ,imber-, A.S. ymbren-, M.E. umber-, ymber-, embyr-, with sense of circuit, course (cp.A.S. geares ymbrine, the year's course, Lenctenes ymbren, the return of spring). Allthese words are from Eur-Ar. embh-, about, round, in Gk. dµpí, &c. ( See Skeat andCentury Dict. under ' Ember.')¹ Brugmann connects O. Lat. oitor, Class. utor, with Lat. ire, to go (cf. Gk.oirós), i.e. to take or follow a course, to use. ( Cp. √äv-, where the Eng. derivatives ofutor are given.)D 236 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√ √EIVIE-(sub-ire), coming unexpectedly, sudden, sub-itaneus (s.s.; late) , trans-ire,-iens, -itus, to pass through or over, ven-ire (for vesnum-ire), to go tosale, be sold; iter, itineris, a journey, itinerari , to itinerate; -iter, termination of adverbs, as brev-iter, longiter, obiter, &c. , implying way,going—by the short, long, chance way; par-ies, a wall, that which goesround (cp. Sans. pari-iyanta, a border) , janua, a gate (cp. Sans. yana),janitor, doorkeeper.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. conte, o.F. comte (Lat. comitem), acompanion (i.e. imperii or imperatoris) , a count, vicomte, vice-count, Ital.contado, Prov. comtatz, O.F. contee, N.F. comté, the district under a count,county, Ital. contadino, a dweller in the district, a countryman, Ital . contessa, Prov. comtessa, O.F. contese, M.E. contesse, countess, the wife ofanearl; Ital. cominciare (from a L. Lat. form*cominitiare), Prov. comensar,O.F. commencer, comencer, M.E. comsen, to begin, O.F. perir, with pr.p. perissant (as from per-isco, incept. of per-eo) , to perish; Ital.subitano, Prov. sobdans, O.F. and M.E. sodain, sudden, O.F. transir, passaway, O.F. transe, apassing away, M.E. trance; o.F. eire, oire, ajourney,en eire, on the march, (of judges) on the circuit, from L. Lat. iterare,to journey, Prov. edrar, o.F. esrer, edrer, errer, pres. sing. oirre, Ijourney, errant, in chevalier errant, a knight journeying in search ofadventure; but errer ( = iterare) , to journey, has become confused witherrer ( =errare, to err, wander); M.E. pargetter, wall-plasterer, nowfound only as a surname, usually derived from an o.F. *pargetier, L.Lat. *parietarius (neither found) , but a form ' spargettyn ' is found,which unless the s is prefixed through a mistaken etymology, wouldimply a derivation from Lat. spargere, to sprinkle.Balto-Slav. , Lith. eimi , eisi , eiti , O. Slav. iti (infin. ) , to go, ida,went.Teutonic, Goth. iddja, went, A.S. eode, M.E. 3eode, ziede, Scot . yode,yede, yeid, went, a past tense used to complete the defective vb. gaggan(as tuli serves as past tense to ferre) . Kluge, with apparent probability,derives these words from an obsolete Teut. imi, isi, iti (cp. the Sans.Gk. Lat. and Balto- Slav. forms), to which the Teut. intensive prefixga-, ge- is added, and so a Gothic *ga-im is formed = 0.H.G. gēn, gần,N.H.G. ge-hen, A.S. gan, O. Dan. ga, to go. The English go, with itsderivatives and compounds, as fore-go, ago, agone, M.E. ago, agon, &c. ,though so different in form, is therefore cognate with Sans. emi, Gk.siuí, Lat. eo, Lith. eimi, to go.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, adit, ambient, ambition, circuit, circuitous, coition, ' possecomitatus, ' the force of the county,' exit, initial, initiate, introit,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 37postobit, obituary, prætor, prætorian, preterite, sedition, -ious, transit,transient, -itory, -itive, itinerate, -ant, -ary, parietal, janitor.L Latin and Romance, count, -ess, county, viscount, -ess, commence, recommence, perish, sudden, trance, entrance (vb. ) , to throw intoa trance, -ment; errant, in knight errant, legal phrase ' in eyre,'on circuit, arrant in the expression arrant thief-literally a thief outlawed and roving about the country, so a thief by profession, a thoroughdownright thief (cp. Chaucer ' an outlawe or thief errant '); then usedin an intensive sense generally, an arrant rascal, arrant mischief, &c.Pargetter (nom. pr.).Teutonic, Scotch (dial. ) gae, to go, yeid, yede, went, go, forego,gone, goer, go-cart, goby, ago, agone, gait, a way of going (cp. Gk.οἰτός).Eur-Ar. √ŢEQ-, IQ , with causative sense, to cause to go, to send,drive, throw, cast, hurl; an extended form of IE , found in theEuropean group.Greek, laπ- (by usual change of Eur-Ar. qto π) in laπ-Tw, to send,drive, assail; laußos, a metrical foot (~ -) first used by the sarcasticwriters Archilochus and Hipponax, ἰαμβίζειν, to lampoon, ἰαμβιστής,a libeller: cp. Horace, ' criminosi iambi.'Latin, jac-, ic- in jacere, to throw, assail with words, &c. , jacēre,to be thrown down, to lie, icere, to strike, stab, hit, and their compounds, abjicere, throw off, aside, abjectus, adjicere, to add to, adjectivus,a word added to a noun, conjicere, to throw together, conjectura, aguess, dejicere, to throw down, dejectus, cast down, disjicere, to throwasunder, ejicere, to throw out, ejectus, -io, injicere, to throw in, injectio,interjicere, to throw between, interjectio, an exclamation inserted in asentence, objicere, to throw against, objectus, -io , projicere, to throwforward, projectus, -io, rejicere, rejectus, -io, throw back, subjicere, subjectus, -io, to throw underneath; jactare (freq. of jacere) , to toss about,brag, jactura, a loss; jaculari, to hurl, jaculum, a dart, ejaculari, to shootout, to utter hastily; ictus, a beat in music or prosody, amicire, to throwaround, put on (am+jacere) . From jacere, to lie, adjacere, to lie near,circumjacere, to lie about, jocus (according to Fick) , a jest or joke, play.of words (cp. Gk. laµßos, Lith. jukas, fun), jocari , jocosus, joculus, &c.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. gettare (= Lat. jactare) , to hurl,formed from jectus or from jactare; gettatore, one who has the evil eye ,i.e. casts evil glances, O.F. jetter, jecter, to throw or fling, M.E. jetten,to boast, brag, N.F. jeter, to cast, o.F. jetson, cargo thrown overboard andwashed ashore, o.F. jettee, a pier or projection, a jetty, something thrown38 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.out, O.F. ject, N.F. jet, a throw; Ital. giuoco, Prov. joc, o. and N.F. jeu,a game (cp. F. feu from focus) , O.F. jeu parti, an evenly divided game,i.e. ofequal odds, M.E. jupartie, jeo-pardy, a game of hazard, risk, danger,Ital. giuocare, giocare, Prov. jogar, O.F. jouer, to play (Lat. joca-ri),Ital. giocolaro, a juggler (L. Lat. jocularius) , Sp. Prov. joglar, O.F.jogleor, M.E. jogelour, N.F. jongleur, from Lat. joculator, a player; ' Ital .giacere ( =Lat. jacēre) , Prov. jazer, O.F. gesir, to lie, pr. t. gis, Prov.jasina, O.F. geseine, child-bed; Ital. amitto, O.F. amit, M.E. amit, (later)amise, N.F. amict (cp. Port. amicto) , N.E. amice, a priest's mantle.Balto-Slav. , Lith. jukas, fun, mockery, Lett. jaktas (s.s. ) .Teutonic, O.H.G. jagōn, N.H.G. jagen, ² to hunt, jagd, the chase, Du.jagt, (earlier) iacht, a sea-rover's ship, a swift sailer.Greek, iambic.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, compounds ofjacere, formed from the p.p. jactus (in compos.-jectus), adjective, abject, conjecture, dejected, -ion, disject, eject, -ion,-ive, interjection, inject, -ion, object (subs. and vb. ) , objective,-ion, project, -ion, -ile, reject, -ion, sub-ject (subs. and vb.) , -ion, -ive,ejacul*te, -ion, ictus, joke, jocose, jocular, -ity, adjacent, circumjacent(from jacere).L. Latin and Romance, jet, a cast, a shooting out, jetty, a pier, jut,to project (corrupted form of jet) , M.E. jeopardy, -ize, juggle, juggler,amice (Scot.) , gesin, child-bed, jetsam, jettage.Teutonic, yacht.Eur-Ar. IEQ-R, liver, with a base ieqnt, found in oblique cases.³Sanscrit, yakṛt (s.s.: gen. sing. yakn-as).Zend, yakar.Greek, πap, liver, πaтos, = Eur- Ar. ieqntos, πaτikós, relatingto the liver.¹ Ital. gioja, Prov. joja, pleasure a jewel, F. joie, is by some derived from a L. Lat.form joca. Also Ital. giojello, Prov. joiels, O.F. joiel, a jewel, and phonetically joca ismore regular than gaudere, the usual received derivation, which, however, comesnearer in sense. See under ✔ge-, to be glad.2 This explanation is only conditional, and cannot be regarded as established .Kluge suggests, through he does not accept, a possible connection of diкw withO.H.G. jagōn.3 In order to include the Teut. forms O.H.G. lebara, N.H.G. leber, O.N. lifr, A.S.lifer, N.E. liver, an initial 1 has been supposed , which has only been retained in theTeutonic group, and the original form is lieqrt. In this case the labials b, in theGerman, f in O.N. and A.S., represent the Eur.-Ar. guttural q: this is possible, but isunsupported by any other evidence than the I in O.H.G. lebara, &c.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 39Latin, jecur, jecus, the liver (gen. jecoris, jecineris) , hepaticus (Gk.loan-word).L. Latin and Romance, N.F. hépatiques (1674) , obstructions of theliver.Balto-Slav., Lith. jeknos (nom. plu. ) , liver.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, hepatic, hepatitis, hepatica, liverwort.Eur-Ar. √EIK- √IK, to possess, have power over, own.Sanscrit, iç- in ishte-, own, içan-as, having possession.Teutonic, aig- in Goth. aigan, O.N. eiga, A.S. agan, pres . ind . āh,ahst (orig. a p. t. ) , præt. ahte (orig. pluperf. ) , to have, possess, M.E. azen,ozen, awen, owen, to have, to owe (i.e. to possess something belonging toanother) , O.H.G. eigan, N.H.G. eigen, O.N. eigin, A.S. āgen, M.E. awen,owen, own (adj .) , A.S. ahte, M.E. ahte, agte, aughte, oughte, ought,Goth. aight-s, O.H.G. eht, A.S. aeht, M.E. aihte, aghte, auchte, Scot.aught, property, possessions (not the same as Eng. aught=a whit) ,Goth. ga-aigin-on, O.N. eigna, A.S. agnian, to own, claim as one's own.(For own, to acknowledge, to grant, see under √AN-, to breathe) .ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, owe, own, ought.Eur-Ar. EIES, AIS, IS, metal, copper.iron.Sanscrit, ayas, metal, copper, specially in the Vedic period: later,Zend, ayanh, metal, copper in the Avesta: later, iron: ayan-haena,metallic, made ofiron.Latin, æs, æris, O. Lat. ais, originally copper, later bronze, whencopper received the name of æs Cyprium, Cyprian bronze (whichspread also to the Teutonic races, and to the French: see below) ,æramen (a late form) , copper, bronze, æramentum, a copper or bronzevessel, ærarius, relating to bronze, ærarium, the treasury, ærugo, copperrust, æreus, made ofbronze, æra (plu. ) , counters of bronze, also an itemof account, in Isidorus an epoch or era from which time is counted.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. airain, brass (Lat. æramen) , Ital. rame,Sp. alambre, Prov. aram, brass; O.F. harnas, armour (cp. Bret. harnez),M.E. harneis, armour, horse equipment, harness; O.F. coevre, N.F. cuivre,Span. and Port. cobre, copper (Lat. cuprum, through a L. Lat. coprum),Ital. copparosa, Span. and Port. capparrosa, O.F. coperose, N.F. couperose, N.E. copperas, vitriol, from a Lat. copri rosa, according to Diez40 EUR- ARYAN ROOTS.ISEIES, AIS, (cp. Gk. xáλкavlov, flower of copper) , but as better explained byMurray, ' Hist. Dict. ' from aqua coperosa, copper water (cp. Kilian,' Flemish Dict.' 1599: Koperroose, koperwater, vulgo cuperosa andcopparosa ') .Teutonic, Goth. aiz, O.H.G. er, O.N. eir, A.S. är, metal, copper, bronze.The Teutonic name for iron was borrowed from the Celtic, apparentlyat two periods, (1 ) while the s was still retained, Goth. eisarn, A.S.isern, O.N. isarn, O.H.G. isarn, N.H.G. eisen, and (2) after s had beenlost, in o.N. jarn, A.S. īren.Celtic, isarn (is +Celtic suff. -arn¹) , later iarn, by loss of s betweentwo vowels; O. Ir. iarn, iarunn, O. Wel. haiarn, Corn. hærn, O. Bret.haiarn, iron, Bret. harnez, old iron, armour. TheCelts probably madethe acquaintance of iron either through the Gk. colony of Marseilles ,or at Rome, where, according to Pliny, a certain Helico from Helvetiadwelt, some time before the great Celtic migration, to learn the art ofworking metals.Latin, ærarian, era.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, harness (O.F. loan-word from Celtic) .Teutonic, ore (A.S. ar) , iron (Teutonic loan-word from Celtic), ironmonger, &c.From Latin, Cyprium,2 in æs Cyprium, copper.L. Latin and Romance, cuprum, F. cuivre, Ital. copparosa, O.F.couperose, M.E. coperose, copperas.Teutonic, O.H.G. chuphar, N.H.G. kupfer, O.N. koparr, M.E. coper,copper.3ENGLISH DERIV. copper, copperas, copper-smith.¹ Cf. several Celtic names of places: Isarnodorum.2 Cyprium from Cyprus (whence the Romans obtained their copper) = Gk.Kúpos, so called from Hebrew gopher, the cypress tree, which grew abundantly in theisland. Copper, therefore, is in its origin a Semitic not a Eur.-Ar. word, as alsocypress.

• From the above it appears that the Eur-Aryan names originally signified metal in

general, and later were applied to copper specially, and later still to iron by the IndoIranic peoples. The Latin applied their name, ais, to copper first, after to bronze,when copper received the special name as Cuprium. The Teutons got their namesfor copper from the Latin Cuprium.' The Celts, on the other hand, borrowed theirnames for iron from a Latin ais (later æs) and passed them on to the Teutonic races.The absence of any cognate name, either general or special, among the Greeks, is anargument in favour of the Semitic, or at least foreign, origin of µéraλλov for metal.(See under ✔al-. )EUR- ARYAN ROOTS. 41Eur-Ar. EI-ER, the dawning, the early part ofthe day.Zend, ay-are, the day.Greek, ήρι, early (adv.) , ἠέριος, early (adj.), ἄριστον ( = ἄριστονfor ap(npi) +édτóv, the meal eaten early, breakfast.Teutonic, Goth. air, O.N. är, O.H.G. er, N.H.G. eher, ehe, A.S. ær,M.E. er, ear, or, early (adj . and adv.), soon, Goth. airiza, earlier(comp. ), O.H.G. er-ist, N.H.G. erst, A.S. ærest, M.E. erst, earliest, a.s.ær-lic, early, M.E. orly, yerly.ENG. DERIV. Teutonic, ere, ere-long, ere-while, or, erst (archaic),as in the phrases ' or ever ' (Daniel vi. 24) , erst-while, early.Eur-Ar. EI-VA EV-A, time, an age, age, from e-, ei-, i-, to go, +suff. ve-,i.e. ' the moving,' ' going on.'Sanscrit, ayu, life, ev-a, fashion, custom, course.Greek, ai-sí, à-sí, for al-Feí, àF-sí, always, alúv, an age or period,age ofa person; used in the Platonic and Gnostic philosophy, as anemanation or phase ofthe Deity, taking part in the creation and government ofthe universe, alávios , lasting an age, everlasting, à- í-dios, foràɛí-dios, everlasting.Latin, ævum, an age, æ-tas (for ævi-tas) , age, æternus (for æviternus), lasting an age, eternal, æternitas, co-ævus, of the same age.•L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. ætaticum, o.F. edage, e-age, N.F.âge, M.E. eage, age, from Lat. ætas, Ital. etate, Prov. etat-z , O.F. ae (s.s.) .Teutonic, Goth. aiw-s, O.H.G. ewa, M.H.G. ewe, O.N. æfi, an age,eternity, Goth. aw, always, O.N. ã, æ, æi, O.H.G. eo, io, N.H.G. je, a.s.à (for *aw), always, O.H.G. io-mēr ( =io +mēr [mehr]) , N.H.G. immer,A.S. æfre, M.E. ævre, evre, N.E. ever. Murray ( Phil. Dict.' ad verb. )suggests that A.S. æfre is equivalent to the common A.S. phrase ' ā tōfeore,' ' ever in life,' and compares Goth. ' aiw fairhwau ' with samemeaning. Kluge considers it a corruption of *æ-mre, which is formedin the samewayas O.H.G. io-mer. O.H.G. ēw-ig, eternal; O.H.G.ewa, N.H.G.ehe, A.S. w, æ, also have the sense of custom, law, as established bylong usage (cp . Sans. eva), especially the marriage contract, A.S. œwbreca, M.E. eawbreker, an adulterer (cp. N.H.G. ehebruch, adultery) .Greek, Eon, æonial.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, co-eval, eternal, co-eternal, eternity.L. Latin and Romance, age (subs. and vb. ) , nonage (minority) , aged.Teutonic, ay, ever, ever-y, never.42 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. IE-R, a year.Zend, yar, a year.Greek, pa, &pos, a year, season, hour, &paios, seasonable,@рóσκожоs, horoscope, ¿poλóyιov, an instrument for telling the hour.Latin, hora, an hour, horæ, the hours, also a clock or dial, horarium,a clock or dial, horologium, horoscopus (all Greek loan- words) .L. Latin and Romance: o.F. hore, ore, ure, M.E. our, owr, laterhoure, N.F. heure, Ital. ora, an hour, O.F. ore, ores, N.F. or, now; Ital.ancora, O.F. ancore, N.F. encore ( = [ad] hanc oram), ' to this hour,' still,' go on,' o.F. l'ores, N.F. lors, then ( = illam oram) , Ital . allora, O.F.alores, N.F. alors, then ( =ad illam horam), des = de ipso (sc. tempore),dating from, F. desormais ( =de ipsa hora magis) , ' from the very houronward,' henceforth, O.F. dorenavant (de hora in abante), from thehour onward; Ital . orologio, o.F. horologe, N.F. horloge, a clock.Teutonic, Goth. jēr, O.H.G. jar, N.H.G. jahr, A.S. gear, ger, M.E. yer,yeer, yeare, a year, A.S. geāra (gen. plu. of gear), ' of years,' ' of old,'years ago,' N.H.G. uhr, loan-word from F. through L.G. úr, a clock,watch.6ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, horoscope, horologe (Gk. loan-words through Lat. and Fr.) .Latin, horary, relating to , lasting, an hour.L. Latin and Romance, hour, encore.Teutonic, year, -ly, yearling, yore.Eur-Ar. ŢÃG , reverence, worship.Sanscrit, yāj in yaj-ati , worships, yajyas, venerable, Hindi, yogi, areligious mendicant.Zend, yas- in yasna, religious rite, sacrifice.Greek, ἁγ- in ἅγιος, holy, ἁγνός, pure, holy, ἁγιό-γραφα, holyscriptures.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, thr. Hindi, yogee (Anglo-Indian) , a religious mendicant.Greek, hagiographa, hagiology, Agnes (nom. pr. ), Tris-hagion,Thrice Holy, the name of a Church hymn.Eur-Ar. * EK or EG-, with by-forms, EX in Greek and Latin; E inLatin.'Greek, έ , before vowels ¿§ ( =¿x-s) , out, out of, ë§w (adv.), outside,EwTIKós, foreign, Ewтepinós, external, abroad, applied to writing and1 There is no representative of this prep. in the Aryan group (ud taking itsEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 43teaching addressed to an outside public, ἔσχατος for ἔχσ-ατος, thelast, extremest.Latin, ex, out, before vowels and c, f, h, p, q, s, t: ec in O. Lat.before f in composition, as in ec-fari, ec-fatus, but in Classical Lat. exis either assimilated or retained, as in efferre, exfoliare; e is foundbefore b, d, g, j , l, m, n, r, v, as in e-bullio, e- dico, e-gredior, elicio ,eligo, emitto, enuntio, erado, evado; extra, adv. in comp. form, outside, exterior, outer, extremus, outermost, last, externus, external,extraneus, strange, foreign.L. Latin and Romance, ex, ē, es-, out, follow the Latin rule, asémeute, from N.F. émouvoir, (Lat. emovere, to move out) , O.F. effreier, tofrighten, chill with fear (L. Lat. exfrigidare, to chill) , M.E. affray, p. p.affraied, N.E. afraid; but sometimes es and s before c, p, and s, as inL. Lat. escapium, an escape, O.F. escaper, eschapper, N.F. échapper, toescape (Lat. ex cappâ, slip out ofthe cloak), escheoir (Lat. ex-cadere),escheat; Ital. scorgere ( =Lat. ex-corrigere) , to guide, set right, scorta(participial form) , a guide or guard, O.F. escorte; Ital. splanata (Lat.ex-planata), O.F. esplanade; Ital. saggiare (L. Lat. exagiare) , to weigh,O.F. essaier, asaier, essay, assay; Ital. es-tranio, estraneo, stranio (Lat.extraneus), O.F. estrange, M.E. estraunge, strange, Ital. straniere (L. Lat.extraniarius), o.F. estranger, N.F. étranger, stranger; o.F. es- calder(L. Lat. ex-calidare), to heat, scald; Ital. scampare (L. Lat. excampare), to run off the field, decamp) , O.F. escamper, to decamp;O.F. escanteler, to cut into cantles or cornerpieces (ex +o.F. cantel, acornerpiece, from O.H.G. kante, a corner); Ital. scorticare ( =Lat.ex-corticare, to take off the bark) , to flay, Prov. escorgar, O.F.escorcher, to take off the skin, scorch; O.F. escourgée (L. Lat. excorrigiata), correction, M.E. schurge, scourge, a whipping, a scourge; Sp.esclusa, O.F. escluse (Lat. ex-clusa, shut out) , Du. sluys, sluis , M.E.seluse, a mill-dum, sluice; L. Lat. ex-soniare, essoniare, to putforwardan essonia, that is, an excuse for not performing a duty or service, O.F.essoinier, to need excuse, O.F. essoine, M.E. assoine, essoine, necessity,excuse; Ital. squadrone, O.F. escadron, N.E. squadron (Lat. ex-quadrare,to square); Ital. stordire, O.F. estourdir, to stun, with p.p. estourdi, M.E.stourdi, sturdi, stunned, amazed (Lat. ex-torpidire); Ital. scarso, Prov.place there, as also in the Teutonic group), unless this may be found in Zend aih,very, and Sans. açcharas, wonderful. Diefenbach conjectures connection betweenTeutonic us, (Goth.) er, ( O.H.G.) and Latin and Greek ex, but the loss of k is difficult to account for. EK is probably the original form. EX- 8 represents a case formin; the vowel is lengthened in compensation for the loss of Curtius considersthe form EG- to be indicated by the O. Slav. izu, as z in that language regularly represents a Eur-Ar. G.

• EK, EG-

44 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.EK, EĞ- and O.F. escars, M.E. scarse, N.E. scarce (Lat. ex-carpere, to take out,select) , &c.Balto-Slav. , Lith. isz, O. Slav. izu, out of.Teutonic, Goth. us-, (before r) ur, out, O.H.G. ur (accented) , out—only used as a prep. between 700 and 900 A.D. , after that, as unaccentedpref. with variants ar and ir (ur is still found in urtheil, ur-sprung,&c. )—N.H.G. er- in er-schrecken, &c. &c.; with generally intensiveforce; A.S. ar later à: another form, or, is found in ordel, a judgment,ordeal, and in Eng. orts from the compound (or +itan, to eat), theremains ofa meal. In the following A.S. words aar, Goth. us, O.H.G.ur, N.H.G. er: āberan, to bear, ābidan, abide, ācursian, to curse, acolan,to chill, afæran, to frighten, agan, agone, ago, ālihtan, to alight, ārisan,rise, arise, ascæmian, to ashame, āslakian, slake, awacan, awake; M.H.G.uover, N.H.G. ufer, bank, landing place. Kluge cites A.S. ofr. (s.s. ) , anda Bavarian ' ur-var,' a haven, = Goth. us-far, haven, where boats landand unload. He sees in Windsor an A.S. Windels-ofr, landing placeofthe Windel, supposed to be a former name of the Thames.Celtic, O. Ir. a, as, e, ess, out, echtar, outside.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, compound Greek words with ex-, ec-, as first member, asEx-odus ( +ódós, march out), ex-orcize (to adjure out, § + opriw),eccentric, ecclesiastical, eclipse, &c. , exotic, exoteric, and compoundsof ew, as exogenous; eschatology, doctrine of the last things.Latin, compounds of ex and e with other Latin words, as exasperate, exalt, excavate, &c. , ebullient, edict, egress, eject, emit,enunciate, erase, evade, exit, exfoliate, effusion , &c. , &c.; extra-, extraordinary, extra-dition, and other compounds of extra , exterior, extreme,-ity, external, extraneous.L. Latin and Romance, élite , the select, congé d'élire, permission tochoose, from o.F. elire ( Lat. eligere) , to choose out, émeute, &c. ,affray, afraid, escape, scape, scape-grace, escapement, escapade, escheat,cheat, escort, esplanade, essay, assay, estrange, strange, scald, scamp,scamper, scantling, scorch, scourge, sluice, essoine, squadron, sturdy(orig. with bad sense, stubborn: now better, stout, strong); scarce, &c.Teutonic, ordeal, orts , abear, abide, acold, a(c) curse (the double carises from a confusion with the Fr. pref. à =ad) , afeard , agone,ago, alight (dismount), arise, ashame, aslake, awake. Here a hasonly the same intensive force as ex so frequently bears in Latin.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 45Eur-Ar. √/IEŲ- IU-, to defend, protect, help, please.Sanscrit, yu- in yu-noti, wards off, protects, benefits.Latin, ju- in ju-vare, ju-vi, ju-tum, to help, benefit, please, ad-juvare,to help, assist, adjutor, a helper, coadjutor, fellow-helper, adjutare, tohelp, ju-cundus, pleasing, jubilum, a cry, a shepherd's song, jubilare, toraise ajoyful shout.¹L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. and Ital. ajutare, Span. ayudar,Prov. ajudar, aïdar (by elision of u and vocalising j to i) , O.F. aïder,N.F. aider, to help; Ital. giubilare, F. jubiler, to shout for joy, fromwhich are formed N.H.G. , Du. and Dan. jubel, joyful shout, perhapsalso Ital. giulivo, O.F. jolif, N.F. joli , M.E. jolif, joli , N.E. jolly, merry,pleasant.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, adjutor, coadjutor, adjutant, adjuvant, jubilant, jubilation.L. Latin and Romance, aid, aide-de-camp, aidance, aidless , jolly, -ity.Eur-Ar. IUUEN, young, weak.Sanscrit, yav-, yuv- in yava, acc. yavan-am, a youth, young,yuvaça, young.Zend, yavan, young.Latin, juv- in juvenis, young, comp. junior, juventus, youth, juvencus, a young bullock, also of a young man (Hor.) , juvenilis, youthful.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . giovine, Prov. jove, o.F. juene, jovene,jouene, N.F. jeune, young, jeunesse, youth.Balto-Slav. , Lith. jaunas, O. Slav. junu, young.Teutonic, Goth. jugg-s, O.H.G. jung, A.S. geong, O.N. ungr, (later)yung-r, young. The Teutonic base jung-a is a contracted form of anolder juwunka, corresponding with Sans. yavaça, Lat. juvencus; Goth.junda, O.H.G. jugund, N.H.G. jugend, A.S. geogoth, M.E. 3eoguthe,yhouthe, youthe, youth, M.H.G. junc-herre, young master, Du. jonker,jonkheer, N.E. younker.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, juvenile, juvenescent, junior, rejuvenate.Teutonic, young, youngling, younker, youngster, youth, youthful.¹ L. Lat. jubilæus, the fiftieth or jubilee year, is from Heb. *jobel, a blast of atrumpet, clamour, shout ofjoy, the year of jubilee announced by the sounding oftrumpets. The Lat. jubilare has no immediate connection with this (see Skeat ad vb.and Cent. Dict. ); but it may have a remote connection in the sound ju (iu)common to several groups of language, expressing joy: cp. Heb. * jo-bel, Gk. lw, Lat.io, perhaps also Ger. jödeln, O.N. jol, the yule feast, Swed. jolen, Du. jölen, to befestive (see Gesen. Heb. Lexicon, ad ' jobel ') , whence Ital. giulivo may be derived.46 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. VER- √AR VOR , with sense of sharp, penetrating,reaching to, swift.Sanscrit, aç- inaç-noti, ‘ pierces, ' âç-u, a point, açush, swift, aç-na, astone, asling-stone, aç-ani, a missile, a dart, aç-man, stone, a thunderbolt,meteoric stone, aç-mara, made of stone, aç-ra, edge, point, summit, aç-ra,aç-ru, a tear, aç-va, a horse, ukha, an oven (perhaps by metathesisfor akhva = Eur-Ar. ekhua: the earliest oven was ofstone, afterwardsof baked clay, on and round which the coal was placed) .Zend, aç-, ak-, ash- in aç-naoiti, pierces, aku, point, aç-man, heaven,aç-pa, a horse, ash- us, swift, a horseman, N. Pers. aswar, Urdu, sawar,sowar (s.s.). Perhaps also N. Pers. sipahi (from açpa, horse), ahorseman, soldier, sepoy.Greek, ȧк-, ỏк-, §-, íπ- in ȧký, sharpness, the edge, ȧk- ís, an arrowhead, arrow, point, åк-ax-ía, acacia (the prickly plant), åx-avða, athorn, thistle, ȧx-óvη, a whetstone, äx-wv, a javelin, åк-µń, a point,peak, summit, åк-µwv, a meteoric stone, anvil, a pestle, the vault ofheaven, conceived to be of stone (cp. Hesychius, " "Ax-μwv, ovpavós '); ¹ká-μīvos, an oven, furnace (by metathesis for åк-μîvos , cp. O. Slav.ka-mine with Lith. ak-mens [gen. ] , stone); äк-pos, topmost, highest,aκρov, the top; ȧx-vý, anything light, foam, chaff; à§- ívn, an axe;¿κús, swift, ¿§ús, sharp, biting; ππоs (= ix-fos), ² Dial. iк-кos, ahorse, iπ-vós, an oven (π = ky, as in ππоs = еkua) , ὠκυπέτης άKU-πÉTNS ,swift-flying; Þín- ıπños, fond of horses (nom. pr. ) .Latin, ac-, ac-s, oc- in ac-us, a needle, aculeus, a sting, acumen,a point to prick or sting with, keenness, ac-uere, to sharpen, acutus,sharp, acies, sharp edge or point, the front of an army (conceived of asthe edge of a sword), sharpness of vision, ac-us, acer- is , husk of corn,ag-na (in the hymn of the Salii) , a stalk or ear of corn, ac-er, sharp,biting, sour, eager, acer, aceris, the maple, ac-etum, vinegar, ac-idus, acid,ac-erbus, bitter, acritudo, bitterness, acrimonia, bitter feeling; ascia foracsia, an axe, ocyor, swifter, occa, a harrow; caminus (Gk. loan-word) ,a furnace, eq-uus (comp. S. açva-s) , a horse, eques, -itis, a horseman,equinus, relating to a horse, equester, -tris, equestrian, Epona (Latinisedform of a Celtic word) , the Goddess of horses; Lat. * acupiter (theswift-flyer, corrupted from wкUTÉTηs) , a hawk, changed by popularetymology into accipiter, and even acceptor, as though from accipio:(cp. Brugmann, ii. 23).L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. acicula, Ital. aguglia, O.F. aiguille,See for alternative explanation under ✔KEM˜ √QEM¯.2 The change of the spiritus lenis of k-Fos to the spiritus asper in lπños is due tothe loss of F (pronounced as spirant) , and analogous to the change of pixós (trikh-os)to Opię (thrik-s).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 47a needle, Span. aygulet, Port. agulha, a point, peak, aiguillette, a littleneedle, aglet, a tag of a lace; Ital. acre, Prov. agre, O.F. acre, aigre,acid, sour (Lat. acrem), M.E. aygre, eigre, N.E. eager, Ital. vinagro,Prov. vinagre, o.F. vin-aigre (sour wine) , vinegar, Ital. acuto, agudo,O.F. ag-u, ¹ ag-ue, sharp (Lat. ac-utus), N.F. aig-u, M.E. agu, ague, O.F.mont-agu, the peaked mountain; Ital. accia, azza (Lat. ascia) , Span.hacha, O.F. hache, hachet, a hatchet, axe (Diez prefers a Teutonicderivation for axe from hak- base of Germ. hacken, to chop, hack =Dial. Fr. hequer, to chop wood); L. Lat. caminata, in full, cameracaminata, a room in which there is a caminus, 2 i.e. a furnace or fireplace, Ital. camminata, O. and N.F. cheminée, M.E. cheminey, chimenee,chimney. Late Latin, aculentus, prickly, O.F. aiglent, Prov. aiglentina,N.F. eglantine, with a variant form from L. Lat. aculentarius, O.F.aiglantier, N.F. eglantier, M.E. eglantere, eglatere, N.E. (poetic: Tennyson, ‘ Dirge, ' 23), eglatere, the sweet- briar, the prickly plant, O.F.Philipe, Philipot (dimin.) , nom. pr.Balto- Slav. , ak- (ka-), asz-, in Lith. akmu, gen. ak-men-s, a stone,O. Slav. kamen-u, kamy, kamina, oven (by metathesis for akmen, orloan-word) , Lith. aszis, an axle, Lith. aszmu, edge, point, peak (cp.ảкµý) , Lith. akête, to harrow, Lith. aszara, a tear (cp. Sans. aç-ru),Lith. asz-va, a horse ( Sans. aç-va).Teutonic, ek-, eg-, eh-, in Goth. ag-ja, O.N. egg, O.H.G. ek-ka, apoint, edge, M.H.G. ecke (s.s.) , N.H.G. ecke, a corner, A.S. ecg, M.E. egge,N.E. edge, M.E. self-egge, a selvage, O.N. egg-ja, A.S. ecgan, M.E. eggen, tosharpen, incite, egg on, O.N. hamarr, a hammer, a stone, O.H.G. hamar, A.S.hamor, M.E. hamer, hammer (cp. Sans. aç-man, a stone, ärµwv, an anvil,and káμiv-os, an oven), Goth. ah-s, ah-r, O.H.G. ahir, N.H.G. ähre, A.S.(north) äher, (west) ear, M.E. ere, yere, N.E. a spike or ear ofcorn (cp. Lat.acus, acer-is) , Goth. ah-ana, O.H.G. ag-ana, N.H.G. ahne, O.N. ögn, Dan.avne, Scot. awn, the ' beard ' of barley, oats, &c. , O.H.G. ahil, N.H.G. achel,A.S. egl, M.E. eil, N.E. dial. ails, the beard of grain (cp. Gk. ȧxvý, Lat.agna, s.s.) , O.H.G. egida, N.H.G. egge (from L.G.) , A.S.egi-de, Goth. *agida,a harrow, O.H.G. egjan, eckan, A.S. egean, to harrow (cp. Lat. occa, aharrow), Goth. auhns (cp. Sans. ukha), O.N. ogn, ofn, Swed. ugn, A.S.ofen, N.E. oven, A.S. ofnet, a small earthenware vessel . Kluge supposesthat the original meaning of Sans. ukha, iπvós , and the Teutonic wordsis a vessel ofearthenware; but, if the first ovens were of stone, the earlier¹ Brachet thus explains the loss of the termination: t was first changed intod, in Merovingian Latin, and acutus must have passed through the form agud,aigud, before it reached agu, aigu, in the same way as virtutem became vertud,vertu.2 See for alternative explanation under ✔KEM- and QEM..√EKVOŘ

48 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.EKVARVOKsense may have been a stone vessel. Goth. himin-s , ' heaven, O.N.himenn, O.H.G. himil, N.H.G. himmel, O. Fris. himul, Du. hemel,heaven; Goth. akwisi , O.H.G. acchus, M.H.G. ackes, N.H.G. axt (withadded t), A.S. eax, axe (from extended form ak-s, cp. Gk. ȧžívn, Lat.ascia, for ac-sia); O. Sax. ehu, A.S. eoh, a horse.Celtic, O. Gallic, epo, W. ep, O. Ir. ech, a horse.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Zend (thr. Urdu) , sowar (O. Per. aswar) , a horseman, sepoy.Greek, acacia, acme, acanthus, acanthaceae (botanical and architectural), the Acanthus spinosus, name ofa plant, ofwhich the conventional representation was used in the decoration of Corinthian andcomposite capitals; acne (medical) , a kind ofskin-disease; Trinacria, aname of Sicily, from its three promontories; compounds of acro-, asacro-polis, acro-stic, acro-bat, acro- lith, &c.; derivatives and compoundsof oğús, as oxide, oxalic, oxy-gen, oxy-mel, &c .; also of ππos, asPhil-ip, fond ofhorses, and the names Phillips, Phipps, Phelps, &c.;the Gk. names Hippo-damos, Eu-ippos, Hipparchus, &c. , and compounds hippo-drome, horse-race, hippo-potamus, river-horse, hippophagous, &c.Latin, aciform (needle-shaped) , acerose (s.s.) , aculeate, acumen,acute, ' cute, aceric, relating to the maple, acrid, acetic, compounds ofacet- as acetify, aceto-chloric, &c. , acid, acidulate, antacid, &c. ,acrimony, acerbity, equine, equestrian.L. Latin and Romance, aiguille, a mountain peak, Cape Agulhas(southern extremity of Africa, The Point, from Port. ) , aglet, eager,vinegar, ague, hatchet, adze (?) , chimney, eglantine, eglatere, Montagu, surname, Phillpotts (from Philipot).Teutonic, edge, selvage ( = self-edge), edgewise, &c. , egg (in ‘ eggon ' ) , hammer, ear (of corn), awn, ail (dial. ) , oven, axe.²Kluge rejects the connection of Goth. himins, O.H.G. himil, &c. , with this rootand its deriv. Zend. açman, heaven, Gk. кdµivos, an oven, furnace, and brings all theTeutonic forms for heaven, i.e. , the Goth. himins, O.H.G. himil, A.S. heo- fon, O.Sax. heb-an, L.G. hefen, heaven, under the Teut. ✔ham-, to cover, curve, vault. Insupport of this he cites O.H.G. himilizzi , A.S. hus-heofon, Du. hemel, M.L.G.hemelte, the roof or covering of a house; and asserts that the A.S. f in heof- is a substitute for the m of the other Teutonic forms; while the difference between Goth.him-in-s and O.H.G. him-il is to be explained bya difference of suffix , the Goth. formusing the suffix -ne, the O.H.G. the suffix -le. The latter may be accepted, and theTeutonic forms himins and himil, as also Gk. káμivos, may be referred to ✔qemkem-, to cover in, vault ( = Teut. ham-); but more evidence is needed for the unexplained change of mto f in A.S. heofon.2 From this article the following interesting inferences may be formed:-(1)That the Eur-Aryan people before their separation used stone or flint as weapons andEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 49Eur-Ar. VED-, eat.Sanscrit, ad in ad-mi, I eat, p. t. ādam, I ate.Zend, adh- in adh-aiti , third sing. conj . pres. ( =Lat. edat) .Greek, ɛd- in dw, I eat, eσ- 0w (Hom. ) , έoliw (Att. ) ( = ɛd + -Ow),od-oús, -ovтos, a tooth, Æol. Ed-ovTES, the teeth (i.e. ' the eaters ') , pres.part. of dw, odúvŋ, pain (i.e. the gnawing), åv-údvvos, painless (?) .Latin, ed- in ĕ- dere, ēd-i, ē-sum ( = ed-tum), to eat, edax, devouring, esca (= edca), food, es-culentus, fit for food, es-urire (desid. ) , todesire to eat, to be hungry, comedere, to eat up, ob-edere, part. obesus,(1 ) eaten away, wasted away, ' corpore pectoreque obeso,' (2) fat,plump, obesus, pinguis quasi ob edendum factus ' (Paul. ex Festo:a popular and later sense); dens, dentis, a tooth, dentitio, teething,denticulatus, having small teeth, edentatus, without teeth , tridens, withthree teeth or tines, dentifricium, tooth powder (Pliny) .6L. Latin and Romance, Ital. dente, Prov. dent-z, F. dent, a tooth ,F. dentelles, little teeth , i.e. the points on which lace is made, lace, o.r.dent de lyon, lion's tooth, the dandelion , from the shape of its leaves;L. Lat. indentura (from a L. Lat. vb. indentare) , indent, notch, chartaindentata, a paper on each half of which the contract was written, thetwo halves were then cut apart in a zig-zag line, and one given to eachparty in the contract, O.F. endenture, indenture; N.F. dentiste, dentist,O.F. redent, reden ( = Lat. redentatus), a fortification constructed withtooth-shaped projections forming between them an angle: a redan.Balto-Slav. , Lith. estu, to eat, devour, O. Slav. jastu, to eat; Lith.dant-is, O. Pruss. dant-is, a tooth.Teutonic, it- et- in Goth. itan , O.N. eta, A.S. etan, p. t. āt, M.E. eten,O.H.G. ez-an, N.H.G. essen, to eat, M.H.G. ezz-en, to eat into, N.H.G.ätzen, Du. etzen, to engrave, to etch, to eat away (corrode a metalplate by acids); Goth. fra-itan, to devour, eat up, A.S. fretan, O.H.G.frezzan, N.H.G. fressen (s.s.); Goth. tunthus, O.H.G. zan , zand, N.H.G.zahn, O.N. tönn, A.S. toth, tooth; O.H.G. zinna, N.H.G. zenne, a pinnacle,battlement, Swed. tinne, A.S. and M.E. tind, a spike, tooth of a rake orfork.Celtic, O. Ir. det, a tooth, W. ith, to eat.tools, especially in spear- and arrow-heads, and sling-stones . (2) That they used stoneand (later) earthenware ovens in preparing their food. (3) That the art of smelting and working metal was but slightly known. (4) That the horse was knownand domesticated. Schrader thinks that it was kept at first rather for the milk ofthe mares than as a beast of burden; probably it was first used to draw their carts,thenin war-chariots, and last of all for riding. ( 5) The use of the harrow, and thesame name for it among the Latin, the Teutonic, and Celtic races, the same names alsofor chaff and the beard of corn, show that agriculture was pursued while they still formed one people.E50 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Odonto, odontology, anodyne, chlorodyne.Latin, edible, edacious, esculent, esurient, comestible, obese; dentition, denticulate, edentate, trident, dentifrice.L. Latin and Romance, dandelion, dentist, indent, -ation, indenture,redan.Teutonic, eat, eatable, etch, fret (trans. ) , to wear away, to vex,tease (intrans. ) , to be vexed or distressed; tooth, teeth (pl. ) , tooth-some,&c. , tine.¹Eur-Ar. √ER-, √AR- √OR- √R and √RE- with variant forms √EL-&c. , with great extent and variety of meaning.(1) To move, set in motion, rise, lift up, grow in size, to cause togrow, nourish, bestir oneself, strive for.(2) To obtain, succeed, suit, excel.(3) To insert, fit in, join on to, put together.√ER- √OR-, to move, go, drive, rise, lift up, &c. , with variant√EL-, ² and √RE- in sense (1) .Sanscrit, ar-, r, in r-noti, lifts up, aor. med. ār-ta, ar-as, swift,apa-ar- ( =apa-, from, ar-, move) , to uncover, open, ar-anyas, a wood,i.e. the growing, ar-itras, ar-itram, an oar,³ rudder, r-cchati, goes,comes (inc. ) .Zend, ar- in areta, high.=¹ Brugmann and others refer ¿doús, dens, &c. to √ed- as the pres. part. of theverb (ŏdovтédovт-, participial base of pres. t. of ědw; dens = * edent, participialbase of edere) . The initial vowel of the root has been lost in every language except theGreek. Curtius coincides with this and compares the loss of the initial vowel ofVes-, to be, in Sans. s-mas, we are, but its retention in the Gk. čσμes . Max Müllerand others refer dant, dens, &c. to ✔de-, to divide.2 In the earliest stage of the Eur- Aryan speech the liquids r and I were probablyonly dialectic variants of the same sound, but in the later stages they had differentand definite sounds, as shown by the fact that the Armenian and European languagesin some cases agreed in the consistent use of r while in others they employed as consistently 1. In Sanscrit there is scarcely a root containing an 1 which does not showalso forms with r, and words even in the same text were found written both with r and 1.In the later stage of the language the difference became more marked, and the use of1 more frequent, though still much less frequent than the use of r, in the proportionof 1: 7 or 8. This peculiarity explains the fact that in the European languages derivatives of the same Eur- Ar. root are found retaining sometimes r sometimes 1.• Probably, nothing more than a paddle worked from the stern, and serving bothas oar and rudder. That Sans. aritram had only this sense, not that of plough(to which the name vykas, wolf, was given) , while there is Gk. porpov for plough,indicates that the plough came into use after the separation of the Indian andEuropean branches of the Eur- Aryan people, and the name given to it in theEuropean languages was formed from the root √ar-, to drive or propel, which layat the base of aritram, a paddle or rudder.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 51Greek, op-, εp-, ap-, aλ-, with variant oλ-, ɛλ-, in opvvµɩ, rise up,õpvis, -Oos, a bird, Epxw ( = ep-oxw) , to come (cp. Sans. rcchati) ,¿p-ετns, a rower, ¿p-εtµós, an oar (cp. Lat. rēmus for *retmus), тpiήρης, a trireme, ἀρόω, to plough, ἄροτρον, a plough , ἄρωμα, ploughedland, sweet herb, kλ-áw , fut. §λá-ow, ¿λ-aúvw, to drive, åpov, the arum,ǎr-aλros, (from axboμai, to grow) , that cannot be satisfied (cp. Lat. alin al-ere, to nourish).Latin, or-, al-, er-, el-, in or-iri, ortus, to rise, oriens, rising, theEast, origo, -inis, origin, aborigines, first inhabitants; ab-orior, to die,abortus, abortio; ar-undo, a reed, ar-um, the arum, ap-er-ire (cp.Sans. apa +ar) , to open, p. p. apertus, op-er- ire, to shut, co-op-er-ire,to cover wholly; ala- cer, quick, active, al-ere, to nourish, feed, cause togrow, alitus, altus, alimentum, nourishment, alimonia (s.s.) , alimentarius, nourishing, elementum, ' a first beginning or cause of being (?) ,alumnus, a pupil, ward, al-escere (inc.) , alui, alitus, to grow, altus,(as adj. ) full grown, high, altitudo, height, al-mus, nourishing, al-tare,an al-tar, ex-al-tare, to exalt, praise, co-al- escere, to grow together, * olere,

• olescere, to grow (found only in its compounds), ad-olere, -escere, to grow

up, ad-ultus, grown up, adolescens, adulescens, growing up, a youth, abol-ere, to abolish, ind-oles, natural disposition, obs-olescere, to wear out,grow old, obs-oletus, grown old, obsolete, prõles (from pro-olescere),offspring, progeny, proletarius, a citizen of the lowest class, who contributed only his children to the service of the state (?); ar-are, -avi, -atum,to plough, ar-atrum, a plough, ar-vum, ploughed field, armentum, cattlefor ploughing; remus, an oar, triremis, a trireme. Al-nus, an alder-tree,ul-mus, an elm, ornus, the mountain ash, may perhaps be referred tothis root.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. alto, O.F. halt, hault ( =Lat. altus) , N.r.haut, high, O.F. hautain, haughty, M.E. hautein (s.s.) , * hautein-ness , butwritten hauteness, N.E. haughti-ness; the adj . haughty has gh insertedby mistake, after the analogy of draught, laugh, as though a word ofEnglish origin; Ital. alto, the high part in music, O.F. haut-bois, Ital .oboe, a hautboy, a corrupted form of the Fr. haut-bois ( =altus +buscus); O.F. auter, M.E. auter, N.E. altar, corrected after the Latin;' A more than doubtful explanation. The Century Dict. says, ' wholly improbable '; Murray ( Hist. Dict.), ' its etymology is uncertain . ' The Lat. elementum isa translation of Gk. σTOXεîov, lit. one of a row, or series, a component part; Platodenotes by it a simple sound of the voice as the first constituent of language, and theexpression кaтà σTоixeîov means in the order of the letters. And it was perhaps thiswhich has suggested that the Roman scholars coined a new word, elementum, fromthe letters 1 , m, n, following each other in alphabetical order, + Lat. suff. -tum,because they found no native word to express the precise meaning of the Greek.This explanation, however, rests on no historical evidence.VER-√ORVELE 252 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VERVORVELO.F. Overt, N.F. ouvert, from O.F. ovrir, open-according to Littré aconfusion between Lat. aperire and operire, for avrir = ap-erire; Diezrefers ovrir to anolder a-ovrir for an earlier a-d-ubrir (=ad +de-operire),to uncover, take the cover off-Ital. coprire, Prov. cobrire, o.F. covrir,M.E. coveren, to cover, Ital. discoprire (L. Lat. discoöperire) , Prov.descobrir, o.F. descouvrer, M.E. discoueren, N.E. discover.Balto-Slav. , ir-, or-, ar-, in Lith. ir-ti, rows, ir-klas, a rudder,ar-ti, plough, ar-klas, a plough, O. Slav. or- ati , ' ploughs,' Lith. elksnis,an elder tree, O. Slav. jelicha, an alder, Lith . ere-lis, an eagle.6Teutonic, ar-, er-, ear-, in O.N. ern, brisk, O.H.G. er-nus (subs. ) ,battle, fighting, earnestness, N.H.G. ernst, A.S. eornost (subs. ) , M.E.eornest, ernest, combat, love of battle, earnestness, M.E. in ernest, inseriousness, not in play '; Goth. ara, O.N. ari, O.H.G. aro, N.H.G. aar, aneagle, O.H.G. arn, pl. erni, o.N. örn, A.S. earn, ärn, an eagle, N.H.G.adler=adel + ar, noble eagle; Goth. arjan, O.N. erja, A.S. erian, M.E. eren,ere, ear, O.H.G. aren, M.H.G. eren, to plough, till, O.N. ar, a ploughing,O. Fris. er (s.s.) , O.H.G. ero, earth, O.H.G. art, ploughing, tilling, O.H.G.arton, to till, dwell, O. Sax. ard, A.S. eard, ' ground tilled and dweltupon, home, dwelling, land, country, A.S. eardian, to cultivate, to dwellin, possess , with early M.E. form erden, erthen (cp. Bigan he there forto erthe, ' he began to dwell there ' ); Goth. airtha, O.H.G. eretha, erdha,O. Sax. ertha, erda, N.H.G. erde, O. Fris. irthe, erthe, A.S. eorthe,eordh, M.E. earthe, O.N. jordh, earth; A.S. al-r, alder, O.H.G. elira, erila,N.H.G. erle (s.s.) , A.S. eller, ellern, M.E. eller, an elder tree (?) , O.N.alm-r, O.H.G. ölm, A.S. elm, M.E. elm, O.N. reynir, O. Swed, röun, runn,the rowan-tree ( mountain ash) , cp. Lat. or- nus; O.H.G. alt, O. Sax.ald, A.S. eald, ald, O.N. ald-r, old (originally a participle from Goth.alan, O.N. ala,² to nourish, give birth to, grow up: Kluge conjecturesthat the original use was like that of the Lat. natus, prefixedby the number of years since birth; cp. decem annos natus,' with' ten years old '), A.S. eldu , äldu , eld , äld , M.E. eld, Goth. alths, O.H.G.alti, elti , old age, age, old times; A.S. yldra, eldra (comp. ) , M.E. eldre,ar-.' Eorthe and eard must be regarded as two distinct words and having a distinctsignificance, yet so near, both in form and sense, as to be referred to the same root,The English earth, is from A.S. eorthe, and the distinction between erde = eardand erthe = eorthe is shown in the Early English alliterative poems: Sodomas thatever hadde ben an erde of erthe the swettest: ' erde, however, had already begunto be used for earth.•2 Kluge derives Goth. all- s, O.H.G. al, N.H.G. all , O.N. allr , A.S. eall, Eng. all,with ala-, found in compos. , from a root al, but he thinks its connection with Goth.alan not fully established , though he accepts the connection of O. Ir. uile , ule, andWel. oll, all, every, whole, with Teut. ala-, alls , &c. The root al, ala is found in M.E.alse als , N.E. as ( or al- swa) also, always, &c.; Goth. ala- mans, all men, perhaps theoriginal of Lat. Alemanni.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 53older, used also as a subs. an elder, A.S. ealdor, ' a prince, elder, ealdorman, ulderman, A.S. eldran, äldran, parents, elders; O.H.G. arundi, ' o.N.eyrende, A.S. ärende, M.E. erende, an errand, message, commission,charge; O.N. roa, A.S. rōwan, to row, Goth. rothra, oars, rudder, O.N.rödhor, O.H.G. ruoder, N.H.G. ruder, A.S. roder, a paddle, rudder, steorrodher, a steering paddle, O.N. and A.S. ar, an oar; A.S. weor-old, worold,the world, the age in which men live (see under UER).Celtic, O. Ir. araim, I plough, O. Wel. aru, Corn. araz, to plough.O. Ir. arathar, Corn. aradar, O. Wel. aradr, a plough, are loan-words.Ir. alim, I nourish, Ir. ail, food, Ir. alt, high place; Wel. er-w, aploughed field, Bret. er-v, a furrow (cp. Lat. arvum) , O. Ir. ram, anoar.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, ornithology, ornithorhyncus, &c. , din-ornis, name of an extinct bird, aroma, aromatic, arum, the plant; elastic (coined word fromMáw): the original sense of elastic was driving, hurling.Latin, orient, -al , -ation , origin-, -al , -ate, &c. , aboriginal, abortion,-ive, arundinaceous, aperient, aperture, alacrity, altitude, aliment,-ary, alimony, alumnus (Lat. loan-word) , element, -ary, adult, coalesce,adolescence, abolish, -ition, obsolete, prolific, proletarian (?) , exalt,alma in the phrase ' alma mater, ' arable, trireme.L. Latin and Romance, haughty, -iness, haut-boy, oboë (It. ) , alto,contr-alto, altar ( corrected form of o.F. auter) , overt, overture (theopening piece), cover, covert, -ure, discover, curfew, kerchief (seep. 31).Teutonic, Arn-, prefix to Eng. and German names of places, asArn-cliffe, Arnheim, earnest³ (adj . ) , in earnest (subs. ); to ear (vb.archaic) , in O.T. earing, ploughing; earth, -y, -ly (A.S. eorthe) , alder,probably also elder (the tree); and rowan (the mountain ash, Lat.¹ A.S. eorl has sometimes been regarded as a contraction of ealdor, but theO.N. jarl (with older form earl) , O. Sax. erl, a noble man, a hero, warrior, a man,(cp. Lat. vir) correspond with A.S. word and differ in meaning as well as formfrom A.S. ealdor; in the O. Sax. poem ' Heliand ' erl is used more than 100 times for' man.' Vigfusson, Icel. Dict.'2 Apparently a participial formation from a verb fallen out of use from ar✔er, of which Goth. airus, a messenger, is a nominal form .' M.E. ernes, (later) ernest, N.E. earnest, a pledge, is from Wel. ernes (s.s. ) , perhaps connected with Lat. arrha, Ital. arra, O.F. arrhes, Scot. arles, M.E. erles, Gk.appaßáv, from Hebr. erabon, a pledge. O.H.G. arnon, to reap, A.S. earnian , (orig. ) to reap, (later) to gain by work, to earn, M.E. ernien , ernen, N.E. earn, together withthe participial O.H.G. noun arnot, N.H.G. ernte, harvest, are generally referred to aroot as- (with change of s to r), found in O. Slav. jes- eni, O. Pruss. as- sanis, Goth.as-ans, harvest, autumn, O.N. önn for *as-nu, a working season, A.S. es-ne, a hiredlabourer, Lat. annona, for *asnona, yearly produce; perhaps, too, in ǎpvvμaι.VERVOR-✓EL-54 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ornus) , elm; old, eld (archaic) , elder, -est, alderman; world, -ly;errand; row, rudder, oar, rullock ( =row-lock); all, alone (all one),as, also, always, almighty, &c. ( see Note 2, p. 52) .√RE , the transposed form of √ER , by intermediate √Ṛ, with extension re-n- in Teutonic.Sanscrit, r-n- in r-nomi, I go.Latin, ra- in ratis , a raft.Teutonic, Goth. rin-nan, rann, runnan, to run, flow, O.H.G. rinnan,to cause to run, N H.G. rinnen, rennen, to run, O.N. renna, A.S. rennan,ran, gerunnen, to run, flow ( cp. A.S. ir-nan, p.t. arn, M.E. ernen, eornen, torun, curdle (from the other original form √ER , R) , O.H.G. rennen,to cause to run, used of milk, to coagulate, N.H.G. ge-rinnen, to curdle,coagulate, M.E. rennen, to run, also used of milk, M.E. renet, rennet. 'ENG. DERIV. Teutonic, run, ran, runner, forerunner, runnel, runlet, a small stream, rennet, runnet, ern, erning (dial .) .Eur-Ar. √ER , √EL, VR, √RE, in senses (2) and (3), to attain,succeed, excel, suit, to calculate, approve, fix, fit in with, puttogether.Sanscrit, ar- r in r-noti, attains, r-tas, correct, complete, r-tus, fixedperiod, custom, law, ar-yas, true, friendly, Aryan, a name given incommon to each other by the Indian and old Persian races, expressive of kinship, friendly relation, and mutual good faith; āryakas, anhonourable man, ar-yaman, a friend, comrade; irma, an arm, ar-as,spoke ofa wheel, ar-paya (caus. ) , to insert, fit in, aratni, elbow, Sans.rai, property, from √RA¯ = Eur-Ar. √RE, to furnish with, equip,grant.Zend, ar-, air, ar-eta, excellence, virtue, ra-tu, custom, law, airya,Aryan, airyaman, faithful, obedient, arethnao, the ellows, frârâthni, ameasure two spans.Greek, ap- in äp-vvµai, to earn, gain (? —see Note 3 , p. 53) ,ȧp-ap-ioкw, to fit together, furnish with, satisfy, ȧρ-éσкw, toplease, conciliate, ȧp- ɛíwv, äp-iσTOs, braver, -est, "Ap-ns , the god offight, courageous, apɛτý, courage, manliness, virtue, åp-rios, fitting, atthe right time, ready, ȧp-τíçw, to make ready, ȧp-0-µós , a joining,union, ἀρ- ι- θμός, number, ἀριθμητική (sc. τεχνή) , arithmetic, ἄρθρον,' There is an older form runnet in Kentish dialect: ' Runnet, the herb gallium,called in Derbyshire erning, Anglice, Cheese-runnet; it runs the milk together.' Pegge quoted by Skeat under Rennet.'6EUR-ARYAN ROOTS 55ajoint, ap-ua, a chariot, apuos, a join in masonry, ȧp-μów, to construct, fit together, åp-µovía, a fastening, concord, harmony, dp-τnpía,the windpipe, bronchial tubes, artery,¹ wλévn, an elbow ( comp. Sans.aratni).Latin, ar-, re-, ra-, in ar-s, -tis (cp. Sans. r-tas) , art, skill, ar-ti-fex,arti-ficium, in-ers, rude, unskilled, sluggish, in-ertia, sloth , soll-ers,skilful, sollertia, skill, ar-tus, a joining, a limb, articulus (dim. s.s.) ,articulare, to joint, ar-mus, the shoulder-joint, ramus, a branch (cp.O. Slav. rame, arm) , ar-ma, arms, armour, ar-mare, to arm, ar-marium,a closet for storing tools, arms, &c. , ar-milla, a bandfor the arm, armlet,ar-matura, armamentum, equipment, armistitium, a truce, armi-ger, onewho bears arms, harmonia, arteria (Gk. loan-words).The variant form √RE VR is found in ri-tus (cp. Sans. r-tus) ,custom, usage, rite, ritualis, relating to rites; res, thing, matter, fact,business, property, a cause (legal), res-publica, the state, qua-re, cur,why, wherefore; reus, a party in a suit at law, later the defendantonly, (as adj. ) charged with, responsible for; re-ri , rătus, to calculate,reckon, think, deem, rătus, decided, fixed, irritus , undecided, invalid, invain (=in +ratus) , irritare, to frustrate, disappoint, vex, ratio, -nis (f. ) ,a reckoning, calculation, an account, list, register, relation or proportion,the faculty ofcalculating, reason, rationalis, ratiocinari , to reason.2L. Latin and Romance, Ital. arte, Prov. artz, o. and N.F. art, L.Lat. artista, F. artiste, the worker of an art, L. Lat. artitus, skilledin an art, Ital. artigiano ( = L. Lat. *artitianus) , O.F. artisien, N.F.artisan, a worker at an art, F. artifice, an artifice, Prov. artilha, fortification, Prov. artilharia, Ital. artiglieria, O.F. artillerie, instrumentsor machines for discharging missiles, implements of war, O.F. artiller,L. Lat. * artillare, * artiliare, to fortify, to furnish with implements ofwar, from L. Lat. ars, artis, a machine (cp. F. engin from ingenium):as the word is not older than the thirteenth century it must have included cross-bows, arbalests, &c.; Ital . arma arme (sing.) , arme armi(plu. ), o.F. armes plu . (Lat. arma) , Ital. armadura, O.F. armeure, M.E.armoure ( Lat. armatura) , armour, Ital. armata, Sp. armada, o.F. armée(Lat. armata, p. p. of armare), an armed force, Sp. armadillo (dim. ofarmado, armed), the little armed animal, Ital. all ' arme, ' to arms,' late·¹ See note in Liddell and Scott, ad vb. The arteries continued to be regardedas air-ducts, and seem to be conceived as ramifications from the original àpτnpla orwind-pipe. Cp. Cic. Nat. Deor. 2, 25, “ Sanguis per venas in omne corpus diffunditur,et spiritus per arterias." The windpipe was designated ἡ ἀρτηρία τραχεία, οι ἡ τραχεία alone, while the others were called αρτηρίαι λεῖαι .9992 At a later period artista was used with special reference to the art of medicine;cp. F. artiste vétérinaire.VER,√RE56 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VER ,VEL,VR,VRE-=O.F. alarme, M.E. alarme (probably borrowed from the Ital. as the O.F.form was ' as armes,' Skeat) , Ital . armario, o.F. armarie, a receptaclefor arms, N.F. armoire, from L. Lat. armaria, armarium, a chest orcupboard, M.E. aumrie, aumbrie, ambry; Ital. rito , F. rite, a custom,religious ceremony, F. ritual; o.F. rien (subs.: Lat. rem), a thing,N.F. rien (for ne rien) , nothing, N.F. république; O.F. rate (Lat. ratus),a proportion, a rate, N.F. ratifier ( =ratificare), to fix, settle, N.F. ration,Ital. razione, a proportionate distribution, a ration, Ital . ragione, o.F.raisun (=Lat. rationem, as saison = sationem) , N.F. raison, M.E. resoun,reason, Ital. ragionare, O.F. raisouner, M.E. resounen, to reason, O.F.raisonable, M.E. resonable, N.E. reasonable, O.F. areisnier, aragnier, to callto account (L. Lat. ar-rationare) , M.E. areinen, arainen; from L. Lat.dearrationare was formed the obsolete word darraign, to decide byarms (not by legal process); Ital . ulna, o.F. alne, M.E. elne, elle, N.F.aune, an ell (Lat. ulna) .Balto- Slav. , O. Slav. rame, O. Pruss. irmo, arm, Lith. olek-tis,O. Slav. lakutis, elbow, Pruss. lokoti (s.s. ) .Teutonic, Goth. arm-s, O.N. arm-r, O.H.G. aram, N.H.G. arm, A.S.earm, arm; Goth. aleina, a cubit, O.H.G. alina, N.H.G. elle, O.N. elin, A.S.eln , M.E. elne, elle, an ell; O.H.G. elinbogo, N.H.G. ellenbogen, O.n.ölnboge, A.S. el- boga, elbow (lit. arm-bend); 0.H.G. , O.N. and A.S. rim,a computation, number, calendar, O. Sax. unrīm, a false count, withoutnumber (an old Teutonic word) . M.H.G. rim, and N.H.G. reim, as alsoO.N. and a.s. rim, at a later period were used in the sense of rhyme,rhymed verse, from a confusion perhaps with Gk. pulμós, but it may ·have been from the fact that, for convenience of remembering, thecalendar or mode of counting was thrown into some metrical form,or repeated in a sing-song tone. O.H.G. art had only the sense ofploughing, tilling, from Var-, to plough; N.H.G. art has the sense ofinnate quality, condition, or kind (but not of Eng. art, for whichkunst is used) , and may have a connection with Sans. ṛta, law, custom,usage.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, Aryan, prob. Ar-menia.¹Zend, ario- in compos. in Old Persian names, as Ario-mardus, &c.' Du Cange derives a Latin arme- linus, Ital. armellino, ermellino, O.F. ermine,M.E. ermyne, ermin, Span. armiño, from Lat. mus Armenius, and Littré follows him.But Kluge cites an O H.G. harmo, an ermine, M.H.G. harme, in the same sense (ofwhich N.H.G. hermelin is the diminutive) . The A.S. hearma, a weasel, and thephonetic accord of Lith. szermu, szermonys, a weasel, shows that O.H.G. harmo is agenuine Teutonic word. The Romance forms and the English ermine must therefore be derived from the O.H.G. harmo, or M.H.G. hermelin,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 57Greek, aristo-cracy, &c. , Areopagus, hill of Ares or Mars, arithmetic, arthritis, harmony, -ic, -ious, harmonium, &c. , artery, arterial.Latin, art, artful, artless, article (thr. F.) , articular, articulate (adj .jointed), articulate (vb. utter distinct and separate sounds), articulation,inert, inertia, ramify, -ication, arm (vb. ) , armiger (arm-bearing),armament, armature, armistice (a truce), armillary. From transposed√RE-, rite, ritual , -ism, &c. ' re ' (' in the matter of': legal term) ,real, -ity, -ise, -ism, -istic, &c. , irritate, -tion, -ble, ratio, ration,rational, -ism , -ist, ratiocinate, -ion, &c.L. Latin and Romance, artist, artifice, -er, -ial, artisan,artillery, arms, armour, -y, armorial, armada, army, armadillo,ambry, aumbry, a cupboard, alarm, alarum, dis-arm. From RE ,republic, rate, ratable, ratify, -ication, reason, -ble , &c . , arraign,darraign.Teutonic, arm, armlet, yard-arm, &c.; ell, elbow, rhyme (speltso by mistake from a supposed connection with rhythm: rime is theproper spelling) .¹Eur-Ar. VER VAR-, to part, separate.²Sanscrit, ar- r-, in rte, without, except, arana, distant, foreign.Zend, air- in airima, lonely.Greek, ep- in pĥμos, lonely, desert, of persons, destitute, deserted,épnμíτns, one living in the desert,.Latin, ār-, ra-, in area, free space; by metathesis in rarus, rare,scanty (?).L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. heremita, Ital. eremita (Greek loanword) , o.F. ermite, hermite, M.E. eremite, heremite, a hermit, Ital.ermo, eremo, Prov. erm, Span. yermo, O.F. erme, herme, desert; o.f.rare (?).Teutonic, O.H.G. aram, N.H.G. arm, A.S. earm, Goth. arm-s, O.N.arm-r, poor, destitute,3 M.L.G. rar, Du. raar, M.E. rare, rare (from O.F.?) .Balto-Slav , Lith. ir-ti, separates, O. Slav. or-iti, separate, dissolve, overturn, lay waste.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, area, a space, rare, rarify, rarefaction, rarity.L. Latin and Romance, hermit, hermitage.1The numerous other Teutoric derivatives will be found under RE- RE- DH,2 Fick; see Dictionary, 4th edition, p. 11.Kluge says that the Teut. arm, poor, has no cognate in any Eur- Aryan language.58 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. *\/ER- *√/AR- * √/EL-, with sense of heating, burning (?) .Latin, ar-, ol-, in ar-dere, to burn, glow, ar-ere, ¹ to be dry, parched,aridus, ardus (Lucretius) , dry, parched, adolere, to burn.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. ardo, o.F. ard, hot, O.F. ardoir, ardre,heat, ardour, O.F. ardant, M.E. ardaunt, N.E. ardent, burning.Balto-Slav. , Lith. alus, O. Pruss. alu, beer, O. Slav. olu, an intoxicating drink, N. Slav. olej , beer.2Teutonic, A.S. an-ælan, to temper by heat, anneal, A.S. ealu, ³ ale,O.N. öl, s.s. (perhaps from A.S. ælan in anælan, to heat, because madefrom steeped barley, dried in a kiln: cp. o.N. eldr, O. Sax. eld. a.s.aled, fire).Celtic, Ir. and Gael. ol , an intoxicating drink.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, ardent, ardour, arson (thr. F.) , arid, -ity.Teutonic, anneal, to heat and slowly cool glass or metal; ale, alehouse, &c. Ale means also in composition, a feast or merry-makingat which much ale was drunk, and contributions collected for specialpurposes e.g. bid-ale, a feast held by invitation (bidding), at whichthe guests made contributions for the benefit of some person; bridal- bride-ale) , a feast held for the benefit of a newly- married couple; sochurch-ale, clerk-ale, leet- ale.

Eur-Ar. VEL , VOL , VILE, doublet of Eur-Ar. LI-, in a-λel-pw,Lat. lino, &c. , to smear, found in European group (?) .4Greek, -alov, olive oil, oil, xalos, the wild olive, the oleaster,Xala, the olive tree.5 Latin, olea, an olive, olive berry, oleum, oil, oleaster, wild olive,¹ The O. Lat. harēna, Sab. fasēna ( for fasesna) , forbid any connection of arena,sand, with ✔ar. The corresponding Eur-Ar. form would be ghesesne (cp. O. Ir.gaineamh, Gael. gainmheach, sand).2 The Slavonic and Celtic forms may be borrowed from Lat. oleum, oil. (Cp.Ir. ol, gen. ola, drink, with ola, oil, Ir. olach, drunken, olach. oily; O. Slav. olu, anintoxicating drink, Russ. olu, oil. )The stem of ealu is *alut (perhaps a participial noun); cp. gen . and dat. alodhealodh. Ale and beer were originally synonymous, but ale is now limited to themalt liquor the malt for which has not been roasted or burnt (see Murray, Hist.Dict.). Schrader ( p. 322) thinks that a satisfactory derivation of the stem alut is still to find.• Prellwitz derives ěλaιov, oil, from the preceding root ✔EL-, to burn, heat.The one in the text is from Liddell and Scott, who follow Curtius. For the objec- tion to it see note on p. 59. "Eλalov may be a word borrowed by the Greeks from anon-Eur-Aryan source.• Oleander has no connection with oleum, but is, together with Ital. oleandro,O.F. oleandre, Span. eloendro, Port. eloendro, loendra, a popular etymology from rhododendron or lauro- dendron.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 59oleaginus, oily, oliva, an olive tree, olivetum, an olive grove, olivum,oil (poetic and in post-classic prose).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. oleo, Prov. oli- s , O.F. oile, N.F. huile,M.E. oile, oil, O.F. olive, olive, but through the Celtic forms , M.E. olive.Balto-Slav. , Lith. allejus, Lett. alywa (loan-words from Lat. ) ,Russ. olu, oil, Pol. olej , oil.Teutonic, Goth. alew (borrowed from Latin in third or fourthcentury), O.H.G. olei ( Lat. loan-word dating from before eighthcentury), N.H.G. öl, O.N. öl , a.s. ele, oil (all Latin loan-words) , A.S.anelian, to anoint with oil.Celtic, Gael. oladh, uillidh, O. Wel. olew, Bret . oleu, eol , iul, oil(all Latin loan-words). 'ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, olive, Olivet, Mount of Olives (both thr. Fr.) , oleaster,oleaginous.L. Latin and Romance, oil, oily (from Celtic forms) .Teutonic, aneal, unanealed, without extreme unction.Eur-Ar. VERK, VARI , VERQ , ARQ , RQ , to defend, ward off,fortify.Sanscrit, arç-, rç-, rak-, in sam-arç, fortify, rçya, an elk, rak-shati,rescues, preserves.Armenian, arg- in argel, a check, restraint, argelum, to ward off.Greek, аρí-, ảλ- in ¿prέw, to ward off, be strong enough, to holdout, suffice, aρкos, a defence against, ảλý, strength, dλékw, to defend,protect, frequent in compounds, as ' Aλéçavdpos, defender of men.1 According to Hehn (see Kultur-pflanzen, p. 82-87), the use of oil to anoint thebody was first adopted in Greece, from which country oil was introduced into Italy,and used for the same purposes, in the place of the fat of animals. It was afterwardsused both for lighting and for food. The home of the true olive was probably inthe southern part of Asia Minor, and its oil was in common use among the Semiticinhabitants of Palestine and Syria for anointing, lighting, and cooking. It is probablethat at an early date Phoenician traders imported oil into Greece, and that its earlyuse there was only among the wealthy for anointing the body. The cultivation ofthe true olive extended along the coast of Asia Minor and the Greek islands, until itreached Greece itself, and thence spread into Italy. The northern races learnt the use of oil, and borrowed its name, from the Greeks and Romans. This view ofHehn's is opposed to the derivation of haios, the wild olive, from a root ' Li, ' tosmear, anoint, for if the Greeks only became acquainted with the use of oil for theperson through the Phoenicians, why should they have called the wild olive, whichthey had known before, by a name expressing the sense of smearing? It wouldseem, therefore, either that they had previously used for anointing a coarse kind ofoil from the wild olive, or else that there is no connection between λaios and LI-,to smear. In this case, if λ alov is to be regarded as a Eur-Aryan word, it shouldbe referred to vēl-, to burn.60 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Latin, ar- in arcere, to keep off, enclose, protect, arx, -cis, a citadel,arcus or arquus, a bow, a weapon, arca, a chest, arcanus, shut up,closed, coerc-ere, to restrain, ex-erc-ere, to exercise, exercitus, an army,exercitium, an exercise.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. arco, Prov. arc-s , O.F. arc, M.E. ark, acurve, arch, O.F. archer, archier, M.E. archere, L. Lat. arcubalista,Prov. arbalesta, O.F. arbaleste, an instrument for discharging arrowswithgreatforce, an arbalest, Ital . arcata (p. p. arcata, as from L. Lat. arcare,to arch) , O.F. arcade, an arched passage, O.F. exercice, M.E. exercise.Teutonic, ahr- in Goth. arh-w-azna, an arrow ( the thing belonging to the bow,' from a Teutonic base arqo-, borrowed from Lat.arquus, arcus) , A.S. earh, M.E. arwe, arewe, arow, N.E. arrow, O.N. ör,plu . örv-ar, arrows, A.S. arc, a chest (Lat. loan- word) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, proper names compounded with Alex-, as Alexander, andits corrupt vernacular forms Saunders, Sanders, Saunderson, &c.;compounds of dλý- in Alciphron, Alcinous, &c.Latin, arc, a portion of a circ'e, arcanum, a secret place, co-erce,-ion, -ive.L. Latin and Romance, arch, a curve in building, &c . , arcade,archer, arbalest, exercise.Teutonic, arrow-, arrowroot (a South American farinaceous tuber,said to have derived its name from its use, as an antidote to poisonedarrows), ark, a chest, Arkwright, a maker of chests, used as a propername.Eur-Ar. VER K (ER +K) , to put together, weave, spin.Greek, dρ- in άρí- vs, a net, åpáxvn, the spinner.Teutonic, O.N. rokkr, O.H.G. roccho, N.H.G. rocken, the distaff; O.H.G.rocch, N.H.G. rock, a coat (? -see Kluge, ad v. ) .L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. hrocus , roccus, O.F. froc, frock, L. Lat.rochetum, o.F. rochet, a little coat (Teutonic loan -words). So Kluge;and Brachet derives o.F. froc from 0.H.G. roccho, but Diez fr. Lat.floccus.Celtic, O. Ir. rocan, a cloak, Gael. rochall ( s.s.) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, arachnoid , spider-like (Greek loan-word) .L. Latin and Romance, frock, rochet, from O.H.G. (?) .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 61I1Eur-Ar. VERK, VARK , VRI-, ' to injure, wound.Sanscrit, rk- in rk-sha, a bear, raksha, a demon, (probably) a termemployed by the first Aryan immigrants to the aboriginal races ofIndia.Armenian, arju, bear."1Greek, ȧρк- in äρêтоs , a bear, the constellation Ursa Major, "Аρêтoupos, the Bear-keeper, the star just behind the Great Bear, alsocalled Bowτns, the waggoner, the ploughman, in relation to ǎµağa, awaggon (=our Charles's Wain) , another name for the constellation(ep. Hom. Il. xviii. 487, "Αρκτον θ' , ἣν καὶ ἄμαξαν ἐπίκλησινκαλέουσιν) , ἀρκτικός, arctic.Latin, ursus ( =urc-tus) , a bear, Ursa, the name of the constellation ,ursinus, relating to bears.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. orso (m. ) , orsa (f. ) , O.F. ours (m.) , ourse(f.), a bear, O.F. ourson , M.E. urchon, irchon, hircheoune, a hedgehog,N.F. oursin, a sea hedgehog, perhaps a popular etymology from ours, adoublet of o.F. ireçon ( Lat. ericio, -onis) , N.F. hérisson, a hedgehog.Brachet considers it a popular corruption of ireçon; and the Portuguese ouriço, Wall. ureçon, Eng. urchin, to be corrupted forms ofLat. ericion-em, but Littré regards them as all diminutives of ours,a bear. Diez regards them as most probably from Lat. ericio. Thetwo words ireçon and ourson seem from the M.E. to have been in useat the same time, but on the whole I think ireçon to be the elderform from ericio, and to have been changed to ourson, a little bear, asthough from O.F. ours on account of a fancied resemblance.Celtic, O. Ir. art, a bear.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, arctic, antarctic, arcturus.Latin, Ursa Major, ursine.L. Latin and Romance, Orson, pr. n. applied to a rough halfsavage person; Orsini , the name of a noble Italian family.Eur-Ar. VERK with by-form VERG , to gleam, shine, glitter, rgntos,shining, white.Sanscrit, ark- arj- rāj , in ark-as (an epithet of the sun), ‘ brilliant ';Max Müller connects гksha, &ρктоs, with √ERẼ, to shine, glisten, from theshining eye or the bright tawny fur of the bear. More probably it is from an olderform ✔yerk, a variant of ✔uerq, to pull, tear; cp. Sans. vrk-as, a wolf.62 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√ERK- (Vedic) rajatas, white, shining, in later Sanscrit silver, arjuna, brightVERG witted.Zend, erezada, silver.Armenian, arcate, artsath, silver.Greek, dpy- in dpy-ós, white, shining, also swift (from the speed oflight), ἄργυρος, silver, the white metal, ἀργύριον, money, ἄργιλος,äpyıλλos (dial.) , white clay, Xiðápyvpos, protoxide of lead, iSpápyvpos,quicksilver, 'Apyú, The Swift, the name of Jason's ship, ýλéкTwp, theshining, name of the sun, йλεктρos, masc. and fem. йλɛêтρоv, ' neut. ,gold with an alloy of one-fifth silver (the earlier meaning), also amber(later). Lepsius distinguishes λεктρos, silver gold, ýλeктpos,amber ornament, тò ½λεктρov, amber. It was probably so called fromits colour resembling that of gold with the silver alloy.Latin, arg- in arg-entum, ' the white metal,' silver (Osc. aragetud) ,electrum, a mixed metal, amber (Gk. loan-word) , Lat. argilla, whiteclay, arg-uere, to make clear, argumentum, an explanation, argutus,bright-witted, argutari, to prate, prattle.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. argento, F. argent, silver, Wall. argoter(Lat. argutari) , to chatter, prate, F. argot.Celtic, O. Ir. argut, arget, O. Wel. ariant, Bret. archant, Corn.arhanz, silver, Argento- ( white) , the Latinised form of a Celtic wordfound in the old Celtic names of places, as Argento-ratum, ' the whiteford.' Schrader considers it extremely probable that Argento- represents an original Celtic word, the equivalent of the Sans. rājata(Eur-Ar. rgn-to), white, shining; but of the Celtic names for silver hedoes not determine whether they are original or borrowed from theLatin; Windisch regards them as borrowed.2A better derivation perhaps than the one given in the text is from a Eur- Ar.✔YERK- √YREÊ- √URK, √URQ-, to be energetic, vigorous, bright, an olderform of erk-. Cp. Sans. varchas, vitality, light, brightness, the illuminating power offireor the sun; Sans. ulkā, a meteor flame, firebrand, and Lat. vulc- anus, from which Eng.volcano. The explanation given in the text has the authority of Liddell and Scott;✔erk- in this case must be regarded as a later form of √uerk-.-2 The Teutonic and Balto- Slav. languages have a common name for silver:Goth. silubr, O.H.G silabar, N.H.G. silber, A.S. seolofer , seolfor, Lith. sidabras , O.Slav. sirebro. This name is conjectured by Hehn to be derived from 'Aλúßŋ, a townin Pontus, mentioned in the Iliad as the home of silver, tnλóber è§ 'Aλúßns, 80evἀργύρου ἐστὶ γενέθλη. It cannot be inferred from the above that silver was knownto the Eur-Aryan people before its partition. In the Vedic period rājata was still an adjective = white, shining, and became the name of the metal at a later period. Itmay have been used in this sense in common by the Indian, Iranic, and Armenianpeoples. The Southern European races may have followed them in converting theadjective into the name of the metal, although the Oscan aragetud looks like aloan-word. The Northern European races derived their name for silver from anentirely different source, and probably became first acquainted with the metal at alater period. The Celts may have adopted the name from Italy; cp. O. Ir. arget, andOscan araget- ud, Bret. archant, with argent-um.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 63ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, litharge, hydrargyrate, Argonaut, Argosy, electrum, electric,&c. , electro- in composition.Latin, argillaceous, argue, argument, Argentine (pr. n. ) , argentiferous, argent (heraldic), white.Eur-Ar. √ARGH , variant of preceding root.Greek, aλp- in åλpós, a white rash, äλþıτov, barley meal, peeledor pearl barley."Latin, alb- in albus, white, albumen, the white ofan egg, alburnum,the whitish inner bark of trees (Pliny) , Alba, name of a town, thewhite,' Umb. alfu , Sab. alpus, white, de-albare, to whiten, whitewash.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. albe, N.F. aube, a surplice, alb; Ital.alburno, light-coloured, fair (of hair), O.F. alborne, auborne (s.s.) ,M.E. alborne, auberne, abrown (from a supposed connection with brown:'auburn ' now denotes a darker colour, a golden brown) , Sp. albino,orig. applied to white negroes, O.F. dalber, dauber, to whiten (fromLat. dealbare).Teutonic, O.H.G. albez, elbiz, A.S. elfet, ylfet, a swan, O.H.G. Elba,NH.G. Elbe, Lat. form Albis, the white river, O.H.G. alpi , M.H.G.albe, N.H.G. alpe, mountain pasture.Celtic, Gael. Alp, Ir. Alpa, the Alps (? loan-words); cp. Serv. ad' Georg.' iii. 474: Gallorum lingua alti montes Alpes vocantur'; O. Ir.Alba, Alpa (gen. Alban), a name of Scotland .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, albescent, albugo, a disease of the eye, albumen, &c. , album,a blank tablet for entries, a blank book.L. Latin and Romance, alb, auburn, albino, daub, M.E. dauben, toplaster, whitewash.Teutonic, Elbe (?) , Alps (?) .Celtic, Albion (?) , Albany.Eur-Ar. √ERG √RG , with sense of stretch, straighten; by metathesis,√REG¯, to straighten, guide, direct, rule.Sanscrit, arj-, ṛnj (nasalised form) , rāj , in arj-ate, ṛnj-ate, stretchout, rāj-an, king, rajni, queen, rāj-yas, kingly (cp. Lat. regius) , rju,straight. Hindi, răni, queen.64 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VERG√RO√/REGZend, erez in erezu, straight.Greek, opɛy- in ỏpéyw, stretch, öpyvia, a fathom, a measure of sixfeet ( that ofthe extended arms), öpeğis, appetite, a craving desire.Latin, reg- in reg-ere, rexi, rectum, to rule, rectus, right, rectitudo,rex, reg-is, king, reg-io, a direction, boundary line, district, regnum,kingdom, regina, queen, regulus, chieftain, regula, a rule, regulare, toregulate, regularis, regular, regalis, royal, regalia, ensigns ofroyalty,rector, ruler, regimen, a rule, direction, regimentum, a government, acommand; cor-rigere, correct, di-rigere, direct, erigere, erect, surgere,to rise up ( = sub +regere) , insurgere, to rise up against, resurgere, torise again; regnare, to reign, interregnum. Pulegium- or puleiumregium, a name given to a plant from its being thought a sovereignremedy against fleas (Lat. pulex, a flea).L. Latin and Romance, Ital . re, Prov. reis, o.F. roi ( = regem) , king,Ital. regale, o.F. real, roial, royal ( = regalis) , Span. real, royal (assubs. ) , a coin (' the royal '); Ital. reame, O.F. royalme, Prov. and Span.realme (as from a L. Lat. regalimen) , N.F. royaume, kingdom, realm;Ital. regola, Prov. regla, o.F. riule, reule, riegle, N.F. règle, M.E. reule,rule, O.F. region, M.E. regioun, a district, country; Ital. and Prov. regina,reina, O.F. reine, queen; Ital. regnare, Prov. regnar, O.F. regner, M.E.regnen, to reign, N.F. régiment, a regiment, N.F. régime, system, government; Ital. diretto, dritto, Prov. drett, o.F. drict, droit ( = L. Lat.drictus, for directus, in documents of Charlemagne's reign) , right, o.F.adroit (ad +directum) , skilful, clever; Ital . dirizzare, drizzare ( =L. Lat.

• drictiare, from drictus), o.F. dresser, to put in order, arrange, dress;

Ital. scorta, a convoy, p. p. fem. of scorgere ( Lat. excorrigere, toinstruct, inform, keep from mistakes) , to guide, O.F. escorte, an escort;Ital. allerta ( Lat. ad illam +erecta) , o.F. alerte (originally an exclamation, ' stand up,' ' be ready, ' also used as an adjective, vigilant);O.F. surgir, Ital. surgere, sorgere, Prov. sorger (p. p. sors) (Lat.surgere) , N.F. sourdre, to rise up (with d interposed), o.F. sorce, sorse,from sursa, ' N.F. source, a spring of water, a source, N.F. ressource,resource; Ital. ricco, O.F. riche, rich, from Teutonic rihhi, rich, O.F.richesse, M.E. richesse (sing. ) , with a plu. richesses , N E. riches, a sing.not plu. form; Ital . poleggio, Catalonian poliol, flea- wort, M.E. pulialroyal, N.E. corrupted to penny-royal (s.s.).Teutonic, Goth. rakjan, O.H.G. recchen; N.H.G. recken, O. Du.recken, A.S. räccian, to stretch, rack; Goth. rahton , O.H.G. reihhan, N.H.G.reichen, A.S. ræcan, M.E. rechen, to reach; Goth. raihts, O.H.G. reht,N.H.G. recht, O.N. rett-r, A.S. riht, right (cp. Lat. rectus, right, straight),Found in the sense of a spring in several cleventh century Latin documents.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 65Goth. reiks, ' (adj. ) powerful, (subs . ) government, kingdom, O.H.G.rihhi (adj. and subs . ) (s.s.) , N.H.G. reich, (adj. ) rich , (subs. ) the government, a.s. rice, (adj .) powerful, rich, (subs. ) the kingdom, rule (cp. Lat.rex, regis); A.S. riht-wis, right-wise (from riht +witan, to know) ,M.E. rightwis, corrupted in modern English to righteous; Goth. garaiths,O.H.G. gireht, N.H.G. gerecht, A.S. geriht, just; O.H.G. gerihti, N.H.G.gericht, judgment, N.H.G. richter, a judge.Celtic, O. Ir. ri, gen. rig, a chieftain; the termination -rix in O.Gall. names as Dumno-rix, Argetorix.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, the Anglo-Indian words, rajah, maharajah, raj , the rule,rao, a ruler, rani, wife of a rajah.Greek, orexis, natural desire, craving for.Latin, inter-regnum, rectitude, rector; rect- or recti- in composition,as rectangle, recti-linear, rectify, rectification; regulate, regular, -ity;regal, regalia, regimen, regiment, regent, -cy, regnant; correct, &c. ,incorrigible, direct, &c. , erect, &c. , insurgent, insurrection, resurrection.L. Latin and Romance, Fitz-roy (pr. n.) , king's son, corduroy, king'scord, a kind ofstuff; royal, royalty, vice-roy, &c. , penny-royal (a corruptloan-word from Lat. and O.F. ); realm, real, the Spanish coin; rule, ruler,unruly, misrule, region, reign, régime, adroit, dress, address, redress,escort, alert, surge (subs. and vb. ) , source, resource, riches. The adj .rich may be referred either to o.F. riche, or A.S. rice; but enrich isfrom F. enricher.Teutonic, rack, to stretch , torture, reach, over-reach; right, righteous,upright, &c.; rich, richness; Rich-, -ry, -ric, in names as Rich-ard,Rich-mond, Henry (Heinrich, for Heim-rich, rich in estate), Frederic,rich in peace, Goodrich ( = gode + rich) , Roderic ( = Hruode-ric, rich infame, Rodrigo, Ruric) , &c.Eur-Ar. √ERGH-, extension or variant of √ERG-, to be chief, first.Greek, ȧpx- in äpxw, to rule, begin, dpxós, a leader, ruler, äpxwv,a ruler, an Athenian magistrate, åvapxos , without a ruler, åpxaîos, old,primitive, ȧpx - chief, in composition, as ȧpxidiákovos, chief deacon,ȧpxITÉкTwv, chief builder, &c. , åpxɛîov, archives.Latin, archi- arch-, in composition, as arch-angelus, archidiaconus,archiepiscopus, architectus, &c. , archium, archivum, archive.¹ Schrader considers reiks and the other Teutonic forms with sense of power, rule,to be borrowed from the Celtic ri, rig; so also Kluge.F66 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. archeduc, Ital. architrave (=Lat.archi +trabem, a beam) , Ital. arci-pelago, chief sea.Teutonic, Goth. ark-, in ark-aggilus, &c. , O.H.G. erzi-, in erzi-biscof, ¹ A.S. erce- arce-, in erce- or arce-biscop, erce-diacon, M.E. erce-dekne,from o.F. arce-diakne; Goth. rag- in rag-inon, to rule, fidur raginja(=Gk. TETρaρxós) , a ruler ofa fourth-part ofa country.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, tetrarchy, heptarchy, archon, archaic, archæology, archaism;arch- in compos. (initial and final) , arch-angel, archetype; and tetrarch,hierarch, &c.Latin, architect, archive, archideaconal, archiepiscopal, &c.L. Latin and Romance, archduke, architrave, archipelago, archbishop, from L. Lat. arch +biscopus ( =ebiscopus) , arch-deacon, o.F.arch-diakne, M.E. ercedekne, arch-dekene.Eur-Ar. √ERG √REG , to be dark.Sanscrit, raj- in raj-as, darkness.Greek, ip(e)ß-, opp- (Gk. B=Eur-Ar. g, labialised), in "Epeßos,the God of darkness , öpøvn, darkness, ' Oppɛús (pr. n. ).Latin, Erebus (Gk. loan-word) .Teutonic, O.N. rök, rökr, darkness , O. Sax. rök, smoke, O.N. reykr,smoke, A.S. rēc, smoke, Eng. dial. reek, O.H.G. rouh, N.H.G. rauch, smoke,O.H.G. riohhan, to smoke, reek, N.H.G. riechen (trans. and intrans.) , A.S.reocan (s.s.) , M.E. reek, smell, Goth. riquis, darkness.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek (through Lat. ) , Erebus, Orpheus.Teutonic, reek (vb.) , to smell of, dialectic (as subs . ) , smoke.1. Eur-Ar. √ERGH , √ARGH, √ALGH, √RGH , √LGH , to earn,gain, be worth.Sanscrit, argh-, arh-, in argha, value, earning, sahasra-argha, of' thousandfold value, ' arh-ati, earns , rbhu-s, ( adj .) skilful, (subs. , Ribhu),builder, artist (?) .Arci- is the older form of the prefix ( in Teutonic): the O.H.G. erzi, N.H.G. erz,is later. To the compounds of erzi- may be added O.H.G. arzāt, arzāter, M.H.G.arzet arzăt, N.H.G. arzt, physician, O.L.G. ercetere, M. Du. arsatre; all from aL. Latin archiater = Gk. ȧpx- laтpós, chiefphysician, court-physician. (Childebert andCharlemagne had each their court-physician.) Later the term was applied tophysicians generally, and its derivative arzenei to the art of healing, medicine.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 67Zend, arej- in arej-ant, gaining.Armenian, orb, an orphan.VERGHARGHGreek, ảλp- (λ=p, p = labialised gh) , in åλþávw, to earn, gain,ảλþý, gain, earning, åλpnoτýs, labouring, wage-earning, åvdpesåλpnoraí, wage-earning, laborious, busy men, Hom. åλþɛσíßolos,oxen-gaining, wap¤évoi åλþeσíßoit (Hom. ' Il .' xviii. 593) , maidensgaining oxen as the wedding-gift from suitors to their parents, a phrasedating from the time of marriage by purchase; oppavós, bereft,destitute (from a proto- Greek * ὀρφ= ἀρφ- αλφ-).Latin, orb- (from RGH by change of Eur-Ar. gh to Lat. b) ,lab- (by transposition of vowel = Gk. ảλp- from √ARGH¯); in orbus,bereft ofparents, destitute, orbare, to deprive, orphanus (Gk. loan-word);labos, labor, labour, toil, trouble (cp. Germ. erbe, inheritance, andarbeit, toil ¹ ) , laborare, to labour, elaborare, to work carefully, laboriosus,laboratorium .L. Latin and Romance, F. labour, labour, labourer, to labour,laboureur, field-labourer; O.F. orphanin, orphenin, N.F. orphelin, anorphan, from Latin orphaninus.Teutonic, arb-, erb-, arf-, erf-, orf-, Goth. arbi, O.H.G. arbi, erbi ,N.H.G. erbe, O.N. arfr, erfdh, an inheritance (originally of the personal property of parents, not of land , which was the common propertyof the tribe, family, or village community, and could not bebequeathed), A.S. erfe, yrfe, inheritance, cattle, M.E. erf- kin, cattle, O.N.orf, cattle, wealth; Goth. arbinumja, O.H.G. erbinomo, A.S. yrfenuma,erfenuma, the heir, M.E. (obs. ) arfname, the taking (niman, to take)of an inheritance, O.N. arfingi , erfi-vördhr, A.S. erfeveord, the heir,O.N. erfi-öl (erfi , inheritance + öl , an ale or feast) , the inheritance orfuneral feast, M.E. and dial . arval, arvell, arvill2; Goth. arbaiths,³O.H.G. arabeit, erbeit (Vigfusson), N.H.G. arbeit, O.N. erfidi, A.S.earfedhe, eorfdhe, M.E. (obs. ) arveth, labour, toil, fatigue, difficulty;O.H.G. alp, O.N. alfr, A.S. ælf, M.E. awfe, an elf, a small goblin or fairy;cp. Gk. dλp-ávo, Sans. rbh-us.*1 Kluge considers the connection of arbeit with erbe doubtful, and altogetherrejects the connection of labor with arbeit. He is disposed to connect arbeit withO. Slav. rabu, rabo, a serf, hireling, and rabota, servile work.21459. John Alanson leaves an ox ad distrib. inter propinquos et amicos meosscilicet ad meum arvell ' (see Brand's Popular Antiq. ) . On the decease of anyperson possessed of valuable effects, the friends and neighbours of the family areinvited on the day of interment to a dinner which is called the Arvell dinner.'Ulfilas uses arbaiths as synonym for Gk. kóros , which Liddell and Scott rendertoil, trouble, weariness, fatigue.

• See Brugmann, vol. ii . 298. The suffix -us of the Sans. rbh-us has been lost in

theTeutonic forms except in the Old Norse alfr. Brugmann connects Sans. rbh-us with A.S. ælf, but Sans. bh does not correspond with Eur-Ar. gh, and it is better to√ALGH-√RGH-✓LGHF 268 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Balto- Slav. , Lith. alga, wages, O. Slav. rabu, rabo, a serf.Celtic, O. Ir. com-arpi, a coheir, Ir. orba, inheritance, orban,patrimony.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek (through Latin loan-word) , orphan.Latin, elaborate, -ion, laborious, laboratory.L. Latin and Romance, labour, labourer; ' orfling, ' now vulgar, butonce a cultivated word from o.F. orphelin, which is used by Chaucer.Teutonic, elf, oaf, ouphe (Shakespeare). There is no other modernrepresentative of this root in literary English: if found at all it isonly in local dialects. In the West Riding of Yorkshire there is akind of gingerbread called ' T' arfcake ' ( =the arf-cake), which mayrepresent the older Arvell-bread or funeral loaves, flavoured withcinnamon, nutmeg, sugar, and raisins. '2. Eur-Ar. VERGH , move violently, storm passionately, rage.Sanscrit, rg-hayati , moves violently , shakes.regard r in r-bhus as from ar-, to fit, and -bhus as suffix ( = bus in superbus); inthis case rbhus and ælf cannot be brought under ergh-.¹ ( 1 ) The derivatives of this root show that four senses, viz. earning, toil, inheritance, orphan, have developed from it in the Greek, Latin and Teutonic languages.It is difficult to trace the order of development, and ascertain which of the four isthe original meaning . In the Greek, ¿λøń = produce, gain, except perhaps in theHomeric donσths = workingfor daily bread. The other Greek derivative, oppavós =child bereft of parents ( specially ) , bereaved, destitute (in a general sense). It ispossible, however, that an earlier sense may have been the inheritor of his father's_personal effects: cp. Germ. erbe, an heir. In the Lat. labor the sense of work, tail,hardship is prominent, but orphanus has the same meaning as in Greek, from whichit is borrowed, i.e. a fatherless child, or inheritor of a father's property. In theTeutonic languages, if Goth. arbi and arbaiths may be regarded as cognate, Goth.arbi, O.H.G. erbi, &c. , express only the inheritance and the inheritor, while Goth.arbaiths with O.H.G. arabeit, &c. = toil, hard labour; so that virtually the twoTeutonic words together contain the four ideas developed from the root-viz. theproperty acquired by the parent, the inheritance of it on his death by his orphanchildren, and the labour by which it was acquired.(2) The Gk. ¿λph, gain, earning, Lat. labor, toil, Goth. arbi, inheritance, date fromthe early period, when the nomad and pastoral stage was passing over into the moresettled agricultural, and the harder and more constant labour demanded by agriculture was irksome to men accustomed to the comparative freedom from toil of thenomadand pastoral life; and this sense of irksomeness is expressed both in Latin laborand Goth. arbaiths, and perhaps in Gk. dλønσths, working for bread. Cp. Gen.iii. 17,19, where the necessity of working for daily bread is described as the effect of a curse.The terms doh, arbi, labor, arbaiths, indicate also that the property inherited bychildren was only that acquired by the personal labour of the parent, his personaleffects, not the land, which was still the common property of the tribe or community, and reverted to it when the member holding it died. Thus A.S. yrfe =battle as well as inheritance, O.N. orf, also cattle, goods and chattels. (Cp. thesimilar relation between Lat. opus, work, opes, wealth.)=EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 69Zend, erezi, testicl*.¹Greek, opx- in opxis, öpxɛws, testicl* , orchis, the plant, so calledfrom the shape of its roots; opxéoμai, to dance, opxnoтpa, stage (fordancing).Latin, orchestra, the place where the Senators sat in the Theatre,later the stage, orchesta, a dancer; orchis, the plant (all loan-wordsfrom Greek).Balto- Slav. , Lith. erzilas, a stallion.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, orchid, orchestra, &c.Eur-Ar. √ER-DH, √AR‍DH‍ √R‍DH¯; √RA‍DH (extended forms ofer- ar- or-), to erect, establish, arrange (cp. Verdh-).Sanscrit, ardh in ardhati, to set up, prosper, forward, urdhvas,upright (=Eur-Ar. rdh-uos, or uerdh-uos) .Greek, ope- in op¤ós, straight, erect, right, successful, öplios, straightup, steep, ỏploypapía, correct writing, oploɛɛía, correct speech, op¤óSofos, right in opinion , ¿ploπoûs, having straight feet.Latin, ord- ard-, in ordo, -inis, order; ordiri, to lay the warp, to beginto weave, to begin, exordiri, to begin, exordium, beginning, ordinare, setin order, ordain, ordinatio, ordinarius, extra-ordinarius, ordinalis ,inordinatus; arduus, steep, high, difficult, perhaps also arb-os, arb-or,' the high growing,' a tree (Lat. b -Eur-Ar. dh, cp. Lat. ruber fromEur-Ar. readh, red), arboretum, arboreus, arb-utus, arbutolum.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. ordinarius, overseer, Ital. ordine,O.F. ordene, ordre, an order, Ital. ordinare, o.F. ordener, M.E. ordenen,ordain, appoint, O.F. ordenance, ordinance, an order, regulation, a gunor cannon of a definite size or bore.Celtic, O. Ir. and Gael. ard, high, Gael. ardan, rising ground, foundalso in the composition of many Celtic names, as Ardennes, Ardmore,Arden, &c. , Ardoch, Ardrossan.Teutonic, O.H.G. ordinon, N.H.G. ordnen, to order, loan-words fromLat. ordinare; O.H.G. ordina, N.H.G. orden, an order, from Lat. ordine(m).For other Teutonic words see under √radh- √redh-.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, compounds of ortho-, as orthography, -ical , orthodox, -y,ortho-epy, orthopedic, &c.1 Brugmann connects opxéoμal certainly with this root, and thinks there may bea connection between pxoμai, to come, go, and opxéoμal.70 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Latin, exordium, primordial, ordinate, in-ordinate, ordination,ordinal, the order of ecclesiastical services , service-book, ordinary, coordinate, -ion, extraordinary, subordinate, insubordinate, -ion; arduous,arboreous, arboretum, arboriculture, arbutus, arbutolum.L. Latin and Romance, Ordinary (used in the Eng. Prayer-Bookas equivalent to the Bishop) , order, disorder, orderly (adj . used assubstantive), to denote a soldier who conveys and carries out the ordersof the commanding officer, ordain, ordinance, ordnance (artillery) , preordain, fore-ordain.Eur-Ar. VERS , RS , √RES , besprinkle, moisten, in adjectival sensewet, fluid, with an older UERS VURES (cp. Sans. varshati,rains; cp. Sans. varshanas, manly).Sanscrit, arsh- ras- rsh-, in arsh-ati, sprinkles, moistens, rasă,moisture, fluidity, ṛsha-bha (rsha + suff. -bha), a bull, the male (generally) ,the fertiliser.Zend, arsh- in arsh-an, a man, the male.Greek, ἀρσε άρρ-, in ἄρσην (later) ἄρρην Att. , ἔρσην Ion. , a man,the male, apoεvikóv, yellow arsenic (so called either from the strengthof its poison, or from the fanciful distinction by the old alchemists ofthe metals into male and female); ¿poń, dew.Latin, ros, dew, gen. roris; ros-marinus, the rosemary (lit. seadew , spray).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. ramerino, Prov. ramanis, O.F. romarin,rosmarin, M.E. rosmarine (Gower) , later corrupted into Rosemary, asthough it meant the rose of Mary, i.e. of the Virgin Mary; F. arroser,to sprinkle.Balto-Slav. , Lith. rasa, dew, O. Slav. rosa (s.s.).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, arsenic, arsen- in compos. of names of the various arsenicalcombinations.L. Latin and Romance, Rosemary.Eur-Ar. VERS , with senses go astray, wander, err.Sanscrit, iras- in iras-yati, to be angry, iras-ya, anger.Latin, ers- in errare (for ersare) , -avi, -atum, to go astray, err, error,erraticus, erroneus, ab-errare, to wander away, ira, anger, irasci , to beangry, p. p. iratus, angry.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 71L. Latin and Romance, Prov. errar, O.F. errer, M.E. erren, to wander,go astray.Teutonic, Goth. airzjan, to cause to go astray, airzan, to go astray,O.H.G. irreon, N.H.G. irren (s.s.) , Goth. airzjis, O.H.G. irri, N.H.G. irre,astray, misled, A.S. yrre, incensed, angry.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, erratum, error, erratic, erroneous, aberration, ire, irate,irascible.L. Latin and Romance, err, erring, unerring.Eur-Ar. ELN-BHOS, a stag, deer, a word postulated by Brugmann asthe original of the names for the animal in Armenian and theEuropean group of languages, with the exception of the O.H.G.elaho, a stag, which may correspond with the Sans. ṛças, rçyas,the name ofa kind ofantelope.Sanscrit, rç-as, rç-yas.Armenian, eln, antelope.Greek, ¿λλ-ós (for ¿λv-ós), a young stag, eλa-pos ( =eln-bhos), astag or deer; aλkis (borrowed from Lat. alces), the elk.Latin, alces, a Teutonic loan-word: cp. O.H.G. elah-o, an elk, astag.Balto- Slav. , Lith. eln-is, O. Slav. jelen-i , elk, stag.Teutonic, O.H.G. elah-o, N.H.G. elch , O.N. elgr, A.S. eolh, elk, stag.Later forms are M.H.G. elen, N.H.G. elen-thier, elend, Du. eland, stag,elk.Celtic, O. Ir. elain, a stag.¹ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, elk, eland, the South African antelope.Eur-Ar. * ELG (?).Greek, aλyew, to grieve, feel pain, äλyos, pain, grief, åλyɛiós,ȧλeyεiós, painful,2 dλyúvw, to be distressed, dλeyúvw, to care for.Latin, algere, to starve, algidus, cold, algor, a chill.¹ Both the nasal and guttural forms probably are connected with the base EL,the European form of Eur-Ar. ER- , drive; the nasal being formed upon anasalised present base (cp. ¿λabvw, drive) , the guttural from a guttural extension of´ER-, e.g. √er-q- or ✅el-q-; cp. Gk. ảλíh, strength, and ✅erÃ-, p. 59.2 Liddell and Scott doubt the connection of åλyewós and ¿λeyewós; Prellwitzaccepts and connects it with ảλéyw, to trouble about, from à = àµa + λéyw, to collect,read, speak. The difference of meaning is against his view.72 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.LA075ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, algetic, producing pain, neuralgia, pain ofthe nerves, nostalgia, home-sickness, desire of return (voOTÓS).Eur-Ar. *√/EL- (?) .Greek, ἐλεεινός, merciful, ἔλεος, pity, ἐλεημοσύνη, pity, ἐλεείνω, topity.Latin, eleemosyna (Gk. loan-word) .L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. almosina, corrupted from eleemosyna,alms, Ital. limosina, Prov. almosna, O.F. almosne (s.s. ) , M.E. almous,almos, L. Lat. almosniarius (for almosinarius) , distributor of alms, O.F.almosniere, almonier, M.E. almoin in frank almoin (legal term) , aperpetual tenure by free gift of charity.Teutonic, O.H.G. alamuosan (Gk. loan-word), N.H.G. almosen, O.N.oelmussa, A.S. ælmesse, M.E. almesse, almes, alms.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.6Greek, the invocation Kyrie, eleeison,' Lord, have mercy.'Latin, eleemosynary.L. Latin and Romance, almoner, almonry, a place for distributingalms, almoin.Teutonic, alms, almshouse, &c.Eur.-Ar. VES , to be, live, breathe.Sanscrit, as- in pr. t. sing. as-mi, I am, as-i, as- ti , third plu . santi(for as-an-ti); pr. p . sant, being (for as-ant) , s-atya (for as-atya),'that which is,' genuine, true.Zend, ah- in ah-mi, I am, ah- si, ah-ti , third plu . henti; haithya,O. Pers. haçiya, true.Greek, σ- in pr. t. sing. O. Gk. ¿o-µí, I am, έo- oi, koτí, Class.Gk. eiui, el, soτí, third plu. O. Gk. σovrí, Class. Gk. sioí, pr. p.O. Gk. base sσovt-, Ion. ¿ovt-, Att. ỏvτ-, Dor. ¿vτ-; nom. ☎v forὄντες, οὐσία (for * όντ(ε) σία) , being, substance, essence, ὁμοούσιος, οfthe same substance, óμolovσios, of like substance (terms used in theAryan controversy); èτeós for σ-ETEÓs¹ ( cp . Sans. satya, true, Zend,haithya), genuine, true, that which is; ervμos (s.s.) , eтvμov (subs. ) , thetrue original sense of a word, étuµoλoyía, science determining the originalsense of a word; av0-évтns, self- existing , avoεvTirós, genuine; perhapsalso oσios, holy, righteous (for σórios, cp. Sans. satyas, O. Pers. haçiya).1¹ Brugmann, ii . 163, ' èτeós for èreƑós '; in ii . 305, etv for h- et- v-, being (subs. ); andin ii . 308, h-er-v from set - u.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 73(Latin, es- in pr. t. sing. sum (for es-um) I am, es, es-t, third plu .sunt (for esunt), pr. p. ens (for sens =esens: still found in ab-sens, præsens), infin. esse; compounds of esse, ab-esse, to be absent (pr. p.absens), adesse, to be present, de-esse, to be away, wanting, inesse, to be in,prod-esse, to be useful, super-esse, to be over and above; essentia, essence,essentialis (adj . ) , perhaps formed upon an infinitive in vulgar use,essere ' ( =esse), with a pr. p. ' essens.' Essentia is said by Senecato have been introduced by Cicero, while essere is found in documentsand inscriptions of a much later period, though it may have existedin the language of the common people at an earlier date. Entitas (ascholastic word), entity; ab-sens, -tia, præsens, -tia; presentare, tomake present, representare, -atio, to make present again; inter-est, ‘ itmakes a difference, is important,' interesse, to be engaged in; possum(= potis-sum, I am able), potes, potest, inf. posse, potens, powerful,im-potens, potentia, potestas, power; sons (an old participial form ofesse), true, stating that which is (used legally of an accusation ' proven,'and of the person accused, criminal, guilty) , in-sons, not guilty, sonticus,serious, critical, in phrases, morbus sonticus, a serious (real) illness 'excusing from duty, sontica causa, a valid reason or excuse. Diefenbachconnects sān-e, ' in truth, forsooth, ' and sān-us, sound in mind or body,rational, healthy (with its derivatives sanare, to heal, sanitas, insanus) ,with this root, and compares them with Goth. sun-as, O.N. sann-r, true.

L. Latin and Romance, Ital. essere, Prov. and o.F. esser, N.F. être,to be, L. Lat. and Ital. potere, o.F. podir, poër, pooir, povoir, N.F.pouvoir, to be able, (as subs. ) power, M.E. poer, pouer, power, O.F.poissant, puissant (cp. N.F. puis -o.F. pois, Lat. post), powerful; o.F.interesser, to concern, M.E. interess, p. p. interess'd, concerned, Ital .interesse, O.F. interest, N.F. intérêt, a concern, interest or right in anything in special sense, the right of a lender in the sum lent, represented by a payment received from the borrower for its use; F. essence,présence, présent (a gift, something brought into the presence of anotherand given to him: see Brachet) , représenter, to represent; L. Lat.sonium, from Teutonic sunnis (see Du Cange, ' sonium idem quodsunnis ') , and sunnia, a lawful excuse (cp. sense of Lat. sonticus inthe phrase sontica causa, lit. a cause really existing) , any hindrancecausing non-appearance in a court of justice (= essonium), thenhindrance, inability in general; O. Ital. sogna, care, carefulness, O.F.sogne, care, N.F. soin, O.F. soigner, to be careful for, attentive to, Ital.bisognare, to be necessary, have need, Prov. besonhar, Ital. bisogno,Prov. besonhs, o.F. besogne, need, business, occupation, N.F. besoin, need,want; L. Lat. essonium, exonium, O.F. and M.E. essoigne, essoine, anVES74 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VES excuse for not appearing in court, L. Lat. essoniare, to plead suchexcuse, O.F. essoigner (s.s.).Balto-Slav. , Lith. es- in es-mi, I am, es-si , es-ti , 3 plu. este, pr. p.sās (gen. sanczio) , later ēsās , O. Slav. jes- in jes-mi, jes-i , jes-ti, 3plu. satu, pr. p. sasy (gen. sasta) , O. Pruss. as-mai, as-sai , ast (s.s.),pr. p. -sins (in comp. , cp. Lat. -sens in absens); O. Slav. istu, istovu,true, genuine, istici, a defendant, debtor.Teutonic, pr. t. sing. Goth. im, is, it, 3 plu. sind, O.N. em, ert,er (es) , 3 plu. eru (r=s) , A.S. eom, art, is, 3 plu. aran (sindon) , am,art, is, are; Goth. sunj -is, true, sunja, (adv. ) in truth, (subs.) truth,sunjon sik, to excuse, plead for oneself, ga-sunjon , to judge, to justify,Franconian sunnis, lawful excuse (from Eur-Ar. sntio-) , A.S. sōdh, M.E.soth, sooth, true, O.N. sann-r, true, verda sannr at, to be convicted of,A.S. sodhian, M.E. isodien, to verify, confirm, say sooth to , soothe, Goth.suthjan, to assent to , flatter, A.S. gesôdh, a flatterer (cp. Lat. assentator,aflatterer, one who assents); O.H.G. sun-ta, sun-da, O.L.G. sundia, N.H.G.sünde, ' o.N. and O. Fris. synd, A.S. synn ( =synd) , syn, N.E. sin, guilt:cp. Lat. sons, ' proven,' of a charge, ' guilty, criminal,' of a person: sosunta, &c., that which is proved to be truly charged, guilt, offence, sin.Diefenbach connects with the above O.H.G. gisunt, N.H.G. and a.s.gesund, M.E. isunde, N.E. sound (Lat. san-us).Celtic, O. Ir. am, I am, at, is, 3rd pl. it, pr. p. int (from *s-enti).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, hom*o-usia, hom*oiousia, etymon, etymology, ontology (scienceof being), ontological, &c. , authentic, -ity.Latin, essential, entity, essence, absent, absence, present, presence,present (vb. ), represent, (Lat. thr. Fr. ) presentation, representation,-tive, potent, -cy, impotent, -ce, omnipotent, potentate, potential, &c. ,possible, posse, a force, power, as in posse comitatus, the force of thecounty; sane, insane, sanity, -ary, sanatorium, &c.L. Latin and Romance, power, empower, powerful, &c . , puissant,-ce; interest, interesting, disinterested, &c.; essoigne.Teutonic, am, art, are, is; sooth, soothsayer, forsooth, soothe, sin,sinful, &c. , sound, soundness, unsound.' N.H.G. sündflut is not connected with sünde, sin, but a popular change fromM.H.G. sin-vluot, based upon a supposed reference to the sin which was the cause ofthe deluge. The sin- in sin-vluot is equivalent to Lat. sem- in sem-per, always, andimplies oneness, universality, continuance, as in Goth. sinteins, every day, always.Sündfl.ut, therefore, means the universal deluge.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 75Eur-Ar. ES-OS, from preceding root ES , the giver of being, life, breath;cp. Gk. θεός.Sanscrit, asu, life, being, the world, asu-ra (asu +ra, to give), authorofbeing (Fick).Zend, anhu, being, from ah-mi, I am, ahura, author ofbeing, Ahuramazda, O. Pers . aura-mazdah, an epithet of gods, perhaps the greatauthor ofbeing, Lord, ruler, anhus, lord (cp. anho, it may be, conjunctive imperf. of ahmi) .Latin, erus (for older esus), later herus, master, ' hera, lady (seeFick, fourth edit. vol. i. p. 13); perhaps, heres, -edis, heir, hereditas,hereditarius.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. erede, Prov. her, O.F. heir, hoir, M.E.heir, L. Latin, heretagium (-taticum) (from hereditaticum) , Ital .eredità, Prov. heretatge-s, O.F. heritage, o.F. heriter, to inherit, O.F.heritier, inheritor=Lat. hereditarius.Teutonic, Goth. *ans, later form anses, pl. , gods, O.N. ass, Goth.ansi- (in prop. names), as Ans-car - Oscar, A.S. and O.H.G. ös, God.Celtic, O. Gall. H-esus, name of a god.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Zend and O. Pers. Auri-mazdes, Ormuzd.Latin, hereditary, heredity.L. Latin and Romance, heir, -ess, heritor, -age, coheir, inherit,disinherit, heritable, heir-loom.Teutonic, Os- in many English names, Osborne (o.N. As-bjorn) ,Os-wy, Oswald, Oscar, &c.Eur-Ar. ÊS, mouth, perhaps from ES , breathe.Sanscrit, as, as, mouth, asya, face, mouth; asă, adv. , instr. case ofas, in the face of: cp. oshta, mouth, opening.Zend, ah-s, aonh, face, mouth.Latin, ōs, ōris, a mouth, face, opening, outlet, osculum (O. Lat.ausculum), a little mouth, a kiss , osculari, -atus, to kiss, oscillum, ɑlittle face, a small mask of Bacchus suspended from trees so as to swingwith the wind ( Tibique ' [ Bacche] ' Oscilla ex altâ suspenduntmollia pinu ') , oscillare, to swing, oscillatio, orificium, an opening (os +facere), orare, (orig. ) to speak, to pray, oratio, orator, -orius, oraculum,' Herus was a title of the Gods with Catullus; cp. lxviii. 76, ' . . . . nondum c*msanguine sacro Hostia cœlestes pacificasset eros, ' and lxviii. 78, ' quod temere invitissuscipiatur eris.'76 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.-arius; ad-orare, pray to, exorare, to obtain by prayer, exorabilis, thatcan be prevailed upon by prayer, perorare, to bring a speech to an end;ostium, a door, an entrance of any kind, Ostia, the town at the mouth ofthe Tiber, ostiarius, a doorkeeper; coram= co +ora-m, ' in the face of."'L. Latin and Romance, Ital. orare, O.F. orer, to pray, Ital. orazione,O.F. oraison, oreison ( = Lat. oration-em), M.E. oreisoun , orisoun, N.F.oraison, a prayer, F. oracle, an oracle; Ital. uscio, outside, door, uscita,a going or way out, Prov. and o.F. uis, a door ( = Lat. ost-ium, byloss of termination, and change of ost into uis: cp. Lat. post - puis) ,N.F. huis, Ital . ostiario, usciere, o.F. uissier, ussier , ussher, a doorkeeper(Lat ostiarius), M.E. uschere, usshere (s.s.) , N.E. usher; Ital. oratorio;F. adorer, to adore; Ital. oscillare, Prov. oscillar, F. osciller, to swing.Teutonic, O.N. ōss, the mouth of a river.Balto-Slav. , Lith. ostas, the mouth of a river.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, oral (by mouth), orifice, oration, -ory, -orial, -orical, oracle(thr. F.) , oracular; inexorable, perorate, -ion; osculate, -ation, oscillate,-ation; coram, in the phrase ' coram populo.'L. Latin and Romance, usher (vb. ) , to admit, usher (subs. ) , a doorkeeper, under-teacher of a school, orison, oratorio , adore, -oration.Teutonic, oss, as a termination of Scandinavian names of places,indicating the mouth of a river, as Rangor-ōss, Randar Oss, Randars.Eur-Ar. ESTI-, perhaps from √ES , to throw (see under √SE ) .Sanscrit, asthi, asthan, a bone.¹2Zend, asto (gen.) , of a bone, asti, an arrow.²Greek, oσTɛov, a bone, bστpɛov, an oyster, čσтpaкov, potsherd, atile, ỏσтpañíčɛı , to banish by potsherds, or shells used as tablets, forvoting.Latin, os, -ossis (for ostis) , a bone, osseus, bony, ostrea, ostreum(Gk. loan-word) , an oyster; ossuarium, a bone-house, ossifragus, bonebreaking (os +frango); ālea (for as-lea, G. Curtius) , a die, that whichis thrown.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . ostrica, perhaps from Gk. čσтρаkov,O.F. oistre, N.F. huître (from Lat. ostrea), oyster; Ital. ossifrago, O.F.

waste meat. The Ossetic words stag, a bone, stagdar, a skeleton, make this doubtful.2 Literally ' bone,' implying that the earliest arrow-heads were made of bone; seeSchrader, Præhist. Antiq. 223, note: ' In the N.E. part of Europe numerous bone arrow- heads have been found, whereas in the W. flint prevails. 'EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 77orfraie, M.E. orfraie, N.E. osprey, the fish hawk; F. ossifier, to becomebone.Teutonic, A.S. ostre, N.H.G. auster, (earlier form) uster, Du. oester(all loan-words), oyster.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, osteology, ostracise.Latin, osseous, ossify (thr. F.) , ossification , ossuary.L. Latin and Romance, oyster, through Latin from Greek; osprey.Eur-Ar. √EU- √ , to clothe, to put on, with transposed form UE ,from which VUES is an extension.Sanscrit, av- in av-is, a sheep, avi-kas, sheep, avikā , ewe.Zend, aothra, shoes.Greek, of in oïs for öf-is, sheep.Latin, ov-, av-, u-, in ovis, a sheep, ovicula (dim. ) , a lamb, ovare, tosacrifice the sheep for the lesser triumph called ovatio, avēna¹ (foravesna), oats, ' sheep-grass '; induere, to put on, ex-u-ere, to put off,ex-u-viae, the cast skin of a snake.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. oue, a sheep, Prov. ovelha, O.F. œille,oueille ( =ovicula) , N.F. ouaille (*ovalia), originally a lamb, a sheep,flock of sheep, used in this sense upto the time of Madame de Sévigné,but now only as a term for a Christian congregation, the flock of thefaithful; Ital. avena, O.F. avoin; Ital. indumento, clothes, dress.Balto-Slav. , Lith. awis , O. Slav. ovica, ovisu, oats, O. Pruss . awins,a sheep.Teutonic, Goth. avēthi, herd of sheep, avistra ( = *awi +wistr, adwelling, from wisan, to dwell) , sheep stall, O.H.G. ou (f. ) , ouwi, O.L.G.ewi, a.s. eowu, a ewe, A.S. eowed, a flock of sheep, A.S. eanian, Du.oonen, to lamb (of ewes): according to Sievers, from a vb. not found,

• awndjan, from auja, ewe, ² M.E. ene, zene, pregnant (of sheep) .³

Celtic, O. Ir. oi, a sheep, Wei. oen, Corn. oin, Gael. uan, a lamb.¹ Kluge, in default of a more satisfactory explanation, thinks that O.H.G.habaro, havoro, N.H.G. hafer, L.G. haver, oats, i.e. sheep-grass, may be originally connected with avena, but he assumes a Eur-Ar. khagues, as their common form,which certainly makes it improbable.2 Skeat makes eanian -eac-nian, to increase (see EUG). Murray appears toadopt the explanation which connects eanian with A.S. eowu, Du. oonen, and Wel.oen; but Skeat gives strong reasons for his view. Cp. , however, O. Pruss. awins,Finnish oin-as. )• It is evident from the above that the sheep was domesticated before the divisionof the race, and that sheepskin was commonly used as clothing. Another derivationof ovis, &c. , is from √ev-, to favour, the sheep being more cared for than the larger cattle.78 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, ovation, the lesser form of triumph, at which a sheep was thesacrifice (at the greater triumph a bull was the victim); exuvial,exuvation; indue=to clothe, used in this sense by Dryden.Teutonic, ewe (vulgarly pronounced yeow) , eaning, yeaning.1Eur-Ar. √UES , ¹ to clothe, dress.Sanscrit, vas- in vas-te, clothe oneself, vasana, clothing, vastra,vasman (s.s. ) .Zend, vanh- in vanh-ana, clothing.Armenian, g-gest, to clothe.- Greek, ἕννυμι (=ἔσνυμι for Fέσ-νυμι) , to clothe , ἐσ-θέω ( = ες +θε[Tíonμe], to put on, avós, fit for wear, for Feσavós ( = Sans. vasana),εἶμα, α garment ( =fεσ-μα = Sans. vasman) , ἱμάτιον, εἱμάτιον, αgarment.Latin, ves- in vestire, -ivi, -itum, devestire, in late Latin di-vestire,undress, investire, to invest; vestiarium, a wardrobe, vestry, vēlum=veslum, a covering, a veil; velare, to veil, velamen, a covering, vestimentum, a dress, develare, to uncover, revelare, to draw back thecover, revelatio, a drawing back of the veil, velarium, awning.2L. Latin and Romance, Ital. veste, o.F. and Prov. veste, clothing,Ital. vestire, O.F. vestir, N.F. vêtir, O.F. investir, devestir, O.F. veile,M.E. veile, N.F. voile, a veil, O.F. voiler, devoiler, N.F. voiler, dévoiler,to cover, uncover, révéler, to reveal; developper, envelopper, L. Lat.and Ital. investitura, investiture, O.F. vestiment, N.F. vêtement, M.E.vestiment, N.E. vestment, used of ecclesiastical robes, O.F. vestiaire, M.E.vestrye, a vestry.Teutonic, vas- in Goth. wasjan, to clothe , wasti, clothing.Celtic, Corn. gwisc , Wel. gwis-g, clothing, dewisg, unclothed.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, vest, invest, investiture, divest, vestment, investment, theblockading or siege ofa town, the putting of money into some kind of' Brugmann thinks this root should be ves- not ✔ues. He remarks: ' It is impossible to draw a hard and fast line between the Eur-Ar. spirants j and v from theconsonantal i and u. The latter may always be safely assumed where they correspondto i and u in other forms of the same stock, e.g. in Sans. svapnas, Gk. πvos; then theroot syep may be assumed, not svep. He does not think this correspondence existsin the derivatives from yes, and therefore he considers ✓ves to be in all probabilitythe original Eur-Ar. form. If, however, yes is an extension of ge, to clothe, thiscorrespondence is found between ov- in ovis, and -uo in induo, exuo.? See alternative derivation from Lat. volup- given under EN EN- S, in (prep.) .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 79property or security (through the corresponding French forms),revelation; velar (a coined word from velaris) .¹L. Latin and Romance, veil, unveil, reveal, develop , envelop(vb.), envelope (subs.) , cover of a letter, investiture, vestry, the robingroom ofthe clergy, often used for parish meetings, vest, a waistcoat.Eur-Ar. √EU- √UE , to blow.Sanscrit, va-, vi-, to blow, flutter, în vāti , blows, vāte (subs.) , wind,vātura, vātula, windy, vaga, wind, air, vāra, a tail: according to Fick,from its swinging in the wind, its fan- like motion; tails of animalsmay also have been used as fans from an early period in India;vi-gh, vikshan, a bird (Brugmann) , viveyate, to flutter.Zend, va- in vaiti , blows , vant, wind, vaya (s.s. ) .3Greek, ar- in ἄημι (for ἄδημι) , to blow, pr. p. ἀείς, ἀέντος for ἀFείς,ἀδέντος, blowing, ἀήρ for ἀF-ήρ, Lesb. ανήρ, Lac. βηρ, αἰετός, Lac.αἰβετός=ἀξ-ιετός, an eagle, ἀϋτμή, breath, vapour, ἄετμα (s.s. ) forἄρετμα (Brugmann, ii. 1040), ἀτμός (for ἀετμός) , vapour, smoke, 24 that which is blown about (Hesych. αετμόν = πνεῦμα) , ἄσθμα from(aF+ 08-), difficulty in breathing, hard breathing, apa, breeze, oûpos, afavourable wind, avλý‚³ an open court in front of the house, Hesych.avλý (= Lacon. ȧßnp) , a house with a porch ' or verandah, avλý, awindinstrument or flute; οἰωνός = ὀF-ιωνός, a large bird, ᾠόν, ὤϊον, anegg (= BEov, the Argive form of the word; cp. Lat. ovum), from aGræco-Italic base ovio-, of which the Greeks suppressed the v, theLatins the i; opá, the tail (cp. Sans. vāra) , σklovpos, shady orbushy tail, the squirrel.Latin, av- ve-, in aer (Gk. oan-word) , aura, breeze (Gk. loan-word) ,aerius (adj. ), aerial, aula (Gk. loan-word), front court of a Romanhouse, ventus, the wind, the blowing,' a participial form (cp. Zend,vant, Gk. df-évtos), venti-lare, to swing or brandish in the air, to fan,¹ Vestibulum, a fore-court, outer hall, has by some been derived from vestis, asthe place where winter clothing may be deposited. But the more generallyaccepted explanation is from ve-, apart, and stibulum ( = stabulum) , a standingplace, the vestibule standing by itself, and not forming part of the house. Cp.Plautus, Mostell. iii. 2, 132, ' Viden' vestibulum ante ædes hoc, et ambulacrumquoiusmodi? '

• Kluge and Prellwitz derive àτμós from √ēt-, to breathe, and connect it with

Sans. ātman, breath, spirit, O.H.G. atum, N.H.G. atem, breath, O. Ir. athach ( s.s.) .The Sans. or Pali word mahatmya, a great spirit, recently adopted by the Theosophists, belongs also to this group; but it seems difficult to separate čeτμα, &c. , fromἀτμός, and Brugmann makes ἄετμα = ἄξετμα.• Another derivation is from ✔ues, to dwell; aiλh = aus-λń (Prellwitz).80 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VEUVUEto winnow grain, vannus ( = vatnus), a fan, a-dulare, ad-u-lari, ' tofawn as a dog by wagging the tail: Sublime avolans pinnata caudanostrum adulat sanguinem ' (see Cic. ' Tusc.' ii . 10, 24); and Nonius,6p. 17, Adulatio est blandimentum proprie canum.' Avis, a bird(' the flyer '), Avis tarda (Pliny) , the Spanish name for the bustard, theslow bird, avis-struthio, an ostrich, avicella, -us, a little bird, (contracted)aucella, -us, auceps, bird-catcher, auspex ( = avi-spex), one who notesthe flight of birds, auspicium, divination from the flight of birds, augur(= avigur, cp. Sans. gar, to cry), one who announces the omens,augurium, au-gustus, 2 appointed by augury (?) , a title of honour; ovum,an egg, ovalis, ovatus, oval, ovate, ov-arium, ovary; sciuriolus, thesquirrel (dimin. formed from Gk. σklovpos); velum (for vet-lum), asail (cp. O. Slav. vetrilo, 3 from vetri, wind).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. aere, O.F. air, air, aria (from Lat.aerius), a melody; O.F. van, a fan, F. vent, wind, venter, to puff, blow,to vent, in sense of puffing up or out, Ital . ventaglio, Prov. ventalhu,L. Lat. ventalium, O.F. ventaille, part of the helmet that could beopened for breathing; L. Lat. *auraticum, Prov. auratge, F. orage (fromLat. aura), storm; Ital. uccello, Prov. augel, O.F. oisel, N.F. oiseau(Lat. aucellus); Ital. uovo, Prov. ovs, N.F. œuf; L. Lat. scuriolus,scurellus, Prov. escurol-s , o.F. escurel, M.E. scurelle, squirel, N.E.squirrel, N.F. écureuil; Span. avutarda, Port. abetarda, betarda, O.F.bistarde, M.E. bistard , the bustard, Span. avestruz, Port. abestruz, O.F.ostrusce, ostruche, M.E. oystryche, estridge, N.E. ostrich .Balto-Slav. , Lith. vejas, wind, O. Slav. veja, to blow, Lith. vetau,to winnow, Lith. vetra, O. Pruss. wetro, O. Slav. vetru , wind, weather,specially stormy weather, O. Slav. vejalo, a fan, O. Slav. vetrilo, asail, O. Slav. aje, jaje, an egg.Teutonic, Goth. waian, O.H.G. wajan, waen, N.H.G. wehen, A.S.wawan, to blow, O.N. va- fa, to swing about, Goth. wind-as, O.H.G. wint,N.H.G. wind, O.N. vindr, A.S. vind, N.E. wind, Goth. wintrus, O.H.G.wintar, N.H.G. winter, A.S. wintar, winter, the windy season of theyear; Goth. winthjan, A.S. windwian, M.E. windewen, wynewen, towinnow, A.S. van, borrowed from Lat. vannus, a fan, O.N. vind-auga,4¹ Others derive ad-ul-ari from Eur-Ar. √uel, to roll, wind, the root of Lat.volvere.2 Another derivation is from Eur-Ar. ✔eng-, to increase, be strong, the root ofLat. augeo, which is adopted by Brugmann.According to Brugmann, vēlum = *vexlum vexillum, from veho.• Uncertain. Kluge (Etym. Dict. ) and Schrader ( Præhist. Antiq. ) incline to thederivation from a cognate of O. Ir. find, white, O. Gallic vindo, found in severalnames of places, as Vindo-bona, Vindo-magus. If this be correct, vintrus &c. mean the white season.IT77EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 81--natadSM.E. windoge (wind-eye), window; O.N. vedr, O.H.G. wetar, N.H.G.wetter, A.S. and M.E. weder, weather, A.S. wedrian, M.E. wederen,widren, widder, to expose to the weather, wither, O.N. vidhra, to be insuch and such a state (of the weather), to snuffle, scent (cp. N.H.G.wittern, to scent, impers. to thunder, verwittern, to be weather-beaten);O.H.G. wedil, M.H.G. we-del, N.H.G. wedel, a fan, a tail (an expansionof Teut. we-, to blow) , N.H.G. wedeln, to fan, to move to and fro, (ofa dog) to wag the tail, fawn; Goth. *iddja, *ejja, O.H.G. ei , plu. eigir,N.H.G. ei , plu. eier, A.S. æg, O.N. egg, an egg, from a Eur-Ar. base,euja . Murray ( Hist. Dict. ') says that the connection of the Teutonicwith the other forms, óv, ovum, though probable, has not yet beendemonstrated. Kluge gives ajjas as the proto-Teutonic form basedupon Slav. jaje, which he connects with a Eur-Ar. euio-, ouio-.Celtic, O. Ir. og, ub (?) , N. Ir. ubh, ugh, Gael. ubh, Bret. u, vi ,Wel. wy (pl. wyan), Corn. uy, oy, an egg.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, words compounded with aero-, as aerolite, air-stone, aeronaut, (air-sailor), aerostatics, &c.; atmo-sphere, -ic, &c . , asthma, &c.Latin, aerial (used by Milton), probably Ariel ' ( Shakespeare) ,aerate, aeriform, aerify, aura (scientific term); aulic, aularian, ventilate, -ion, -or, adulate, -ion , aviary, auspice, -ious, augur, -y,inaugurate, Augustus, ² August (?) , Latin proverb, ab ovo usque admala,' ' from the egg to the apples ' = ' from beginning to end "; theRomans beginning their dinner with an egg and finishing with fruit,oval, ovate, ovary.6L. Latin and Romance, air, airy, vent, to let out, ventail, fan,squirrel, bustard, ostrich.Teutonic, wave (vb.) , to swing, waft, wind, windy, window, &c. ,to wind, catch the scent, winnow, weather, wither (vb..) , wheedle,3 egg.Eur-Ar. VEUK-, √UK-, √ỤER-, to be willing, to like, love.Sanscrit, vaç- uç- in vaç-mi (1 sing. pr. ), I wish, uçanti (3 plu.pr. ), uçant- (pr. p. ) , willing, vaça, wife, vaças, willing.Greek, &k=FEK- in έkwy, willing.¹ Ariel, a name in the O.T., is said by Sayce to be the Hebrew form of MoabiteArel, a hero or champion, and to have been applied to the city of Jerusalem throughits resemblance in sound to Har El, the mount of God. See Monuments, p. 351 .2 See note to Lat. augustus.• Another derivation of wheedle is from Wel. chwedlai, chatter, but it is probably of L.G. origin.G82 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Latin, ux=uk-s in uxor, wife, (in inscriptions) uxsor, voxor.Slavonic, O. Slav. veselu, cheerful, pleased, učan, accustomed.Celtic, O. Wel. gwych, gwech, glad.ENGLISH DERIV. Latin, uxorious.Eur-Ar. √EUGH , to name, speak, pray.Zend, aog- aoj-, in aog-da, to name.Greek, ɛυx- ɛủí-, in ɛvxoµaι, I pray, ɛvíтós, wished, prayed for,εὐχή, prayer, προσευχή, a place of prayer.Eur-Ar. √EUG , √UỠ , √ỤEG-, to grow, be strong, fresh, full of sap,moist; (with causative sense) to cause to grow, to set in motion,rouse, &c.Sanscrit, vak-s- , uk-s-, oj-, in uk-s-ati, grows, moistens, sprinkles,perf. vavaksa, uksh-an, ox, bull (cp. rsabha, male, from Vers-, tosprinkle), ug-ra, powerful, o-jas, oj-man, strength.Zend, aog- in aoj-auh, strength, help, uxçyeiti, grows.Greek, αύκ-σ, ὑγ-, in ἀέξω (for ἀδέξω) , αὐξάνω, to increase, αὔξησις,increase, vy-ins, sound, healthy, vyıɛîa, health, iyiaivw, to restore tohealth, vypós, moist.Latin, aug- ug- veg- in aug-ere, to increase, auctor (with autor),promoter, maker, author, auctoritas, a producing, sanction , influence,advice, authority, auctio, increase, a sale by rising bids, auctionarius,relating to auctions, augmen, augmentum, an increase, augmentare, toincrease, auxilium, help, Augustus, august, great; umor (for ug-mor) ,moisture, ūmidus (ugmidus), moist, umorosus (s.s.: post-class . ) , * ūv-ere· (=ug-vere), to be moist, ūv-a (ug-va) , the juicy fruit, the grape, uvidus,udus (contracted form) , moist, uvula (dim. of uva), the tonsil; veg-ēre,to quicken, excite , (intrans. ) to be lively, active, vegetare, to invigorate,cause to grow, vegetatio, vegetabilis; vig-ēre, to be vigorous, vig-or,vigour, vigorare, to strengthen, vigoratus, strengthened, victima ² ( = vig- 2' Cp. alternative derivation under ✔ue-. Of the two this one, which is Brugmann's, is the better, as augustus is manifestly an adjective from aug- with theLatin termination -ustus as on-ustus, vet-ustus, &c. Another reason for preferenceis that ' r ' in Augur is radical, and so perhaps less likely to be dropped or changed in inflection.2 Cp. Corssen's Aussprache, &c. i. 509. Another explanation is from √uei-, tobind, and connects victima with Lat vitta and vincio, denoting an animal adornedwith the sacrificial garland. But a third, and the most suitable, is fromset apart, consecrate ( op. N.H.G. weihen [s.s. ] , and see under ✔ueik-) .yeik- , toEEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 83√EUG- EUĞ√TEGOX tima, superl. form) , the strongest, i.e. the one chosen for an offering,Mthe victim; vig-il (from vigeo) , active, alert, on the watch, vigilia, awatch, vigilare, to watch, vigilans, -antia.L. Latin and Romance, F. auteur (Lat. auctor), autorité, L. Lat.autorisare, F. autoriser, authorise, F. augment (subs. ) , augmenter (vb. ),increase; F. humeur, moisture; Ital. vigore, F. vigueur, vigour, Ital.vigoroso, F. vigoureux, vigorous; Ital. vegliare (Lat. vigilare), Prov.velhar, O.F. veiler, F. veiller, to watch, wake, réveiller, to awake,surveiller, to overlook, surveillance (Lat: super +vigilare), keepingwatch over, Ital. veletta, a guard or watch, later vedetta, F. vedette,vidette (s.s. ) , introduced in the sixteenth century: the change from1 to d is probably due to a fancied connection with Lat. videre;Ital. guatare, Prov. guaitar, o.F. waitier, guaitier, N.F. guetter, towait, watch for (from O.H.G. wahta, a watch) , O.F. waite, gaite, M.E.waite, a watchman, N.F. guet, a watch, F. bivouac (from M.H.G.biwache), encampment in the open air; Ital . vigilia, O.F. vigile, avigil, O.F. resveil, reveil, N.F. réveil, an awaking, rousing.Teutonic, Goth. auk-, ac-, oc-, vak-, vah-, Goth. aukan, O.H.G.ouh-hon, O.N. auka, A.S. ykan, M.E. eken, to increase, add to, Goth, auk,O.H.G. ouh, M.H.G. ouch, N.H.G. auch, O.N. auk, A.S. eac, M.E. eke, also,in addition to, O.N. auk-nefni, Swed. öknamn, M.E. ekename, nekename (an ekename), N.E. nickname, a by-name; Goth. wahsjan, O.H.G.wah-san, N.H.G. wachsen, O.N. vaxa, A.S. weaxan, M.E. waxen, to grow,N.E. wax; O.H.G. wacchar, N.H.G. wacker, A.S. wacor, O.N. vakr, vigorous,active; Goth. wahstus, O.N. vöxtr, A.S. weastma, wæst, growth, size, M.E.wast, waist, the middle part ofthe body; Goth. wakan, wōk, wokum,O.N. vakna, A.S. wacian, wäccan, O.H.G. wabhon, N.H.G. wachen, to beawake, Goth. wakjan, O.N. vekja, O.H.G. wecchen, N.H.G. wecken, A.S.wäccean, to waken, Q.H.G. wahta, M.H.G. wahte, N.H.G. wacht, A.S.wäcce, M.E. wacche, N.E. a watch, a vigil, M.H.G. biwache, a keepingwatch; Goth. auhsa, O.H.G. ohs-o, N.H.G. ochse, A.S. oxa, ox; O.N. vökr,moist, vök, pl. vakar, open water, open stretches through ice in a halffrozen sea, Swed. vak, vekkja, to cut a passage for ships through ice.Celtic, Wel. ych, an ox, Corn. ohen, oxen, O. Ir. fer, Gael. feur, fiar,Wel. gwair, Corn. gwyr, grass, hay, pasture, Wel. gwair (adj . ) , fresh, lively;Ir. fighil, Gael. feill, Wel. gwyl, a feast, a vigil (loan-words from Latin).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, auxesis (rhetorical term=exaggeration) , hygeia, hygiene,compounds of hygro-, as hygrometer, &c.Latin, auction, auctioneer, augment (thr. F.) , augmentation,G 284. EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.auxiliary, Augustus, i.e. Magnified, a title equivalent to ' Majesty,'August, humid, humidity, uvula, vegetate, -ble, -tion, -rian, invigorate, victim (?) , vigil, vigilant, -ce.L. Latin and Romance, author, -ity, -ize, humour, -ous, vigour, -ous,(Lat. through F. ) reveille (earlier réveillé, as if from p.p. of réveiller)morning bugle-call, surveillance, vedette, wait, waiter, waits, Christmassingers (Teut. thr. F. ) , bivouac (fr. Teut. ) .6Teutonic, eke, in phrase eke out,' make sufficient, add to, eke (old) ,also, nickname, wax, waist, waistband, &c. , wake, wakeful, awoke,awake, waken, a wake, funeral feast (orig. a watching of the corpse),the eve of the dedication festival of a church, ox, wake, the track leftby a vessel in the sea.Eur-Ar. √EUD´, √UD , √UED , to be moist, wet, fluid, to make wet,wash.Sanscrit, ud- und-, in ud-an, water, gen. udnas, unadmi, undāmi, Iwet, wash, anudra, without water, sam-udra (sam, together, +udra) , thesea, udra, a water animal.Greek, id- in dwp (gen. üSaт-os) , water, üƐɔs, dat. üdɛɩ, water,ὕδρωψ, ὑδρώπισις, dropsy, ὕδρος, a water-snake, ύδρα (s.s.) , also theLernean hydra offable, with many heads, of which when one was cutoff two sprang out in its place; ¿dpavτikós, usedfor watering.Latin, ud-, und-, in pal-us , ¹ -ud-is, a marsh, i.e. swampy. (?) muddywater (cр. πηλós, mud, clay) , palustris, marshy, unda, a wave, stream,water, undulare, to flow in wavelets, ab-undare, flow over, in-undare,flow into, red-undare, flow back.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. onde, wave, water, F. abonder, abound,red-onder, redound, o . and N.F. s-onder, to try the depth, sound, according to Diez, from a L. Lat. * sub-undare, to dip beneath water (cp.sombre from sub-umbra, under shade, and F. rond, round, fromrotundus); but Skeat derives F. sonder from A.S. and O.N. sund, anarrow strait or arm ofthe sea, which he connects with A.S. swom- (baseof the p.p. of swimman), and explains the meaning to be, that which canbe swum across, comparing it with O.N. sund-magi, the swimming bladderofafish. Cleasby, however, says that sund, an arm ofthe sea, is from theO.N. vb. sundra, to separate (sunder) , which is much more probable, andcontradicts Skeat's derivation of F. sonder from O.N. sund. We mayVaniček's very doubtful explanation . Prellwitz connects mλós and palus withSans. palvalam , a pool.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 85therefore regard Diez's explanation of F. sonder, to sound, fromsubundare, as nearer to the meaning of the word, and to be preferred.Balto-Slav. , vand-, vod-, und-, ud-, Lith. vandu, undu, O. Slav.vod, O. Pruss. und-a, Lett. ud-ens, water, Lith. udra, O. Slav. vydra,otter.Teutonic, wat in Goth. wat-o (gen. wat-ins, dat. pl. watn-am),O.H.G. wazzar, N.H.G. wasser, O.N. vatn, A.S. watar, water; O.N. vatr,Swed. vat, A.S. waet, M.E. wēt, wet, A.S. waet-an, to wet; O.H.G. ottir,N.H.G. otter, O.N. otr, A.S. otor, oter, an otter; O.H.G. wascan, N.H.G.waschen, O.N. vaska, A.S. wascan, to wash, from *wat-sca, an inceptivevb. from wat, wet.¹Celtic, O. Ir. ud- in usce, uis- ce (for ud-sce, uid-sce) , water, uisgebeath, water of life, whiskey; Gael. uisg, uisge, water, Wel. wysg, astream.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, hydr- or hydro- in compounds, hydr-arge, hydrostatics, &c.;hydropsy, from which later dropsy, -ical, hydra, hydra-headed, hydrant,hydraulic, &c.Latin, Undine, undulate, -ory, -ion, abundant, inundate, -ion,redundant, -cy, superabundant, -ce, palustrine (?) .L. Latin and Romance, abound, redound, sound (to plumb, try thedepth).Teutonic, water, wet, wash, &c. , otter, found in place names, asOtterburn.Celtic, whiskey ( = usque-baugh, uisge-beath), water of life; thenames of the rivers Usk, Esk, Exe; Exe-ter: the Celtic name is Caerwysg, the camp on the Wysg.Eur-Ar. VEUDH , VUDH-, to be full, fertile, abundant.Sanscrit, udh in udh-ar, udder.Zend, aodare, udder.Greek, ove- in ovlap, Æol. ovpap, gen. -aros, udder, breast.Latin, ub- in uber, -eris (cp. Gk. épv@pós -rubus, from √reudh) , ateat, a breast, that gives suck, fertility, richness, uber, -eris (adj . ) , rich,productive , uberare, to be or make fruitful.' This is Kluge's explanation, but he considers that wash, &c. , may be connectedwith Ir. faiscim, Gael. faisg, Wel. gwasgu, to press, squeeze, wring; Stokes suggests apossible connection of the Teutonic forms with Ir. uisce; Skeat derives wash fromthe preceding root ✔ueg..86 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Teutonic, ud-, ut-, O.H.G. ūter, N.H.G. euter, A.S. üder, udder, O.N.jugr (for judr), Swed. jur (s.s.) .Celtic, O. Ir. uth, udder, Gael. ugh, udder.Latin, exuberant.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, udder, North E. (dial.) , yure.Eur-Ar. VEUR , UR , VUER , water, to drop, flow.Sanscrit, var- in var-i, water, var-sh-a, rain, Hindi bar-s-at, therainy season.Zend, var- in vara, rain.Greek, oup- in oupía, a water-fowl, a diver, ovpov, urine, Siovρntikós,diuretic, ovpý@pa, the urethra.Latin ur- in urinari, to dip, dive (cp. Plin. ' sub aqua ranæ diuurinantur ') , urina, urine, urinalis, relating to urine, urethra (Gk.loan-word), urna, a watering pot (?) . ¹L. Latin and Romance, O.F. orine, N.F. urine, also urinal, urinaire.Teutonic, var- -ur, in O.N. ver, A.S. wär, sea, O.N. ur, drizzling rain,O.N. urig-r, A.S. urig, drizzling, falling in fine drops.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. fras, a shower (cp . √ers-, p. 70) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, urethra, ur-æmia, diuretic.Latin, urine, -al, -ary (thr. F.) , urn (?) .²Eur-Ar. VEUS , US , VUES , to glow, burn, scorch, shine, give light.Sanscrit, us-, vas-, in ush-as, shining, ūshāsa, dawn, vas-anta,spring, day-time, vas-ra, vasara, day, ush-ra, morning; osha-ti , burns,ushtas, burnt.Zend, ush-, vas-, in ushan, dawn, ush-açtara, easterly, vanhra,spring.Urna is referred by others to ✓ues-, to burn, from Lat. uro; Brugmannconnectsit with urceus, from ✔uerq-.2 Verandah, a covered space in the front of a house (Pers. baranda) may bederived from ✔uer-, to rain, with the sense of rain-shelter, or from ✔yer-, to cover,with the sense of a covered way.12EUR-ARYAN ROOTS: 87Greek, εύσ-, αύσ-, Fεσ-, in εύω ( = εΰσω), to scorch, Εὖρος, southeast, the hot wind, ews Att. , ýús Ion. , avws Lesb. , for *avows (cp.Sans. ushas) , aßop Lacon. , dawn, ' Hós, the goddess ofmorn, the dawnof day, Ew0εv, ǹŵ0ɛv, from sunrise, the east; ǹ avρiov (sc. ǹµépa), themorrow: αὔριον is the neuter (used adverbially) of an adj. αὔριος(=avolos or avopios, cp. Sans. ush-ra, Lith. aus-z-ra), the originalmeaning of which may have been relating to the morning, ' but theword being used so frequently in reference to the next morning itcame to mean ' to-morrow,' (cp. German morgen, the morning ' and'to-morrow ,' also the English phrase ' I will do it in the morning ' = ' 1will do it to-morrow ') . ' Héλios, the sun (Hom. ), àßéλos (dial. , cp.Hesych. ἀβελίην, ἡλιακήν Παμφύλιοι), Ηλιος, Att. =* Αὐσέλιος,original name for the Sun God. The phonetic changes are as follows:Avσéos Av-écos (by regular omission of ' o' between vowels) , ='A-f-étos by loss of digamma a-éλcos (Dor. , Pindar), = -éλcos (Ion. ,Homer) = λos (Att.) . This explanation is supported (1) by theEtruscan name for the Sun God, Usil; (2) by the phonetic changeοἱ αὐστώς το ἠ-ώς, which is the analogue of αὐσέλιος to ἠ-έλιος;(3) by ' Auseli,' the old name of the Aurelian family, and the accountof its origin given by Festus, that the Aurelian family was originallySabine, and derived its name from the sun ' (*Auselos or * Ausos),"because the Roman people gave to them the ground on which theyoffered sacrifices to the Sun; hence they were called Auseli, ' afterwards Aurelii. Ημαρ, (gen.) -ατος, ἡμέρα ( = δεσ-μαρ, τέσ-μερα) ,the day, i.e. the time during which there is sunlight, ap (= Feo-ap) , thespring, the brightening time of year; έorla, the hearth, the goddess ofthe home, from * evow ( = svw) , in its transposed form Féow (or from=="nes-, to dwell): cp. Lat. Vesta; oxapa, a hearth, a pan of coals, abrasier, a scar from cautery; "Eσπepos = FéσπEpos, the planet Venus asthe evening star as the morning star, it is called by the Greeks' This is the explanation given by G. Curtius. On the other hand, DieffenbachPictet, Kluge and Brugmann connect Aos with the Eur-Ar. √suer- sur- √suel-✔sul- with later forms ✔uer- ur- √uel- ✔ul-, with the sense to shine, glow. Tothis root the name of the sun is referred in all languages of Eur-Aryan origin: Sans.sur-as, Zend hvar, Gk. λios, Lat. sol, Lith. saule, Goth. sauil, O.N. sol, A.S. sol(poetic), Corn. houl , Wel. heul, the sun. In addition to these σειρός, σείριος, hot,scorching (adj. ) , the dog-star (subs. ) , Lat. serenus, bright, Goth. sunno, O.H.G.sunna, N.H.G. sonne, A.S. sunne, the sun, are either from the same root ✔uersuel (the Teutonic forms having assimilated 1 to n, sulno - sunno) , or from thesimpler form ✔sue, to warm, scorch. According to this explanation Gk. λos andthe Celtic heul, houl, alone have lost the initial σ, which in Greek is represented bythe spiritus asper, in Celtic by the aspirate h. The balance of authority is stronglyin favour of this, but Curtius has also a strong case, and it is difficult to decide thequestion. (See his Gk. Etym. Transl. i . 485.)√EUSUS-✓UES-88 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓EUS-√US-√UES¿wopópos, pwopópos, by the Latins Lucifer, the dawn or light-bearer.At its evening rising it is the brightest of the stars, and shinesthrough the glow of the setting sun.Latin, ur-, us-, aur--aus-, ves-, in urere, ussi, ustum, to burn, comburere,' to burn up, ur-na, ² an urn, urtica, the nettle, ' the burning plant ';aurora for ausosa (cp. Sans. ushāsa), the dawn, aurum (for ausum) ,gold, the shining metal (in popular Lat. orum), aurifer, gold-bearing,de-aurare, deorare, to gild, aureolus, oreolus, golden, gold-coloured;Auster, the burning wind, the south wind, the south, australis, southern,(L. Lat. Austria, southern half of the Frankish empire), Aurelius(nom. pr.); Vesta, goddess of the hearth, vestalis, a vestal virgin(or from Vues-, to dwell); vēr (for * ves-er), spring, vernus, vernalis,relating to the spring, Vesuvius, Vesēvus, Vesvius, Vesbius, theburning mountain; Hesperus, the evening star, Hesperia, the land ofthe west-used poetically for Spain-Hesper-ides, the daughters ofHesperus, who watched the golden apples in an island of the westernsea a name afterwards given to some islands in the Atlantic. Allthese are borrowed Greek forms; the true Latin form is vesper(gen. -eris, -ĕri) , the evening star, evening, vespera (f.) , the evening;vespertilio, a bat.43L. Latin and Romance, It. oro, F. or, gold, Span. dorado , Ital.dorato, o.F. doree, covered with gold, gilt, from Ital. dorare, o.F. dorer,to gild (from de-aurare; cp. dauber from de-albare) , El dorado, the gildedor golden prince, the name given by the Spanish invaders of Americato the prince of the country where they expected to find gold; Ital.orpello, Prov. aurpels, o.F. oripel, N.F. oripeau (from aurum +pellis),skin of gold, gold-leaf, F. orfèvre, goldsmith (Lat. auri-faber) , O.F. orieflambe, oriflamme ( =Lat. auri [or aurita] flamma), the royal bannercarried in battle before the French kings, of flame-shaped strips of1 As from comb- (for com-) + uro. This is a general explanation; but the wordbustum, the place where dead bodies were burnt, makes this doubtful, and a connectionwith Sans. prush, to burn, has been supposed.' Urna is variously derived from ✅uer- ✅ur-, to be wet, moist, with the primarysense a vesselfor carrying water, or from √ur-, to burn, either from its being baked inthefurnace, or from its use as holding the ashes ofthe body burnt on thefuneral pyre.But Brugmann connects it with a root ✔urk-, and urceus, regarding it as a con- tracted form of urc-na.' Liddell and Scott, following Pott, refer Vesuvius to a compound of ve- in anegative sense with oßév-vvμs, to extinguish. Vesuvius, therefore, is equivalent toàoBeorós, if this explanation is correct.The general derivation of Hesperus is from a root ves-, to cover, and a connec- tion is supposed with the Sans. vas-kara, covering. But the Greeks seem to haveconnected the notion of giving light rather than of an all- covering darkness, withHesperus, as the morning star; and the bright glow of sunset affords a reason forapplying the same name to it in the evening.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 89cloth on a gilded staff, oriole, M.E. oryall ( = Lat. aureolum) , partof a wealthy house, the recess at the window of a hall or principalroom adorned with gilding, a fashion common in the East, andprobably introduced into Europe by the Crusaders; O.F. oriole, thename given to the golden thrush, N.F. loriot; o.F. orfrais ( =Lat. aurifrigiatum, or auri-phregium ¹ ) , a border of lace embroidered with gold, Ital.orpimento, F. orpiment ( =Lat. auri-pigmentum), a yellow colour, madeby mixing arsenic and sulphur; o.F. Orlenois, belonging to Orleans(from Aurelianensis); Ital. escara, O.F. escare (Gk. loxapa), a scar;Ital. vespero, O.F. vespre, N.F. vêpre, evening; o.F. Austriche, N.F.Autriche, from O.H.G. Osterrich, the southern or south-eastern kingdom.Balto-Slav. , aus-, vas-, Lith. auszra, dawn, eastward, austrumas, east,Lith. vas-ara, summer, O. Slav. vesna, spring, O. Slav. vostok, east,Lith. va-karas (for vas-karas), O. Slav. večeru, evening.Teutonic, as-, os-, aus-, O.H.G. usil-var, yellow, flame-coloured, O.N.us-le, fire, A.S. ys-le, ashes; O.H.G. ostana, from the east, O.N. ostan,O.H.G. Ostan, A.S. eastan, from the east; O.N. austr, O.H.G. ostar,toward the east; A.S. eastene, 2 in the east, M.H.G. ōsten, ōstene, N.H.G.The termination osten, in, from, and to the east, A.S. east, east.3-tr, -ter, is the comparative form (cp. Zend ush-aç-tara) . A.S. Eostra,the name of a West German goddess of spring, whose festival, coinciding in point of time, gave the name Easter (A.S. Eastor) to the Christian festival of the Resurrection; O.H.G. ōstaron, N.H.G. ostern (pl.forms, s.s.) , A.S. East Saxna-land, Essex, M.E. easterlins: accordingto antiquaries of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a companyofHanse merchants, to whom Henry III. gave, in 1259, the privilegeof trading in England; their money, called ' marchaunds money,'was accepted as legal payment. But Murray (' Hist. Dict. ') says' Körting makes auri-fresum a L. Latin compound of Lat. aurum +M.H.G. orL.G. fries, a kind of coarse cloth, cloth.According to Murray, an adverb, the remains of a former adj . easter, towardsthe east, which is preserved in easterra, ' more easterly.6' Murray says ' the word seems not to have been found as English before thesixteenth century.' The M.H.G. word was sterlinc, stærlinc, O.F. esterlin, estelin,sterlin, Ital. sterlino. Wedgewood quotes from Walter de Pinchbeck temp.Edward I. Sterlingi a nominibus Esterlingorum nomina sua contraxerunt quihujusmodi monetam in Anglia primitus componebant. ' Stow mentions Henry III.'schapter of 1259. It is plain that the name easterling or sterling is of Englishformation, if it denoted a body of merchants who came from the east, and musthave been given them in England, for it could not have been given them inGermany. It may be assumed, therefore, that the German and Romance forms ofthe name are borrowed from the English. It seems plain also that the names weregenerally applied to coins, not to the merchants, although in the first instance it mayhave been given them, and afterwards passed to their coins. Another explanationis that a starling was engraved on one quarter of the coin. This is quoted byMinshen from Linwood, but there is no historical evidence of it.VEUS-√US-✔UES-90 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.6that theword sterlingus, esterlingus, only appears as the name ofa coin,in the sense of sterling penny, or pennyweight (' libræ sterilensium, 'Ordericus Vitalis, 1142) . Matth. Paris in ' moneta esterlingorum 'seems also to mean the coinage of sterling pennies; and the Anglo-Fr.phrases vingt soutz desterlings,' ' cinkaunte mars desterlings,' evidently refer to coins and not to a company of merchants. Still thename may have been applied first to the Hanseatic traders, and afterward to the coinage used by them. Austro-Gothi (Latino-Gothic) , theEastern Goths; N.H.G. Oesterreich, Austria, the South Kingdom;O.N. var, Dan. vaar, the spring.Celtic, Wel. ucher, evening (for usq-ero, cp. Latin ves-p-er, Gk.EσTEρos), Gael. feasgar, Ir. feascar (for vesq-ero) , evening.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Eothen (from the East) , heliacal, ' aphelion, perihelion; compounds with helio-, as heliotrope, helio-graphy, &c.; ephemeral,ephemeris (a diary) , &c. , mesembrianthum (uéσos + μépa + åv0os) , aflower opening at mid-day; Hesperides.Latin, combustion, -ible, urn, urtica, botanical name of the nettle,Aurora, auriferous, aureola, the golden halo round the head of saints,austral, Australia, Austria, Aurelius (pr. n. ) , Vesta, vestal (?) , Vesuvius,vernal, vespertilio.L. Latin and Romance, Eldorado, now usedfor a place where moneycan be made quickly, John Dory =jaune dorée (?) , yellow-gilded,² oriflamme, oriel, oriole, orphrey, orpiment, Orleans, scar (Gk. through Fr.),vespers.Teutonic, east, eastern, &c. Easter, Essex, sterling.U, U.Eur-Ar. UD, out, over, later , forth, beyond.Sanscrit, ud-, out, uttara (ud-tara), uttama, outer, outermost, udaram,the belly, womb, udarā (s.s.) , udaras (adj .) , interior, inside.Zend, uç-, out, uç-tera, uçtema, outer, outermost.If Curtius's explanation be rejected, all Eng. words formed on los must beexcluded from this root.2 This is perhaps a popular etymology, and may be a corruption of a Basquename, as anchovy (from Basque anchua, thr. Port. anchova).tEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 91Greek, is in vσTEpos, vσTatos, later, latest, vorépa, the womb, i.e.the interior part, vorepinós, relating to the womb, suffering in thewomb.Latin, uterus, the womb, uterinus, uterine, born of the same womb:cp. Gk. ἀδελφός.Teutonie, Goth. ūt, O.H.G. ūz, N.H.G. aus, O.N. and a.s. ūt, out, a.S.utera, uttera, outer, A.S. utmest, ytemest, outer, outermost, utmost, Goth.utana, from outside, O.H.G. uzana, N.H.G. aussen, O.N. and A.S. utan,from without, (later) outside, without, O.H.G. ūzar, N.H.G. äusser,A.S. ūtor, out (adv. and prep.), O. Sax. biutan, except, O.H.G. biuzan,A.S. bi-utan, be-utan, butan, without, outside (as adv. and prep.) ,M.E. bouten, boute (as adv. and prep. ) , buten, bute, but (as conj . ) , A.S.aboutan (=an +bi + utan) , about, M.E. outen, outren, to put outside,publish, utter.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, hysteria-, -ical (through Lat. loan-words).Latin, uterus (borrowed), uterine.Teutonic, out, and its compounds: with-out, out-side, out-ward,out-let, &c., outer, out-most, outer-most, utter (adj. ) , utterly, -ness,utmost, utter-most, but, about, utter (vb.), utterance.Eur-Ar. UPA, prep. , adv. prefix, under, from below, moving upwards,over, towards, near, &c.: as adv. thereto, further; as prefix itmostly denotes approach, vicinity, inferiority.Sanscrit, upa, under, below, &c. , upara, comp. lower, deeper, upama,highest; upari (adv.) , above, upwards, upon, up into.Zend, upa, below, upara, the higher.Greek, vπó, under, &c. , úπép, over, above, across, úπatos, superlative form from iró, but with sense of highest, vos, inλós, high,OTOs, highest, üßpis, arrogance (cp. O.H.G. ubil, evil, uppi, haughty;Lat. superbus, proud); vπó in comр. , úπó-0ɛσis, a placing under, asupposition, iπó-κpiois, an actor's delivery, playing a part, vπоσTATIKós,substantial, iπoxóvdpios , under the cartilage of the breast- bone, vp' év,under one, ǹ vþév, the sign of joining two syllables (-); compounds ofὑπέρ-, ὑπερβολή, an exaggeration, ὑπερ-τροφία, υπερ-βρῶσις, excessofnourishment.Latin, sub, under, below, &c.; sus- in comp. = subs , from below(i.e. up), subter, subtus, underneath, super, supra (O. Lat. superā),above.92 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.UPA ( 1) Sub, under. The initial s- is variously explained: by some asthe Latin equivalent of the spiritus asper of vπó; by others as theremains of a prep. ens, es, in, or ex, out. The loss in Lat. subof the final vowel of Gk. vπó occurs also in ab, =άπó, op, ob, =èπí.Summus, superlative of sub ( = sub-imus, sub-mus), with sense of highest,²summa, thetop, the full amount, summarium, summary, sum-mare, to sumup, sup-inus, with face upwards, suppare, supare, to throw down oraway, dissipare, to throw abroad, scatter. In comp. sub becomes subefore -sp, as su-spicere, to look up, to suspect (to look underneath), suspirare, draw a deep breath, sigh, but is unchanged before vowels, andall consonants except c, f, g, p, m, r, where it is assimilated; yetbefore the last two it has both the unchanged and assimilated forms,as sub- and sum-mittere, to let down, submit, sub- and sum- monere,to'warn, give notice, sub- and sur-ripere, -reptum, to snatchfrom beneath;sub-ire, to go under or near, sub-ornare, to furnish, equip, to prepare awitness, subitus, subitaneus, sudden, suc-cingere, to gird under or round,suc-cedere, to follow after , suc-currere, to run to help, suc-cumbere, to lieor fall under, sub-limare (from limare, to file off, clear ofsuperfluities),to raise, to refine in highest degree (see Festus, ' in maximum decus.atque in excelsissimam claritudinem sublimavit ' ) , sub-levare, to raiseup, subdere, subdue, suf-fundere, pour over, suf-fragium, a broken piece,apotsherd used as a voting tablet (sub +frango) , sumere ( = sub-imere),to take, with its compounds (see under nem-) , surgere (=sub-rigere),to arise, with compounds (see under Verg-) suffocare (sub +faux,faucis, the throat) , strangle, supplere, to fill up, supplex, folding down,kneeling, suppliant, supplicium, punishment, supplicare, supplicate, tokneel down, subjicere, to throw under, subjectus, placed beneath, sufferre,to bear, suffer, sufflare, to blow , supportare, to carry from underneath,support, supprimere, to suppress, sur- sub-rogare, to appoint a substitute,subsidium, a sitting behind, a reserve (from subsidēre) , subsīdere, tosubside, settle, suburbium, a district close to a city , subterraneus, underground; con-summare, to complete, subtilis ( = sub +tela, the web, warp),fine, minute; sublimen (adv. ) , to the upper beam, on high (from limen,the upper or lower beam ofa door) , a term applied by Plautus to thepunishment of slaves, who were hung up to the top beam of the doorfor flogging. Sublimus, sublimis 3 (= sub-limnis?) is used also in¹ See Brugmann, vol. ii . pp. 3 and 9: ' sub ( = ex + ub),' ' sub, super ( = an originaleks +upo, eks +uper) .' Yet in vol. i . p. 426, he qualifies this by ' perhaps.'2 Cp. raros, highest, from vñó, under.

• See Brugmann, vol . ii . p. 26, sublimis from limen and with sense ' reacking to

the upper beam ofthe door.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 93the same sense, as ' sublimem rapite foras ' ( ' Mil. Glor. ' v. 1) , ' as wellas in the more general sense, lifted up, exalted.(2) Sus- ( =subs-) in sustinere, to hold up, sustain, sustentare (s.s.) ,sus-cipere, to take up, suscitare, to rouse, stir up, sus-pendere, to hangup. Also as sur- in sursum, later susum (for subs +vorsum) , turnedupwards, sursum corda,' hearts upwards!(3) Subter- in subterfugere, to escape, evade (lit. flee underneath) ,subterfugium, subterfuge.(4) Super in superus, -ior, high, highest, super-are, to excel overcome, superabilis, ' that can be overcome,' superbus, proud, supernus,exalted, super-ficere, to do in excess, superficies (super +facies) , a surface, super-cilium, eye-brow, pride as shown by lifting the eye-brow,supersedere, to preside, also to refrain, desist from, superstitio, a standing still over anything from amazement, awe.(5) Supra - super-ā, supremus, highest.L. Latin and Romance: (1), sub-, O. Span. solombra for sob-ombra,under shade, N. Span. sombra, O.F. sombre (sub umbra) , gloomy,² Span.sombrero, a broad-brimmed hat, O.F. sonder (sub-undare, to sound) , L.Lat. sorsa, O.F. sorse, N.F. source (surgere) , a spring, Prov. sobtan, o.F.sodaine, M.E. sodain, soden ( = Lat. subitaneus), sudden, L. Lat. subdiurnare, Ital. soggiornare, O.F. sojorner, M.E. soiornen, to tarry a day, O.Ital. sovente, F. souvent ( =Lat. subinde), often, F. soulier ( Lat. subtalaris), under the sole , F. se souvenir, to come to oneself, to remember, F.souvenir, a keepsake ( = Lat. sub-venire, to come into the mind), O.F.somoner ( Lat. sub-monere) , to summon, M.E. sompnour, a summoner, somouns, a summons, O.F. suppléer ( = Lat. supplere) , M.E. supployen, supply, F. souffrir (sufferre), to suffer, F. succéder, to succeed,succès, success, F. souffler, to whistle (Latin sufflare) , soufflet, a kind ofpudding, F. souple (from Lat. supplex, bending the knee) , O.F. suppliant ( Lat. supplicantem) , suppliant, F. sourire, to smile ( =Lat.sub-ridere), Ital. suggetto, Prov. subjetz, O.F. subjet, N.F. sujet, F.supposer (as from L. Lat. * sub-pausare), to put underneath, O.F. som(=Lat. summum) , the top, N.F. sommet (dim. , s.s.). L. Lat. succursus(literally aid), a chapel attached to a church; suffraganeus, an assistantbishop, perhaps from having originally been elected by the people.(2) Sus--subs-, O.F. sus-tenir, sustain, Ital . suso, o.F. sus ( =Lat.susum), over, L. Lat. suseranus, over, superior, O.F. suzerain , overlord.It is doubtful whether sublimem and sublimen are not a confusion of the sameword, instead of being distinct.-? The Prov. alone retains the vb. sotz-ombrar L. Lat. subtus-umbrare, to place in the shade.UPA94 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.UPA (3) Subtus, Ital. sotto, Prov. sotz , O.F. sos, N.F. sous, under, Ital.sottana, undergarment, F. soutane, cassock.=(4) Super, O.F. sor, sur, N.F. sur, on, over, O.F. sursis ( Lat.supersessus) superseded, put a stop to, M.E. sur-sease, N.E. surcease,delay, suppression (misspelt from a supposed connection with ' cease,'to come to an end), F. surcharge (L. Lat. super-caricare, to load, chargein excess), F. surface ( = Lat. superficies) , Prov. sobrefait, O.F. sorfeitLat. super-factum, done in excess), M.E. surfait, F. surlonge, M.E.surloyn, sirloin, O.F. surmise, an accusation (p. p. from surmettre= super-mittere, to put in afterwards) , F. surnom (super +nomen),M.E. surnoon, a surname, F. sur-monter, surmount, O.F. sur-passer(from super +L. Lat. passare) , to overstep, Prov. sobrepelitz, O.F.surpelis, N.F. sur-plis ( = Lat. superpellicium) , a garment worn overan undergarment made of skins, sur-prendre ( =Lat. super-prendere),to take unawares, p. p. surpris, Ital . sorprendere, to surprise, F.sur-tout ( super totum), over all, sur-rendre ( =super +L. Latin,rendere, Lat. reddere), to surrender, F. sur-veillance ( Lat. super+vigilantia), a watching over, O.F. surveer (later -veoir: =Lat. super +videre), overlook, F. sur-vivre ( = Lat. super +vivere), to live over,survive.(5) Supra, Span. sobre-salto , O.F. soubre-sault ( = Lat. suprasaltum), a somersault, L. Lat. superā-nus, ¹ Ital. soprano, the highestvoice, Ital. sovrano, O.F. soverain, N.F. souverain, M.E. soueraigne,souereyn, sovereign .Teutonic, Goth. uf, under, uf-ar, above, A.S. * uf, ufera, over,ufemyst, overmost, uf-an, from above, abufan (an +bi +ufan) , above,O.H.G. ubir, ubar, over, N.H. über; O.N. of, in excess, too much, yfer,ofr, over, Goth. ubils, O.H.G. ubil, N.H.G. übel, A.S. yfel , M.E. uvel,ivel, evil (i.o. ‘ beyond what is right ') , O.N. illr (adj . ) , M.E. ille, a contracted form of Goth. ubil, &c. ) , Dan. ild, Swed. illa (adv.) , ill , evil,O.H.G. oba, ob, above, N.H.G. ob in comp. , as ob- dach, shelter; O.H.G.obaro, obarost, over, overmost, N.H.G. ober, oberst, A.S. of, ofer,over, ofer-est, M.E. over- est, overmost; O.H.G. obana, N.H.G. oben,from above; O.N. ofan (s.s.) , from above, downwards (when used ofmotion, but if of rest, upon, over) . Goth. ubizwa, a porch, O.H.G.obasa, opesa, a porch under the overhanging roof, the eaves, O.N. ups,Swed. ufs, the eaves, A.S. efese , M.E. evese, eovese (s.s.). Goth. iup,up, iupan, upon, A.S. up, upp, uppan, upon, O.N. upp, up, uppa, upon,ypparstr, upper-most, O.H.G. up, uf, upon, up; N.H.G. auf, O.H.G. uppig,Körting derives this better from super.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS 95superfluous, N.H.G. üppig, ' luxurious, arrogant, uppish, O.N. yppa, to liftup, opna, to open, A.S. openian (vb. ) , to open, o.N. opinn (adj . ) , open,A.S. open, O.H.G. offan, N.H.G. offen, open,2 Goth. ufta, O.H.G. ofto, N.H.G.oft, O.N. opt, oft, A.S. oft, 3 often (all superlatives: cp. Gk. πатоs) , butO.N. forms from opt the comp. optarr and superl. optast.Celtic, O.Ir. and Gael. fo, O.Wel. guo, Wel. and Corn. go, Bretongou, Gall. vo, under, towards; and in many compounds, as in Ir.fogamur, foghmahr, Gael. foghar, towards winter, autumn, harvest.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, hyph-en, words of Greek origin compounded with hypo-(vπó) , hyper- (vπép) , hypothesis, hypotenuse, hypocrisy, hypostatic ,hypochondria, &c. , hypertrophy, hyperbrosis, hyperbole, hypercritical,&c.4Latin, (1 , sub), summary, -ize, consummate, -ion; supine, supineness, dissipate, -ion, suspect, suspicion (thr. F.) , sub-altern (coinedword), sub-ordinate, subvent-ion, submit, -mission, &c. , suborn,surreptitious, succinct, succession, -or, &c. , succumb, succour, sublimate, sublime, -ity, suffrage, &c.; derivatives of sumere, assume,resume, &c. (see under √nem-) , and of surgere, resurrection, insurgent, &c. (see under reg-); supplement, supplicate, -ion, &c. ,support, suppress, -ion, &c. , surrogate, subsidy, -iary, &c. , subside,-ence, sub-urb, subtle, subtilty, subterraneous, substitute. Fromsus =subs, sustentation, susceptible, suspend, -pense, resuscitate(re +subs +citare). From subter, subterfuge. From super, superior,-ity, insuperable, superb, supernal; with numerous compounds, supercilious, supersede, superstition, superannuate, superficial, superfluous,superfine, &c. From supra, supreme, supremacy; with comp. supramundane, supra-lapsarian, &c.L. Latin and Romance: (1 , sub) , sombre, sombrero (a kind ofhat),sojourn, sudden, sound, to try the depth, source, surge, &c. , souvenir,summon, summons, Sumner (pr. n. = summoner), supply, suffer ,sufferance, succeed, success, suppliant, supple (adj. and vb. ), suppose;sum (vb. and subs. ) , summit, succursal, suffragan, soufflet. 2. Fromsus (=subs) , sustain, -tenance, suzeraine. 3. From subtus, soutane,1 Cp. Lat. super-bus, Gk. vπep-plaños, proud, haughty, popular Eng. uppish.'? The notionis that of lifting up the cover or lid. ( Kluge, under offen.)' This is Skeat's explanation. Kluge regards oft, &c. as the oblique case of an obsolete noun used adverbially. He also mentions, without expressing an opinion,the derivation from euk- euq-, to do gladly.Sub in comp. with nouns implies, generally, inferiority or substitution; withadjectives, a lower power of the meaning; e.g. sub-acid, sub- tropical, &c.UPA96 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.sotto voce. 4. Super ( Fr. sur) , surcease, surcharge, surface, surfeit,sirloin, surmise, surname, surmount, surpass, surplice, surprise, surtout, surrender, survey, -or, surveillance, survive, -or, &c. 5. Supra,somersault, sovereign, soprano.Teutonic, over, with numerous compounds, overseer, overall, &c.,evil, ill; eaves, eaves-dropper, above, up, upper, upmost, uppermost,uppish, upward, upon, upbraid, upholster, upright, &c.; oft, often.Eur-Ar. UR , UL, in reduplicated form UR- UR-, UL-UL-, imitativeword, expressing a howling noise. 'Sanscrit, ulul- in ululi, howling, uluha, an owl.Greek, úλ-, ỏλoλ-, in iλáw , to howl, bark, óλoλúçw, to shout, cryaloud.Latin, ulul- in ululare, to howl, ulula, ulucus, an owl.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. huller, to howl, from M.H.G. heulen,Ital. urlare, O.F. hurler, to shout, howl (corrupted from Lat. ululare),Teutonic, M.H.G. hiuwelen, hiulen, hulen, N.H.G. heulen, L.G. hulen,howl, O.H.G. hiuwela, uwela, ula, A.S. ule, M.E. ule, oule, oul.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, hurly-burly, a noise, confused shouting,from O.F. hurler; hullibaloo, from 0.F. huller.Teutonic, howl (perhaps thr. Fr. huller), owl, .owlet.Eur-Ar. VUE, U with extension VUEN , empty, wanting, poor, &c.Sanscrit, ū- in û-na, wanting, ūnayati, leave unsatisfied.Zend, ū- in ū-yamna (s.s.) .Greek, Fɛ-=ev- in ev-vis ( = ve-un-i) , wanting, bereaved.Latin, vā- (ve- in comp. ) in vānus, vain, vani-tas, vanity, vanitare(Augustine), to boast, vanescere, to puss away, vanish, ve-cors, withoutheart, ve-şanus, insane, vac-are, to be empty, unoccupied, vacatio, beingfree from, immunity, vacuare, to empty, vacuus, empty, vacuitas, empti1 This root is probably an extension from the simpler form √u- from which areformed Swed. huta, M.E. huten, N.E. hoot, O.F. huer, to cry aloud, O.F. hu, hui, acry, especially inpursuit, N.E. hue in the expression ‘ hue and cry. Lat. up-up-a, O.F.huppe, N.E. hoopoe, are from /u-p-, an imitative, expressing the cry of the bird.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 97N!ness. Vas-tus, empty, waste, vast, vas-tare, to empty, lay waste, devastare,lay waste.¹L. Latin and Romance, o.F. vanter, M.E. vaunten, Ital . vantare,to vaunt, O.F. vain, Ital. vanire, pr. t. vanisco (cp. Lat. vanescere) , O.F.

• vanir, N.F. évanouir (=Lat. evanescere), Ital. guasto (Lat. vastus), O.F.

wast, guast, M.E. waste, waste, Ital. guastare, Prov. guastar (Lat.vastare) , O.F. gastir, gaster, to lay waste, N.F. gâter, to spoil, Ital.diguastare, N.F. degâter, to lay waste (Lat. devastare) .Teutonic, Goth. wan-s, O.N. van-r, O.H.G. wan, A.S. wan, deficient,O.N. vanta, to want, M.E. wanten, wonten, N.E. want, O.N. vansi, want,M.E. wandreth, poverty; A.S. wanian, to grow less, to wane, O.H.G.wanon (8.8. ) , M.E. wanen (s.s.), A.S. wann, pale, colourless, wannen, togrow pale; wan is used sometimes as a prefix with a bad or privativesense, as in O.H.G. wana-wizzi , N.H.G. wahnsinn, witless, and in M.E.wan-towen = A.S. *wan-togen (from teon, to lead, bring up) , badlybrought up, disorderly (cp. Germ. ungezogen, undisciplined, badlybehaved), wantoun, N.E. wanton; compare also the words wan-hope&c. , cited below; A.S. wește, O.H.G. wuosti, N.H.G. wust, wüst, desert,O.H.G. wostinna, O. Sax. wostinnia, A.S. westen, a desert, A.S. westan, towaste. Kluge considers all these to be old Teutonic words; but theM.H.G. waste (desert), which has influenced the form of the Romancewords, he notes as probably borrowed from Lat. vastus.2Celtic, Gael. and Ir. fas, empty, waste, Gael. and Ir. fasach, a desert,Wel. gwag, empty, void (cp. Lat. vac-uus, empty).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, evanescent, vacate, vacant, -cy, vacation, vacuous, vacuity,vacuum, evacuate, vast, devastate, &c.L. Latin and Romance, vain, vanity, vaunt (Lat. vanitare), vanish(as from vaniss- in O.F. vanissant, pr. p. of vanir); waste, wasteful,wastrel, represent O.F. wast, from Lat. vastus, thr. M.H.G. waste, notthe original A.S. weste.Teutonic, want, wane, wanion, a wasting away, ill-luck (perhapscorrupted from waniand (dial.) , the wane ofthe moon, an unlucky time:1 Fick (3rd ed. i . 781) derives vastus from va-s- also O.H.G. wosti, but saysnothing as to its connection with e-, to which its meaning points. Lat. vacuusmay come from e-k, an extension from ✔ue-, and the meaning gives a probabilityto the derivation in the text; but there is nothing else to confirm this, and the explanation here given must be regarded as doubtful.2 Some connect with this root Goth. winnan, to endure hardship, O.H.G. winnan,to labour, Goth. wunds, A.S. wund, wounded, a wound, which I have placed under✔gen-, to like, strivefor, win. (See uen-; and foot- notes 1 and 2. )√UE-√TENH98 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.see Skeat ad vb. ), wan, want, wanton, and the poetic or provincialwords, wan-luck, bad luck, wan-hope (Chauc.) , despondency, wanlust,indifference, disinclination, wan-rest, unrest, wanthrift, wastefulness,wan-trust, mistrust. Cp. N.H.G. wahn-sinn for wan-sinn =unsinn,M.H.G. wanwitz, witless, O.H.G. wana-heil , unhealthy.Eur-Ar. √ȚA, √ŲĒ, an exclamation ofsorrow, amazement, disgust.Zend, voya, ill, wretched, avōya, woe.Greek, οὐά, οά, οἴ, οὐαί, woe, οἴμοι! woe is me.Latin, vae, woe.Teutonic, Goth. wai! O.H.G. we! N.H.G. weh! O.N. væ, ve! A.S. wa!M.E. WO! N.E. woe! A.S. wea, woe (subs. ). From wai! we! accordingto Grimm, Goth. wainags, wretched, O.H.G. weinag, wēnag, poor, needy,small, M.H.G. wenic, N.H.G. wenig, little, O.N. væla, M.E. wailen, to cryvæ! or wea! to lament, O.H.G. weinōn, ' N.H.G. weinen, O.N. veina,A.S. wānian, to lament, cry (Kluge) .Celtic, Wel. gwae, woe.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, woe, woful, Scot. wheen, wheeny,small, little, few.Eur-Ar. √UAT, to know, understand, caus . to make to know, to reveal,inspire (cp. √yed-, to recite, sing) .Sanscrit, vat- in api-vat-ati, understands, vāt-ayati, reveals, inspires.Zend, vat- in apa-vat-ahi, understandest.Latin, vat- in vates, prophet, poet, vaticinari, to prophesy, describe,write as a poet.Teutonic, O.H.G. wuot, N.H.G. wuth, rage, madness, Goth. wōths,mad, frantic, possessed ( = Saipovičóμevos), O.H.G. wuot, o.n. ōdr, a.S.wod, M.E. wood (Chaucer and Spenser), Scot. wud, raging, furious,A.S. wedan, to be mad, O.H.G. Wuotan, O.N. Odinn, A.S. Woden(literally, the furious, the raging warrior), the name of a Teutonic deity,whom the Romans compared to Mercury, Wodens-dæg, Wednesday,O.N. ōdr (subs. ), sense, intelligence, song, poetry, A.S. wōdh, voice, song.Celtic, Gael. faidh, a prophet, O. Ir. faith, a poet, O. Ir. faitsine,prophecy, omen, Gael. faisneach (s.s.) .' So Kluge, who suggests that Goth. qainon, O.N. hvina, to hum or whirr, A.S.hwinan, to whine, are connected with ✔ua- √ue , but see under qen-.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 99ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, vaticinate, -ion.Teutonic, wood (obsolete) , wud (dial. ) , mad, furious, Woden, Oden,Wednesday, Wednesbury, Wanstead, &c.Eur-Ar. √UE UEI-, to turn, twine, twist, weave, plait. 'Sanscrit, va-, u-, vai-, vi-, in vaya, a twig, ū-ti, weaving, sewing,vitas (pt. p.) , plaited, va-yati, weaves, vaitis, willow, osier, withy,vyā-yati, to wind round, twist (trans. ) .Zend, vae- in vae-ti, a willow, vaema, a loop.Armenian, gi- ( = Eur-Ar. vi-), in gini, wine ( = vini, according toHübschman), Alb. vene, vere, wine (cp. Thracian yávos, found inSuidas, possibly misspelt for ylvos); cp. also Gk. yırέa, a willow,yía, a violet, cited below from Hesychius.Greek, oi-, i-,Fol-, Fi-, in iTéa ( =Fitéa) , a willow, osier (Hesych. yıτéa),lov, a violet (for Fíov), yía (Hesych.) , ' the plant used for twining in garlands ' (?), oioós, willow, osier, oivos, wine, viýv, the vine (Hesych.) .Latin, vi-, in viere, to wind, bind, twine, vitis, the twining plant, thevine, vinum, wine, vinea, a vineyard, in late Latin, the vine, vindemia,the vintage, vinetum, a vineyard, vimen, wicker-work, osier, Viminalis,a hill in Rome, vicia, a vetch, viria, an armlet, viola, violet, vitta, afillet.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. virare, to turn round, 2 tack, veer,perhaps an old vernacular word (Diez) , Prov. virar, O.F. virer, to turn,O.F. vire, a ring, a circle, F. virole (L. Lat. viriola) , a little wire circleofmetal, M.E. verrel, N.E. ferrule (the change of spelling is due to asupposed connection with ferrum) , Ital. viera, a ring, a circle, Prov.viro, used in en-viro (adv. ) , O.F. en-viron, ' within the circle,' the surrounding country, O.F. virelai, a round; F. vin, wine, vigne, the vine, Ital .vinagro, F. vinaigre, vinegar, Prov. vendanha ( = Lat. vindemia) , O.F.vendage (L. Lat. vindagia), M.E. vendage, N.F. vendange, vintage, O.F.vinotier, vinetier, M.E. vineter, a vintner, O.F. vignete ( = Lat. vineta),The original form of the root may very probably have been ✔dve-, two, withthe verbal sense to make two, i.e. to twine, twist together, and then applied to moreadvanced processes, as weaving &c. and to substances which were pliant and suppleand easily twisted, and to climbing plants, as the willow, the vine, vetch.• Virare occurs in Acta Sanctorum (Du Cange) , but Körting, 8682, rejects it andprefers vibrare, to swing, as the original of O.F. virer. He compares Prov. virar to vibrare as Ital, lira to libra.и 2100 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VUEVUSIN.F. vignette, an ornamental design of twisted vines, Ital. veccia (Lat.vicia) , o.F. veche, M.E. ficche, fetchis , N.F. vesce, N.E. vetch, fitch (vulgar), O.F. osier, an osier (from Gk. oioós) , M.E. osyere, thr. O.F. oseraie,osier-bed, L. Lat. ( of ninth century) , osaria, Dial. forms, oisis, Wall. ,woisir (s.s.); F. violette, violet, o.F. viz, M.E. vyse, a screw, spindle ofapress, winding staircase, from the spiral twist of the screw.Balto-Slav. , ve-, vi-, in Lith. veju, vyti , O. Slav. vija, viti, to twine,plait, Lith. vytis, O. Slav. viti , willow, osier, Lith. vytas, plaited, Lith.vela, iron-wire, Lith. ap-vynis, the hop tendril.Teutonic, wi-, in O.H.G. wida, N.H.G. weide, O.N. vider, A.S. widig, M.E.widhi, wythe, withy, O.H.G. wa-t, a garment, O.N. wa-d (woven,twisted) , clothing, wad-mal, a coarse cloth, M.E. wadmal, N.E. wad, probably abbreviated from wadmal (Skeat) , A.S. wæde, garments, A.S.watel, a hurdle, M.E. watelen, N.E. wattel, a hurdle, twisted work, theknotted pendulous flesh under the throat of a co*ck or turkey, the wattles; ¹Goth. wein, O.H.G. win, N.H.G. wein, O.N. vin , A.S. win, wine, A.S. wingeard, vineyard, all Lat. loan-words from vinum; O.H.G. wiara, wire, O.N.virr, wire, A.S. wir (s.s .; Lat. loan-words) , O.N. vira-wirki, filagree, i.e.wirework, a.s. wincle, a shell, from its twisted form,2 pinewinclan, seasnails, periwinkles: cp . A.s. pinn , said to mean a pen or pointed stylusfor writing, also O.N. pinni, a pin, both borrowed from Lat. pinna,penna.Celtic, O. Ir. and Gael. feith, a sinew, a vein, Gael. feithleag,honeysuckle, Ir. feithlend, Wel. gwyddwydd, woodbine, O. Ir. fin, Gael.and Ir. fion, Wel. Corn. Bret. gwin, wine ( Lat. loan-words), Wel.gweyd, a weaver.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, Viminalis, the name of a hill in Rome, so called from vimen,osier, wine, ³ wire (Lat. through Teutonic).L. Latin and Romance, veer, with its corrupt form wear, to tack(o.F. virer) , ferrule, environs, virelai, vine, vinegar, vintage, vintner,vignette, vetch, osier (from Gk. ), vice, a press tightened by a screw.Teutonic, withe, withy, wire, wiry, vineyard, winkle, periwinkle,wad, wadding, wattle of a bird, wattle and dab, interlaced laths filledup with mud, weeds, the mourning dress of widows (A.S. wæde) .These words may more correctly be placed under the expanded form ✔uedh-.2 See under ✔PIK- for the fuller explanation from Gk. wívva, Lat. pinna, a sea snail.• Various views are held on the question whether the vine was cultivated, andthe use of wine known, before the Eur-Aryan peoples had separated.(1) A. Kühn and Pictet answer it in the affirmative, and consider the Europeannames for wine to be primevally related to each other, and to the Sans. venas, ‘ be-EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 101Eur-Ar. VUE- BH-, expansion of √UE, to weave, with a variantUE-P-.Sanscrit, vabh- in ūrna-vabhi, the wool-spinner, the spider.Greek, ύφ- ( = εφ-) in ὑφαίνω, spin , weave, υφή, web, ὕμνος =ὕφμνος, lit. a web, a hymn (?) , a putting together: cp. Hom. ȧoidsὕμνον; ' so ῥάψαντες ἀοιδήν, having stitched or strung together a song,payudós, a stitcher together of songs.Latin, vafer, cunning, sly, i.e. weaving or scheming a plan (?);hymnus (?), Gk. loan-word.32L. Latin and Romance, O. Span. guafla, O.F. waufre, wafre, gafre,N.F. gaufre, a honeycomb, a kind of thin cake, often sweetened withhoney and pressed into a rough likeness to a honeycomb (from L.G.loved ' (from √gen-, to like), an epithet given to the soma juice. But the Europeangroup knew nothing of the soma so highly venerated in India, and it iscertain that the soma was not wine; neither the Sanscrit nor Zend have an originalname for wine, unless madhu, sweetness ( = Zend madhu, ' sweet drink ' = Greekμélv, wine) be taken as one; but this originally was applied to the drink made offermented honey—our mead. This seems to make it almost certain that the vine andits juice were not known to the Eur-Aryan people in their original home.(2) V. Hehn (Kulturpflanzen, p. 64) asserts olvos (Foîvos) to be the borrowed formof the Arabic wain. But, in addition to the entire absence of any historical evidencethat wine was a foreign introduction, and to the acknowledged fact that it wasknown at the earliest period to the Greeks and regarded by them as indigenous,Schrader objects that the name, if derived from Semite races, must have comethrough the Phoenicians, who would use the Hebrew form ja'in, whose initial j doesnot suit the Greek digamma (v or w) in Foîvos. He adds also that no satisfactorroot can be found for wain, ja'in, in Semitic languages. Renan, the great Semiti 、scholar, is also in direct contradiction to Hehn, and regards the supposed Semitewords, wain, ja'in, as loan-words from Eur-Aryan.(3) Schrader's own view (Prahist. Antiq. p. 323-4) is, that it accords better withknown facts and the linguistic view to suppose that the cultivation of the vine anduse of wine were not known to the Eur-Aryan races until after the separation. Hethinks that they first became known to the Græco-Italic people while they dweltalong with the kindred races -the Phrygians, Illyrians, Thracians, Macedonians, andArmenians (who subsequently passed over into Asia)—in the northern part of theBalkan peninsula. In the earliest times, Thrace is designated as the principal placefor the export of wine, and the worship of Dionysus prevailed over the whole northof the Balkan peninsula. Griesbach too ( Veget. der Erde, i. 323) describes thePontus and Thrace up to the Danube as the original home of the ' vitis vinifera. 'The name of the plant is a nominal form from the Eur-Ar. ✔uei-, ' to twine, twist,bond,' indicating its characteristics as a creeping or climbing plant, and the Greek andLatin names for wine, Foivos, *vei-num, are from the same root. The Græco- Latin race carried the cultivation of the vine with them to their new homes in Greece andItaly, and from thence at a later period wine was introduced among the northernraces of Europe-Teutons, Slaves, Celts-who hitherto had known only beer andmead, and therefore borrowed the Latin name for the new beverage.This derivation is given by Aufrecht and Döderlein, and seems to be approvedby Curtius; but Brugmann's derivation from sju-, to sew, is better, and, I think, the true one.2 Cp. the expressions ' tissue of falsehood, ' ' web of deceit, ' &c.• The Latins took all their chief terms connected with weaving from a root tek.as texere, to weave, textor, textura, telum, subtemen,102 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.waffel or wabe, in honig-wabe, honey- comb) , M.E. wafre, N.F. gaufrer,to crimp linen in ridges.Teutonic, O.H.G. weban, A.S. wefan, O.N. vefa, to weave, O.N. veftr,veptr, A.S. weft, wefta, the weft, A.S. owef (for on-wef) , the woof, O.H.G.weppi, wappi, N.H.G. gewebe, A.S. webb, web, A.S. webba, a weaver,A.S. webbestre, a female weaver, M.E. webster, O.H.G. wefsa, wafsa,N.H.G. wespe, A.S. weefs, weps, M.E. waspe, N.E. wasp, Provincialwaps, O.H.G. wibil, N.H.G. wiebel , A.S. wifil , wiebil, weevil.Balto- Slav. , Lith. vabalas, a weevil, O. Pruss. vobsa, O. Slav.vosa¹ for vopsa, a wasp, Russ. osa (s.s.).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, through Lat. loan-word, hymnus, hymn, hymnology (?) . ²L. Latin and Romance, but from the Teutonic, wafer, waffle,gaufer, gofer (gopher) .Teutonic, weave, weaver, web, webbing, woof, weft, woven, weevil,the surnames Webster and Webber, with compounds of web, ascobweb, web-footed, 3 &c. , wasp.4Eur-Ar. VUI VUINK , to encompass, to embrace. extend around,wrap up, bind: expansion of √UI-.Sanscrit, vyach- in vi-vyakti, encompasses, surrounds.Greek, iş- in içós (for Fi§ós) , mistletoe.Latin, vinc-, vic-, in vinc-ire, vinçtus, to bind, wind about, vinculum,Kluge regards O.H.G. wefsa, wafsa, A.S. wæfs, waps, Eng. wasp, as genuineTeutonic words, and connected with ✔uebn- or ✔uep-, though N.H.G. wespe andEng. wasp have in their spelling been affected by Lat. vespa. The Slavonic vosa,osa, Lith. vapsa, a gadfly, vabulas, a weevil, O. Pruss. vobsa and Teutonic wibil, healso includes under the same root, and supposes a reference to the filamentouscovering of the larva of the weevil in the process of changing to the chrysalis. (Cp.Germ. honigwabe, and wabe, a bee-cell. ) This seems not improbable, but Skeatrejects the derivation, and suggests a lost root wap-, to sting.2 For alternative and better explanation see under √siu .• It may be inferred from the equations given under ŢE- and √UE-BH- thatthe Eur-Aryan peoples had acquired some acquaintance with plaiting, spinning andweaving. Their knowledge of the latter art went no further than the use of somevery simple form of loom; and from many of the names used for loom, warp andeven for the weaver, it would appear that the earliest loom stood upright, and theweaver stood to his work: e.g. Gk. lorós, loom , oтhµwv, Lat. stamen, the warp, Lith.stākles, the loom, O.N. vef-stadr, Sans. sthair, weaver, all from the root ste-, to stand(Schrader, Præhist. Antiq. p. 330).The spelling wasp ' instead of ' waps ' (which is still used bythe uneducated)is probably due to Lat. vespa as M.H.G. vespe, N.H.G. wespe.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 103a bond, a chain, vinca-pervinca, pervinca, a kind of creeping plant,cervix, -vīcis, the neck (a compound of an obsolete Latin word ceres,but still remaining in cere-brum [ = Gk. Képas, Sans. çiras, the head]+vic-, the unnasalised root of vinc-ire) , literally the head-fastener;viscum, ' the mistletoe, birdlime, viscidus, viscosus.Teutonic, O.H.G. wicchili, N.H.G. wickel, a bundle offlax or woolfor spinning, N.H.G. wickeln, to roll up, swathe, bandage, N.H.G.entwickeln, to unroll, develop, O.H.G. wiohha, N.H.G. wieche, lint, O. Sax.weoca, lint, a wick, A.S. wecca, a wick, O. Du. wiecke, a wick, lint.Skeat connects these with VUI in the sense of bending, beingpliant, yielding, but the sense of rolling round, binding, seems moreprominently marked in the words given above. A.S. *wicor (notfound), M.E. wiker, wikir, plaited work, O. Swed. wika, to bend.Celtic, Gael. figh, Ir. figim, fighim, Wel. gweu, to weave, Corn.guiat, a web.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, periwinkle (the plant) , cervical, relating to the neck,viscous (?).Teutonic, wick, of a candle or lamp, the twisted or bound threads,wicker, wicker-work, wax (?) .Eur-Ar. √UI, apart, separate (in verbal sense extended by DH-) , toremove from, avoid. Pott suggests a verb vi- (=vi +i, go) withpart. vitas.Sanscrit, vi (adv =. ) , apart from, in composition without, apart,³vi-dhavā (subs. ), a widow ( =vi +dhava, as given in Pet. Dict. man,husband, lord) , or vidhavas (adj . ) , bereft ( =vi apart + dba, to place);cp. vi-tatas, extended apart (from vi +ta, to stretch):' Prellwitz connects with Gk. igós, Lat. viscum, O.H.G. wahs, N.H.G. wachs, O.N.vax, A.S. weahs, wax, and Lith. waszkas, O. Slav. and Russ, vosku, wax. Klugesays that the Balto- Slave words are perhaps borrowed from the Teutonic, but givesno hint of a common origin with lós and viscum. The change of vowel, too, is not infavour of Prellwitz's view.' So explained by the Indian grammarians, and accepted by Pott ( Etym. Forsch.i. 710), who cites two words in which dhavaman, master, husband, a-dhava(' a-' privative) , without a husband, and sa-dhava, with a husband. The Petersburg Sans. Dict. gives dhava = man, husband, master, lord. Skeat and others consider itan adjectival form from ✓vidh-, to empty (vi + dh from dha), with general meaning ' deprived of,' and objects to the preceding explanation that it isolates the Sans.vidhava from the cognate words of the series. The authority is very greatly in favour of the Indian grammarians; and it may be that the specific Sanscrit designation acquired the more general sense, as an adjective, of bereft.104 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√UI- Zend, vidhava, bereft, vidhu, a widow.Greek, perhaps diá ( if vi =a mutilated form of dvi, two; whichsee), ǹí0-ɛos, unmarried, for Fní-0ɛos (?).Latin, vi-d-, in viduus, bereft, lonely, vidua, a widow, vitare, evitare,to avoid, inevitabilis, unavoidable, * vidĕre (?) , to part, in dividere,divisi, divisum, to divide; dividuus, divisible, dividus, parted; viduare,to deprive.L. Latin and Romance, Prov. voit, o.F. voide, vuide, N.F. vide,empty, M.E. void, Prov. voidar, vuiar, o.F. vuidier (from * videre orviduare), to empty; O.F. esvuidier (formed as from a Lat. *exviduare),Norm. Fr. voider, M.E. avoyden, voiden, to empty. Its later sense, toshun, has arisen from confusion with N.F. éviter, shun, escape from.Span. viuda, O.F. vuid, Port. viuva, Ital. vedova, Prov. veuva, O.F.vedve, veuve, a widow; Ital. guidardone, loan-word from O.H.G.widarlon (altered under the influence of Lat. donum, o.F. guerdon,reward).Balto-Slav. , O. Pruss. widdewu, O. Slav. vidova, widow, Russ.vdova (s.s.).Teutonic, Goth. widuwo, O.H.G. witawa, N.H.G. witwe, A.S. widuwe,wuduwe, widwe, M.E. widewe, N.E. a widow. Goth. withra (cp. Sans.vitaram, farther apart), O.H.G. widar, N.H.G. wider and wieder, against,again, A.S. widher, against, A.S. widhre, resistance, M.E. wideren, toresist, O.H.G. widarlon, A.S. widerlean, a recompense; O.N. vidh, against,by, at, A.S. widh, against: later it lost this its original sense, and tookthat of a.s. mid ( = N.H.G . mit) , with; mid then as a prep. becameobsolete, and widh took its place and meaning, retaining its propersense of against only in some of its compounds; A.S. widh is connectedwith O.H.G. wit, N.H.G. weit, far, which, Kluge suggests, looks likethe participial form of the root ui- ( uita); A.S. wid, O.N. vidr, wide, i.e.far apart, separated from each other.Celtic, O. Ir. fedb, Wel. gweddw, a widow.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, inevitable, divide, -sion , -sor, -sible, individual, subdivide,-sion.L. Latin and Romance, void, avoid, -able, -ance, devoid, voidance,guerdon.Teutonic, widow, -er, withers ' (of a horse), the juncture of theshoulders against which the weight of the load drags, from A.S. widhreSkeat cites a German widerrist, the withers.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 105wide, widen, width, &c. , with; the original sense against is retainedin withstand, withsay, withhold, withdraw, with-set.Eur-Ar. √UIK, VȚIG-, sense indeterminate,' perhaps the primarysense was ' to set apart. 'Sanscrit, vich-, -vij-, in vi-na-kti, perf. vi-vech-a, p. p. vikta, toseparate, sift by winnowing, try, examine; vij- in vi-na-kti, perf.vi-veja, p. p. vigna, vikta, to start back, flee from, be afraid,wearied of.3Greek, eik- for Feik- in elкw ( =Fɛíx-w) , to yield, give place to; εiкw,to resemble² (for Fɛíxw,³ cp. Cypг. Fεikova for ɛikóva, an image) , perf.oika Fé-Folk a (cp. Sans. ve- vec-a) , ɛixóv, an image; ixvos, footstep,impression of the foot, ixveów, to track, ixveúμwv, the tracker, ananimal said to find out where the eggs of crocodiles were laid .=Latin, vic- in vic-is, vice, vicem, vices, vicibus, 5 change, alternation,succession, substitution, a time, a turn, a shift, vice, in the place of,invicem, in turns, vice versâ, in reversed position, vicissim, in turn,vicissitudo, an alteration , vicarius, (adj . ) standing in theplace of, (subs. )a substitute, a proxy. Vic-tima, a victim, is derived by Osthoff from√vig- in the sense of set apart for sacrifice, dedicate, consecrate (cp .Goth. veihs, &c., holy, consecrated); -tima is an adjectival suffix, asthough formed from a noun *victis, and victima is fem. sing. of anadjective * victimus, consecrated, and used as a noun.¹ The form YIK- is required by the Greek and Latin words, UIG- by the Teutonic,and they may be expansions either from UI-, to bend, twist, or from ✔UI-,apart; in Sans. vich- the latter sense is apparent, but in vij- that of being pliant,giving away, yielding, retiring, comes in, which accords better with UI- , to twine. Itis probable that this root UI- in both its senses may be from dui, ' two ' by loss of initial d. In the sense of twining, it denotes the plaiting of two threads (cp.twine, twist, twig, with two, all from dui, two); in the sense of apart, the distinction of the person speaking from the person or object spoken of (cp. Sans. dvis,two, dvish-, to be hostile, Gk. dís, twice, Lat. dis-, apart. For the loss of d cp. Lat.viginti, Sans. vi-çati, Lat. bis, binus, &c.2 In the Latin vicis there is a similiar transition from the sense offollowing upontothat of resembling, imitating; vice, vicem, ' in the place of,' ' in succession to,' is alsoin the manner of,' like, as ' Sardanapali vicem mori,' to die like Sardanapalus; advicem, like, ' in the style of'; cp. use of ' after ' in the phrase ' after Rubens,' &c. ' inthe style of Rubens.'' See Brugmann, ii . 1225.4 For alternative explanation see under ✔ais-, to wish, seek.BBrugmann, ii. 458, cites without remark Osthoff's derivation of vic- is from✔yeik-, to fight, conquer, and its connection with Lat. vinco. The explanation bothof Gk. einw, to yield, and elkw, to resemble, also of vic- is, given in the text is that of G. Curtius.106 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS .VIK√UIGL. Latin and Romance, Itál. vece, Prov. fez, fes, O.F. fois, a turn, atime; O.F. vis-, vi- ( = Lat. vice) in composition, ' in the place of,'vi-comte ( vice- comes), viscount, vidame (= vice-dominus), an officer,or one holding land under a bishop or monastery, who had to defend thetemporalities, try causes and offences; Ital. vicario, Prov. viguier,O.F. voyer, viguier, N.F. vicaire, a substitute, M.E. vicar, vicary, a vicar, 'a deputy.Teutonic, O.H.G. wihhan, N.H.G. weichen, O.N. ykva, vikja, A.S.wican, to give way to, O.H.G. weik, N.H.G. weich, A.S. wāc, M.E. wooc,woke, O.N. veikr, veykr, M.E. weik, waike, weak, soft, originallyyielding, pliant, giving way to , A.S. wæcan, to make ill, wacian, togrow ill; O.H.G. weh-sal, N.H.G. wechsel, o.N. vixl, A.S. vrixl (withirregular insertion of r) , exchange, substitution ofone thing for another(root veik +suffix -sla); Goth. weihan, O.H.G. wih-en, N.H.G. weihen,O.N. vigja, A.S. wihjan, to consecrate, dedicate, set apart as sacred (cp.Sans. vich-, to separate) , Goth. weiha, O.N. vē, a priest, a temple, (incomp.) holy, a.s. wih, wig, a consecrated place, a temple, an idol, Goth.weihs, holy, sacred, A.S. wih, wig, O.H.G. wih, N.H.G. weih- (in composition) , holy, as weih-rauch, incense, holy smoke, Weihnacht, Christmas. Goth. wiko, order of succession , perhaps week, found in NewTestament, Luke i . 8, ' in wikon kunjis seinis,' a translation of ¿v tỷτάξει τῆς ἐφημερίας αὐτοῦ, in the order of his course. Diefenbachtranslates wiko by Wochendienst,' the weekly service. Kluge considerswiko a true German word, but Cleasby and Vigfusson as a loan-wordfrom Lat. vic-is on account of the k, which should have been giffrom the same root as Gk. Elko, Lat. vicis. If, however, the otherGerman derivatives are formed as from Eur-Ar. √uig-, why not thenGoth. wiko? O.H.G. wehha, wohha, N.H.G. woche, O.N. vika, A.S. wicu,6' The ecclesiastical sense of the word is given by Du Cange as follows: ' Theclergyman who officiates in the place of the parish priest. ' The distinction in Eng- land between the ecclesiastical titles of rector and vicar-viz. that the former isthe impropriator of the great tithes as well as the small, while the latter receivesthe small tithes only-arose in this way; that during the middle ages the monasteries contrived to get possession of the richer and more important parishes with their emoluments. To carry on the parochial duties they deputed one of the mouks,who was called their ' vicar ' and received the small tithes in remuneration, whilethe monasteries retained the large tithes for their own use. Whenthe property ofthemonasteries was granted by the crown to the nobles and others, the latter also received the large tithes of the parishes occupied by the monks, while the clericappointed to serve them had only the small tithes and the title of Vicar as before.In parishes which had not lost the great tithes, the clergyman retained the title of rector. In parishes from which the great tithes had been alienated , the holder ofthese was called ' the lay impropriator.'

• This instance of nacht, night, being used for day, as also fastnacht, fortnight,

se'n night, Welsh wyth-nos, &c. , are remnants of the time when the moon was thechief measure of time and the computation was made by nights, not days.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 107defenΑ.Σ.Πwica, M.E. weke, wike, wouke, woke, a week. The primary notion ofthe word may be order ofsuccession or change, perhaps with referenceto the changes of the moon; o.N. vik, a bay or creek running up intothe land, viking, an expedition for plunder, vikingr, a dweller by aford.Celtic, Ir. fecht, a time, turn, oenfecht, once, Wel. gwaith, course,turn, time; Gael. fiach, debt, O. Ir. fiach, holy debts (Windisch; seeMacbain, ' Gael. Dict. ') .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, icon or eikon, an image (in Eikon Basilike ' ) , the Russianpictures ofSaints, iconoclastic, image-breaker, ichneumon, ' the tracker,'the mongoose.Latin, vice in vice versâ, pro hac vice, in comp. as viceroy, vicegerent, &c. , vicarious, vicissitude; victim, victimise.L. Latin and Romance, vis- or vi- in comp. as viscount, vicar,vicarage, and the surname Vicary.Teutonic, weak, weaken, &c. (A.S. wāc, wæcan), Wig- in someEnglish names of places, as Wig-stone, &c. , the holy stone (from A.S.wihjan). Week, weekly, and Wikings, the piratical dwellers along theNorwegian fiords; vi- in Scandinavian names of places, as Vi-borg, &c.-vich, in some English names of places, as Greenwich, &c.1Eur-Ar.TEID √UID-, to see, perceive, know, find.Sanscrit, vid- in vidāmi, I know, in vedas, knowledge, veda (perfectknowing form with present sense: cp. Gk- olda), plu. vid-ma, pr. pt. vidvams,, p. p. vidita, vitta, known, vitti, consciousness, -vid as final incomp.(=knowing); vindati, a present formation of vid-, with nasal,and sense offinding, obtaining, p. p. vitta, found, obtained, vedatā , pos- session,property.Zend, vid-, invaeda, voiçta, vaedha(perf. t. ) (cp. Gk. Foîda, Sans.veda), Iknow, pr. pt. vidhvao, p. p. viçta, vaedha, success, possession,InCleasbyandVigfusson'sDict. vioisgivenasa smallcreek, inlet, bay, andvikingr, afreebooter, pirate, rover, socalledasdenoting' themenfromthefiords' orthemenwhosailed uptheflordsinsearchofplunder.ThisvoyageforplunderwasOrkneysitlasteddowntothethirteenthcentury.ThetownWickontheN.E.coastofScotlandis probablyderivedfromvic, a creekorbay, butgenerally-wickisfromEur-Ar.eik, todrell, settle, thr. Lat. vicus.Maynot the root IDbeanextensionfromUIapart(perhapsthesamewordasDUI.DUIS, intwo, apart), implyingdistinctionbetween, a knowingonethingfromanother, asLat. scire, toknow, andscindere, tocleave(p. t. sci- di ), comefromthesameroot✔ski-, to cleave, separate, split.108 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VUEID✔UIDGreek, eid- id-, for Feid- Fid-, in ɛldw, to see, aor. eidov, for ě-Fid- ov,ideiv, perf. first pers. sing. oida, first plur. idμev; eidos, form, appearance, -ɛions (as final in comp. ) = ' form of,' like, as ȧveрwπоeidńs,man-like, (-o-ɛıdns is sometimes contracted into -wdns, as yvvaikwdns);εἴδομαι, to appear, εἴδωλον, an image, phantom, είδωλο-λατρία, theworship of idols, eidúλλov, an idyl, a short descriptive poem, a wordpicture, generally pastoral, idéa, look or semblance, in Plato the idealform, archetype, to which the creature is the antitype, " Aɩdns, invisible,the unseen world, Hades; loτwp, one who knows, an inquirer, a wiseman, ajudge, ioтopla, a knowing by inquiry, a written or narratedaccount, iσTopέw, to inquire, write or narrate an account, iσTopikós,historical.Latin, vid- in videre, vidi, visum= vid-tum, to see ( cp. Sans. vitta=vid-ta), visio, visus, a seeing, vision, visualis, visibilis; videri, toseem, visere, intens. of video, to examine, visit, vītrum (with i in Propertius, i in Horace) = vid-trum, glass, something seen through; compounds ofvidere-, e-videns-, -tia, conspicuous, clearly seen, invidere, to lookaskance at, to envy, invidia, envy, invidus, envious, invidiosus, envious,invidious, invisus, hated, prævidere, to foresee, providere, to look forward, providens, -tia, = prudens, -tia, prudent, provident (cp. bovibus=būbus, movitare= mutare) , proviso, of set purpose, improviso, without previous thought; revisere, to revisit, re-examine, visitare, freq. ofvisere, to visit, revisitare, to revisit, videlicet ( = videre licet), ‘ you maysee,' namely.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. videre (p. p. veduto, visto, fem. vista) ,O.F. veier, veoir, N.F. voir (voyant, p. p. vu, ¹ fem. vue) , to see, Ital. belvedere ( lit. fine view) , the turret or lantern of a house commanding afine view, Ital . veduta (p. p. of videre, f. ) , o.F. veuë, M.E. vewe, N.F. vue,N.E. view, Ital. vista, a view, an opening through trees &c . for the sakeofa view, 2 o.F. vis ( = Lat. visus) , a face, vis à vis, face to face; F.viser, to examine, endorse, L. Lat. viseria, visorium, part of a helmetadapted for seeing, O.F. visiere, M.E. visere, visor, visard, F. visage,face, look, as from L. Lat. *visaticum; Ital. provvedere, O.F. pour- porveier ( Lat. providere) , provide for, M.E. purvey, O.F. porveiour, M.E.purveour, N.E. purveyor, O.F. surveier ( =Lat. supra-videre) , survey;The process of change is as follows: Late vernacular Lat. vedutus, Ital. veduto,Prov. vezut, O.F. * vedut, * veut (by loss of d between two vowels) , veu, N.F. vu.2 Körting derives Ital. visto, Prov. vistz, O.F. viste, nimble, quick (i.e. in a· look ora moment, N.F. vite, quickly, vitesse, quickness, from a L. Lat. *vistus p. p. of videre,Ital. visto, Prov. vist, O.F. viste used in the sense of quick, N.F. vite. Cp. Ital.avvisto, at sight, in a moment. Diez seems inclined to regard it as an abbreviation of avvisto.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 109E0Ital. viso (Lat. visum), what has seemed to be, meaning, O.F. avis (ad +visum) , M.E. avis , opinion, counsel, notice, N.E. advice, O.F. aviser, Prov.avisar, Ital. avvisare ( = L. Lat. ad-visare, Du Cange) , M.E. avisen, togive notice, counsel, N.E. advise; Ital. invidiare, Prov. envejar, o.F.envier, to envy, O.F. envie, Prov. enveia, Span. envideia, Ital. invidia,M.E. enuye, N.E. envy; F. reviser (= L. Lat. revisare), to revise, Ital .improvisare, F. improviser, to improvise, Ital. improvisatore, an extempore composer; O.F. estoire, estore, by-forms of histoire , M.E. storie,a story, history; Ital. guidare, to show the way, guide, O.F. guider, M.E.guide, gide, gyde (s.s.) , from Goth. witan; Ital. guisa (from 0.H.G.wisa), O.F. guise, manner, way, fashion, O.F. des-guiser, to disguise,assume anotherform or fashion; O.F. wischard, clever, knowing ( = 0.N.vizkr, clever, +-ard) , a wizard, M.E. wysard, a ' wiseman, ' o.F. Guiscard,pr. n. of a man; Ital. vetro (Lat. vitrum), Prov. veires, O.F. veire, N.F.verre, glass, Ital. vitriolo, F. vitriol, vitriol, from its glassy look,L. Lat. vitrinus, glassy, Prov. veirin, s.s. (cp. F. verre, a glass) , L. Lat.

• vitrinire, F. vernir, to varnish, M.E. vernysshe; F. idéal, formed

from Gk. idea through Latin.Balto-Slav., Lith. weidz-mi, see, look, Lith. vaidas, face, O. Pruss.widdai, he saw, O. Slav. vizda, videti, to see, vidu, face, O. Slav. vemi,vedeti, to know, vedi, knowledge.Teutonic, Goth. witan, O.H.G. wizzan, N.H.G. wissen, A.S. witan,O.N. vita, to see, perceive, know. Old perfect form with pr. sense:Goth. wait, O.H.G. weiz, A.S. wāt, M.E. wot, I know; cp. Sans. veda,Gk. oida, I know (lit. I have seen); p. t. , Goth. wissa, O.H.G. wista,N.H.G. wusste, A.S. wiste, M.E. wiste, wist, O.N. vissa, I knew; Goth.weis, O.H.G. Wis, N.H.G. weis, A.S. wīs, O.N. viss (more commonly vit-r),wise, O.H.G. wistuom, A.S. wisdom, wisdom; O.H.G. wisa, N.H.G. weise,A.S. wise, O.N. vis (subs. ) , manner, fashion, frequent as final in Englishcompounds, as likewise, &c.: used as an independent noun, ‘ in thiswise,' it is an archaism; O.H.G. wizzi, N.H.G. witz , A.S. wit, O.N. vit,wit, O.H.G. wizzig ( *witag) , N.H.G. witzig, A.S. witig, O.N. vizkr, witty;O.H.G. wizago, N.H.G. weissager (a popular etymology, as thoughspeaking wisely, from weis +sagen, to say) , A.S. witega, witga, O.N.vitka, m. , vitki, f. , a foreteller, wizard, prophet, A.S. wicca, m. , wicce,f. , wizard, witch: according to Skeat a by-form of witga, witge. Heexplains also the M.E. adj . wikke, wick, evil, as the same word aswikke, witch; and N.E. wicked as p. p. of a verb * wikken, to makeevil, supposed to be formed from adj . wikke, evil. Goth. ga-weison,O.H.G. wisan, N.H.G. weisen, A.S. wīsian, O.N. visa, to show, point out,O.H.G. wizan, A.S. witan, M.E. wyten, O.N. vita, to blame, bring a charge✔UEID√UID-110 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.against, scold, Dial. wyte, to scold, O.H.G. wizi, O. Sax. wite, A.S. wite,punishment, blame; O.H.G. giwis, N.H.G. gewiss, A.S. ywis, certainly,A.S. witnes, testimony, O.N. vitni, M.E. witnes, testimony, and the persongiving it, A.S. witan-gemot, meeting ofwise men.Celtic, Gael. fidir, to inquire, O. Ir. fetar, know, N. Ir. fidirim, Iconsider, fidir (subs.) , a teacher, Ir. fiss , fios , Gael. fios , knowledge,Wel. gwydd (s.s.) , Wel. gwyddol, scientific, Wel. gwydr, glass.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, Veda, vedistic.Greek, the suffix -id, -idal signifying likeness of kind, form, orquality, anthropoid, typhoid, aneroid, rhomboid, spheroidal, &c.; idol,idolatry, -er, -ous, idyl, idyllic, idea, ideal (thr. Fr. idéal) , whenceidealise , -ism, -ist, -isation, Hades, history, -ian, -ical (thr. Fr. or Lat.forms).Latin, vide (or v. =see, imp. , in reference to pages, &c.) , vision, -ary,visual, visible, &c. , vitreous, evident, -ence, -ential, invidious, prevision, provide, provision, -al, provident, prudent, -ence, -ential,proviso, improvise, -er, revise, -er, -al, -ion, visit, -or, revisit (thr.Fr. forms) , visitant, visitation (direct from Lat. ) , videlicet, viz.L. Latin and Romance, Belvedere, vista, view, review, interview,au revoir, voilà, clair-voyant, vis à vis, visée, visor, visard, purvey,-or, survey, -or, advice, advise, -able, envy, -vious, improvisatore,story, storied, said of walls frescoed or adorned with paintings ofhistorical subjects , guide, -ance, misguide, guise, disguise, wizard (Teut.thr. Fr.), vitriol, varnish.Teutonic, to wit (vb. ) , I wot ( =I know) , I wist (p. t. )), I knew,witting, unwitting, wise, wisdom; wise (subs. ) , as final of compoundsin like-wise, otherwise, corner-wise, &c.; wit, witless, witty, witticism(a word coined in the eighteenth century on the analogy of solecism,Gallicism); wiseacre, a corruption of N.H.G. weissager, in its turn apopular corruption of O.H.G. wizago; witch, bewitch, witchcraft,wicked, wyte (provincial) , to scold; I-wis, as two words (=I know),an ignorant mis-use of A.S. ywis, certainly; witness.Eur-Ar. UISUE, equal.Sanscrit, vishu = vishva (?) , vishu-vant, belonging to both sides, (assubs. ) equinox.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 111Greek, to-os (Att. ); iooos (Æol. ) , Floσos (Hom. ) , for CretanFiofos, cp. yio-yos (Hesych. ) , equal.¹ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, compounds of loos-, as isosceles, isometrical, isotherm, isotheral , isomeric, isochronous , &c.Eur-Ar. √UEI- √ȚI-, seek, desire, pursue, attack, catch.Sanscrit, vi-, ve-, in veti, vian, to seek, vayas, food, refreshment,health, youth, vayati, drives, &c . , vītas, sought after, desired.Zend, vi- in vyeiñti , strive after, vayeiti , drives, hunts, e-vita ,disliked, bad (Fick, 4th ed. p. 305).Greek, Fi in is, for Fís (Hesych. yís) , gen. i-v-ós, acc. iva, sinew,force, strength, ioxús, Lacon. Bioxúv, Hesych. yioxúv.Latin, vē-, vī-, in venari, to hunt, venator, a hunter, venatio, hunting,venabulum, a hunting-spear, in L. Lat. a deer-hound, vis, ² vi, vim,vires, strength, violens, violari, &c . (see under √GI ) , invītus, ³ unwilling, invitare, to invite.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. vener, to hunt (Lat. venari) , O.F.venerie, hunting, O.F. veneisun, venaison ( =Lat. venation-em) , a hunt,that which is hunted, M.E. venessun, veneison, N.E. venison, O.F. veneur(=Lat. venator) , huntsman, grand-veneur, chief huntsman, superintendent of the royal hunt (cp. Gros-venour), Ital. invitare, Prov.envidar, F. inviter, O.F. envier, to invite, challenge to a wager or gameof chance or skill, Span. envidar (Lat. invitare), O.F. envier, to put an1 Brugmann connects foos with eldos, shape, form, and gives as its original formFiro-fos from a base uit-s, a weakened variant of ✔neid, to know. If this be so,Sans. vishu, vishuvant, belonging to both sides, which is the equivalent of the Gk.Yoos (FITσ-Fos), confirms the hypothesis that ✔ueid- is an extension of ui-– dại, tro(see footnote to ✔geid-).? It seems difficult to dissociate i̇s and vis notwithstanding the difference of theircase formation-ts: Ivos, vis: vires; and no less difficult to offer a satisfactoryexplanation of their origin. Three roots have been assigned: ( 1 ) ✅GI- (comp.Hesych. yls and loxov): this was Fick's explanation in his edition of 1874; ( 2) thisroot ✔TEI-, which Fick now accepts; and (3) the root ui-, to bind, which is supposed by Curtius to come nearest to the original sense of is, a sinew. But Brugmannconnects is with Lat. vis (ii . 456) from ✔ŢI-.• Invitus, invitare, are variously explained. ( 1 ) Lewis and Short, invitare =invicitare from ✔TEQ-, to speak, which may suit invitare, to invite, ask or call in,but not invitus, unwilling, which is traced to ✅UER-, willing, with the neg. pref. in-;(2) to qvait-, by Fick in 1874 edition; ( 3) by Fick, edition 1890, to ✔uei-, seek,desire, to which he was probably induced by Corssen, pp. 33-34, who makes invitusp. p. of inviere, to ask in, one asked to come in, a bidden guest, ' not of his own accord ';invitare is a freq. formed from invitus.112 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.additional stake on, O.F. envi, a challenge, à l'envi, by challenge orfora wager, M.E. envyen, vien, to challenge, to stake upon, M.E. a vie, fora wager, from O.F. envi (by loss of -en); L. Lat. guadagnum, gain(subs. ) , O.F. guaign, N.F. gain, Ital. guadagno, Ital. guadagnare, to gain,O.F. guagner, N.F. gagner (s.s.), O.F. guaigner, to cultivate a field, i.e.turn it to profit, L. Lat. guagnerium, o.F. gaaignere, tilled land (allfrom Teut. weidanjan or waidanjan) , M.E. gaznen, gain, gayne,gein, ' to be ofuse or profit, (later) to gain.Teutonic, O.H.G. weida, forage, food, the chase, hunting ground,N.H.G. weide, forage, pasture ground, A.S. wādh, a hunting, a catch, thechase, O.N. veidr, a catch in hunting or fishing, fara a veidar, go ahunting, O.H.G. weidon, weidanon, weidanjan, seek for food, hunt,N.H.G. weiden, to pasture, feed on.Celtic, Ir. and Gael. fiadh, a deer, fiadach, a deer-hunt, Gael.fiadhaich, wild, savage, Ir. and Gael. fiadhain, wild, uncultivated,Wel. gwydd, wild, Bret. guez (s.s.) , Wel. gwyddelig, silvan, savage,also Irish; Wel. gwyddel, an Irishman.2ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, violent, violate, with other derivatives of vis; invite (thr.Fr.) , invitation.L. Latin and Romance, venery, venison, Grosvenor (now pr. n.) ,perhaps also Venables; ' vie with, ' to stake against, to emulate, contendfor superiority, gain, regain, &c.Eur-Ar. UEIQ , found in the European group, with sense to fight,overpower, conquer.Latin, vic-, vinc-, in vinc-ere, vic-i, victum, to conquer, convincere,1 Derived by Mätzner from O.N. gagn, gain, profit, Goth. ga-geiggan, to gain,O.N. gegn, fit, serviceable, ogegn, ungainly; but the derivation given in the text(which is Diez's) is to be preferred. The words gainly, ungainly, and the vulgar' gain ' or ' gane,' casy, short, said of a road, may be better referred directly to O.N.gagn, gegn.2 It might be thought that this name was given to the Irish by the Welsh, asindicating their comparatively uncivilised condition; this does not appear to be so.It is probably a corrupt form of the Scotch and Irishnames for the language and peopleof the Scottish Highlands, viz. Gael. Gaidhlig, Gaidheal, Gaelic, Gael, Ir. Gaoidhilig,Gaoidheal, Irish, Irishman. For these names Macbain ( Etym. Gael. Dict. p. 354)suggests Eur-Ar. ✅ghēdh- as the root, and so connects them with Gk. -yað-ós, Eng.good, N.H.G. gut, which would give the names the meaning of the good people. (Cp.the explanations, Celts from Lat. celsus; Gauls from Celtic, gal, brave.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 113convince, prove, evincere, -viçi, -victum, to conquer, prove, recover byjudicial process, victor, -ia, pervicax, obstinate, provincia, province.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. vincere, Prov. venger, O.F. veinquer,veincre (p. p. veinquis, from veinquiser), M.E. venkisen, venkusen,venquishen, N.E. vanquish, N.F. vaincre (p. p. vainquis) , to conquer,O.F. victorie; Ital. Ludovico (from Teut. Chlodowig, famous in war) ,L. Lat. Clovis, F. Louis, Louise, Héloïse. Eliza is a corruption ofHéloïse, not a shorter form of Elizabeth; Aloys (m. ) , Aloyse (f. ) , areProvençal forms of Héloïse, Elise; probably also Alice is a modernEnglish form of the same.Balto-Slav. , Lith. vëku, strength, upveik-in, overpower.Teutonic, vih-, vig-, in Goth. weihan, weigan, O.H.G. wihan, O.N.vega, to attack, A.S. wigan, to fight, Goth. waihjo, o.H.G. and A.S. wīg,O.N. vig, fight; O.N. veig, strength, O.H.G. wigand, a champion; O.H.G.Chlodo-wig, N.H.G. Ludwig, famed in war, O.N. wig-fuss, eager in war,O.N. wigkon, keen in war.Celtic, O. Ir. fichim, Ifight, fecht, afight, N. Ir. and Gael. feachd ,an army, host, expedition; -vix in Latino-Gallic names of persons , withsense of champion, victor, as Virido-vix; Gael. fioch, wrath, O. Ir.fioch, feud.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, victor, victorious, victory (thr. Fr.) , invincible, convince,convict (vb. to find guilty, and subs . ' one proved to be guilty ' ) conviction, evince, evict, -ion, province, a country or district outside thenational territory, gained in war (see Cors. ' Beitrag. ' 259) .L. Latin and Romance, vanquish, Louis, Louisa (from Teut.),Héloïse, Eliza, Alice.Teutonic, Lutwich, Lutwyche, a surname, and many names compounded with O.N. vig, as Norw. Vigfussen, from vig-fuss, eager inwar, Eng. Wig-ram, strong in war, Wiggins vigkoen, skilled inwar, &c.=Eur-Ar. √UIK, to go in, settle, go home, ' &c.Sanscrit, viç- in viçati , to go in, settle, veça, a house, viç , vit, houseI The word vik established itself as the name of the community of kinsmenoccupying the same settlement, which afterwards became the village community,the most ancient and tenacious political organisation, common to all the Eur-aryanThe terms, Sans. viç-pati, Zend. viç-paiti, Lith. veizpati, chief of the clan orvillage, showthat a definite order and government was established in these communi- ties from the earliest times.races.I114 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√UIKor clan, viç-pati, head of the clan, vaiçya, a dweller, inhabitant, thethird caste called Vaisya.Zend, viç- in viçaiti, enter, settle, vaeça, house, viç, house, clan,viç-paiti, head of the clan.Greek, ix-, oix- for Fix-, in kw (Dor. Elxw) , in-véoμai, to come to,arrive, ' oikos ( =Foîños) , a house, oixéw, to dwell, ǹ oikovµévŋ, theinhabited world, Siouxέw, to keep house, manage, administer, Sioíκnois,house-keeping, administration, oikovoµía, administration of a household,Táρоikos, one who dwells beside, a neighbour, (in Septuagint and NewTestament) a sojourner, an alien, foreigner, πapoixía, a sojourning in aforeign land,² Tpixäïkes (for тpixá-Fixes), consisting of three clans ortribes; cp. Hesiod:πάντες δὲ τριχάϊκες καλέονταιοὕνεκα τρισσὴν γαῖαν ἑκὰς πάτρης ἐδάσαντο.Θρήικες for Θρήικες ( =θρα-, τρα-, for τετρα, +Fίκες: cp. τράπεζα,a table with four feet), so called because composed of four tribes (?) .Latin, vic- in vicus, a house, village , district, villa ( dim. ) , for vic-la,a country house, farmstead, vicinus, one living in the same vicus, aneighbour, vicinitas, neighbourhood, villicus, house steward, villaticus,relating to a country house, parœcia (Gk. loan-word) , a district, diœcesis,a government, jurisdiction, in eccles. Lat. a bishop's jurisdiction.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. vico, a narrow lane, Ital. villa, o.F.ville, a town, Ital. villano (L. Lat. villanus, countrified, common) , O.F.vilein, vilain, a serf, a farm-labourer, M.E. vilein, vileyn (s.s.) , Ital.villania, O.F. vilenie, vileinie, M.E. vilanie (L. Lat. villania) , the condition of a serf, rough, disgraceful conduct, ' qualem villani faceresolent ' (Du Cange) , Ital. villaggio, O.F. village, L. Lat. villagium(=villaticum), a country house, a village, Ital . vicino, Prov. vezin-s, O.F.voisin, a neighbour ( =Lat. vicinus) , Prov. vezinetat-z , O.F. voisenage,neighbourhood (as from L. Lat. vicinagium =* vicinaticum); Ital.parrochia, O.F. paroisse, a parish, M.E. parische, L. Lat. parochialis,relating to a parish (Du Cange) , Ital . parroco (L. Lat. parochus), Prov.Uncertain. Curtius connects ikvéoµaι and ikérns, a suppliant, one who comes forhelp, with uik-, but Prellwitz with a root seik-.2 The primary meaning of raporía was a dwelling near, but it expressed alsothe sense of a temporary dwelling, a sojourning, and in the N.T. is generally used inthis sense, with the intention of reminding Christians that in this life they were butsojourners in a foreign country, and had here no abiding city. St. Peter especiallyuses it with this intention, and the translators of the Eng. Bible render ' sπapoiklas vµŵv xpóvov ' (I. i . 17 ) ' the time of your sojourning. It is probable thatПароikia became a descriptive name of the companies of believers dwelling in heathencities, and easily passed over into the modern sense of the word, an ecclesiasticaldistrict. It is found in Augustin as the name for the diocese, later for a parish.IEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 11531parocs, priest of the parish, Ital. parrocchiano, O.F. paroissien, aparishioner, parish priest, M.E. parisshen, a parishioner.Balto-Slav. , Lith. vësz, a village, a clan, O. Slav. visi, a village,Lith. vësz-pati, head, chief, Pruss. waispattin, mistress (cp.SEOTTÓτNS =SEµs-πóτns, house-lord) , Lith. veszin, to dwell as a guest.Teutonic, Goth. weihs, O.H.G. wih, A.S. and O.N. vic, ' a village,hamlet, outlying cluster of houses, wick.Celtic, O. Wel. gwic, Corn. guic, a village, town.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, Vaisya, a man ofthe third caste.Greek, ecumenical, general, universal (of ecclesiastical councils) ,economy, -ical, -ise, diocese, diocesan (thr. Latin forms) , Thracian.Latin, vicinity, vicinage (thr. F. and L. Lat. ) , villa.L. Latin and Romance, names of places and persons, compounds of-ville, as Villiers, Neville ( =Neuve-ville) , Beauville, Bevil, Bougainvillière, &c.; villain, -y, -ous, village, parish, parochial, parishioner.Teutonic, Wick, as Hampton-wick; in the composition of names, asWarwick, Berwick, Wickham, &c. But the termination -wich, inGreenwich, Woolwich, Droitwich, &c. , is, according to Skeat, from O.N.vic, a creek, bend in a river, from √ŲIG-, to bend, yield.Celtic, Gweek, name ofa village in Cornwall.Eur-Ar. VUEGH- √уоãн , to carry, drive, lead, go, bear, take to wife(i.e. to conduct home: cp. Latin ' ducere uxorem ').Sanscrit, vah- in vahāmi, I drive, travel, carry, &c. , vāh-anam, acarriage, vaha, a road, vahayati (caus. ) to cause to go, uhta ( = vahta) ,driven, vahya, a vehicle.Zend, vaz- in vaz-ami, I drive, &c . , vazya, a vehicle .Greek, ox- for Fox- in oxos, a carriage, ¿xéw, to draw, carry, ỏɣETós ,a water-pipe, a duct, Pamphylian FɛXÉT (imperative mood) , let himdrive (?): see Brugmann, iii. 915.Latin, vag-, veh-, in vagus, wandering, vagari, to wander (pr. p.vagans), vagabundus, wandering, vehere, vexi, vectum, to carry, drive,vehiculum, a vehicle, convehere, to convey, convectio, invehere, toattack, to inveigh against, invectivus, reproachful, convexus, sloping up-¹ The Teutonic names veihs, vic, &c. are probably borrowed from Lat. vicus , andnot of Teutonic descent. If they were, the regular form would have been vig-.1 2116 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√UEGH-√UOGHwards all round, vaulted, vexare (frequent. of vehere) , to move violently,agitate, vex-atio; vectura, a carrying, vectis, a lever for lifting, vectigal,a tax, vehemens, impulsive, rash, violent (also vēmens ¹ ) , vēlum, a sail,that which drives the ship, (for vec-slum 2: cp. pilum from pin-slum; seeunder √e-, to blow); via, vea, a way, viare (rare and late) , to travel,viator, a traveller, viaticum, money or provision for a journey, devius,out ofthe way, trivium, a place where three roads meet, trivialis, vulgar,commonplace, trivial, obvius, in the way, pervius, having a way through,prævius, leading the way, going in advance; vēna ( = vec-na), a vein, alittle channel, venosus, venous.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. vagare, F. vaguer, to wander, Ital.vago, F. vague, wandering, M.E. vagarant, N.E. vagrant, ³ F. vagabond(from Lat. vagabundus) , a vagrant; Ital. via, O.F. voie, a way, L. Lat.viagium ( =Lat. viaticum) , with sense of journey, travelling, Ital.viaggio, Prov. viatge, O.F. veiage, N.F. voyage, a journey, Ital. inviare,O.F. enveier, N.F. envoyer ( =Lat. in + viare) , to send on a journey, tosend, O.F. envoy, a messuge, a consignment, the account ofthe goods consigned, invoice, F. envoyé, messenger, envoy, Ital. conviare, O.F. conveier, convoier, M.E. conveien, convoien, N.E. convey, convoy ( = L.Lat. conviare) , to accompany on a journey, Ital . vettura, F. voiture( = vectura) , a carriage, Ital . vena, F. veine, a vein; Ital . trivio, aplace where three roads meet, Ital. trebbio (s.s.) , also a place ofmeeting,pastime, entertainmeut; Ital. inveire, Span. invehir, to inveigh (Lat.invehere).Balto-Slav. , Lith. veza, veizti, O. Slav. veza, vešti, drive, carry,(subs.) a thing, a matter, O. Slav. veza, vozu, a carriage.Teutonic, Goth. ga-wig-an, O.H.G. wegan, A.S. vezan, O.N. vega,to move, carry, lift, weigh, N.H.G. be-wegen, to set in motion, N.H.G.wiegen, to weigh, rock (as a cradle) , O.H.G. gi-wiht, N.H.G. ge-wicht,A.S. gewiht, O.N. vætt, weight, Goth. waihts; O.H.G. wiht, N.H.G.wicht, a wight, A.S. wiht, a whit, a wight, M.E. wizt (s.s.) , O.N. vœttr,4' If vemens be the original, the true sense is ' insane, ' and the word is a compound (ve, without, + mens, mind), like vecors, vesanus; but the derivation ofvehemens answers better to the sense, and the contraction from vehemens to vēmensis more likely than the change from vemens to vehemens.2 Brugmann derives vēlum from vec- slum; it may with equal correctness (phonetically) be derived from vet-lum, and the signification ' that which is blown onward 'is as suitable as ' that which is driven onward.' The O. Slav. vetilo, a sail, seems tofavour the latter derivation.3 Skeat derives this from a vb. vagarie, to wander, of which it is a pr. p. formed onthe analogy of F. vagant, M.E. vagaunt, from F. vaguer. Vagarie is found inFlorio's Ital. and Eng. Dict. of 1598 as equivalent of Ital. vagare, and Cotgrave(1660) uses the verb to vagary.• See Skeat, ad v. , who regards whit and wight as both derived from A.S. wiht,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 117a wight, vætta, a whit, A.S. awiht, M.E. eawiht, eawt, aught, a.s.nawiht, not a whit, naught; O.H.G. wagan, N.H.G. wagen, O.N. vagn,A.S. wægn, wæn, a wain, wagon, waggon (the latter way of spellingwas borrowed from Dutch or German in the fifteenth or sixteenthcentury: Skeat), O.H.G. waganari, N.H.G. wagner, a waggoner, Du.wagenschot, L.G. wagenscot, the best kind of oak wood, such as isused for making carriages '; Goth. wig-s, O.H.G. wec, N.H.G. weg,O.N. veg, A.S. weg, a way, A.S. weg-ferend, wayfaring, A.S. aweg,onweg, M.E. Oway, onway, N.E. away, M.E. aweiward, awayward,turning awayfrom.Celtic, O. Ir. fen, Gael. feun, a wagon, Gael. feunadair, waggoner.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, vagary, vagrant (coined from vagarie), extra-vagant, convection, vehicle, -ular, invective, convex, -ity, vex, -ation, vehement,-ce, viaticum, the last sacrament, viaduct, devious, deviate, -ion,trivial, -ity, obvious, obviate, previous, pervious, impervious, venous.L. Latin and Romance, vague, vagabond; voyage, envoy, invoice(from an English plur. of French envoi: envois, the goods sent), thelist of goods sent, convey, convoy, conveyance, conveyancer, a lawyerwho draws the form of conveying property from one owner to another,inveigh, invective; vein, veinlet.Teutonic, weigh, weight, -y, wight, whit, aught, naught, naughty,wain, wainscot (so called from the quality of the wood used in panellinga room), wainwright, waggon, waggoner, way, away, wayward, wayfarer, waylay, &c. , Wainwright, Wagner.Eur-Ar. √UEQ- √UENQ , to sway about, move from side to side,to roll, swerve, (as adj . ) crooked, tortuous.Sanscrit, vak-, vanch-, in vakr, crooked, va-vakva, turning, movingto andfro, vanchati, goes crooked..Latin, vac- in vacillare, to totter, waver, vacillate.Teutonic, veg-, vag-, vek-, vak-, in O.H.G. wagon, N.H.G. wackeln, tototter, O.H.G. waga, N.H.G. woge, a wave, O. Sw. wagga, to wag,with the meaning of being, a person, animal, or thing; but wight has come to mean aperson, and whit is applied only to a thing.The word is found in its original sense in Hakluyt's Voyages, Boords ofWaghenscot,' in sixteenth century, and in a will, a tabyll of waynscott with totrestellis.' The wood was used especially for the panelling of rooms, and its namewas transferred to the panelling itself.118 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.(waggle, fluctuate, A.S. wag-ian, to rock, totter, O.N. vagga, O.H.G. waga,wega, a cradle; Goth . wahs (in unwahs, straight) , A.S. woh, bent, A.s.wogian (in awogian), M.E. wozen, to woo, M.E. wogere, M.E. wowere,a wooer, one who inclines towards another (Skeat); O.H.G. wanch-on,N.H.G. wanken, to totter, sway about, O.H.G. wanchal, tottering,unsteady, A S. wencel, an infant or small child of either sex, foundalso as an adj . in the dat. pl. wencelum with the sense of unstable;M.E. wenchell (s.s.) , afterwards wenche. As the original meaning ofthe word is tottering, unable to keep steady, weak, it lost its generalsense of infant of either sex,' and was restricted to female infants andchildren, while ' bairn , ' also originally denoting a child of either sex,was applied especially as the term for a male child, so that ‘ bairnand wench ' became opposed as ' boy and girl.' O.H.G. winchon(weaker form of wanchon) , N.H.G. winken, to swerve aside, bend sideways, nod, beckon, wink, M.E. winken, winsen, winchen, N.E. wince,A.s. wince, a wheel by which straw-rope was made, N.E. winch, the bentturning handle of a wheel; O.H.G. wekki, weggi, N.H.G. wecke, o.N.veggr, A.S. wecg, M.E. wegge, a wedge; Norweg. vingea, to flap,O.N. vængr, M.E. wenge, Dan. vinge, a wing, ' the flapper ' (seeSkeat).L. Latin and Romance, o.F. vingeon, ' vigeon, a kind of wild duck,a widgeon, the flapper; Ital. voga, the stroke of an oar, Ital. vogare, F.voguer, to row (from O.H.G. wagon, to sway from side to side, or wogen,to fluctuate, to swing as a wave) , O.F. vogue, swing, prevalence.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, vacillate, -ion.L. Latin and Romance, widgeon, vogue (from Teut. ) .Teutonic, wag, waggle, wag-tail, wag, a joker, waggish, wench,wince, winch, wink, wedge, wing.Eur-Ar. √UEQ- √ỤOQ-, to speak, call.Sanscrit, vach-, vak-, uk-, in vachāmi, I say, speak, vi-vak-ti, hespeaks, a-voc-at (aor.) , he spoke, vachas, a word, vacha, voice, speech,ukhda, spoken, s-ukta, well said ( =εveπŃs).Zend, vach- in vacanh, speech, vaco, speech, word, vākks, voice(=Lat. vox).The Century Dictionary gives to O.F. vingeon the meaning ‘ canard siffleur,'anas fistularis, and connects it with Ital. vipione, a small crane, Lat. vipio (aspigeon from pipione). The correct derivation of widgeon is from ✔uip-.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 119T2PEGreek, π- óπ- for Fεπ- FOπ- ( Eur-Ar. Vueq- uoq-, by regularchange of q to π), in πos, a word, speech, poem, especially heroic,ETIKós, epic, relating to heroic poetry, o (gen. ) orrós, sound, voice,èvρúoπa Zɛús, far-sounding (i.e. thundering) , Jove, Kaλλióπŋ, Muse ofpoetry, ' the sweet-voiced,' siπov, I said (for Fe-Fπov) . From theunlabialised form neq-, or a variant of it, are formed, x-n=Fnx ,sound, echo, and ' Hx-w, the name of a nymph, Echo, ¹ ǹx-éw, to makea sound, kaτnxέw, to instruct by word of mouth, кaтnxoúμevos, oneunder instruction, kaтnxiw, to instruct, kaτnxnτýs, an instructor,κατηχητικός, catechetical.Latin, voc- in vōx, voice, -vocus, in comp. , æquivocus, equivocal,vocare, to call, vocalis, sonorous, vocula, a word, vocabulum, a word,vocatio, a calling, vocativus, the vocative or calling case of a noun,vociferor, to cry aloud, avocare, to call from, avocatio , a distraction ,pursuit, employment, ad-vocare, to call to, advocatus, one called as witness or supporter in a trial, advocatio, an advocacy, protection, convocare, to call together, convocatio, evocare, to call out of, invocare, callupon, provocare, to call forward, challenge, revocare, call back, præco,a crier, herald (contracted for prævocon); catechesis, religious instruction, catechumenus, one receiving religious instruction , catechizare, tocatechise, catechista, a catechist, catechismus, catechism (all Gk. loanwords used by the early ecclesiastical writers) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. voce, Prov. voz, O.F. vois, M.E. vois,voys, voice, Fr. voyelle, a vowel, Ital. vocale, Ital. vocare, O.F. vocher,voucher, M.E. vouchen, to call, declare, vouch; Ital. avvocare (p. p.avvocato), Prov. avocar, O.F. avouer, ( = Lat. advocare) , p. p. avoué(=advocatus, called upon) , advocate, protector, patron of a church orparish, M.E. avowee, N.E. advowee (law term), O.F. advouson ( = Lat.advocation-em), the patronage ofa church.Teutonic, O.H.G. ga-wah-an, gewahinnen, gewahannen, N.H.G.erwähnen, to mention, talk of, O.H.G. gewaht, talking of, fame.Celtic, Ir. faig, he said, O. Ir . iar-faigim, I ask.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, epic, orthoepy (correct pronunciation) , Calliope, Echo, reecho; catechize, -ist, -ism, catechumen (thr. Latin forms).Latin, vocal, equivocal, -te, -tion, vocation, vocable, vocabulary,vocative, vociferate, -ion, avocation, advocate, -cy, convoke, convocation, evoke, invoke, invocate, -ion, provoke, provocation, -ive, revoke,revocation.The form of the root exactly corresponding to x would be vekh- or √veĝh-.√UEQ-√TOQ120 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.L. Latin and Romance, voice, vowel, vouch, vouchsafe, voucher,avouch, advowee, advowson.Eur-Ar. √UER √UEỡ , to sound, make a noise, moan, low as a cow.Sanscrit, vaç- in vaçyati, sounds, laments, cries out, vaça, a cow .Latin, vag- vac- in vagire, to cry, squall, as infants vagitus, the cryof young children, the bleating of goats, vacca, a cow, the lower,'vaccula, dim. of vacca, vaccinus, of or from the cow.cow .L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. baca, Ital. vacca, O.F. vache, aENGLISH DERIV. Latin, vaccine, vaccinate, -ion.Eur-Ar. √UET , original meaning perhaps past time, of old, netos , ayear, the past, a long time ago.Sanscrit, vat- ut-, in vatsa, a year, found in composition as samvatsam, lasting a year, sam-vatsara, vatsara, a year; vatsa, a calf, younganimal, a yearling.Greek, T- iT, for FET- FIT-, in Tos =FÉTOs, a year, &τýσios, yearly,Éτnoiás, Etesian wind, recurring every summer in the Ægean fromnorth or north-west, Dor. πépuτɩ, Att. πépvoi, last year, ¿viavtós, forévi-Fatós, yearly, a year, a long period oftime; ' Iraλós, a bull (Hesych.) ,for *Firaλós (cp. Lat. vitulus) , ' Iraλla, Osc. Fiteliu, Italy, the cattleland.' Hesiod has Opis (for Félpis) , a castrated ram, and the ' Anthologia Palatina, ' "Opis , a eunuch ( 7 is aspirated before p) .Latin, vet-¹in vetus, -eris, old, veterare, to make old (p. p. veteratus),inveterare, to make old, to endure, vetulus, an old man, vetula, oldwoman (in the vernacular Lat. veclus, vecla, corrected by the grammarians ' vetulus, non veclus ' ) , veteranus, old, veteran, veterinus,veterinarius, relating to draught cattle (i.e. the older cattle) , veterinæ (f. ) ,veterina (n.) , draught cattle , veterinaria, farriery, veterinarius (subs.) ,cattl -doctor, farrier; vitulus, a bull calf, the young of animals, (orig.).yearling, vitellus, variant of vitulus and with same sense, but also theyolk ofan egg, vitulina, veal, calf's flesh, Vitula, the goddess of Victoryor Exultation (Macrob. ) , vitulari, to keep holiday, celebrate a festival' If Brugmann's explanation, that annus, a year = Eur- Ar. at- snos, et- snos (cp.Goth. athn, a year), and that √at- √et- are later forms of ✔uat- yet- be accepted,the Lat. annus, &c. , with their English derivatives, annual, annuitant, bi - ennial,millennium, &c. , aǹnals, annalist, annates, &c. , must be referred to √uet-.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 121(used ' ante-classic.' for gestire, to throw oneselfabout forjoy, and exsultare, to leap orjump up: the original sense probably was to skip like acalf), Italia, ' the land ofcattle.2L. Latin and Romance, Ital . vecchio and veglio ( = vecclo), fromvernacular Lat. veclus (as clarus, chiaro) , Prov. vielh, O.F. vieil, N.F.vieux, old. From classical vetus, are formed Ital. vieto, vetro (onlyfound in proper names as Orvieto, Castelvetro) , O.F. vies, Span. vedro,in ' de vedro,' 'from old time,' and in names of places as Torres Vedras,' Old Towers '; Ital. vitello, Prov. vedels, O.F. veel, a calf( =Lat. vitellus) ,M.E. Veel, N.F. veau, veal, L. Lat. vitulinum, Ital. vitellina, O.F. velin,M.E. velym, vellam, calf-skin, vellum, parchment made of calf-skin;L. Lat. vitula, a stringed instrument, (found in a quotation by Du Cange,' vitulæque jocosæ,' from a poem of the eleventh century) , Prov.

• viutla, viula, Ital. viola, o.F. viole, a viola, also O.F. vielle from

vitella (doublet of vitula), a hurdy-gurdy: Diez traces all these to theLatin vitulari, to skip, dance, as names of the stringed instrument towhich the dancers kept time. From Ital. viola, violo, were formedviolino, violoncello, bass viol, O.H.G. fidula, A.S. fithele, a fiddle, borrowed from Lat. vitula.³Balto-Slav. , vet- in Lith. vetuszas, O. Slav. vetuchu, old.Teutonic, Goth. withrus, a lamb, O.H.G. widar, N.H.G. widder, O.N.vedhr, A.S. wedher, a wether, a castrated ram: originally, according toKluge, a yearling.¹Celtic, Gael. fiodhull , a fiddle, fidhleir , a fiddler (Eng. loan-words) .' Italia is the Greek form of the name; the native Latin name was Vitelliu.Gröber denies that there was any race named 'Iraλol from whom the land wascalled. On the contrary, the inhabitants were called by the Greeks ' Iraλiñтaι, from'Iraλía. The origin of the name from Gk. ' Iraλós, Firaxós, has been disputed , and itis said to be a Phoenician name, corrupted by popular etymology, but without any evidence.' Vetare, make old, annul, repeal, forbid, is added by Vaniček tothe Latin derivatives of √uet-, presumably on the analogy of antiquari, to make old, repeal. But thesense of vetare is to prohibit what is new and strange, rather than to repeal what isold and obsolete, and the verb expressing to make old would have the already existingform, veterare. The older form, too, of vetare is votare; perhaps ve- or vo- is theprivative affix found in ve- cors, ve-sanus (cp. se-cors and so -cors ): vetare would therefore mean to renounce, repudiate, to say ve (away with it) as neg- are - to say neg.' Kluge allows the undeniable connection between the German and Romanceforms, but suggests *fidula (from fidicula, a small stringed instrument) as their common source. No such form, however, is found.• Compare Gk. Opis and 10pis: if these words are from the sameroot as eros, it wouldimply that the castration took place while the animals were yearlings. This wouldreconcile the different sense of Goth. withrus, a lamb, from that of the other Teutonicforms. But the explanation from ✔TEDH-, to cut, castrate, Sans. vadhris, castrated,is most probably the correct one. There is no real difficulty in Goth. withrus, a lamb,as castration would probably be performed while the animal was a lamb in its first year,and withrus would be used in the double sense, ' castrated ' and ' a year-old lamb.'√UET122 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.NENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Etesian, Italy, italics, a type invented by Aldo Manuzio,about 1500 A.D.Latin, veteran, inveterate, -cy, veterinary, vitelline, relating to theyolk of an egg.L. Latin and Romance, Vecchia, in Italian names of places asCittà Vecchia, old town; veal, vellum, viol, violin, violoncello.Teutonic (from Lat. loan-words thr. A.S.) , fiddle, fiddler; wether isgenuine Teutonic.Eur-Ar. VUED , to speak, call, sing.Sanscrit, vad-, ud-, in pr. t. vadati, sings, speaks, p. p. udit, sung,spoken.Greek, Foid-, vúd-, in åfordń, wdń, a song, idéw, to celebrate, tell of,Koμwdía, comedy, paɣwdía, a stringing together or reciting of songs,τραγωδία, tragedy, μελωδία, melody, προσῳδία, prosody, παλινωδία,repetition, recantation.Latin, oda, comœdia, tragedia, prosodia, palinodia, melodia (Gk.loan-words) .L. Latin and Romance, F. ode, comédie, &c.Balto- Slav. , vadinti, speak, &c.Celtic, Wel. gwawd, a song, hymn of praise, Wel. gwaedd, O. Ir.faed, foid, a cry, call, Wel. gweyd, to say, to speak.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, ode, comedy, tragedy, rhapsody, -ist,melody, melodious, prosody, palinode (thr. Lat. and F. forms) .Eur-Ar. √UEDH √VENDH (an extension of √UE , to twist, turn) ,to wind, turn; only in Zend and Teutonic branches.Zend, vad- in fra-vadhemna, clothed (cp. Gk. ỏ0óvn, fine linen) .¹Teutonic, Goth. widan, O.H.G. wetan, to bind together (Fick),Goth. windan (in bi-, us-windan, &c . ) , to wind, O.H.G. wintan,N.H.G. winden, A.S. windan, wand, wond, O.N. vinda, to wind,O.H.G. Wintila, N.H.G. windel, A.S. windel, something to wind on,¹ So Prellwitz, who offers the suggestion that òóvŋ may also be a loan- word froma Semitic ethūn. The Eng. wad, wadding, wattle, weeds ( widows' clothing), whichare found under the simple form √ue- uei-, to wind, twist, may more suitably betransferred to unnasalised expansion uedh-.2 This may be the origin of the name of Windsor. According to Kluge, WindsorEUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 123O.N. vindass, a windlass, M.E. wyndace, a windlass (the 1 is acorrupt insertion); Goth. wandjan, to wend, turn (caus. ) , O.H.G.wenten, N.H.G. wenden, O.N. venda, A.S. wendan, to turn, O.H.G.wantalon, to change, N.H.G. wandeln, to change, go, A.S. wandrian, M.E.wandren, N.H.G. wandern, to wander.ENGLISH DERIV.: Teutonic, wind, (p. p.) wound, unwind, wend,went (used as p. t. of the vb. to go) , windle, windlass, Windsor (?) ,wander.Eur-Ar. UEDH- VI-DH-, to strike, slay, cut.Sanscrit, vadh- in vadhati, cuts, vaidhris, castrated, vadhas, aslayer, destroyer.Greek, ¿0- 10-, for Fɛ- Fɩ0-, in @pis, ï0pis, a eunuch.Teutonic, Goth. withrus, a lamb, O.H.G. widar, N.H.G. widder, O.N.vedr, A.S. wedher, Eng. wether.¹ENGLISH DERIV.: wether.Eur-Ar. * UODH , to strike, thrust off, repel; a variant of precedingroot.Sanscrit, vadh- in vadhayati, drives away.Greek, 0 in 0éw, to thrust, push out, drive away.Latin, od- in odire (obs.), odi, odivi, perf. used as present, to hate,odium, hatred, odiosus, hateful (cp. Hor. ' Carm . ' iii . 1 , 1 , ' Odi profanumvulgus, et arceo ').L. Latin and Romance, Ital. odio, hatred, Ital. annoja, noja, Span.enojo, O. Prov. enodio, (later) enuei, O.F. enui, N.F. ennui, vexation,dislike, disgust (from Lat. in odio, used in the phrases ' in odio habere,'' in odio esse,' ' in odio venire '); Ital . annojare, nojare, Prov. enoiar,O.F. enoier, enuier, M.E. anoien, anuien, N.F. ennuyer, to annoy, tire out.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, odium, odious.L. Latin and Romance, annoy, annoyance, ennui.=A.S. Windles ofer; and ofer, he says, is the same word as the Bavar. urvar, a landing place, N.H.G. ufer, M.H.G. uover, O.H.G. * uofar (not found), Goth . ōfr ( also notfound), a bank, landing-place. The prep. uz, ur (of Goth. and O.H.G.) , ' out,' is represented in the West Germanic dialects by uo- ō-. The A.S. ō-fer, therefore, withO.H.G. uofar, M.H.G. uover, N.H.G. ufer, are the same as N.H.G. ausfahrt, the placewhere boats land or from which they start, and Windles-ofer means the landing-placeofthe Windel, perhaps the local name given to the Thames from its windings, or fromsome other local connection. There is a village some ten miles from Windsor bearing the name of Windlesham.¹ See under ✔get-, note to A.S. wedher.124 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √UEDH √UED , to conduct home, marry a wife, give apledge.Sanscrit, vadh- ¹ in vadhū, a bride, udha, married, an-udha, unmarried, nav-odha, newly married.Zend, vadh- in vadh-ayeiti, conducts, vadh-rya, marriageable,vadhemno,' the home-taker, the bridegroom.Greek, Γεθ- in ἄεθλος (for ἄξεθλος) , άθλος (Att. ) , a contest for aprize, åɛlλov (ålλov) , the prize, å¤λŋrýs, an athlete, one who engagesin a contest for a prize; ledvov ( =#Fedvov) , the wedding gift.³Latin, vad- in vas, vad-is, a pledge, surety, vadari, to bind over bybail, vadimonium, a recognisance, security.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. vadium, a pledge, formed fromGoth. wadi (s.s.) , L. Lat. guadium, Ital. gaggio, Prov. gages, o.F.wage, gage, a pledge, surety, challenge, N.F. gage, a bet, wager, L. Lat.vadiare (from Goth. wadhjan, Ital. gaggiare, Prov. gatjar, O.F. wager,gager, to pledge, O.F. wageur, M.E. (Chaucer) wajour, a pledge, anassurance, N.E. wager, Ital. ingaggiare, Prov. engatjar, O.F. engager,to bind by a pledge, O.F. degager, to loose from a pledge.' The Sanscrit word for bringing home or marrying is vah-ati, from Sans. vah= Eur-Ar. ueğh-, Lat. veho, to carry, but vadhu, a bride, proves the existence of anindependent Eur-Ar. ✔✅uedh in Sanscrit, Zend and the European languages.=2 With regard to marriage in the Eur-Aryan races, Schrader ( Præhist. Antiq.)observes, that marriage by capture and bride-purchase both go back to the primevalEur-Aryan age. The first mentioned was the earlier, at a time when we mustconceive the ties of neighbourhood and kinship to have been still loose, and thenomad groups of pastoral and patriarchal families to have been strange and hostileto one another. ' Marriage by capture best explains the non-recognition of any affinitywith the wife's relations, which is established by linguistic equations. While thereare several terms common to the several languages of the Eur- Aryan stock denotingthe relationship of the wife to her husband's family, there are no common terms todenote that of the husband to the wife's family.With the advance of civilisation, and a more settled mode of life, marriage bypurchase became general, as indicated by the terms referring to marriage, and passagesin early writings bearing on the subject. The process seems to have been ( 1) theapplication of the suitor to the father of the bride; ( 2) the settling the price, andcontract; (3 ) the completion , when the bridegroom took the bride to his own house.The wife being regarded in the earliest times as the servant or slave of the husband,as she had been to her own father while his daughter, the price paid was, in partat least, the compensation to the father for the loss of her services, and was retainedby him. In a more civilised age, the price paid to the father was returned with themaiden as her portion when the husband took her to his ownhome; and later still, theparents gave a dowry to the bridegroom when he married their daughter.3 Used in different senses: (1 ) as presents from the suitor to the parenis of thebride, (2) from the suitor to the bride, ( 3) by the household or the wedding gueststo the newly-married pair. The O.H.G. morgangeba, N.H.G. morgengabe, A.S. morgengifu, is said to have been originally the gift made by the feudal lord to a serf'sdaughter on the morning after her marriage, if he chose to exercise his feudal rightover her person. This odious custom has a kind of survival in the so- called morganatic marriage, which gives no legal position to the wife or her children, yet incursno disgrace.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 125Balto-Slav. , Lith. wedu, (inf. ) westi, to conduct, marry, O. Slav.weda, westi (s.s.) , Lith. ne-wedes, unmarried, nau-weda, newly married,Lith. waduti, pledge, Slav. vēno, bride-price (cp. Gk. éfɛdvov) .Teutonic, Goth. wadi, a pledge, prize, O.H.G. wetti, weti, weddi, apledge, prize, N.H.G. wette, a prize, wager, O.N. vedh, A.S. wedd, apledge, Goth. ga-wadjon, to betroth, A.S. weddan, to pledge , wed, o.n.vedhja, to lay a wager, A.S. weddung, a wedding, a plighting; O.H.G.widimen, to dowry, N.H.G. widmen, to devote (from O.H.G. widemo) , a.s.weotuma, O. Fris. wetma, price paid for the bride (cp. Gk. éɛdvov) .Celtic, Ir. fedim, I conduct, bring, Wel. dyweddio, gweddu, tomarry.Greek, athlete, -ic.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L Latin and Romance (from Goth. wadi) , wage, wager, gage,engage, -ment, dégagée, disengage, mortgage, -ee, -or.Teutonic, wed, wedding, Scotch, wadset, a mortgage.Eur-Ar. UEM-, to vomit.Sanscrit, vam- in vam-ati , vomits.Zend, vam- in vamaiti, vomits.Greek, μ- for Feµ- in èµéw, vomit, éµɛTIкós , emetic.Latin, vom- in vomere, -ui, -itum, to vomit, vomitorium, a passageof egress, or ingress, in an amphitheatre.iny.Balto-Slav. , Lith. vem-, in vem-ti, to vomit, O. Pruss . wymi, vomitTeutonic, O.N. voma, seasickness, M.E. vomen, to vomit.Greek, emetic.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, vomit, vomitory.Eur-Ar. √UEN-, to like, love, desire, aim at, struggle, earn, fight for,win, injure, wound.¹Sanscrit, van- in vanati, likes, desires, van-as, desire, vanch-ati,wishes, vancha, a wish, vantar, a conqueror.' The differences of signification present a difficulty. The primary meaning may be to like, wish for; then, to strive for, compete, work, fight for, win, conquer, and, onthe side of the object of the struggle, to suffer pain or injury in the process.126 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√UEN- Zend, van- in van-aiti, loves, likes, vañtar, conqueror.Greek, ȧv- for Fav- in av- ağ, -aкos for Fáv-ağ, -años (cp. avares, TheDioscuri), (later gen. ) ävактos, ȧváoow, to rule, (cp. ßávvas=βασιλεύς, Hesych. ) , Fάνασσα, α queen.Latin, ven- in venia, mercy, favour, pardon, venialis, pardonable;Venus, the Goddess of love, venustus, beautiful, venereus, relating toVenus, venerari, to reverence, -atio, -abilis.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . venerdi, o.F. venredi, N.F. vendredi,Lat. dies Veneris, Friday.Teutonic, Goth. -wunands, enjoying, pleased, in un-wunands, displeased, troubled, O.H.G. wunna, N.H.G. wonne, O.N. unadhr, (modern)unan, A.S. wynn, joy, pleasure, a.s. wynsum, pleasant, O.H.G. wini, afriend, N.H.G. -win in comp. (especially in personal names) with thesense of loving, loved, A.S. wine, O.N. vinr, trusty, friendly; 0.H.G.wunskian, N.H.G. wünschen, ON. ceskja (with loss of init. v) , A.S.wyscan, M.E. wischen, to wish (desiderative forms); Goth. wenjan, toexpect, O.H.G. wannan, N.H.G. wahnen, O.N. vana, A.S. wenan, M.E.wenen, to imagine, suppose, expect, hope; O.H.G. wonan. N.H.G. wohnen,A.S. wunian, to dwell, M.E. wonen, to dwell, be used to, O.H.G. giwennan,N.H.G. gewöhnen, O.N. venja, A.S. gewennan, to accustom to, a.s.giwunian, O.N. vana, to be used to (intrans. ) , O.H.G. giwon, N.H.G.gewohn-t (with inorganic t), accustomed to (cp. gewohnheit, custom),O.N. vanthi, vandhi, Eng. wont, O.N. vân, M.E. wone, custom; A.S.awennan, O.N. venja fra brystes, to wean; Goth. winnan, endure, sufferhardship, O.H.G. winnan, to labour, contend for, earn, N.H.G. gewinnen,to win, A.S. winnan, O.N. vinna, to strive, labour, to win; Goth. wunds,O.H.G. Wunt, N.H.G. wund, A.S. wund, O.N. und (orig. p. p. wounded,but A.S. and O.N. are now used as subs. = a wound) , Goth. gawundon,O.H.G. wunton, N.H.G. wunden, A.S. wundian, ' to wound, O.H.G. wunta,N.H.G. wunde, O. Sax. wunda, a wound.Celtic, Ir. fine, kin, a tribe, Gael. fine (s.s.) , Bret. co-guenou, acountryman, a native, Wel. Guenerau, Friday, Wel. gweniaith, softspeech, guenol, pleasing, Wel. gwenyd, happiness.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, names compounded with anax- as Astyanax.Latin, venial, Venus, venereal, venerate, -ion, -ble.¹ Kluge connects these words with the Gk. wreiλh from ỏ-Ƒat- eiλh, a wound, whichPrellwitz connects with yardλai for Faráλai, wounds ( Hesych. ) , and Lith. votis, anulcer, Lett. wats, a wound. Feist ( Goth. Etym. ) rejects the connection of Goth.wunds with Goth. winnan, to endure, and Macbain (Gael. Lict.) connects it withEur-Ar. ✔ue- gen and Eng. want, wan, &c.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 127Teutonic, winsome, winning (pleasant); names compounded withwin- as Godwin (beloved or lover of God) , Edwin, rich in love, Winifried, &c.; wish, wishful, &c. , wistful (?) , ween, overweening, wont,unwonted, wean, win, to gain, to conquer, to strive towards, wound (?) ,Zounds (God's wounds) , an oath.Eur-Ar. UER, a man, hero, husband.Sanscrit, vīra, a man, hero, viryu, strong, manly.Zend, vira, a man, virya, manly.Greek, p- for Fnp- in pws, a hero.¹Latin, vir- in vir, a man, virilis, manly, strong, -itas, manliness,virtus, courage, virtue, virago, a masculine woman, decem-viri, a committee often, trium-viri, ofthree.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. virtute, virtu, Prov. vertuz, F. vertu,M.E. vertue, F. virtuel (as from a Lat. * virtualis), Ital. virtuoso, F. vertueux(as from L. Lat. virtuosus), L. Lat. gerulphus, garulphus (from O.H.G.werwulf) , O.F. garoul, garou, N.F. loup-garou, a man-wolf. Loup wasadded because the proper meaning of garou had been forgotten.Balto-Slav. , Lith. vyras, a man, O. Pruss. wyrs, a man.Teutonic, Goth. wair, A.S. ver, veor, O.N. veor, O.H.G. wer, a man,N.H.G. wer- in comp. , M.H.G. wêr-wulf, N.H.G. wer-wulf, A.S. werewulf,a man-wolf(cp. Gk. λukávůρwπos) , M.H.G. wërgëld, N.H.G. wergeld,A.S. weregeld, compensation for slaying a man; Goth. wair-aldus, O.H.G.wöralt, M.H.G. werelt, werlt, N.H.G. welt, A.S. weorald, worold, theworld. The words are composed of Goth. wair, O.H.G. wer, A.S. wer,a man, and Goth. alds, O.H.G. alt (used as subs. ) , O.N. öld, a.s. yld, ageneration, age, ' seculum,' the age in which men live,' the age of men,the world ofmen, and simply the world.²6Celtic, O. Ir. fer, N. Ir. and Gael. fear, O. Wel, and Corn. gur,Bret. gour, a man.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, hero, heroine, -ism, heroic.Latin, virile, -ity, virago, decemvirate, triumvirate.' Curtius says of pws, ' related to Sans. viras, Lat. vir, Goth. vair, Lith . vyras, aman, a warrior.' This explanation, however, cannot be regarded as established.Prellwitz suggests Sans. sāras, strength, firmness.2 Kluge remarks that the sense of world rests upon a collective term for all humanbeings, such as mankind, which is found in O.L.G. eldi , O.N. elder, A.S. yelde, mankind, all men together.128 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.L. Latin and Romance, virtue, vertu (taste) , virtuoso, virtuous.Teutonic, werewolf, wergild, world, -ly, -liness.Eur-Ar. √UER , √UOR , √UR-, to surround, contain, cover, protect,defend, ward off, beware, consider, perceive, &c.Sanscrit, var-, vr-, in vṛnoti, surrounds, vrtas, protected, vṛtram, adefence, varana, a covering, Varuna, the God ofthe sky, varman, a breastplate, urus, varas, broad, comp. varyams, sup. varishtha, uru-gavyūtis,epithet of Soma, ' widely prevailing.'Zend, var- in varena, covering, vareman, breast-plate, vareta, protected, varam-bar, bringing help, protection, vouru, broad, in vouru-gaoyaoitis, epithet of Mithras, widely prevailing.'6Greek, op- for Fop-, in opoμat, keep watch, ovpos, a watchman,keeper, in"Арктоυpos, the Bear-keeper; ¹ovpavós, heaven, ópáw, to behold,observe,² &pa, heed, care, πvλwpós, door-keeper, povpá, a watch (fromπρο+ οράω), ὅραμα, a sight; εὐρύς, broad, wide, ανεύρυσμα, αwidening.Latin, ver-, in ver-us,3 true, real, veritas, truth, verax, truthful,veridicus, truth-telling, verisimilis, truth-like, verisimilitudo, verificare,to verify; vereri, to regard with respect, awe or fear, vere-cundus, modest,bashful, shy, revereri, to reverence, reverendus, reverentia.=L. Latin and Romance, o.F. verai, M.E. verrai, verrei, N.F. vrai, true(formed as from a L. Lat. form *veracus verax) , M.E. verraily, truly,O.F. ver-dit ( =Lat. veredictum) , M.E. verdit, N.E. verdict (a later andnearer assimilation to the orig. Latin) , F. vérifier (Lat. verificare) , toverify, F. avérer (L. Lat. averare) , to aver, vouch, O.F. verite, truth.From Teutonic O.H.G. warōn, werian, to be or make aware, defend, wardoff, prohibit, Prov. garar, o.F. warir, garir, to observe, take care of(special sense, to put into dock) , N.F. garer (s.s.) , Ital. guarire, o.F.guarir, to defend, take care of, N.F. guérir, to heal, M.E. guarish (vb.) ,to heal (cp. Spenser, ' his grievous hurt to guarish '); O.F. garite, a lookout, watch-tower, M.E. garite, N.E. garret, N.F. gare, a railway station,1 Cp. Bourns (ploughman), the name given to Arcturus, Od. v. 272.2 See Brugmann, vol. iii . 1106.' Kluge (Etym. Dict. ) derives Lat. verus, Germ. wahr, from Eur-Ar. ges-,to be, with ordinary Lat. and Teut. change of s tor between vowels, and compares Goth. sunjis, A.S. sôth , = Eur-Ar. sent- (base of pres. p. of Ves, to be), thatwhich is. This explanation has much in its favour (see under ges-), at least forthe German wahr, and perhaps also for Lat. verus (cp. verna [ for vesna] , a slave orservant born in the house); if it be accepted, the Lat. verus =vesus, or vesrus; O.H.G. war was- r.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 129•terminus. From O.H.G. warōn, wëron, pr. p. werent, with sense ofmaking a contract, pledging, Ital. guarento, O.F. warant, guarant, M.E.warant, a pledge, voucher, Ital. garantire, o.F. garantir, p. pt. garanti,M.E. waranten, to pledge. From O.H.G. warnen, to provide for, warn,defend, Ital. guarnire, o.F. warnir, guarnir, garnir, to furnish, warn,avert, fortify, pr. p. garnisant, M.E. warnish, garnish, Ital. garnizione,O.F. garnison, equipment, M.E. garnison, whatever is required fordefending a town, N.E. garrison, a body of troops defending; L. Lat.guarnimentum, Ital. guarnimento, o.F. garniment, M.E. garnement,garment, clothing, F. garniture, garnishing; O.F. warenne, garenne(from O.H.G. warōn, in sense of ' prohibit, ' or warian, to protect) , M.E.wareine, a preserve, right of chase, especially of rabbits, hares , and fish,O.F. garennier, warrener (holder of the warren); O.F. warison, garison,help, rescue, healing, M.E. gerizoun, warison, help, deliverance, healing,Ital. guardare, Prov. guardar, O.F. warder, guarder, to take care of,watch over (from O.H.G. warten, to keep watch), N.F. garder, M.E. guard,Ital. guardiano, Prov. guardiens, O.F. gardien, guardian, O.F. wardein,M.E. wardein, warden, warder; O.F. rewarder, regarder, to have respectto, consider, M.E. rewarden, regarden, N.E. reward, regard; Ital. guardaroba, O.F. warde-robe, garde-robe, M.E. garde-robe, warderobe, a wardrobe, gardevin, a wine cupboard; ( Scot . ) gardeloo! beware of the water,a cry once heard in Scotch towns.Teutonic, O.H.G. war, N.H.G. wahr, true, real, O.N. varar, O.H.G. wara,A.S. wær, a covenant, pledge, troth, A.S. wærlogr, M.E. warloghe, a liaragainst the truth, a deceiver, O.N. væringi, originally a confederate, butapplied as the name of the body-guard of the Eastern Emperor,væringja-lidh, the body ofthe Værings (the defenders) , now an Englishsurname (Waring); Goth. warjon, to defend, O.H.G. warōn, in biwarōn, to perceive, take notice, beware, protect, ward off, N.H.G. wahren(s.s.) , O.N. vara (intrans. ) , to be aware of, (trans. ) to warn; A.S. warian,to caution (cp. F. garer, Gk. ópáw) , Goth. wars, O.N. varr, A.S. wær,O.H.G. giwar, N.H.G. gewahr, aware of, cautious, O.N. vari , caution,O.H.G. war-neman, N.H.G. wahr-nehmen, take notice; O.H.G. warnen,wernen, N.H.G. warnen, O.N. varna, A.S. warnian, wyrnen, to warn (cp.F. garnir, &c.), Goth. warjan, O.H.G. werian, N.H.G. wehren, O.N. verja,A.S. werian, to defend, ward off, prohibit (cp. F. guarir, guérir), O.H.G.giwer, weri, N.H.G. gewehr, a weapon, O.N. vorr, vor, afenced-in landingplace, A.S. wēr, a barrier, weir, O.H.G. giweren, N.H.G. gewahren, togrant, pledge, secure, O.H.G. werento, ' one who grants ' (cp. F. garantir,&c. ); O.N. vara (pl. vörur) , wares, in Norway with special referenceto furs, as a common medium of exchange in the absence of money;VUERVUOR✔URK130 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.UER√UOR√URbut in Iceland it denoted the coarse cloth called wadmal, whichserved as a kind of currency, as now in central Africa English cottongoods are the recognised measure of value; cp. O.N. voru-gildr, ' beinga legal tender,' marketable, A.S. waru, value, ¹ M.H.G. war, N.H.G. ware,wares; Goth. wairths, O.H.G. werd, N.H.G. wert, O.N. verdh, A.S.weorth,2 worth, value, worthy (adj . and subs.: except in O.N. , whichhas the adj . werdhr, worthy) , A.S. weordig (adj. in form, but onlyfound as a subs. ) = an estate, a manor, A.S. weorthscyp, honour, M.E.worthscipen, to honour; o. and N.H.G. warten, O.N. vardha, A.S.weardian, to watch, guard (cp. F. garder, &c.) , O.H.G. warta, keeping watch, a look out, O.N. vardha (subs.), a beacon; O.N. lavardhr,A.S. hlaford, M.E. laford, lauerd, N.E. lord ( =hlaf, bread, + weard,keeper), the bread-keeper, Goth. wards, O.H.G. ward, O.N. vördhr, A.S.weard, a keeper; Scotch wraith, also spelt warth (Ayrshire dial. ) , fromO.N. vördhr, according to Jameson, and supposed by him to meanoriginally watcher, i.e. attending spirit or guardian angel (?) . Sigvardhr (pr. n.) conquering defender.Celtic, O. Ir. fir, N. Ir. and Gael. fior, Bret. gwir, true, Gael. andIr. faire, a watching, Ir. fairim, I watch.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Arcturus, Uranus (cp . Sans. varuna), pylorus (med.) , panorama, diorama, aneurysm, and Greek proper names compoundedwith Euru-.Latin, verity (thr. F.) , veritable, verisimilitude, verify (thr. F.) ,verification, veracity, veracious, veridical, verecund, revere, reverent,-ce, reverend, &c.L. Latin and Romance, (1 ) from a Latin source: very, verily,verdict, aver, -ment; (2) from a Teutonic source: garret, guarantee(vb. and subs. ) , guarantor, warrant, -y, -able, garnish, -ing, garniture,garment, garrison, warren, and proper names, Warren, Warrener,Warner, Warrender, Warrand; guard, warden, guardian; compoundsof guard, as guardship, safeguard, blackguard, &c. , reward, regard,ward-robe, Scot. gardevin, gardeviant, gardeloo.Teutonic, warlock, Waringians, Waring (surname), ware, aware,beware, wary, -iness, -isome (provincial) , warn, -ing, weir, wares(merchandise) , and in compos. hard-ware, warehouse, &c.; worth,So ljos vara, light ware = light fur, ermine, gra-vara, grey fur, and inIcelandic vöru- sekkr, apack of wadmal.2 A.S. weorth means also a manor, estate, and with this meaning enters into thecomposition of many English names of places, as Polesworth, Kenilworth, Kibworth,Lutterworth.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 131

Iworthy, -less, unworthy, &c. , worship, worshipful; ward, prison, guard,one under control, warder, ward, a district, part of a hospital; -wardin comp. as wardroom, &c. , and woodward (forester), hay-ward (hedgeward), doorward, steward (A.S. stiweard), servant in charge of cattlesheds. These have become the proper names Ward, Warder,Woodward, Durward, Seward, Hayward, Steward, Stuart, Stewart,Hogarth (Hogward). Wraith (?) .12Eur-Ar. VUEL, perhaps a by-form of √UER, with sense to cover,surround, protect, defend.Sanscrit, val- in valaya, (subs . ) a bracelet, enclosure, boundary,(adj.) surrounded by, encircled, vāța (for valta) , enclosure, garden,district.Greek, far- in ἄλσος (for fάλτος), a grove.Latin, val- in vallus, a stake, vallum, a rampart of palisades,entrenchment, vallare, to surround with a vallum, entrench, fortify, p. p.vallatus, circumvallare, to fortify all round; vallis, a valley.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. valle, Prov. vals, o.r. val, vau, avalley; val- in names of places, as Val-de-Vire, Vau-de-vire, valleyof the Vire, N.F. vaudeville , a ballad, so called from a corrupted formof Vaudevire, because the ballads to which the name was given werewritten by Olivier Basselin, a native of the town; Ital . vallata, landenclosed by hills on each side, O.F. vallée; Prov. and O.F. aval ( =Lat.ad vallem), downhill, O.F. avaler, M.E. avail, vail, to sink down(Shakespear), F. avalanche, fall of snow, ice, or stones into thevalley.Teutonic, A.S. weal, weall, a wall, rampart, a loan-word from Lat.vallum; Du. valei, vlei, a valley, low ground, Goth. * walthus, o. andN.H.G. wald, O.N. völlr, A.S. weald, N.E. wold, weald, ' woodland, field.Celtic, Gael. fal, a dike, O. Ir. fāl , a hedge, Wel. gwawl, a rampart.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, circumvallation.L. Latin and Romance, vale, valley, avalanche, vaudeville.Teutonic, wall, wall-flower, &c. , vlei , wold, weald.' The original meaning is probably untilled land, a wooded country. The derivation here given is Kluge's. Skeat and the Cent. Dict. explain the word from Goth.waldan, to wield, govern.K 2132 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur- Ar. UER-, to speak, tell, decree; with extension VUER-DH-.Sanscrit, var-, vra-, in vrātam, divine ordering, decree.Zend, var- in varemaide, we teach, urvāta, doctrine, system.Greek, ¿p- pɛ-, for Fɛp- Fpɛ-, in epw, ¿ éw, to say, speak, tell; ɛipw,for Fepiw, I say, promise, pýτwp, a public speaker, pηTopikós, rhetorical(ep. Γρήτρα in Cyprian Insc. for ῥήτρα).Latin, ver- in verbum, a word, verbalis, verbal, verbosus, wordy,adverbium, adverb, proverbium, proverb.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. verboier, to talk, N.F. verbiage,wordiness.Balto-Slav., O. Pruss. wirds, Lith. vardas, Lett . wards, a word, aname.Teutonic, Goth . waurd, o. and N.H.G. wort, O.N. ordh, A.S. wyrd,a word.Celtic, Ir. for, a discourse, conversation, forach, dispute, controversy,fordat, they say (see Fick, ii . 274, edit. 4) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, rhetoric, -al, -ician.Latin, verb, verbal, -ism, adverb, -ial, proverb, -ial, verbose, -ity,L. Latin and Romance, verbiage.Teutonic, word, -y, -iness.Eur-Ar. √UEL- √UER , to turn, wind, roll, undulate, boil up as water,bubble, &c.Sanscrit, val- in valati , turns, winds, valayata, causes to turn, setsrolling, valāti, springs, sa-valati , boils up, ūrmis, a wave.Greek, λ- (for Fɛλ-) in kλúw ( = FéλFw, with partial reduplication),FENF- for Feλ-FEλ- (cp. Lat. volvo) , to roll , wind, EXµis for Féλ-µis, aworm,¹ åλws, the circle on a threshing floor trodden out by oxen, ëxı§,a spiral curve, as adj . twisted.Latin, vol-, ver-, volv- ( =vol-vol) , in volvere, volvi, volutum, toroll, with compounds circum-, con-, de-, e-, in-, re- volvere, volvi,volutum; Lat. volumen, a volume, voluta, a volute, the spiral scroll ofan Ionic capital; valve, the leaves or folds of a door, valves (doubtful,' The names for worm in the Eur-Ar. languages are derived from two distinctroots, ✔q-, and ✓vel- ( √ver-); √q- is found in Sans. qr-mis, Lith. kermis,O. Slav. cruvi, O. Ir. cruim, Wel. pryf, Rom. crimson; √uel- √per-, in Gk. ëλµis,Lat. vermis, O.H.G. wurm, Eng. worm, Gk. póµos ( Hesych. ) , for Fpóµos, a worm.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 1331but cp. Lat. volvere), halo (loan-word from Gk. äλws), helix (Gk.loan-word), ver-mis, a worm, vermiculus (dim. ) , a worm.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. volgere, Prov. volvre, to roll, F.volume, a volume, orig.a roll, Ital. volta ( = Lat. voluta) , a curve, arch,vault, the quick curves of a horse in turning, O.F. volte, voute, vaute,M.E. Voute, vowte, N.E. vault, Ital. rivolta, F. révolte, a turning awayfrom.revolt; Ital. voltare, O.F. volter, to vault; O.F. guile, from Teutonic wil-,wel-, M.E. gile, deceit, cunning; O.F. vermine, M.E. vermine, vermin,Ital. vermiglio, O.F. vermeil, vermillon, vermilion, scarlet die from thecochineal worm, Ital . vermicelli (little worms); o.F. waloper, galoper, togallop, O. Flemish, walapa, gallop, M.E. walopen, to gallop, with pr. p.walopand, galloping, also M.E. galopen, to gallop. So Skeat and the' Century Dict.'; Kluge does mention this explanation, but suggests a Teutonic walh-hlaup (lit. the foreign way of running, i.e. theCeltic).Balto-Slav. , Lith. velu, velti, roll , O. Slav. valjati (s.s.) , Lith .vilnis, vilne, O. Slav. vluna, a wave, undulation; Lith. wilti, deceive,wylus, deceit; Russ. valite, to roll, valih, a cylinder.Teutonic, O.H.G. wallon, undulate, wander about, N.H.G. wallen(8.8.), A.S. weallian, to well up, boil, Goth. wulan, O.H.G. wellōn, N.H.G.wellen , O.N. vella, A.S. wellan, to boil, bubble up, wella, wylla (subs.),a well, Swed. væld, a well, a spring, Swed. välla, to boil up, vællajarn, to weld iron (cp. Illyrian variti , boil and weld, Lett. wārit, boil,savārit, weld); Goth. walwjan, a.s. wealwian, to roll about, wallow,A.S. wielm, wylm, a rolling, a wave (Brugmann); Goth. wilwan, ' to rob,O.N. vela, væla, A.S. willan, to cheat, deceive, O.N. vēl, væl, a trick, A.S.wil, wile, M.E. wile (s.s.); Goth. walus, O.N. völr, a rounded staff, A.S.valu (s.s. ) , A.S. walan, wales caused by a stick, O. Fris. val-bera, astaff-bearer, a pilgrim (cp . O.N. vallari, a pilgrim, a tramp, O.H.G. walfaren, to go on pilgrimage: according to Kluge from O.H.G. wallōn,wandering), A.S. weleg (subs. ) , a willow (according to Skeat so calledbecause its boughs were used for making baskets; he cites the provincial namefor basket ' willy, ' A.S. wēleg [ adj . ] = λig, twisted); Goth.waltjan, O.H.G. welzen (trans. ) , walzan ( intrans. ) , N.H.G. wälzen, O.n.velta, A.S. wæltan (trans. ) , wealtan (intrans. ) , M.E. walten, welten, withfreq. form walter, welter, to roll (from extended √UEL~ +D); Goth.waurm-s, O. M. and N.H.G. wurm, O.N. ormr, A.S. wyrm, M. and N.E.worm; M.E. wallop, an obscure extension of A.S. weallian, and with thesame sense to boil.' Feist ( Goth. Etym.) connects wilwan (though doubtfully) with Lat. vellere,which certainly accords better with the sense.√UEL-√UER-134 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, helix, halo (through the borrowed Latin forms).Latin, volute, circum-volve, -volution, convolve, -ute, -ution,-vulus, devolve, evolve, -ution , &c. , involve, -ute, -ution, revolve,-ution, revolver, &c. , valve, univalve, bivalve, &c. , vermicular, -ate,vermi-fuge.L. Latin and Romance, volume, voluminous, vault (arch, leap, vb.and subs.) , volte-face, sudden turn round, revolt, guile, -less , vermilion,vermicelli, vermin, gallop, galoppe.Teutonic, well (subs . and vb. ), weld, wallow, wallop , to boil, potwalloper, pot-boiler, a name given to voters in places where all whoboil a pot for a certain period had the right of voting; whelm, overwhelm, wile, wily, -iness, wale (mark of a blow) , willow, waltz, worm.The connection of wormwood with worm, Germ. wermut, A.S. wermödis probably a popular etymology. The ' Century Dict. ' suggests thatthe O.H.G. Wermut, A.S. wer-möd, are from 0.H.G. and A.S. werian, todefend, protect, and that the word means ' keep- mind ' (wer- +muot,mind).Eur-Ar. √ṬER- √UEL-, to drag, tear, pluck, with vocalised forms√UR- √UL-.Sanscrit, vra-, ur-, in vrana, a tear, wound, ura, a ewe, uranas, aram, ura-bhras (s.s. ) , wool-bearer, urna, wool, i.e. that which isplucked ' (for vurna=Eur-Ar. ulna) , in urna-vabhis, ' wool-spinner,'spider.Armenian, garn, a lamb.Greek, p- -, for Fɛp- Fɛλ-, ovλ-, λn- = Fλn-, in ɛipos ² ( =Fep-Fos),¹ Urna, wool, &c. , have been commonly referred to UER-, to cover, wool beingregarded as the covering or clothing of both sheep and men. But Hehn (KulturPflanzen und Hausthiere, p. 435) connects it with √uer- √uel-, to pluck, tear, foundin Lat. vellere, &c. , and in the extended forms √uel-q-, to tear, drag, √uer-g-, totwist off, pluck, ✔uer-gh-, worry. His reasons are: ( 1 ) that in the earliest timesthe wool was pulled off by hand; the practice of shearing (tondere, Kelpew ) being oflater introduction, as stated by Pliny and Varro, with regard to Italy: ' Oves nonubique tondentur; durat quibusdam in locis vellendi mos ' ( Plin. viii . 73); ⚫ Omninotonsores in Italiam primum ex Sicilia venisse dic*nt post R. c. a. 454, ut scriptum inpublico Ardeæ in literis extat ' (Varr. ii . 11, 10) . (2) The original sense of the Gk.Téκw, used by Homer, Hesiod and Theocritus for the process of taking off the wool,is ' to pick, to comb ' (cp. Lat. pecten, a comb), equivalent to Lat. carpere lanam.The Lat. vellus, fleece, villus, a tuft of wool (cp. Gk. Tókos [ s.s. ]: Téкw) , evidentlybelong to vellere, to pluck.2 Prellwitz derives this from ✔uer-, to cover.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 135ἔριον, wool, λῆνος ( = λῆνος) , wool, ep. Lat. lana ( =vlana); ούλος(from Fox-vos, Brugmann, i. 245) , woolly, curling, ovλólpi§, woollyhaired, ȧpvós for Fapvós, a lamb.Latin, vel-, vul-, la- ( =vla), in vellere, vulsi, vulsum (old, volsum) ,to pluck, a-, con-, re-vellere, -vulsi , -vulsum, vellicare, to pick, vellus,-eris, afleece ofwool, villus, a flock, tuft ofwool, villosus, shaggy, hairy;vul-nus, -eris, a wound, vulnerare, to wound, vulnerabilis, vultur, vulture; lana (=vlana), wool, laniger, wool-bearing, lanugo, -inis, down,laniare (for vlaniare?) , to tear, laniator, a butcher, laniarius, relatingto a butcher; vervex, -icis, a wether (ver + vehere), the wool-bearer,(vernacular) verbex, berbex (cp. Sans. ura-bhras, the wool-bearer) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital . veluto, o.F. vellueau, veloute, velouet( =L. Lat. villutus) , velous ( = Lat. villosus, shaggy ¹ ) , N.F. velours,M.E. Velouette (Chaucer) , veluet, velwet, N.E. velvet, Ital. berbice, o.F.berbis (=vern. Lat. berbicem) , L. Lat. bercellum, a battering ram:(Du Cange: machina bellica muris diruendis, ' from which a L. Lat.bercellarius is supposed, whence Ital. bersaglio, a rifleman, Diez) , N.f.brebis, a sheep, L. Lat. berbicarius, a shepherd, Prov. bergiers, O.F.berger, Ital. and Prov. lana, O.F. laine, wool; Ital. laniere (L. Lat.laniarius), O.F. lanier, a kind of falcon; O. Ital . voltore, O.F. voltour,M.E. voltur, vultur, N.E. vulture (the tearer) .Balto-Slav. , Lith . vilna, O. Slav. vluna, wool, O. Slav. vlasa, hair.Teutonic, Goth. wulla, O.H.G. wolla, N.H.G. wolle, O.N. ull (forvull), A.S. wall, wul, M.E. wolle, woole, N E. wool.Celtic, Gael. olann, Ir. oland, Wel. gulan, gwlan, Corn. gluan,Bret. gloan, wool.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, avulsion, convulse, -ion, revulsion, villose, villous, vulnerable, vulture (thr. o.F. ) , lanigerous, lanuginous, laniariform, fitted fortearing.L. Latin and Romance, velvet, muslin de laine.Teutonic, wool, -y, -en.Eur-Ar. √UELQ- √UERQ-, with by-forms √ULEQ- √UREQ-, to drag,pull, tear.Sanscrit, vark-, vṛk-, to hurt, tear, wound, in vrkas, wolf, plough¹ Ital. veluto, M.E. veluet, N.E. velvet, correspond to a L. Lat. villutam.136 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓UELQ✓UERQ✓ULEQ-✓UREQ17(i.e. the tearer), a-vṛkas , harmless, vraçchati, tears, vraska, a tear, arent.Armenian, gail, a wolf.Zend, vrach-, to wound, in fra-vrachenta, vehrka, a wolf.Greek, ( 1) ¿λí- ( =Fɛλê-) , in &λxw,¹ to drag about, tear asunder,Exxos, a wound, óλxós, a machine for hauling, óλkás, a trading vessel;(2) λακ- = -λακ-, ῥακ-=Fρακ, in λάκος, ῥάκος, a rag, tattered garment,Xaxís, a rent, rending, Xáкños, a hole, pit, λakíçw, to tear, Xakki(w,to dig a pit, αὔλαξ ( = ά-Γλαξ) , a furrow; (3) λυκ- ( = λυκ-) inλύκος,a wolf, Avкоπódiov, name given by modern botanists to a plant,Λυκόφρων, wolf-minded (pr. n.); (4) ῥαγ- ρακ- (for pay- Fρακ-) , inῥήγνυμι, to break , καταρρήγνυμι, to break down, καταρράκτης, a fullof water.--Latin, (1 ) ulc- in ulcus, a sore, a wound, ulcerare, to make sore,ulcerate, ulcisci ( =volc-isci, Plaut. ) , to take vengeance (a desiderativeform to desire to hurt, wound); (2) lac- = vlac- in lacer, torn, lacerare,to tear, lancinare, tear, lacerate, laqueus, a snare, lacinia, a lappet, flap,or edge of a garment, lacère, ² to snare, allicere , to allure, elicere, -itus,to draw out, delicere, allure, deliciæ, pleasure, charm, allurement,delicatus, alluring, deliciosus, delicious, delectare (freq. of delicere) , todelight, entice away, delectabilis , delectatio, oblectare, to gratify; lacus,a pond, lake, a pit, hole, lacuna, a chasm, gap, pit, lacerta, lacertus, alizard (?) , perhaps so named from its being found in cracks of walls,rocks, &c.; (3) lup- (for vlup-) in lupus, a wolf, lupa, a she-wolf, aprostitute, lupanar, a house of ill-fame, Lupercalia, a feast in honour ofLupercus (the Lycean Pan, and his wife, Luperca, the deified she-wolfthat suckled Romulus), lupinus, a bean; cataracta (Gk. loan-word) , awaterfall.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. hulca, a heavy merchant-vessel(= Gk. óλkás) , M.E. hulke; Ital. ulcera, F. ulcere, an ulcer; Ital.dilettare, Prov. delectar, o.F. deleiter, deliter (Lat. delectare) , M.E.deliten, to delight, Ital. dilettante, one who delights in the fine arts,Ital. diletto, Prov. deliet, o.F. deleit, delit, M.E. delit, pleasure, delight,Ital. delicato, O.F. delicat, giving pleasure, dainty, Ital. delizioso, o.F.delicieus, delicious; Ital. laccio, a noose (Lat. laque-us) , o.F. lacs,las, M.E. las, laas, a string, bowstring, a lace (from Lat. laqueus,' Prellwitz connects €λkw, čλxos , with Lat. sulcus, a furrow, A.S. sulh, a plough,from a Eur- Ar. ✔selk-.2 The oldest method of entrapping the larger wild beasts was by digging andcovering up a hole in the ground; for the smaller animals a Doose was used—perhapsa later invention. Lacere would originally mean to entrap in a pit, and laqueus, theensnaring by a noose.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 137a snare, noose), Span. lazo, Port. laço, a snare, a slip-knot, a√UELQlasso; Ital. lago, F. lac, a lake, Ital. lagone, laguna, a lagoon; Ital . √UERQlacerta, Span. lagarto, O.F. lezard, lizard, M.E. lezarde, lizarde, a lizard, √ULEQF. lezarde, ¹ a crack in a wall into which a lizard could creep, Span. √UREQel lagarto, the lizard, a name given by the Spaniards to the Americancayman; O.F. laniere, a woollen strap, a thong, earlier form lasniere(according to Brachet) probably from a L. Lat. laciniaria, formedfrom Lat. lacinia (?); o.F. loup, a wolf.Balto-Slav. , Lith. velku , velkti, O. Slav. vleka, vleste, to draw, pull,Lith. vilkas, O. Slav. vluku, a wolf.2Teutonic, Goth. wulfs, o. and N.H.G. wolf, O.N. ulfr, a wolf, O.N.ylgr, a she-wolf, A.S. wulf. Many Teutonic names are compoundedwith wulf, wolf, e.g. Wulf-ram (=wulf+ramr, strong), Wulf-ric,Wulferich, wolf-king, Rudolf (Hruod + wolf=renowned wolf) , Adolf(= Adal +wolf), noble wolf, Botolph ( = Bot + wolf) , messenger wolf, &c.O.H.G. holcho, N.H.G. holk, A.S. hulk, O. and N. Du. hulke, hulk, M.E.hulke, a ship ofburden, N.E. a hulk (loan-words from Gk. óλkás, thr.Lat. hulca) .3Celtic, Gael. and Ir. loch, Wel. llwch, a lake; Gael. faol, wolf, Ir.faolchu, wild dog, wolf.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, lycopodium, lycanthropos, Lycophron, and other compoundsof lyco-; cataract (thr. Lat. ) .Latin, ulcerate, -ion, lacerate, -ion, lancinate; delicious (thr. F.) ,delicate, -cy (thr. F.) , elicit, delectable, -tion, oblectation, lacuna,lacustrine, lupine, Lupercal.L. Latin and Romance, hulk (Gk. thr. Romance and Teut. loanwords), an old vessel used as a prison; ulcer, ulcerous, -ation;delight (subs. and vb. ) , delightful, dilettante; lace (subs. and vb. ) ,unlace, lasso, a rope with a noose; lake, lagoon, lizard , alligator (Span.el lagarto) , lanyard (?) , loup-garou, manwolf.Teutonic, wolf, and many names of places and persons, Wolsey(=Wolvesey), wolf's-island, Wolfram, Wolrych, Woolridge, Ulfilas,Wolff, Adolphus, Bardolph, Botolph, Biddulph, Bedolf, Rudolph, Ralph(Radulphus) , Wolverton, &c.; hulk (probably thr. Du. ) .Celtic, loch, lough.¹ Perhaps a misapprehension of Juvenal's ' unius sese dominum fecisse lacertæ ,'where ' lacerta ' is a poetical metaphor for ' the space filled by a lizard.'2 Feist ( Goth. Etym. ) doubts the connection of Goth. wulfs with Gk. čλкw.• Kluge does not derive O.H.G. loh, N.H.G. loch, a hole, dungeon, from this root,but from a pre-Teutonic ✔lug- with the primary sense, to close, shut.-138 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √UEL-Q- √UER¯Q, an extension of √UEL- √UER-, to turn,roll, wind.Greek, ρɛπ- in þéπw (for Fpéπw) , to incline, shift (especially of thebalance), p*rn, the fall of the balance, turn of the scale, póraλov, aclub thicker towards the butt-end, a club used for throwing, píπTw, tothrow (labio-velar q=π, p).Latin, rep- (for vrep-) in reperel for *vrepere, to creep, crawl,repente, suddenly, repens, repentinus, sudden, unexpected, perhapsfrom repere, to creep, as coming without being observed.ENGLISH DERIV.: Latin, reptile, reptilian.Eur-Ar. ✔UERGUELG √URG , extended from √UER- √/UEL-, toturn, wind, roll.Sanscrit, vrg-, valg-, in vrjina, crooked, wrong, vrjani (subs.), atrick, deceit, valgami, to hop, spring, varjayati, abandon, exclude.Greek, peß- for Fpɛß- in pa‹ßós ( =Fpaißós, Eur-Ar. g= Gk. ß) ,crooked, ῥυβός (Εol.) , ῥέμβω, to turn round, ῥόμβος, ῥύμβος, αmathematical figure (two cones on opposite sides of the same base), amagic wheel, a spinning top, a turbot, an equilateral parallelogram.Latin, valg-, verg-, rug- for vrug-, in valgus, crooked, ruga(=vruga), a wrinkle, fold, corrugare, to wrinkle, vergere, to incline,turn, convergere, divergere; rhombus, a turbot, &c. (Gk. loan-word) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. gualcare, o.F. gaucher (from O.H.G.walchan), to stamp, to work wool into felt by stamping or pounding,Ital. gualchiera, O.F. gualchier, gauchoir, afulling mill, F. rumb, Span.rumbo, Ital. rombo, a point of the compass, a ship's course, F. verge,spindle ofthe balance wheel of a watch.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. verg- in vrešti for vergti, to throw.Teutonic, O.H.G. walchan, O.N. vālca, volca, A.S. wealcan, to stamp,roll, tread, walk, O.H.G. walchar, N.H.G. walker, A.S. walcere, a fuller,i.e. one who works wool into felt by stamping, pressing, &c.; Goth.wraiqs, crooked, A.S. wrencan, to wrench, twist, deceive, M.E. wrenchen,wrinchen, to twist, A.S. wrenc, a trick; Goth. wairpan, O.H.G. werpfan,N.H.G. werfen, A.S. weorpan (p. t . wearp) , O.N. verpa, to cast, throw, M.E.werpen, warpen (s.s.) , N.E. warp, to tow a ship, to turn, swerve, bend,O.H.G. Wurfil, N H.G. würfel, O.N. verpell, a die, o.N. moldvarpa, a mole,' Brugmann refers Lat. repere to this root, not to serp-, from which Gk. prw, Lat.Бегреге.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 1393: the mould- thrower, Goth. raip, a strap, a tie, in skauda-raip, shoe strapor band, o. and N.H.G. reif, a rope, O.N. reip, A.S. rāp, a rope, M.E.rop, roop, rope, M.E. wrappen, wlappen, to wrap (a transposed formlabialised. of warp). The Teutonic f, p, correspond to Eur-Ar. gENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, rhombus, -oid, rumb- or rhumb-line (Gk. thr. Fr.), a ship'scourse making the same angle with every meridian, a point ofthe compass.Latin, corrugate, -ion, verge, con-, di-verge, -ent.Teutonic, walk, Walker (pr. n. ) , John Walker ( = John the fuller);wrench, wrinkle, a crease, fold, a wrinkle (dim. of A.S. wrenc, trick, fold),trick, hint; warp, the threads stretched lengthwise in the loom, to becrossed by the woof, to warp (of wood) , to bend, twist, warp, a towingrope, wrap, tofold up, mold-warp (now provincial), a mole; Ant-werp (?) .Eur-Ar. √UERO , VURE , to compress, abandon, exclude, drive,strengthen, make active, work.Sanscrit, varj-, vrg-, urj-, in urja, energy, activity, fullness ofpower,urjayami, nourish, strengthen, varjas, a multitude, vraja, a flock, herd,shed, pen, varnakti, twists off, averts, withholds, varjayati (caus. ), shuns,excludes.Zend, verz- in verezyeiti, works.Armenian, gorc, work.Greek, py- opy-, for Fɛpy- Fopy-, in * pyw (obsolete verbal baseof ἔργον, a work ), for which the forms ῥέζω, ἔρδω ( =δρέζω for Fρεδιω,Fpery- w) are also used (Brugmann, i . 112), pyov = Fɛpyov, awork, ἐνέργεια, energy, ἐνεργητικός, δημιουργός, an artisan, the makerof the world, πavoûpyos, lit. one capable of doing anything, a villain,Xεipovρyós, one who works by hand, (specially) a surgeon, Xɛɩtovpyía,a public service, opytov, a religious rite, öpyavov, an instrument, anorgan, opyń, apassion, an impulse; ɛlpyw, to shut in, confine.Latin, urg-, vulg-, in urgere, to press upon, urge, drive, vulgus,volgus (?), the multitude, the people (cp. Sans. varjas, and change of rto 1), vulgare, to spread abroad, vulgatus, lit. published, made common,divulgare, to divulge, vulgaris, vulgar; chirurgus (Gk. loan-word) .Curtius connects virgo, virgin, and virga, fresh, green, a twig, a rod,with this root, and compares Sans. urja; but Ascoli and others referthem to Verdh-, to grow, more satisfactorily as regards sense, but lessso phonetically.140 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✔UERG√UREĞL. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. virgarius, an apparitor, O.F. verger,bearer of a wand of office, from F. verge, a rod, a wand, Ital. vergine,Prov. verge, vergene, O.F. verge, vergine, N.F. vierge, a virgin; Ital.chirurgo, cerusico, Prov. and o.F. surgien (L. Lat. chirurgianus) , O.F.cirurgien, serurgien, M.E. surgien, Prov. surgia, O.F. cirurgie, M.E. surgerie; Panurge (used as pr. n. ); o.F. boule-vart, N.F. boule-vard,from M.H.G. bol- werk, a rampart, compounded from M.H.G. bole (O.N.bolr) , trunk of a tree, and werk, work, with meaning a work ofdefence constructed with trunks of trees. The ramparts of old Pariswere converted into streets planted with trees, but retained their oldname of boule-vards or ramparts.Balto-Slav. , Lith. vargti, to be pressed, vargas, necessity, need,O. Slav. vragu, an enemy.Teutonic, Goth. waurkjan, O.H.G. wurchen, wirken, N.H.G. wirken,A.S. wyrcan, M.E. werchen, O.N. verka, O.H.G. werah, N.H.G. werk, O.N. verk,A.S. weorc, worc, M.E. (Wycliff) werk, work, O.H.G. wurhto, A.S. wyrhta,M.E. wyrihte, wyrhte, a worker, a wright; Goth. wrikan, pursue, gawrikan,avenge, punish, O.H.G. wrehhan, rehhan, N.H.G. rächen, A.S. wrecan, M.E.wreken, avenge, drive away, persecute, wreak vengeance, ¹ O.N. reka,to drive horses, to drive out, banish, to bar the way, to take vengeance,A.S. * wreac, M.E. wreke, revenge, O.H.G. wrehhan, an exile, A.S. wræcca,O.N. rekr, an exile, a wretch (cp . Sans. varjayati, excludes, and O.H.G.ali-land, foreign, N.H.G. elend, wretched), A.S. wræc, banishment, ruin,O.N. rek for vrek, anything drifted ashore, Dan. vrag, Swed. vrak,refuse, wreckage, O.H.G. folk (?) , N.H.G. volk, O.N. folk, A.S. folc, N.E. folk,people, a crowd, army, division of an army; cp. Hindi, log, fromVulog (?) , a crowd, people, originally, perhaps, applied to men only,but applied popularly to a number or the species of living things ingeneral.2Celtic, O. Wel. guerg, energetic, Gallic, Vergobretos, title of amagistrate (from vergo-, do, work, +brath, a judgment) , Ir. fraig, Gael.fraigh, a wattled partition, Ir. ferg, Gael. fearg, anger, with by-formforgan (cp. Gk. opyn) , Wel. gorchi, to fence in (cp. ɛipyw) , Wel. gorchwyl, work (cp. Armen. gorc) .' See Kluge, Etym. Dict. under rächen.^? A more probable derivation is given under ✔pre- ple- /pel- connectingfolk with plebs, wλéos, wóλis, &c. Kluge does not appear to favour either; under' volk' he makes no mention of the derivation from ✔ple-, and questions its connection with Lat. vulgus. The derivation of vulgus and folk cannot be regarded as established; as Eur-Ar. q Lat. v, but not Teut. f, and the derivation of O.H.G. folkfrom Eur-Ar. ple- negatives a connection with vulgus. Kluge doubts whether acommon base such as qelgos , qolgos, is etymologically admissible for vulgus andfolk, notwithstanding their similarity in sound and sense.=EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 141ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, energy, energetic, demiurgus, liturgy, -ical, Panurge (thr.F.), metallurgy, orgy, organ, -ic , -ise, -ism, -ist; orgé, passionateimpulse.Latin, urge, urgent, -cy, vulgar, -ise, -ian, -ity, Vulgate, theauthorised Roman Catholic translation of the Bible, divulge, virgin (?) ,-ity, -al.L. Latin and Romance, verger (?) , verge (as a legal term) , limit of ajur sdiction or office, (general) edge, boundary line; chirurgeon, surgeon,chirurgy, surgery, surgical, boule-vard (from M.H.G.) .Teutonic, work, wrought (from worhte, p. t. of A.S. wyrcan), worker,-man, &c. , wright (generally in compounds), as Cartwright, Wainwright, Boatwright, &c. , used both as prop. names and as names oftrades , wreak, wreck, wrack, wretch, wretched; wark a work ofdefence, in bulwark, Southwark, Newark, &c.Eur-Ar. √ỤERÕHURNGH , extended and nasalised forms of√UERO, to press, &c.Teutonic, werg- inGoth.gawargjan, to condemn, O.H.G. wurgan, N.H.G.würgen, O. Fris. wergia, to throttle, strangle, a.s. wyrgan in awyrgan, tohurt, M.E. worrowen, wirien, to worry, O.N. virgull, O. Sax. wurgil, ahalter, Goth. wruggo, a halter, A.S. wringan, to wring, twist, O.H.G.ringan, N.H.G. ringen, to wrestle, M.E. wranglen, to quarrel, dispute,(from wrang, p. t. of a.s. wringan) , M.E. wringen (p. p. wrungen,wrongen), to wring, twist, pervert, A.S. (late) , wrang (adj . ) , wrong, O.N.rangr (adj. ) , twisted aside, perverted, wrong; O.H.G. warg, O.N. vargr,A.S. wearg, an outrageous fellow , a wolf, A.S. wrigian, M.E. wrien, totwist, M.E. awrye, on the twist, Goth. wröhjan, O.H.G. ruogen, O.N.rœgja, A.S. wregan, M.E. wrezen, wreyen, N.E. to wray (obs. but foundstill in its compound bewray) , to accuse, charge, disclose.bind.Balto-Slav., Lith. virzys, a halter, virzeti, bind, O. Slav. vruza, toENGLISH DERIV.: Teutonic, worry, wring, wrong, wrangle,wrangler, wry, awry, wriggle (freq. formed from A.S. wrigian: cp Du.wriggelen) , bewray.142 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √UERGH √UREGH-, to moisten, wet, rain.Sanscrit, cp. vṛsh- ¹ in vṛshati, sprinkles.Greek, Spex- for Fpex-,2 in ẞpέxw, to rain, èµßpoxń, a moistening.Latin, rig- for vrig- in rigare, to moisten, irrigare, to irrigate.Teutonic, Goth. rignjan, O.H.G. reganōn, N.H.G. regnen, O.N. rigna,A.S. regnan, to rain, Goth. rign, O.H.G. regan, N.H.G. regen, O.N. regn,A.S. regn, rēn, rain (all with loss of original w). Feist (' Goth. Etym. ')questions the connection of the Teutonic forms with Latin rigare.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, embrocation.Latin, irrigate, irrigation.Teutonic, rain, rainy, rainfall, &c.Eur-Ar. VUELG , damp, moist, soft, wet.Balto-Slav. , Lith. vilgau, vilg-yti , moisten, O. Slav. vlaga, moist,wet, vlaziti, to wet, vluguku, damp; Pol. Vloch, Bohem. Vlach, anItalian, O. Bulgarian, Vlahu, a Wallachian (fr. Teut. walh).4Teutonic, O.H.G. welk, * walki, N.H.G. welk, A.S. wlæc, wlacu, damp,mild, tepid, weak, O.H.G. wolchan, wolcha, N.H.G. wolke, A.S. wolken(pl. wolcnu) , a cloud, M.E. wolkne, welkne, the welkin, sky, lit.clouds3; O.H.G. walh, M.H.G. walch, French, Italian, Romance, foreign,A.S. wealh, Celtic (from Volcæ, the Latin form of the native Celticname), O.H.G. walhisc, N.H.G. welsch, Romance (French and Italian),A.S. wælisc, the Normans, foreign, M.E. walisce, walsche, walsh, Welch,N.E. Welch, Welsh, the inhabitants of Wales, A.S. Wealas, A.S. Cornwalas, Cornwall; O.N. walhnot, A.S. wealh-hnutu, M.E. walnutte, Du.walnoot, N.H.G. walnuss, N.E. walnut, theforeign nut; Wallis, a Swisscanton.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. gauche (* gualche, from O.H.G. walki),the left, i.e. the weak hand, cp. Ital. stanca, the tired, manca, the lame,1 Benfey refers vṛsh to vrgh; on which Curtius remarks that, if so, vrsh wouldstand for vrk-sh, and the latter for vṛgh- s. The regular Eur-Ar. form of Sans. vrshis ✓aurs.2 Kluge thinks that βρέχω represents an older μβρέχω as βροτός =μβροτός. Prellwitz also takes this view and connects ẞpéxw with Lat. mergo, to wet, rain. But (1)Fp also is represented by 8p-, and ( 2) if Lat. rigo is connected with Bpéxw, it wouldfollow that it, as well as Goth. rignjan, &c. , are from the same root as mergo, viz.from Eur-Ar. ✔mrgh. (3) The following ✔uelg-, a variant of √nergh with similarmeaning, is also against Kluge's view.The Century Dict. accepts this explanation, but Kluge notes it as uncertain.This Celtic tribe is mentioned by Julius Cæsar, and at that time was found inGallia Narbonensis in the neighbourhood of Nemausus and Tolosa, now Nîmes andToulouse.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 143and Prov. seneca, the decrepit, i.e. the left, hand; o.F. Wallon, Gualon,Walloon, one of a people of mixed Celtic and German descent, foundin and about south-east Belgium, Valais, Swiss Canton.Celtic, Gael. failc, O. Ir. folcaim, Wel. golchi, Bret. goalchi, tobathe, wash, Volca (?) , the Celtic name of a Gallic people borderingon the Germans: its meaning is said to be the bathers ' (Kluge;Macbain; Century Dict.'; Wel. gwylch, moisture.6ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L.Latin andRomance, gauche, gaucherie; Walloon, Valais (fr. Teut.) .Teutonic, welkin, the sky, the clouds welk, to fade.Balto-Slav. , Wallach, Wallachian (fr. Teut. ).Celtic, Wales, Welsh, Walsh (surname) , the foreigner, welcher (?);-wall in Cornwall, the Welsh of the horn. The early Irish name was' i tirib Bretann Cornn, ' the lands ofthe Britons ofthe Corn.Eur-Ar. UERS , probably the older form of√ERS-.Sanscrit, vṛsh-, in vṛsh-ati, sprinkles, vrshan, raining, vṛsh-a-bha,the male of an animal, vṛsha, a bull, vṛsh-ala, a stallion .Latin, verr- for vers- in verres, a boar pig.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. verre, O.F. ver, a boarpig, verrat (s.s. ) ,Span . barraco.(For the forms and derivatives in which v is dropt see underVers-.)Eur-Ar. √UER- S- extended from √UER-, to drag.Greek, ¿pp- ¿po-, for Fɛpp- Fɛps-, in eppɛw , to limp, halt, dragalong (intrans. ), to come to grief, perish, to be lost, disappear, ȧπάɛρσɛ=άrófepos (an old Epic aor. only found in third pers. sing. ) , sweptaway, Béppns, a runaway slave (Hesych. ) .to Latin, verr- for vers- in verrere, verri, versum, O. Lat. vorrere,sweep, brush, drag, sweep or drag away, obliterate, hide, vestigium (?)for verstigium, footprint, trace, trail (Fick, ii . 247, third edition ¹ ),vestigare, investigare, to trace, search after.Teutonic, O.N. vörr, gen. varrar, the pull of the oar, turn of thepaddle; Goth. wairs (adv. ) , worse, wairsiza (adj .) , worse (-iza an oldterm. of comparative) , O.H.G. wirs, N.H.G. wirr, confused, entangled,In his 4th ed. i . 550, Fick places a note of query. Breal and Vaniček derive vestigium from ve, apart, + stigium, a step (Sans. stigh, to step) , as though having thesense of the footprint apart fromthe foot. Neither explanation is satisfactory..144 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.O. Sax. werran, to confuse (cp. N.H.G. verwirren, to throw into confusion),O.N. verr (adv. ) , verri (adj . ) , A.S. wyrs (adv. ) , wyrsa (adj. ) , M.E. wers,wors, worse, O.H.G. wirsisto, O.N. verst, A.S. wyrst (adv. ), wyrsta (adj . ) ,M.E. werst, worst, A.S. wyrsian, M.E. wursien, to grow worse (intrans.) ,to worst (trans.); O.H.G. werra, confusion, strife, O. Du. werre, war,hostility, A.S. wyrre, M.E. werre, weorre, wer, confusion, strife; A.S.war-scot, found in Laws of cnu*t: armorum oneribus quod Angli"war-scot " dic*nt.'Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. vrēšti, thresh (but perhaps from O. Slav.vergti: see under √nerg- uelg-) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. guerra (fr. O.H.G. werra) , O.F. werre,guerre, war, O.F. werreier, guerreier, to make war, M.E. (Chauc. ) werrien,Spens. warray, Ital. guerriero, Prov. guerriers, O.F. werreiur, guerreiur,a warrior, Span. guerrilla (dim. of guerra), a skirmish.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, vestige (?) , investigate, -ion.Teutonic, worse, worst (adj . and vb. ), war, warlike.L. Latin and Romance, guerrilla, warrior, nom de guerre.Eur-Ar. UERT , to turn, &c.Sanscrit, vart-, vgt-, in vartati, turns, &c . , vrttas (p. p. ) , turned,(as subs.) condition, occupation, manner of life, vartaka, a quail, lit.the turner or tumbler (according to Pictet), from its way of movingalong the ground.Greek, όρτ-=Foρτ-, ῥατ- = -par-, in όρτυξ, a quail =γόρτυξ(Hesych. ) , i.e. FóρTu§; parávη, a stir-about, ladle, Æol. ẞpáravn =Γράτανη.Latin, vert- in vert-ere, -i, -sum (O. Lat. vortere, vorsum) , to turn,versare, to turn, wind, twist, versari, -atus, to stay at, to be circ*mstanced, occupied with, &c. , versatilis, versatile, versiculus, a little line,versicle, versificare, to make verses, versus, a line of writing, a verse(i.e. a turning, a row, a furrow¹) , versus, vorsus (adv. andprep.) , towards,retrorsum ( = retro +vorsum), sursum ( = sub + vorsum), from belowupwards, vertex, a summit, verticalis, vertical, vortex, a whirlpool,vertebra, ajoint, vertebratus, jointed, vertigo, giddiness, avertere, turn¹ Cp. Gk. Bov-σrpopndóv, turning like oxen at the end ofafurrow, used of the earlyGreek script, which went from left to right, and from right to left, alternately;also Gk. σrpoon the turning ofthe chorus from one side to the other of the orchestra:the strains chanted in the evolution were called στροφή and ἀντιστροφή.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 145Ifrom, aversus, advertere, to turn to, direct attention to, adversus, turnedtoward, in front of, opposite, over against, adversarius, one who standsopposite, an opponent, adversitas, contrariety, opposition, animadvertere,to turn the mind to , convertere, to turn round, convert, conversio, aturning, convertibilis, conversus, turned round, conversari, to live, haveintercourse with, conversatio, intercourse, controvertere, controvert,controversia, controversialis, controversy, -ial, divertere, divert, diversus,diverse, -itas, diversity, divortium, divorce, evertere, -sio, evert, ‐sion,invertere, -sus, -sio, invert, inverse, -ion , obvertere, -sus, obverse, pervertere, -sus, -sio, -itas, pervert, -se, -sion, -sity, provertere, -vortere,provorsa, prorsa, prosa (sc. oratio) , straightforward speech, prose,prorsum (adv.), forwards, directly, wholly, quite, revertere, -sus, -sio,revert, -se, -sion, subvertere, -sio, subvert, -sion, transvertere, transversus, traversus, transverse, traverse, tergiversari, -atio, tergiversate,-ion, universus, -alis, -itas, universe, -al, -ity, anniversarius, returningannually.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. advertir, to advertise ( pr. p. advertisant),N.F. avertir, O.F. divers, M.E. divers, sundry, various, F. malverser, tomismanage, behave ill in an office (Lat. male +versari) , Ital. traverso,Prov. transvers, travers, O.F. travers, crosswise, F. and M.E. adverse,F. converser, M.E. conversen, F. and N.E. diverse, O.F. and N.E. divorce,versifier, versify, F. and M.E. inverse, F. pervertir, M.E. perverten,F. and M.E. perverse, F. and M.E. prose, F. and M.E. revers, reverse,traverser, to traverse, cross over, thwart, bar."Balto-Slav. , Lith. vartyti, turn, O. Slav. vratiti (s.s. ) , Lith.virstu, be turned, become, O. Slav. vrista (s.s. ) , O. Slav. vreteno,a spindle (cp. Gk. parávn) .Teutonic, Goth. wairthan, O.H.G. wërdan, N.H.G. werden, O.N.verdha, A.S. weordhan, M.E. wurthen, worthen, N.E. (early) worth, inthe phrase woe worth! ( = woe betide) , to come to pass, befal, become;O.H.G. wurt, M.H.G. wurth, O.N. urdhr, A.S. wyrd, wurd, M.E. wurde,wyrde, wierde, N.E. weird, fate, destiny; Goth. -wairths, O.H.G. -wërtes,N.H.G. -wärts, O.N. -verdhr, A.S. -weard, -weards , -ward, -wards, lit.turning'; O.H.G. ridan, O.N. reidha, reidharsk, to be angry (forwreidha) ,A.S. wridhan (p. t. wrādh), to twist, wring, M.E. writhen, wrythen,wrethen, N.E. writhe, o.N. reidhr, Dan. and Swed. vred, wrathful (orig.turned from, contorted) , A.S. wrādh, perverted, twisted, angered, wroth,A.S. wrædh, a twisted band, A.S. wrist, the turner (cp. O. Fris. hondwriust, hand-turner, fot-wriust, ankle), A.S. wrastan, M.E. wresten,to twist violently, to wrest, A.S. wræstlian, wraxlian, M.E. wrestlen,wrastlen, wraxlen, N.E. to wrestle.√UERTL146 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Celtic, Wel. gwerthyd, Corn. gurthit, a spindle, Wel. gwyrthio, toturn against, from gwrth-, counter to.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, vert, ' version, verse, versicle, vertex, vertical, vortex,vertebra, -æ, -ate, invertebrate, vertigo, versification, versatile, -ity,avert, averse, -ion, advert, -sity, -ary, inadvertent, -ce, animadvert,-sion, convert, -se, -sion, -tible, conversant (thr. F.) , -ation, -al,controvert, -sy, -sial , divert, -se , -sion, -sity, -ness, divorce (thr. F.),-ment, invert, -sion, -sible, obvert; pervert, -sion, -sible, -sity, -sive,perverseness; prose (thr. F.) , prosaic, prosy; revert, -ible, -se, -sion,-sal, irreversible; retrovert, -sion, subvert, -sion, -sive; transvert, -se,-sal; tergiversate, -ion; universe, -al, -ity, anniversary.L. Latin and Romance, advertise, -ment, divers, malversation(from malverser, but formed as from a Lat. * malversari) , traverse,versify, adverse, converse (vb. ) , diverse, inverse, perverse.Teutonic, weird, properly a subs. , fate, lot, destiny, but often usedas an adj. with the meaning wild, ¹ unearthly; worth! (befal!); -ward,-wards, with prep. , toward, towards, towardly, froward, up-, downward, &c. , (points of compass) eastward, westward, &c. , also withsubs. Godward, heavenward, homeward, seaward, &c.; writhe, wroth,wrath, wreath, wreathe, wrist, wrest, wrestle.Eur-Ar. ✔VEIS- √TIS , to spoil, corrupt, wither.Sanscrit, vish- in vish-am, venom, poison, visha-vant, poisonous,vishanas, sad, dejected, vishamas, adverse, wrong, (as subs. neut. ) distress.Zend, visha, poison.Greek, lós (for Fioós), poison, rust, lózis , poisonous, gen. lóɛvtosfor FioÓFEVTOS (cp. Sans. vishavant), iwdns, rust-coloured ( Liddell andScott, but Skeat derives it from lov, the violet) .Latin, virus (by change of s to r between vowels) , poison, a slimyliquid, an offensive odour, virulentus, poisonous.²But in the phrase ' the weird sisters ' it means the ' fate sisters,' i.e. the ThreeNorns or fates of the old Norse myth, named respectively, Urdhr, Verdandi, and Skuld.2 Lat. vitium, a fault, defect, vice, with its derivatives, vitiare, to vitiate, injure,vitiosus, vicious, faulty, vituperare (perhaps for viti-parare), to impute fault, canhardly be placed under this root, notwithstanding its accordance in meaning withSans. vishamas. Lewis and Short connect vitium with √ại to twist, twine, withthe sense of a twist, perversion: cf. F. tors from torquere, to twist; Eng. wrong, p. p.of wring.2EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 147Teutonic, Goth. fra-wisan, to waste, consume, O.H.G. wësanen, towither, putrify, N.H.G. verwesen, to bring or come to nought, O.N. visna,to wither, A.S. wisnian, to become dry, M.E. wisenen (s.s.) , A.S. weornian(for *weosnian) , to spoil, corrupt, O.N. visinn, withered, palsied, M.E.wisen, N.E. wizen, dried up.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, iodine (so called from its colour).Latin, virus, virulent, -ce.Teutonic, wizen.Eur-Ar. ✔TERK- YELÊ-, with variant UERQUELQ , to burn,glow, shine brightly.Sanscrit, varch-, ulk-, in varchas, vitality, light of the sun, brightness, ulkā, u meteor, flame.Latin, vulc- in Vulcanus, the God offire.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. vulcano, volcano, a volcano.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, Vulcan, vulcanite.L. Latin and Romance, volcano, -ic, -ise.Eur-Ar. √URED , YERD√URD, to grow.Zend, vareda, growing.Armenian, vard, a plant, (special) the rose.Greeks, ίριδα, ροδ-, in ῥίζα ( =εριδια) , Fol. βρίζα, α root, with aprobable earlier meaning of a growth, shoot, twig, yλvкupplça (sweetroot), liquorice, pádvę, a branch (cp. Lat. radix) , a root, pádaµvos,ὀρόδαμνος, a bough, branch, ῥόδον, a rose, Aiol . βρόδον ( =ερόδον, cp.Arm. vard),' podó-devdpov, (lit.) tree- rose, the rhododendron.Latin, rad- for vrad- in radix, a root ( = vradix), radicula, littleroot, a kind of radish, eradicare, to root out, radicalis (post-class. ) ,having roots, liquiritia, liquorice (corrupt form of Gk. yλvкuppíļa);radius, a staff, measuring rod, radius of the circle, spoke of a wheel,beam oflight, radiare, to put spokes to a wheel, cause to beam, to emit' 'Pódov was probably a loan-word from the Iranic or Armenian.L 2148 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✔URED-√UERD-✔URDrays, irradiāre, to beam upon; rāmus ( =radmus, vradmus), a branch,ramosus, full ofboughs; rosa, ¹ a rose, roseus, rosarius, rosaceus (Pliny),relating to a rose.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. radice, Prov. raditz, raitz, O.F. raïs,raïz (Lat. radice[m]) , N.F. radis, M.E. race, a root, F. racine ( =L. Lat.radicina); Ital. legorizia, regolizia (from later corruption), O.F. regulisse,N.F. réglisse, liquorice , Ital. raggio, razzo, Prov. raigs, rais, beam, ray,raya, stroke, stripe, O.F. rai , a beam, a stripe, N.F. raie, a stripe, N.f.rayon, a beam, a ray; O.F. esracher ( =Lat. ex-radicare) , N.F. arracher,M.E. aracen, racen (Chauc. arace, Spencer, rash, with a sense of tearing,rending), O.F. ramifier, to branch out (formed as from a Latin

• ramificare), F. rosette, ribbons sewn together in shape ofa rose, L. Lat.

rosarium, a garland or chaplet of roses, a string ofprayer beads, a fanciful title given to books in medieval times, O.F. rosaire, rosier, M.E.rosarie, a rose-bush, a rosary.²Balto- Slav. , O. Slav. vrutu, a vegetable, in vrutu-gradu, a garden(cp. Goth. aurtigards), Russ. vertogradu (s . s .) , perhaps a Teutonicloan-word.Teutonic, Goth. waurts, O.N. jurt, urt, o. and N.H.G. wurz, A.S.wyrt, M.E. wort, a plant, pot- herb, Goth. aurti-gards, o.N. jurtagardh,Dan. urtgaard, A.S. ortgeard, orceard, wyrtgeard, M.E. orchard, a garden, orchard; 0.H.G. wurzala (for wurz-wala) , N.H.G. würzel, A.S. wyrtwalu, a root (lit. a plant-stock); O.N. rot, M.E. rote, a root, O.N. rota, toroot up (both with loss of initial w) , cp. A.S. wruotan, M.E. wroten, torout or wrout up, to dig up roots, as swine, Goth. * warto, O.H.G. warza,N.H.G. warze, O.N. varta, A.S. wearte, a wart (i.e. a growth); O.H.G.rōsa, N.H.G. and A.S. rose, O.H.G. rătih, rătich, N.H.G. rettich, A.S. rædic(loan-word from Lat. radice[m]) , M.E. radik, a radish (Lat. thr. F.radis) .3¹ For change pódov or *podía to rosa, cp. Lat. Claudius: Clausus, Gk. *Fpídia: písa.The rose was probably brought to Italy by the Greek colonists, and its name wascorrupted by the Italic inhabitants. Prellwitz explains the change of þódov, rosa,through an Hol. ροζά = ῥοδία.2 Brachet says, properly a garland of roses to crown the image of the Virgin.'Opúfa, the Greek name for rice, has been suspected of connection with pisafor Fpisa, Bpísa (initial ỏ being sometimes a representative of F, cp. Fpádaμvos:ὀρόδαμνος). But the Sanscrit name of rice is vrihi, which represents a Eur-Ar.

• uriğhi, unless it be a loan-word from a foreign source. The (in opúca = ' yı , ' while

in píla it stands for ' d .' The following equation results: Eur- Ar. uriĝhi, Sans. vrihi ,O. Pers brizi, N. Pers. biring, Gk. opúga (perhaps a loan-word from O. Pers. brizi), Lat.orysa (borrowed), Ital. riso, O.F. ris, N.F. riz, M.H.G. ris (borrowed from Romance),N.H.G. reis, Eng. rice. The Arabs borrowed their name rozz, or ruzz (perhaps fromthe Greek), which with the Arabic article al became al-ruz, ul-roz, contract form uruz,arroz, and this became the Spanish name for rice. The Eng. rice, therefore, is notfrom /ured..EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 149F.(=J.LedובduTOKEkCeltic, Gael. freumh, friamh, Ir. freamh, Wel. gwraidd, Corn.grueiten, a root.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, liquorice (thr. borrowed Lat. and Rom. ) , rhodo-dendron.Latin, radicle, radical, -ism, eradicate, -ion, radius, radiate, -ant,-ance, -ation, irradiate, -ion; ramous, ramification; rose (Lat. thr. A.S.) ,the flower, and the orifice of a watering pot, rosy, -eate, -wood,rosaceous.L. Latin and Romance, radish, race in race ofginger (i.e. root: fromo.F. rais), ray, rash (teur out); ramify, rosette, rosary.Teutonic, wort, a herb, wort, the sweet infusion of malt (?) , mugwort, liverwort, &c. , mangel-wurzel, lit. want-root (because used forfood in time of scarcity), borrowed from N.H.G.; orchard, root (O.N.) ,wrout, rout (vulgar); wart.Pاند102Eur-Ar. √YER-DH¯ √URD-H´, an older form of √ERDH-, to causeto grow, with a variant √UER-BH √UR-BH-, elevate, strengthen(trans.), grow, expand (intrans.).Sanscrit, vardh-, urdh-, in vardhas, growing, urdhvas, erect, raised,vriddhi, increase, gain, profit, vardhanum, a growing.Zend, verezda, full grown, Pers. vardana, a walled town.Greek, ope- for Fop✪- in ¿p¤ós, Æol. ßoplós, upright, straight,right, in compounds optoypapia, correct writing, ỏplódo§os, rightthinking, oploέπεia, correct pronunciation, ¹ þáßdos, a staff.Latin, verb- ² in verb-ēna ( =verbes-na), the leaves, twigs, branches¹ See under ✔erdh-.= ' Eur-Ar. dh- becomes Lat. b before or after r; cp. Eur-Ar. rudh-ros Lat. ruberred, Eur-Ar. udher = Lat. uber. This regular change would phonetically warrant theconnection of Lat, urbs and its derivatives, urbanus, -itas, suburbanus, with ✔uerdh-.This explanation is given in Lewis and Short's Latin Dictionary, and if correct theEnglish words, urbane, urbanity, suburb, urban, suburban, would belong to the sameroot. But as regards signification, this connection is difficult to explain; the meaning given to urbs as ' the increased ' or ' expanded ' or strengthened dwelling-place,seems somewhat far- fetched. Op. Pers. vardana, a walled town, the wall beingperhaps originally a merepalisade of stakes. If the variant form uerbh- ✔urbabe regarded as the root of Lat. urbs, the meaning would be suggested of a place surrounded by a fence of twisted branches of trees , a very primitive mode of defence,dating from the nomad age, like the African zareba, used perhaps at first as a meansof protecting an encampment from beasts of prey. The other explanations given ofurbs are: (1 ) that it is the same word as Sans. puri, Gk. Tóλis, with letters transposed, and p changed to b, i.e. puri =urps = urbs; (2) that it is from √ur-, a vocalised150 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS .1ofplants considered sacred, as olive, laurel, myrtle, verber (=verbes:cp. arbor =arbos, honor= honos) , orig. a growing twig or branch, a rodlash, scourge, verberare, to beat, strike, reverberare, to strike back,reëcho; urbs, a city, walled town, urbanus, polished, polite, urbanitas,sub-urbium, a suburb, suburbanus, suburban.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. verveine, a plant of the verbena kind.Balto-Slav. , Lith. verba, virbis, a rod, twig, O. Slav. vriba, awillow.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, orthography, orthodox, -y, orthoepy, &c.; many compoundsof rhabd-, rhabdo-, as rhabdomancy, the divining by a rod, &c.Latin, verbena, reverberate, -ion (arduous is placed under√erdh-); urban, urbane, -ity, suburb, -an; Urban, in N.T. Urbane, aman's name.L. Latin and Romance, vervain.Eur-Ar. √TER , √UR-, √UEL, √ , to choose (especially inmarriage), wish, desire, like, prefer, with extension ✔UEL-P´,✔ULP- (found in Gk. and Lat. ) , to hope, expect, take pleasurein.Sanscrit, vr-, var- in vr-nōti, choose, p. p. vṛtas, chosen, vār-yas,worthy ofchoice, precious, vār-as, a good, a treasure, var-ayati (caus. ),to askfor, varanam, wish, choice.Zend, var- in varāni, to choose, vairya, desirable , varena, wish, choice.Greek, ελ- π- (for Fελ-π- in ἔλπομαι (older form ἐέλπομαι), tocause to hope (in pr. t. ) , to hope (in other tenses) , πls , hope, expectation,EXπiw, to hope, aipśw, to take, seize (for Faipέw), aor. elλov (for ĕ-feλ-ov)from a root Fɛλ-, to take, aipéopai, to choose, alpeois, choice, selection,choosing, aípetikós, able to choose, fond of choosing, heretical, Eiλórns,Eiλws, a helot, a Spartan serf, so called from having been takencaptive in war: according to others, from " Exos, a town of Laconiawhose inhabitants were enslaved.2Italic form of Eur-Ar. uer-, to enclose, &c. , + b, ' the remains of a suffix -bis, -bus,from ✓bheu-, to be (cp. -bus in super-bus, -bis in ple- bis, ple-bs) . Neither of theseis quite satisfactory.' Cp. the scholastic use of birch ( subs. ), for a rod made of birch-twigs, birch (vb. ),to flog with a birch-rod.2 This must be regarded as doubtful. Prellwitz connects aipéw, elλov, with wilwan,to rob, but Feist (Goth. Etym ) connects wilwan with Lat. vellere, Gk. λ . Thesense of aipéoμas, alperis, accords very well with a derivation from ✔UER- ✅UEL-, tochoose; if so, the r form is the base of aipéw, the I form is found in elλov.AEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 151==Latin, vel-, vol-, vul-, vol-(u) p-, in velle (for vel-se), to will, wish(pr. t. sing. volo, vis [for vel -s ] , vult) , volens, pr. p. , willing, bene-volens,well-wishing, malevolens, ill-wishing, volentia, willing, will (subs . ) ,benevolus, malevolus, well- ill-disposed, volo (subs. gen. -onis) , avolunteer (first used of the slaves who, after the defeat at Cannæ,volunteered to serve as soldiers) , voluntas, good-will, choice, desire,voluntarius, voluntary, vel , or ( orig. imper. of volo - like, wish) , quivis, ' who you please,' anyone, ubivis, where you please, ' anywhere;nolle (for non velle) , to be unwilling (pr. t. sing. nolo, non-vis, nonvult, pr. p. nolens) , malle (for magis velle) , to wish more, to prefer(pr. t. sing. malo, mavis, mavult); *volup-is, pleasant (found only inthe neut. forms volupe, volup) , voluptarius, voluptuosus, given topleasure.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. volere, Prov. and o.F. voler, N.F.vouloir, to will, wish, Ital. bene-vogliente, o.F. bien-veuillant, N.F.bienveillant (by confusion with veiller, to watch, regard) , benevolent;Ital. malevolo, N.F. malevole, malevolent, Ital . voluntà, o.F. and M.E.volunte (in use in the seventeenth century) , Ital . volontario (adj . ) ,volontieri (adv. ) , Prov. , o.F. and N.F. volontiers (adv. ) , willingly, O.F.voluntaire, N.F. volontaire, M.E. voluntarie, voluntary; Ital. velleitàN.F. velléité, the faculty of willing, Ital . voluptà, O.F. and M.E. volupte,pleasure, L. Lat. voluptuarius, N.F. voluptuaire, voluptuary, N.F. voluptueux, voluptuous.Balto-Slav. , vel-, val-, vol-, in O. Slav. velēti , voliti , will, order,choose, O. Slav. volja, will, choice (subs. ) , Russ. velēti , will (vb. ), volja,will (subs.), Lith. velīti, will (vb. ), vale, will (subs. ) , val- nas (adj . ) ,free to will, free.Teutonic, wil-, wel-, wal-, wol-, in Goth. wil-ja, O.H.G. wiljo, N.H.G.wille, O.N. vili (gen. vilja) , a.s. willa, M.E. wille, will; Goth. wiljan,O.H.G. wollan, N.H.G. wollen (anomalous forms from wëllan: seeKluge), O.N. vilja, A.S. willan, wyllan (pr. t. sing . 1st and 3rd pers.wille, 2nd wilt, plur. 1 , 2, 3 willath; p. t. sing. 1st and 3rdpers. wolde, 2nd woldest, plur. 1 , 2, 3 woldon; pr. p. willende); M.E.willen, to will (pr. t. sing. 1st and 3rd pers. wille (wulle, wolle,alle¹) , 2nd pers. wilt (wult, wolt), plur. 1 , 2 , 3 willeth (wulleth,wolleth), p. t. sing. 1st and 3rd pers. wolde (wulde) , 2nd woldest(wuldest), plur. 1 , 2, 3 wolden (wolde, wulde, p. p . wold); A.S.willian (p. p. willode) , M.E. willien (p. p. willede) , to demand, order,desire (trans.); A.S. wilnian, M.E. wilnien, wilnen, to wish, desire, longThese dialectic variants in M.E. have their counterpart in the vulgarisms, as theyare supposed to be, in modern use, ' wull, ' ' ull, ' ' won't.'✔UERVUR√UELVUL152 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√UERVUR√UELVUL"for (now obs. , but used by Chaucer), M.E. wilsom (obs. or provincial),wilful, obstinate; Goth. wiltheis, wild, uncultivated, ¹ O.H.G. wildi, N.H.G.wild, A.S. and M.E. wilde, wild, untamed, uncultivated, O.N. villr (forvildr) , bewildered, erring, gone astray, O.N. villi- in comp. = wild, asvilli-eldr, wild-fire, villi-dyr, wild beast, villi-svin, wild boar, villi-fygli,wild fowl, cp. A.S. wilde deor, wild deer or beast, M.E. wild-fyr,wild-fire, M.H.G. wilt-brat, N.H.G. wild-bret, game, venison, M.E.wyldernys, wildernesse (cp. M. Du. wildernisse) , wild, waste land,M.E. wilder, to wander out of the way; A.S. nillan, nellan, M.E.nillen, nellen, to will not (used by Shakespeare, will you, nill you ');Goth. waljan, O.H.G. wëllan , N.H.G. wählen, O.N. velja, Dan. välja, M.E.wale, to choose, O.H.G. wala, N.H.G. wahl, O.N. val, M.E. wale, choice(subs. but used as adj . with sense of excellent, select) 2; Goth. waila,O.H.G. wola, (earlier form) wëla, N.H.G. wohl, O.N. vel, val, A.S. wel,M.E. wel, wal, ' as wished,' well (adv. ); O.H.G. wela, N.H.G. wohl, Dan.vel, A.S. wela, weala, weola, M.E. wele, weole, N.E. weal (archaic subs.),prosperity, well-being, O.H.G. welida, L.G. welde, welde, M.E. welthe,weolthe, well-being, wealth; M.E. welfare, doing well (subs . ) , cp. o.N.velfarth, L.G. Wolvare (s.s.), A.S. wilcuma, a welcome guest (subs.) ,wilcumian (vb.) , to welcome, M.E. wilcume, welcume (adj.) , welcome,wilcumen (vb. ) , to be welcome.Celtic, Wel. , Corn. , Bret. guell (?) , better, Gael, fleadh, Ir. fled , O.Wel. guled, a feast, gwyl, holiday, festival, Wel. gwyllys, the will(? English loan- word) , Wel. gwyllt, wild.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, heresy, heretic, -al, apheresis, taking away, Helot.6Latin, volition, benevolent, -ce, malevolent, -ce, voluntary (thr.F.) , -ness, -ism, nolle prosequi,' refusal to prosecute, voluptuous,voluptuary.L. Latin and Romance, volunteer, velleity.' Kluge regards the connection of O.H.G. wald, O.N. völlr, A.S. weald, M.E. wold,weald, woodland, forest, with Goth. wiltheis, O.H.G. wildi , &c. , as highly doubtful,and suggests connection with Gk. čλσos (for FáλTƑos), a grove, and Sans. vâţa (forvalta), an enclosed space, district, garden.2 O.N. val-kyrja, a compound of vala, the slain, + kjosa (p. t. kjori keyri), A.S.wælcyrie, N.H.G. walküre, the choosers of the slain, are not derived from O.N. val,choice, but from a Teutonic văl, with sense of destruction, perishing; cp. O.H.G.val, battle, battlefield, O.N. valr, A.S. wæl, one slain on the battlefield, A.S. wal-stow,N.H.G. wahl- statt, the battlefield, O.N. vall- höll, N.H.G. val-halla, hall of the slain.O.H.G. wuol, defeat, A.S. wōl, pestilence. The Valkyrie were, in Norse myth, the handmaidens of Odin, serving at the feasts in Valhalla, who were sent by him toevery battlefield to mark out the heroes who should fall, and to lead them afterwardsinto Valhalla.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 153FJi18Teutonic, will (subs.), will (vb. ), willed, willing, -ness, would,wouldest, wilful, -ness, &c. , wild, -ness, wilding, a wild flower orplant, wild (subs. ) , wilderness, wilder, bewilder, -ment, wild-fire, &c. ,willy-nilly will ye, nill ye '; wale (dial. vb. , subs. , adj. ) , choose,choice, select; well, welfare, welcome, weal, common-weal, wealth, -y,common-wealth.=210.Takothest(Eur-Ar. √UES-, to dwell, sojourn, abide, be.Sanscrit, vas- in vas-iti, dwells, &c. , p. p. ushati, vastu, place ofabode, vasan, dwelling, vasu, (adj . ) good, useful, (subs. ) property,wealth, goods (cp. Gk. ovola, Eng. ' substance, ' in sense of property,possession), vasna, price, value, vasna-yāmi, bargain (cp. Lat. vēneo =vesne-io, to be for sale).¹Greek, ȧs-=Fas-, ỏs- (contr. ¿-) =Fos- in åσTv, city ( =FáσTV; cp.Sans. vastu) , ¿véoµai, purchase ( =Foovéopai), ŵvos, ¿vý ( = Foovós,Sans. vasna); orla, a hearth, with Lat. vesta, is assigned to this .root by Feist ( Goth. Etym.' ); Prellwitz hesitates between Vues-, todwell, and √ues-, to shine (see under the latter) .Latin, ves-, vas-, in vasum (plur. vasa) , vas gen. vasis, sing. avase, vessel, dish, plur. vasa, household utensils, baggage, implements, vasculum, vascellum, a small vessel, verna (for vesna) , aservant born in the house, vernaculus, relating to house-born slaves,domestic, indigenous, vernacular; vēnus, gen. -ûs (m. ) , vēnum, gen. -i(n.) (for vesnus, vesnum, cp. Sans. vasna-s, Gk. * Foovós) , sale, vēneo(inf. -ire) , to be sold, vendere, to sell, vēnumdare, to put up for sale, sell,venalis, for sale, purchaseable, venditio, a sale, vendibilis, saleable;vassus, vasus, a servant, domestic (Late Lat. or Latinised Celtic).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. vaso, O.F. vase, a vessel, vase, Ital .vascello, Prov. and O.F. vaissel, N.F. vaisseau, a vessel, a ship; Span.flasco, Ital. fiasco ( = flasco) , vascolo (* vlasco) , fiascha, O.F. flasche,M.E. flaske, N.F. flacon ( = O.F. flascon), N.E. flagon, a bottle, jug, fromvas-culum, by transposition of the 1 (cp . fiaba, from fabula, a fable):O.F. vente, a sale, public auction (from vendre Lat. vendere, to sell,p. p. vendita) , M.E. vent, sale, a market, ' for want of vent ' —for want=¹ See Brugmann, ii. 134: Sans. vas-nas, Gk. vos, wvh, price, value (from Foovos, -va), Lat. vēn-um, price, sale, from ves-num. The difference of meaning causes adoubt whether ✔pes-, to dwell, and the ✔nes- from which Sans. vas- na, &c. , are derivedcan be identically the same root; yet it is not wholly improbable that the idea ofproperty, possessions, household goods, and of the sale and purchase of such, shoulddevelop itself out of √ues-, to dwell, vastu, a house,154 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.of a market, an outlet for sale, Span. venta, an inn; N.E. vent is usedin general sense of an outlet, opening; L. Lat. vassallus (from vassus),Ital. vassallo , Prov. and o.F. vassal, a vassal, L. Lat. vassus vassalorum,Prov. vasvassor, valvassor, O.F. vavasseur, M.E. vavasour, a vassal ofthe second degree, O.F. vaslet, vallet, valet (for vassalet), M.E. varlet,verlet, N.E. valet.Teutonic, Goth. wisan, was, wesum, O.H.G. and A.S. wesan, todwell, abide, be, N.H.G. wesen (subs. ) , being, O.N. vera, to stay, abide, be,p. t. Goth. was, O.H.G. was, A.S. wæs, O.N. and N.H.G. war (whence thepresent Eng. vulgarism ' I war '); conjugation ofp. t. in A.S. (sing. ) wæs,wære, wæs, (plur. ) wærum or warum; in o.N. (sing. ) var (vas), vart,var (vas), (plur. ) varum, varut, varu; M.E. (sing. ) was, wast, was,(plur. ) weren, were; A.S. was hæl or hal, ' be thou whole,' in goodhealth,' as a subs. a greeting, a health-drinking; O.H.G. flasca, A.S. flasce,aflask (loan-word from O. Ital . flasco). To these derivatives Klugewould add Lat. verus, N.H.G. wahr (see under √uer-, to guard, &c. ) .Celtic , Wel. and Corn. gwas, Ir. foss, a servant, Gall. vassos, ayoung man, gwasol, ministering, gwasan, a page, Ir. fiu, worthy, Wel.gwiw, s.s. (Fick, ii . 277-8) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, vascular, vernacular, spoken by the people of the country,venal, -ity, vend, -ition, -ible.L. Latin and Romance, vessel, blood-vessel; vase (from Lat.),vent, flagon (F. flacon), fiasco, vassal,-age, vavasour (thr. Celtic) (alsoused as a surname) , varlet, valet (thr. Celtic) .Teutonic, was, wast, were, wert; wassail, a drinking bout, a liquormade of apples, sugar and ale, in which healths were drunk, wassailbowl, the bowl in which this was passed round; flask (loan-word fromItal.).Eur-Ar. VUEIP , VUEIB , to swing, agitate, excite, inspire.Sanscrit, vep- in vepate, to tremble, be excited, vepayati, causes totremble.Latin, vib- in vibrare, to shake.Lithuanian, vyburioti (?) , to swing, shake as in convulsions.Teutonic, O.H.G. weibon, weipon, M.H.G. weifen , O.N. veifa, to swing,waver, A.S. wipian, to wipe to and fro, M.E. wipen, L.G. wiep, a wisp ofstraw, cp. Goth. weipan, to wisp, to rub with a wisp (?) , O.H.G. wipph,M.H.G. wipf, a swinging motion, L.G. wippen, to move up and down, M.E.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 155E6whippen, to whip. Kluge connects with Sans. vip-, O.H.G. Wiр, N.H.G.weib, A.S. wif, wife, A.S. wifman, later wimman, M.E. wumman,womman, (pl.) wummen, wimmen, N.E. woman, women. He makesthe remark that the Germans gave the name to women in itshighest sense inspired,' because they honoured in them sanctumaliquid et providum.' This, however, scarcely accords with the senseof the O.H.G. weibon, which comes nearer to the ' varium et mutabilesemper ' of the Latin poet. The ' Cent. Dict. ' rejects any connectionwith ✔ueip-, and considers the root unknown.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, vibrate, -ion, -ory.Teutonic, wipe, wisp, whip, wife, housewife, hussy, a vulgar woman, 'woman, -ly, -ish, -hood.Eur-Ar. √/0Q- √OQS , to see (as nominal base) , eye.Sanscrit, akshan, akshi, an eye, ikshe, see.Zend, aka, evident, akshi, an eye.Greek, (1 ) όκ- όπ , which are extended by σ, τ, to ὀκσ-, όπσ-, όκτ-,ỏπт-, (1 ) in ỏπý, a peep-hole, airhole, booɛ (dual. ) = öк- ɛ , eyes,Lesb. ŏππа, Att. öµµa (for őπ-µа), an eye, öπ- wπ- a, perf. t . saw,öf (gen. ỏπ-ós) = * őπ-σ, the eye, face, -wy, as a termination expressive of sight, look, in κóvw , the ' cone-faced,' the musquito, xwvwñɛîov,couch with musquito net, μúwy, short-sighted, μvæπía, short-sight;Kúλw , round-eyed, Cyclops, Ailíoy, an Ethiopian, v♪pwy, dropsy,ἄνθρωπος (lit. man-faced, ἀνδρο + οπος), a man, μισάνθρωπος, manhater, πρóσ-wπоv, countenance, person , πроσwπоπоcía, personifying;Ŏкк-оs (Hesych. ) , an eye (for *ökσos) , oктaλλos ( Hesych. ) , Ŏктiλos(Dor.) , όφθαλμος, an eye; κάτοπτρον, a mirror, κατοπτρικός, reflecting as a mirror; dióπтρa, an instrument for measuring heights,Sióπтρоv, a spy-glass, Sioπтpixá, dioptrics; opis, a serpent, withfirst syllable lengthened by the older poets, and pronounced, perhapsalso sometimes written, opis. Curtius thinks this lengtheningpoints to a form ofɩs, and compares öpɩs from √òπ- (see) to Spáкwvfrom derk- (see) , as denoting the keen bright eye of the serpent.1 Hussy, hussif, a case for needles, &c. , is derived from O.N. husi, a cover, a case;cp. O.N. skæris- husi, a scissor case. The f was probably added through a confusionwith the housewife who carried and used it. (See Skeat, ad vb. )2 For Brugmann's alternative and preferable explanation, see under ağb-✔angh , to bend, curve.156 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Homer uses opis and Spákwv indifferently; Hesychius cites aπρό-ωφος (from όπ-) as meaning the same as πρό-σκοπος, foreseeing.Latin, oc- in oculus, ocellus, an eye, ocularis, ocular, inoculare, tobud, graft.¹L. Latin and Romance, Ital . occhio, Prov. olh-s, O.F. oil, N.F. œil,eye (Lat. oculus, oc-lus) , N.F. œillet, eyelet, F. œillade, a look, as from

• oculata; F. aveugle, Ital. avocolo ( Lat. aboculus) , without eyes,

blind; cp. Lat. abnormis, abnormal, amens, insane), coup d'œil, lit.' stroke of the eye,' first glance, general view; L. Lat. canapeum, F.canapé, N.E. (early) canapie.Balto-Slav. , Lith. ak- in ak-is, eye, ak-as, a hole in the ice, O. Slav.ok- in oko (for okos) , eye, ok-no, a window.Teutonic, Goth. augo, O.H.G. ouga, N.H.G. auge, O.N. auga, A.S.eage, M.E. eze, eghe, eie, &c. , eye, O.N. vindauga, M.E. windoge, N.E.window, lit. wind- or air-hole; cp. A.S. egthyrl, eye-hole, Du. oogelen,to ogle, ' make eyes,' from Du. oog, eye.Celtic, O. Ir. ain-ech, en-ech, Bret. en-ep, aface, Ir. ec-et, theysaw,' ec-e, clear.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, optic, optician, &c.; autopsy, synopsis , -tic, canopy (thr. F.),myopia, nyctopia, cyclops, -ian, hydropsy, dropsy, -ical, anthropology,misanthrope, &c. , ophthalmia, -ic, catoptric, dioptrics, prosopopoeia,Ethiopia.Latin, ocular, -ist, inoculate, -ion.L. Latin and Romance, eyelet (F. œillet adapted) , eyliad (Shaks. ) ,a look (fr. œillade) .Teutonic, eye, and its compounds eye-brow, -lid, -glass, &c. ,window, ogle.Eur-Ar. OKTO, OKTOỤ, eight, OKTOу-O, eighth.Sanscrit, ashta, ashtau, 8; ashtamas, 8th.Greek, OKTÓ 8; ὄγδοος 8th.Latin, octo 8: octavus 8th.Lithuan, asztu-n-i 8; aszmas 8th.0. Slav. osmi 8; osmu 8th.¹ Curtius refers ec- in ec-ce to √ok-, with the meaning ' see here '; cp. O. Ir. -echin en-ech, Ir. ec- et, they saw.ITEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 157渴Goth. ahtau 8; ahtudo 8th.dan O.H.G. ahto 8; ahtodo 8th.N.H.G. acht 8; achter 8th.LI O.N. atta 8; atti 8th.A.S. eahta 8; eahtodha . 8th .O. Ir. ocht 8; ocht-mad 8th.Gael. ochd 8; ochd-damh 8th.Wel. wyth 8; wyth-fed 8th.A.S. eahta-tyne 18; eahta-tig 80th.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . otto, Prov. oit, O.F. vit, uit, wit, N.F.huit, eight.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, compound Greek loan-words with octo-, octa-, as octo-pus,octa-gon, octa-hedron, &c.Latin, loan-words compounded with octo-, oct-, as octo-genarian,oct-angular, &c.; octant, octave, octavo, Octavius, October.Teutonic, eight, eighth, eighteen, eighty.Eur-Ar. VOG VONG VANG , to smear, anoint, adorn, make shiny, &c.Sanscrit, anj- in anak-ti, anjayati, smears, anjan, an anointing,anjas, ointment, (as adv.) glidingly, suddenly, ag-nis, fire, God of fire,angaras, a glowing coal.Greek, åß- for ȧy- (Eur-Ar. g = Gk. ß) in åßpós, ' delicate, luxurious,áßpooтayns, dropping rich unguents.Latin, ung- in ungere, unguere, unxi, unc-tum, to smear, anoint,unctio, anointing, unctus, anointed, luxurious, unctuosus, unctuous,unguen, unguentum, ointment, inungere, to anoint, Umb. umen (forumben=Lat. unguen, cp. O. Ir. imb, butter) , umtu, anoint (imper. m. ) ,ignis, fire, igneus, fiery, ignire, ignitum, to set on fire.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. ugnere, Prov. onher, O.F. ongier,' See Brugmann, i. 311. But the spiritus asper is unexplained.2 The equation, Sans. agni, Lat. ignis, Lith. ugnis, O. Slav. ogni, fire, is referredby Curtius and others to AG, drive, from the quick motion of fire, but the Lith.ugnis and O. Slav. ogni correspond to a root √AG- OG UG . The palatal Ĝ ofAĞ-, to drive, would be represented in Lith. and O. Slav. by z. Perhaps, the Sans.Lat. and Balto-Slav. names for fire have connection with the libations of ghee (clarified butter) which were offered to Agni, i.e. fire personified as a god. See Muir'sSansorit Texts, ii. 181: ' At the commencement of certain sacrifices clarified butter isoffered to Agni and Vishnu in eleven platters. '158 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.oigner, to anoint, Ital. unguento, O.F. oignement (cp. Lat. unguentum),M.E. oynement, oinement, N.E. ointment (t inserted as though fromanoint), O.F. enoindre, to anoint, p. p. enoint, anointed, M.E. enointen,anointen, to anoint, Ital. untuoso , F. onctueux, unctuous.Balto-Slav. , Lith. ugnis, Q. Slav. ogni, fire.Teutonic, O.H.G. ancho, ' butter; other names for butter in theO.H.G. period were anc-smero, chuo-smero, cow-fat.Celtic, O. Ir. imb (Eur-Ar. g = 0. Ir. b), Gael. im, Wel. ymenyn,butter; O. Ir. ongim, N. Ir. ungaim, Gael. ung, Wel. eneinio, to anoint,Ir. aingeal, fire, ong, a fire, hearth, Gael. aingeal, fire, light.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, unction, unctuous, unguent; ignite, igneous.L. Latin and Romance, ointment, anoint.Eur-Ar. √OD , to smell, with variant √OL- in Latin.²Greek, όδω in ὄξω for ὄδιω, to smell, ἔδωδα (perf.) , οδμή, όσμή,smell.Latin, od-, ol-, in odor, olor, a smell, olere, to smell, olfacere, tosmell (trans. ) , odorus, smelling, scented, redolere, to diffuse an odour,smell.Lithuanian, udziu, smell.On the equation, Lat. unguen, O.H.G. ancho, O. Ir. imb, Schrader (Præhist.Antiq.) has the following remark: ' It indicates that even in the primitive periodmen already knew how to disengage the fatty constituents of milk, not indeed forthe purpose of eating, but for smearing the hair and anointing the body.' Thisprimitive use of butter is confirmed by Hehn, who cites a statement of Hecatæus,that the Pæonians ' anointed themselves with oil made from milk '; and a descriptiongiven by the comic poet Anaxandrides, about 350 B.C. , of the ' dry-haired buttereating men ' who dined with the Thracian king Cotys, as though it were contrary toordinary use to eat butter instead of anointing with it. The O.H.G. anc-smero, chuosmero, O.N.smjör, butter, O. Slav. maslo (fr. mazati, to smear) butter, oil, and the Finnicand Esthonian voi, butter, from voidma, to smear, all point to the fact that butterwas used at first for anointing rather than as a food, and in India ghee (clarifiedbutter) is still generally used for anointing the body as well as in cooking. Ourword ' butter ' is from a Phrygian word, known to us only in its adapted Greek form,BobTupov, con- cheese, Lat. butyrum, Ital. burro, F. beurre, O.H.G. butera, A.S. butere(introduced about 900-1000 A.D.). While the northern peoples ( Slaves, Teutons,Celts) as they advanced in civilisation carried on the primitive process to buttermaking in the proper sense, as an article of food, the Græco-Italic races, who hadbecome acquainted with the olive, used its oil as their unguent and gave up the use ofbutter altogether.? Perhaps connected with ✔ed-, to eat, but only found in the European groupwith sense of smelling.REUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 159ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, ozone, a constituent or condition of the air, so named fromthe smell perceived after electrical discharges; osmium, a metal so calledfrom the disagreeable smell of its oxide.Latin, odour (thr. F. odeur), odorous, odoriferous, olfactory,redolent.20121 Eur-Ar. OMSO ," shoulder.Sanscrit, amsa-s, shoulder.Armenian, us, a shoulder (for * ums).Greek, ώμος, a shoulder, Fol. ὄμμος ( = ὄμσος) in ἐπομμαδίαις(Theocritus, cited by Prellwitz: cp. έπwμídios [Att. ] , on the shoulder).Latin, humerus ( =humesus), a shoulder: cp. Umbr. ūze (for ŭmze).Teutonic, Goth. ams- in ams-as, a shoulder.ENGLISH DERIV. Latin, humeral, compounds of humero-.160 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. QE Q0 , conjunction and pronominal base, qos, kos-qe, qo-teros,qoti, qo-tithos, qor-.Sanscrit, ka-, cha, and; as encl*tic, -cha makes indefinite, as kachcha, whoever; ka-s, kā, ka-d, who, which, what? kataras, which oftwo,kati, how many, as many as, katithas, ofhow many, karhi, when; chis,chid, anyone, kim, what? na-kis, no one, ku-tra, where, whither?Zend, kō, kā, who, chi-ç, chi-th, any, chis-cha, anyone, kuthra, where.Greek, Tɛ, and, To- (Att. ) , ko- (Ion. ) , also T- (Att. ) , in Tís, Tívos,who? Tis, Tivos, anyone (Att.) , πоû, where, πŵs, how, Tóтe, when,πόσος, how much, πότερος, which of two, πηλίκος, how large, howold; Ion. κοῦ, κότε, &c.Latin, -que, quo-, in que, and, as encl*tic with indefiniteforce, quisque,whoever, everyone; qui, quæ, quod (relative: only interrogative asadjective; older forms quei, quoi , Osc. poi, Umb. poei); Lat. quis(O. Lat. ques), neut. quid, Osc. pi-s, pi-d (pron. interr. ) , who? what?Osc. pit-pit (Lat. quid-quid); aliquis, someone; quam , how, than,quasi ( =quam-si), as if, quum, when, quondam, once on a time,formerly, quantus, how much, how many (formed on the analogy oftantus, so many: cp. Sans. tavant, so many, yavant, as many) , quantitas,quantity, quot, quotus, how many, in comp. every, as quotidie, everyday, quotannis, every year, ubi , ² where (for cubi = quobi, cp. ali-cubi) ,ubique, everywhere, uter (for * cuter for quoter-us, cp. Osc. puturus,which of two), unde (for cunde quomde), whence; cur, (older) quor,why? quare, wherefore, qualis, of what kind, cр. πYλíkos.=L. Latin and Romance, Ital. chi, o.F. qui, neut. Ital . che, o.F. qued,N.F. que, what? that, which, dat. sing. Ital. Prov. o.F. cui, N.F. qui, towhom, Ital. and o. and N.F. qui, who, who? Ital. che, o.F. que, what?Ital. quale, O.F. quel, of what kind; Ital. qualche, Prov. quals-que, o.F.quelque (Lat. qualis +quam), some, Ital. qualcheduno, F. quelqu'un (Lat.' For similar changes of Eur-Ar. q to т, π, к, ср. Gk. TÉTTAρES, TÉσopes, Lith. keturi,O. Ir. cethir, Wel. pedwar, all from Eur-Ar. qetuer.? This explanation of ubi, uter, unde, though attractive, cannot be regarded as established.17EUR- ARYAN ROOTS. 161R.!iP!Q0-qualis +quam+ unus) , someone; Prov. quar, o.F. car, wherefore, for QE-(Lat. quare); O. Ital . como, N. Ital. and Prov. come, O.F. com, N.F.comme(Lat. quomodo) , how, as; Ital. ciascuno, ciascheduno, Prov. ando.F.chascun, N.F. chacun (Lat. quisque +unus); Prov. and o.F. alques, Span. algo(Lat. aliquis), someone, Ital. qualche cosa , o.F. quelque chose, something,Ital. alcuno, o.F. alcun, N.F. aucun (Lat. aliquis + unus), someone, anyone; O. Ital. o, u, N. Ital. ove, O.F. o, N.F. ou, where (Lat. ubi) , Ital.dove ( Lat. de +ubi), where, o.F. d'ond, N.F. dont, whose ( = Lat.de +unde), O. Span. fidalgo, N. Span. hi-d-algo, i.e. hijo dealgo, ' son ofsomeone,' i.e. of a recognised noble family (hijo =Lat. filius,algo = aliquis); Ital . quota (lit. how much), the share to be paid orreceived by each person, Ital. quotare, to say how much, O.F. quoter, N.F.coter, to count how many, to quote, i.e. cite a passage with full accountwhere it is to be found (L. Lat. quotare) , to give chapter and verse.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. ku-to, who, who? Lith. kas, ka, who, what(orig. relative, later interr. ) , kur, where, kurs, who, which of several, O.Slav. koteryj, Lith. katras, which of two, keli, how much, O. Slav.ko-liku, how much (cp. πŋλíкos) , kyj , kaja, koje, anyone.Teutonic, hwa-, hwe-, in Goth. hwas, hwo, hwa, who? what? dat.hwamme, acc. hwa-na) , O.H.G. hwër (m. and f. ) , hwaz (n. ) , N.H.G. wer,was; O.N. hver-r (m.) , hver (n. ) , a.s. hwa (m. and f. ) , hwät (n. ) , dat.hwam, hwäm, acc. hwone, hwät, instrum. hwi, who? what? Goth.hwathar, O.H.G. hwedar, O.N. hvarr, A.S. hwäthar, whether, which oftwo(Eur-Ar. qoteros) , O.H.G. eogihweder, A.S. æghwathar, ægther (contract.form), M.E. eyther, N.E. either, each of two, A.S. nahwether, nawther,M.E. nether, N.E. neither; Goth. hwileiks, O.H.G. we-lih , N.H.G. welch- er,A.S. hwylc, Scot. whilk, N.E. which (lit. ' what like ' ) , A.S. hwonne,hwann, when, hwar, where, hwi, why? A.S. hwanan, M.E. whanene,whennes, whens, N.E. whence, A.S. hwu, hu, how, A.S. hwider, whither.Celtic, O. Ir. cia, who, ca-ch, anyone (cp. Sans. kach-cha) , O Wel.pwy, who, pau-p, anyone.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, aliquot, quotidian, quotient, quota, quorum ( ' of whom'¹) ,quantity, -ative, quality, -fy, -ication, ubiquity, -ous, quiddity.L. Latin and Romance, kickshaws (Eng. corruption of quelqueschoses), hidalgo, quote, quotation, misquote.Teutonic, who, whom, whose, what, why, whether, either, neither,which, when, where, why, whence, how, whither.¹ The number of persons who are present, sufficient to constitute a meeting: taken from the Latin form used in commissions, ' quorum unum esse volumus ' &c. , namingone or more always to be included; afterwards, a certain number whose presence wasnecessary.M162 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √QE , to desire, like, love.Sanscrit, kā-, kan- , chā-, in kāyamāna, p. p. liked, loved, chā-kan,chā-kana, to be satisfied with, love, wish, chāru, pleasant, desirable.Hindi, chal -na, to be pleased, to like, chahiye, be pleased, used as apolite way of giving a command, or implying necessity; kama, love,Kama, god oflove.Latin, ca- in carus, dear, caritas, dearness, affection.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. caritia, dearness, Ital . carezza, O.F.caresse, a caress, O.F. charitet (Lat. caritat-em) , charity, Ital. caro, O.F.chier, N.F. cher, dear, O.F. cherir, pres. p. cherisant, M.E. cherischen,cheriss, cherisch, N.E. cherish.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. ko-cha-ti , likes, desires, Lett. kars, desirous,O. Slav. kuruva, Lith. kurva, Pol. kurwa, an adulteress.Teutonic, Goth. hors, adulterer, whor*monger, O.H.G. hoara, hora,N.H.G. hure, O.N. hora, A.S. hore, whor*, O.N. hor-domr, M.E. hordom,O.H.G. huor, O.N. and A.S. hōr, adultery.Celtic , O. Ir. caraim, I love, O. Ir. cara, friend, Wel. car, dear,Gael. caraid, a friend, Ir cairde, Gael. caird, an agreement, (orig. )friendship, Wel. caraf, Bret. quaret, to love.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, charity, charitable, caress, cherish.Teutonic, whor*, whor*dom, &c.Celtic, Car- in Car-michael (prop. n. ) , friend of St. Michael, Caractacus, Caird (Scot. surname).(1) Eur-Ar. √QEI-, ( 1) to respect, honour, (2) to seek, search, (3) topunish, avenge.Sanscrit, chi- in chi-hi-ta, a mark, chi-no-ti, observes, apa-chiti , apenalty, cha-yati, punishes, takes vengeance on, detests.Zend, kaena, punishment, chi-tha, penalty (cp. Lith. kaina, O. Slav.cena, a price).Greek, Tɩ-, TOɩ-, in Tís ( = Sans. kis), who? rlw, to pay homage to,Tívw (perf. TÉ-TI-кa) , to pay a price for, to recompense, to pay a penalty,τίνομαι, to have a price paid one, to exact punishment, τίσις, ἀπό-τισις,retribution, vengeance; Ti-µáw, to honour, to estimate the value or price,to determinethe amount ofpunishment due to a criminal, Tiµneis (Hom. ) ,precious, Tiμwpέw, to help, especially one who has been injured, toEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 163ItalTasPALSsh.punish, avenge, TE-Tínuaι, Epic perf. as from Tiew, to mournfor; ¹ πowý, √QEIpunishment (cp. Zend kaena, s.s.) , penalty, fine.Latin, pœ-, ti-, also quæ-s- (extens. of Eur-Ar. qei-, with sense ofseek, search), in pœna, punishment (perhaps a very early loan-word fromGk. , afterward treated as a native word2), punire, -ivi, -itum, to punish,impunis, unpunished, impunitas, impunity; pœnitere, to displease, cause torepent (olderspelling pænitere) , pœnitet, impers. it repents (me), pœnitens,-entia, penitent, -ce; quæs-ere, ³ later quærere, quæs-ivi, -itum, to ask,seek, quæstus, gain, quæstio, a seeking, question, quæstor, a Romanmagistrate, Osc. quaistur. The compounds of quærere are: ac- (ad-)quirere, to acquire, acquisitio, conquirere, to seek for, collect, bring together, exquirere, to search diligently, exquisitus, carefully sought out,choice (adj.), inquirere, to inquire, investigate, inquisitio , inquisitor,perquirere, to search thoroughly, requirere, to seek again, demand,requisitus, demanded, requisitio; coirare, coerare, curare (from an olderform * cois-are, cp. Oscan coisatens =curaverunt) , to carefor, heal, cure,&c.; cura, care, anxiety, curabilis, causing care, curable, curatio, takingcare of, healing, curator, overseer, guardian, curiosus, careful, inquisitive,-itas, curiosity, accurare, to take care of, accuratus, accurate, excurare,to take care of, procurare, to look after, to manage, procurator, manager,agent, procuratio, management, a charge; securus (cp. se-cors, withoutheart), without care, confident, -itas, security, incuria, carelessness,incuriosus, not caring for. Ti-tulus (cp. ríw, tí-vw), a superscription,title, honourable appellation, titulare, entitle. Perhaps Ti-tus, honoured.5L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pēna, F. peine (Lat. pœna) , penalty,pain, Ital. penitenza, O.F. peneance, M.E. penaunce, penance (Lat.pœnitentia) , penitence, penance, F. repentir, M.E. repenten, repent, pr. p.repentant, o. and N.F. punir, pr. p. punisant, M.E. punischen, M.E.¹ Corssen rejects the derivation of Toh, pœna, punio, and pœnitere from ✔QEIand refers them to ✔PU-, to cleanse.? For change of vowel, cp. mœnia: munire.• Older form, quais- ere.From an inscription at Pompeii."' S. Bugge includes amongst the derivatives of QEI- pius, pietas, impietas,pi-are, to propitiate, expiare, to expiate (Eur-Ar. ‘ q ' changed by labialising to Lat.' p'). The F. piété, piety ( Lat. pietaten ), pitié, pity, variant of piété, pitoyable,pitiable, from 0.F. pitoyer, pitance, a pittance, would therefore all fall under this root. The last-mentioned word means, originally, a monk's meal,' It. pietanza,L. Lat. pitantia, literally ' the piety of thefaithful,' i.e. that which they gave of theirpiety, and of which the monk's meals consisted: so misericordia is sometimes used inthe same sense. If this explanation is to be accepted, the English derivatives from thisare, through Latin, pious, piety, &c . , expiate, expiation, and through Romance, pity,pitiable, piteous, pitiful, pitiless, pittance. See Brugmann's explanation under ✔PU-.M 2164 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.=✔QEI punysshinge, punchynge (Skeat), a punishing, F. punissable; Ital.cherere (poet.), Prov. querre, O.F. querre, N.F. querir, to seek, O.F.queste, N.F. quête, a search (from O.F. quester Lat . quæsitare), O.F.conquerre, N.F. conquérir, to conquer, M.E. conqueren, o.F. conqueste,conquest, O.F. enquerre, N.F. enquérir, M.E. enqueren, N.E. enquire, O.F.enqueste, inquiry, inquest, L. Lat. perquisitum, anything purchased,(later) used in a semi-legal sense for emoluments over and above thestipulated salary, Ital. richiesta (Lat. requisita, L. Lat. requista), O.F.requeste; Ital. cura, care, a parish, N.F. cure, care, medical treatment,cure of souls, Ital. curato, F. curé, one placed in charge of a parish,Ital. curare, to care for, heal, F. curer, to cure, clean, prune, M.E. curen;Ital, curioso, Prov. curios, o.F. and M.E. curious, N.F. curieux, Ital..curiosità, Prov. curositat, O.F. curiosete, M.E. curiouste, curiosite, N.E.curiosity; L. Lat. scurire, to cleanse (Lat. excurare) , O. Ital. scurare,to scour dishes, cleanse harness, Prov. escurar, O.F. escurer, N.F. écurer,to scour pots and pans, L. Lat. scuria, ¹ o.F. escurie, N.F. écurie, a stable(where horses are groomed?) , Span. Escurial, N.E. ( early, 1552 a.d.)escuirie, escurie, a stable of horses, also a groom ( ' escuries and pages,'grooms and pages, 1708) , an officer of the court having charge of theroyal stables (in this sense spelt equery, 1708); Ital . proccurare, o.F.procurer, M.E. procuren, to get, strive, Ital. procuratore, O.F. procurator, M.E. procuratour, proketour, N.E. proctor, a solicitor, attorney,M.E. procuracie, prokecye, N.E. proxy; o.F. secur, seur, N.F. sure, sure,secure; o.F. title, N.F. titre, a title.Teutonic, O.H.G. pīna, M.H.G. pīne, pin, N.H.G. pein , a.s. pīn (allborrowed from Lat. pœna), pain, torture, punishment, A.S. pinan, tocause pain, M.E. pinen, to cause or suffer pain, N.E. pine, to waste awayfrom pain, sickness or sorrow, L.G. schüren, to clean, swill, Dan. skure,Swed. skura, N.H.G. scheuern, M.E. scouren, N.E. scour. Although theword is not found in the elder Teutonic dialects, Kluge does notthink it necessary to assume the Romance origin from L. Lat. scurare,F. escurer. Skeat, however, takes the contrary view, deriving M.E.scouren, Dan. skura, from Lat. scurare, and this seems most probable,at least with regard to scouren. O.H.G. sihhur, without care, N.H.G.sicher, safe, sure, A.S. secor, free from obligation, safe, M.E. siker, Scot.sicker, sure (Lat. loan-words).Celtic, O. Ir. pian, pain , torment (gen. ) , pein; Gael. cion , Ir. cen,love, esteem; Gael. ciont, guilt, Ir. cin (s.s.) , O. Ir. cintach, injustice.1 Murray (Hist. Diot. ) derives all the Romance words from the O.H.G. sciura,N.H.G. scheuer, a shed, place of shelter, and it must be considered doubtful whetherthey are based on the Lat. excurare or O.H.G. sciura. The latter is from Eur-Aryan skeu to cover &c.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 165ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Timo-thy (Tiμó-0eos, fearing or honouring God) , pr. n. withdimin. Tim, from which are formed the surnames Tims, Timmins,Timkins, Timkinson, Timson.Latin, penal, impunity, penitent, -ce (thr. F.), question, -able,quæstor, query, corrupted from Lat. imper. ' quære, ' seek for, ask!inserted, perhaps as a note implying doubt, in the text, as we insert(?), which probably represents the initial Q of Quære; acquire, -sition ,-sitive, disquisition, exquisite, inquire, -sition, -sitive, -sitor, perquisite, -ion, require, -site, -sition; titular, Titus; curate, -or, -able,-ative, accurate, -acy, procuration, -able, incurious, secure.L. Latin and Romance, pain, -ful, &c. , punish, -ment, -able, punch,a punching, penance; quest, conquest, inquest, request, conquer, -or,enquire, -er, -y; title, entitle; cure, -ious, -osity, equerry, scour,procure, -er, -ess, sure, -ty, proctor, -ial, proxy, assure, -ance, insure,-ance, &c.Teutonic, pine (vb.).(2) Eur-Ar. √/QE-I- √QI-, to notice, remark, with extension √QEI T-.Sanscrit, chi-t-, chin-t-, ket-, to think, reflect, observe, imagine, beperceptible, appear, in chet-ati, perceives, chet-ayati, reminds; withreflexive sense, understand, is conspicuous, p. p. chetas, chitra, conspicuous, clear; chittraka, a picture, chiti, thought, mind, kētus , shape,appearance, form; ketayati, summon, invite. Hindi, chitti, a letter.Balto-Slav., O. Pruss . quoit- quait- in quoitamai , we will, quaits,will, Lith. koesti, invite.¹Teutonic, Goth. haidus, kind, manner, O.H.G. heit, A.S. had, condition,kind, originally a noun, now used only as a suffix in N.H.G. -heit (as infreiheit), in Eng. -head and -hood, as maidenhead, manhood; Goth.

• hai-ra, O.H.G. hē-r, N.H.G. hehr, venerable, O.H.G. herro, herera (comp.

of her), N.H.G. herr, lord, master, (lit. the more honourable), O.H.G.herison, N.H.G. herschen, to rule, O.H.G. herlich, N.H, G. herrlich, lordly,magnificent, O.N. hārr, A.S. hār, M.E. hār, hoar, grey- headed, old, ancient.Kluge includes these under QEI , with sense of being clear, bright,from which he also derives heiter,' but the O.N. and A.S. words 6Fick includes Lat. -vitus ( for quitus), willing, in in-vitus, unwilling, andinvitare, to call in, invite, ' one who would not come of his own will,' under this root,and compares Sans. ketayati. ( See under ✔yei- ✔ui-.)166 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.with so different a meaning scarcely support his view, unless they aresupposed to imply that grey hairs are to be reverenced.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, hoar, hoary, hoar-frost (?); the terminations -head, -hood, implying condition, quality, &c.(3) Eur-Ar. QEI QI , with sense of arranging, building, constructing.Sanscrit, chi- in chi-noti, chayati, constructs, prepares, chy-autnam,undertaking.Zend, çyao-thna, deed, work.Greek, To- (by labialisation of q to π) in wolέw, to make, create,compose, cause, Toléoμai (mid. ) , to deem, consider, roínua, a deed, apoem, πoinois, a making, poesy, poetry, πoinτýs, a.maker a . , a poet,TOINTIKós, creative, poetic, -Touía (as final in compound words withsense of making, in φαρμακοποιία, medicine-making, ὀνοματο-ποιία,name-making.Latin, poema, poeta, poesis, poeticus (loan-words from Gk. withthe same signification); -pœia (in comp. ) .L. Latin and Romance, O.F. and M.E. poeme, poete, poësie, poëterie:M.E. posie, N.E. posy (for poësie) , originally a short poetical mottoengraved on rings, &c. , now a nosegay or bouquet offlowers, of whicheach had a meaning in the language of flowers, and conveyed thesentiment of the giver. Cp. Beaumont and Fletcher, cited bySkeat:'Then took he up his garland and did showWhat every flower, as country people hold,Did signify. 'Balto-Slav. , N. Slav. činiti, to make, Bulgarian, činja, to do, O. Slav.činu, order , Russ. činu, rank, ' tchin.' O. Slav. čisti, to count, read,honour.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, poetic, poetical, compounds of-poeia, as onomato-, pharmaco-,prosopo-poia.L. Latin and Romance, poem, poet, poetess, poetry, poesy, posy,poetaster.Balto-Slav. , tchin or chin, frequently found in books of Russiantravel.דיEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 167

th

Eur- Ar. √QEQEQ¯ for QEQE¯, and variant √QU-QU-, an imitative root, to cry, scream, &c.Sanscrit, ka-, with reduplicated forms ka-ka-, kak-k-, kak-kh-,kŭ-, ku-ku-, kūj-, to cry as a bird, in kāka, a crow, kakatua, the Malayname ofthe co*ckatoo, but of Sanscrit origin, kak-khati, laughs, kujati,to cry as a bird, coo, moan, groan, kokila, the cuckoo , kukkuta, a co*ck.Greek, kak-, kok-, in kakɣáłw, to laugh, кóк-кν, the cry of thecuckoo, KóкKU , the cuckoo, Nepeλококкvуía, Cloud-cuckoo-town (Arist .‘ Aves ') , ko-áž, croaking, кwк- úw, to bewail, Kwκūtós, Cocytus, river ofwailing.Latin, cach-, coc-, cuc-, in cachinnari, to laugh, cuculus, the cuckoo,quaquila, a quail.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. qua- quila, Ital. quaglia, O.F. quaille,N.F. caille, M.E. quaille, the quail; Ital. aghirone (from O.H.G. heigaron),O.F. hairon, M.E. heiroun, N.E. heron, O.F. heronceau, heroncel, M.E.heronsewe, ' her'nshew' (Beaumont and Fletcher) , a young heron, a heron;L. Lat. coccum, a co*ck, F. coq, coquet (dimin.) , a little co*ck, ( as adj . withfem. coquette) coquettish, O.F. cocarde, a co*ckscomb, a co*ckade, coquerel,a little co*ck, L. Lat. cocatrix, corrupted from cocodrillus, itself acorruption from крокódελos, crocodile, M.F. co*ke-drill . To explainthe corruption the fable was invented of a serpent hatched froma co*ck's egg (Skeat). F. cou- cou, a cuckoo, O.F. couquiol, coucouol,M.E. kokewold, a cuckold.Balto-Slav. , Lith. quaketi, to croak.Teutonic, O.H.G. kach-azzen, to laugh, O.N. kokr, a.s. cocc, a co*ck(which supplanted in English the old A.S. name hana) , Du. and M.E.kakelen, to cackle , M.E. cukkow (from F. ) , M.E. kokewold, kukwald, fromO.F. couquiol, but with an added d from a supposed connection with theA.S. termination -wald, N.H.G. kuckuck, a cuckoo; A.S. cycen, M.E. chiken,O.N. kjuklingr, N.H.G. küchlein, a chicken, Du. quakken, to quack, a.s.geac, O.N. gauk-r, a cuckoo, M.E. gowk; O.H.G. heigir, heigiro, O.N.hegri, a heron, N.H.G. häher, A.S. higora (fr. O.H.G.) , ajay (the screamer) , 'M.E. herne-shaw, a thicket where herons build and breed (from hern +M.E. schawe, a thicket), also hernshaw (fr. o.F. heronceau, a youngheron, in Spenser spelt herneshaw). Heronshaw is also used withthe same double sense.¹ The N.H.G. reiher, A.S. hrāgra, W. cregyr, a heron, are from a root krek- orkregh-, also imitative, and it may be remarked with regard to imitative words, thatthe regular letter changes are not invariably followed, and the violation of theregular law of change does not always imply the borrowing of such words fromone language to another.168 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Celtic, O. Ir. cuach, Welsh, Corn. cog, a cuckoo, Gael. cúag,cubhag (s.s.).Sanscrit, co*ckatoo.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Nephelococcygia, Cocytus.Latin, cachinnation.L. Latin and Romance, coquette, co*ckade, co*ckatrice, co*ckerel,cuckoo, cuckold, quail, heron, heronsew (Dial. ); heronshaw, hern-shaw,a heronry, hernshaw, a young heron (from Teut. thr. o.F.) .Teutonic, co*ck, coxcomb, chick, chicken, cackle, quack, quackdoctor; gawk, gowk, unthankful, graceless fellow, gawky.Eur-Ar. QE N , to make a sound, sing, cry, &c. , an extended ornasalised form of the preceding. With variant QUEN- withsense, to sound, hum, &c.Sanscrit, kan- in kan-ati , sounds, kan-kani, an ornament with littlebells (?); çakuni, a female bird, çakunta (m.) , a bird of prey (as froma variant Vken-.Greek, kav- in kavaɣń, noise, kaváłw, to sound, kúкvos¹ ( = kvKAV-os) , a swan.Latin, can- in can-ere, cantum, to sing, cantus, a singing, song,cantor, a singer, canticum, a song; accentus, accent, concinere, to singtogether, concinnus, in concord, well put together, præcinere, to lead insinging, præcentor; incentio, blowing an instrument, incentivus, settingthe tune, incentive, vaticinari, to declare, predict, canorus, harmonious,cantare, -avi , -atum, to sing, incantare, to sing, repeat charms, recantare, to sing over again, to recall, luscinia,2 a nightingale; cygnus, swan(Gk. loan-word) , ciconia, conia (Prænestine) , a stork.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. cecinus, Ital. cecino, (later) cecero,O.F. cisne, N.F. cigne, a swan (adaptation to Lat. cygnus); Ital. cantare,O.F. canter, N.F. chanter, M.E. chaunten, to sing, chanson, a song, Ital.canzone, a song, canzonetta (dimin. ) , cantata, a piece of music, a song,canto, a division in a poem or song, M.E. chauntrie, a chapel in whichmasses are sung, a chantry, O.F. descanter, to sing in parts, o.F.See Curtius; but perhaps from preceding ✔QUQ-, with suffix -vos. The CenturyDict. follows Curtius; Prellwitz derives Kúk- vos and ciconia from ✔kek, to hang.Both explanations are unsafe.2 The first syllable is probably from lus- cus, one- eyed, half- blind, glimmering, lux,lucis, light, with a reference to the nightingale singing in the evening and early night.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 169GWenchanter, M.E. enchaunten, enchant, M.E. chaunte-cler, the bird thatcrows clearly, the co*ck; Ital. lusignuolo, rusignuolo, rosignuolo , O.F.lousignol, N.F. rossignol, nightingale, F. cicogne, a stork, O.F. chanterelle,a treble bell or string, a mushroom, a decoy-bird, M.E. chantrel, a decoybird.Balto-Slav. , Lith. kan-klai, ¹ a harp or guitar.Teutonic, Goth. and A.S. hana, O.H.G. hano, N.H.G. hahn, O.N. hane,a co*ck, O.H.G. henna, A.S. henn, a hen; M.E. cant, to speak in a whiningmanner as a beggar, O.N. hvina, to make a moaning or humming sound,as a gust of wind, a.s. hvinan, to whine, moan.Celtic, Or. Ir. canaim, I sing, O. Corn. chenial, a singer, Wel. canu ,to sing, Gael. can, to sing, Gael. caoin, O. Ir. coinim, Wel. cwyno, Bret.couen, qein, to lament, bewail.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, cant, cantori, canticle (from * canticulum, dimin. of canticum), canorous, accent, accentuate, -ion, concinnous, precentor, incantation, incentive, recant, -ation, vaticination.L. Latin and Romance, cygnet, a young swan (a dimin. formedfrom F. cygne); chant, horse- chaunter, a dishonest horse-dealer,chantry, Chanter, Chaunter (a surname) , Cantharellus, an edible kindof mushroom, Latinised from F. cantharelle, canzonette, canto,cantata, descant, enchant, -er, -ress, -ment, disenchant, &c. , chanticleer.Teutonic, hen, henbane, hencoop, henpeck, moorhen, &c. , whine.Celtic, keen, to mourn at afuneral.Eur-Ar. √QE , √QEQ , QE QE¯, √QENQ, QNQ , nasalised form, tobind, confine, restrict.Sanscrit, kach-, kanch-, in kanchati , binds; Hindi, kinchna, to pulltight, Sans. kakshā, the armpits, the girth, i.e. the part of the body, orthe limb, that is girt.Greek, kaк-, KUук- in кáкαλov ( = Eur-Ar. qnqlom), a wall, a ringfence (Hesych. ) , kıyкλídes, latticed gates by which the Atheniandicasta were admitted into the courts.Latin, canc-, cinc-, cocs-, in cancer, a lattice or grating, cancelli,a latticed or railed enclosure, cancellarius, a doorkeeper, secretary (post-' Brugmann: who, however, hesitates between this explanation and one fromkinkyti, to stretch.170 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√QE-√/QE QQE QEQENQVQNQclass. ) , cancellare, (post-class. ), to strike out a writing by crossstrokes, to cancel, revoke; cingere, cinxi, cinctum, to gird, præcingere,to enclose, succingere, to narrow, condense, contract, cingulum, a girdle;Isidore of Seville uses incincta as a term for a pregnant woman, onewho cannot wear a girdle, ungirt. Coxa, the hip (cp. Sans. kaksha),coxare, to hobble.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. cancello, grating, O.F. canciel, chancel,M.E. chancell, the screen or grating separating the choir from the nave,or the seat ofthejudge from the court, Ital. cancelliere, O.F. chancellier,the officer who stood by the cancelli or screen, (later) a notary, recordkeeper, M.E. chaunceller, chancelier, O.F. chancellerie, M.E. chancellerie,(later) chancerie, the court or office of a chancellor, Ital. cancellare,Prov. cancellar, F. canceler, to cancel; F. enceinte, (adj . ) pregnant, (subs. )circuit; Ital. coscia, coscio, Prov. cueissa, F. cuisse, the thigh, Span.coxin, cojin, Catalan, coixi, as from a L. Lat. coxinum, Ital. cuscino,coscino, Prov. coisin, O.F. coissin, cuissin, M.E. cuysshen, cuyschun, N.E.cushion; O.F. ceingle, a girth, O.F. sursangle, M.E. sursengle, a girth; O.F.hagard, from M.H.G. hag, wild-used of hawks (lit. a hedge-hawk).Balto-Slav. , kink- in Lith. kinka, knee joint, Lith. kinkyti, to bind,harness.Teutonic, hak-, hag-, heng-, in O.H.G. hahsa, the hough (hock) of ahorse, &c. , where he is tethered, N.H.G. hechse, hächse, O.N. hox, A.S. hoh,ho, M.E. houz, N.E. hough, (later) hock (cp. pastern from pastorium, thetether of a horse at pasture), A.S. haga, hege, O.N. hagi , M.E. hagh, hahe,hawe, a fence, hedge, thornbush, A.S. hagethorn, hawthorn, hedge-thorn;O.H.G. hagzissa, a fury, demoniac woman (from O.H.G. hag, brushwood,forest, Kluge: cp. O.H.G. holzmuoje, a woman of the woods, a witch),M.H.G. hecse, N.H.G. hexe, a witch, A.S. häg-tesse, hägesse, ¹ M.E. hagge,hegge, a witch, N.E. hag, an old woman; 0.H.G. hängist, horse, N H.G.hengst, a stallion , A.S. hengest, male horse, perhaps a saddle orcarriage horse, cp. Lith. kinkyti, to put in harness (cp. Kluge ad vb. ) .Celtic, O. Ir. coss, the foot, Wel. cosc, the thigh.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, cincture, precinct, succinct.L. Latin and Romance, chancel, chancellor, chancery, cancel,enceinte (adj. and subs. ) , cuisses, thigh-plates, cushion,² surcingle,hagard, a wild hawk.' The O.H.G. hag-zissa, haga-zussa, A.S. hag-tesse, are evidently compounds, of which hag, a hedge-bush, is the first element, but the second is unexplained .2 Murray (Hist. Dict.) seems to favour the derivation from Lat. coxa, at least forthe Romance forms coxin, cojin, coixi, coisin, coissin, coscino, and also Hatzfeld'sEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 171Teutonic, hough (subs. and vb. ) , hock, hedge, ha-ha, hay-thorn,hawthorn, haws, hag, haggard (according to Skeat, corrupted fromhag), haglike; Hengist, Hayward (now a surname), hedge- warden.ans,cialchaushanandha4:Eur-Ar. QETUER, four.Sanscrit, chatvăr, four, chaturtha, fourth, chaturdaçan, fourteen,chatur-angas, consisting of four members or parts, a complete army(infantry, cavalry, elephants, chariots), chatur-angā (f.) , the game ofchess; chatush-pad, a quadruped; chatvaras, a quadrangular place,quarter ofa town.Zend, chathwār, four, in comp. chathru-, chathru-dasa, fourteen,chatura, four times, O. Pers. chitranj, chess.Greek, Att. τέτταρες, from τετίap-, Hom. τέσσαρες, Dor. τέτορες,Lesb. πέσορες, four, Αtt. τέταρτος, fourth, τέσσαρεσκαίδεκα, fourteen, Tρáπεça for TETρáπεča, four- legged, a table, тpaπéÇiov, a foursided figure, TETρa- TεTρ- in comp. , as тeтpá-ɛdpov, a four-sided solid,TETρáρXns, the ruler of the fourth part of a province.Latin, quattuor, quatuor, four, quatuor- decim, fourteen, quadraginta, forty, quartus, fourth, quartanus, recurring on the fourth day,quartarius, fourth part of a sextarius; quadr- quadru- quadri-, in comp.four, as quadr-ennium, space of four years, quadri-vium, place wherefour ways meet, quadru-pes, &c.; quadrare (p. p. quadratus) , to square,quadratura, a squaring, quadrans, a fourth part, quater, four times,quaternus, quaternarius, four each, quaternio, a band offour, quadruplus, fourfold, quadriga, a two- wheeled car drawn byfour horses; Umb.petur-, four, in petur-pursus ' quadrupedibus '; Osc. petora, four,cp. Lesb. Téσopes, Gall. petor- ritum, four-wheeled waggon.¹ Tessera,a die² ( possibly loan-word from Gk. Téσσapes) , tesserula, tessella, asmall square stonefor paving.suggestion that the O.F. coussin is a variant of coissin, the change of o to u beingdue to the influence of O.F. coute, a quilt. He thinks the derivation of coussin fromL. Lat. *culcitinum, a later form of culcita, improbable, as it would make coussin andcoissin etymologically unconnected, which does not accord with the history of the two words. In support of the derivation of coxin, coussin, &c. , from coxa, the hip, withthe sense of hip-oushion, he cites the Lat. cubital, elbow- cushion, from Lat. cubitus,elbow.Petreius, Petrullus, Petronius, proper names, probably denoting thefourth- bornchild, from Osc. or Umb forms. Cp. Quintus, Pompeius, from quinque, Umb.pumpe; Sextus, Sextius, &c.=2 There are serious objections to Lat. tessera, a die, being borrowed from the Greek. (1) The Greek for a die is kúßos, and ( 2) a die has six sides, not four. Fickderives tessera from Eur-Ar. tems- tens-, to shake, and considers tensera as theoriginal form of the word. Cp. N.H.G. würfel, a die, from werfen, to throw.172 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓QETUER L. Latin and Romance, Span. axedrez, Port. xadrez, xedres, chess,'(from Sans. through O. Pers. chitranj , Arab. al-chitrendj , pronouncedach-chitrendj); Ital. quarta (sc. pars) , O.F. quarte, afourth part, L. Lat.quartarium, Ital . quartario, o.F. quartier, a fourth part of anything,a quarter or division of a town, O.F. quator, cator, N.F. quatre, four,Ital. quarto, o.F. quarte, quatrième, fourth; L. Lat. quartaronum, o.F.quateron, M.E. quarteroun, N.E. quartern; Ital . quartetto, F. quartette,a quartet, O.F. quatrain, a song of four verses, O.F. quateron, a quarterofa hundred, a troop oftwenty-five men, L. Lat. quadrum, Ital. quadro,O.F. quadre, N.F. cadre, a square, a framework; Ital . quadrare, O.F.quarrer, N.F. carrer, to square, L. Lat. quareia, O.F. quarrée (as fromquadrata), orig. a squared stone, (later) the place where such were cut;Ital. quadrante, a quadrant, Prov. quadrans, O.F. cadran, a sun-dial;L. Lat. quadrellus, Ital. quadrello, Prov. cairels , O.F. quarrel, quarreau,M.E. quarel, a square tile or pane of glass, a square-shaped bolt for acrossbow, N.F. carreau, a tile, a window pane; L. Lat. quadrifurcus, aplace whencefour roads fork, Prov. carre-forcs, o.F. carrefourgs, M.E.carrefoukes , N.F. carrefour, Carfax, a place in Oxford whence fourstreets diverge; L. Lat. quateronum, a collection of sheets ofpaper, perhaps twenty-five (cp. L. Lat. quarteronus, twenty-five in number, i.e. aquarter of a hundred, o.F. quateron, a party of twenty-five men) , Ital.quaderno, Prov. cazerns, O.F. and M.E. quaer, quaier (for quader) fr. Lat.quaternus (cp.for loss of -nus, enfer from infernus) , N.F. cahier, a quire ofpaper, Ital. caserma, Span. caserna, Prov. caserna, F. caserne (from L.Lat. quadernum), a small guardhouse forfour men, a barrack, Ital. squadra, squadrone, (lit. the fourth part of a body of men), a company ofmen under a corporal, Ital. squadrare (from L. Lat. exquadrare, with senseto divide into four) , O.F. esquarrer, to square, Ital. squadra, O.F. esquarre,a square (from the same vb. ) , Span. cuadrillo, a party offour, a gameofcardsforfourpersons, played withforty cards, O.F. quadrille (m. ) , Ital.squadriglia, a small party of men, O.F. quadrille, a troop of horse for atournament, (later) a dance for four sets of partners, L. Lat. quadrilla,·¹ Only Spanish and Portuguese have retained the original Sanscrit name of thegame. Ital. scacchi ( L. Lat. scacci) , Prov. escacos , O.F. eschés, eschecs , N.E. échecs,M.E. ches, chess (from O.F. eschés with loss of initial e) , are all derived from the Pers.shah, king, through the Arabic form (borrowed), ' shach '; as also the N.E. check,M.E. chek, chak, O.F. eschec, Prov. escac, Ital. scacco, O. Span. and Port. xaque,N. Span. jaque, all meaning ' king,' and used to draw attention to the king being' en prise.' Check-mate, M.E. chek-mat, O.F. eschec mat, Prov. escac mat, Ital. scaccomatto, O. Span. and Port. xaqui-mate, are all forms of the Persian or Arabic, shāhmata, ' the kingis dead or in danger.' Shāh is from Zend xshaetar, a ruler, king, and,like Sans. kshetram, falls under Eur-Ar. ✔kshe-, to possess (which see). Mat is eitherfrom an old Persian equivalent of Sans. matha, danger, distress, or from a later Persian loan-word from Arab. måt, dead: cp. Heb. muth, to die, p.p. meth, dead.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 173a chime offour bells , O.F. carillon, a chime of bells , Sp. cuarteron, aquadroon (corrupted from quarteroon) , the child of a pure-bloodedSpaniard and a mulatto; L. Lat. quarranta, Ital . and Prov. quaranta,O.F. quarante, forty, L. Lat. quarantanus, Ital. quarantena, O.F. quarantane, quarantine, lastingforty days, Ital . quaresima, Prov. caresma, O.F.quaraesme, quaresme, N.F. carême, the season of Lent (Lat. quadragesima); F. quadruple, four-fold, F. quadrillion (coined out of quadr-,+ million).Balto-Slav , Lith. keturi, O. Slav. četyre, four, Lith. ketvir-tas,O. Slav. cetvritu, fourth.Teutonic, Goth. fidwor, O.H.G. fior, N.H.G. vier, O.N. fjor- ir (num.adj . ) , A.S. feower, four, Goth. fidurdha, O.H.G. viordo, N.H.G. vierte, O.N.fiordhi, A.S. feowerdha, fourth, Goth. fidwor-taihun, O.H.G. fior-zehan,N.H.G. vier-zehn, o.N. fjortan, A.S. feowerteon, fourteen, Goth. fidwortigjus, O.H.G. fiorzug, N.H.G. vierzig, O.N. fjortigr, A.S. feower-tig,forty, A.S. feordhing, M.E. ferthing, a quarter, fourth part of a penny,M.E. fourtenizt ( = fourteen nizt, fourteen nights).Celtic, O. Ir. cethir, cetheora (f. ) , Gael. ceithir, Bret. petuar,O. Wel. petguar, N. Wel. pedwar, four.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, tetr-, tetra- in compounds, as tetrahedron, tetrameter,tetrarch, diatessaron, harmony of the four Gospels, &c. , trapeze,trapezium.Latin, Quartodecimans, a sect who kept Easter on the fourteenthday ofthe new moon, quartan, a fever recurring every fourth day, quarto.(for in quarto), a sheet of paper folded in four; quaternary, quaternion, quadrennial, quadrangle (abbrev. quad), quadrilateral, quadruped,quadrumane, &c. , quadrate, quadratic, quadrature, quadrant; tessellated, tessellar.L. Latin und Romance, quart, quarter, ' quarters, quartern, quartet,quatrain, cadre (of a regiment) , quarry, a place where stone (properlysquared stones) is cut, quarry or quarrel, a kind of cross-bow bolt,1 The phrase ' to give quarter ' to a conquered enemy is thus explained byWedgwood. The proper meaning, of ' a fourth part, ' is generalised into any part ordivision, e.g. the lower or higher quarter, the trading quarter, then to any assignedposition, as soldiers' quarters, and the expressions ' to give quarter' and ' to keep quarter'were used in the senses to assign limits or conditions, to keep them when assigned,and quarter was used by itself in the sense of condition or limit. In illustrationWedgwood makes the following quotations:- Offering them quarter for their livesif they would give up the castle .'-Clarendon.'That every one should kill the man he caught,To keep no quarter.'-Drayton.QETUER14Ε174 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.quarry, a diamond-shaped frame or tile, quarier (Shakespeare) , acube of wax with a wick; Carfax (in Oxford); quire (O.F. quaier),caserne, squadron, squad, square, quadrille, a game of cards, a dance,carillon, quadroon, quarantine, quadruple, quadrillion, quatre-foil .Teutonic, four, fourteen, fourth, forty, -ieth, farthing, fortnight.Eur-Ar. √QEP , to contain, hold, seize, take, bind.Sanscrit, kap- in kapatis, a measure, a double handful, kapāla, ashell, skull.Armenian, kapem, to bind, kap-ankh, a band.Greek, kaπ- in κáπ-τw, to snatch at, kóπη, a handle, hilt, xaπÉTIS,кaπíðŋ, a measure (perhaps borrowed), káπŋλos, a retail dealer.Latin, cap- in capere, to take, hold, contain, cepi, captus, with compounds accipere, to accept, concipere, to conceive , conceptio, conceptus,decipere, to catch, deceive, deceptio , excipere, take out, except, exceptio,incipere, take in hand, begin, inceptio, intercipere, to interrupt, interceptio, percipere, perceive, perceptio, præcipere, to anticipate, give rulesfor, enjoin, præceptio, -or, -ivus, -um, præcipuus, chief, recipere, totake back, receptio, -ivus, suscipere, to undertake; captare, -avi, -atum,to catch at, seize (freq. of capere from p. p. captus) , with ac-ceptare,to accept, acceptatio , -bilis , receptare, to recover, receptatio, -aculum,anticipare, to anticipate (as from capare) , anticipatio; cap-ax, -acitas,capacious, -ity, capacitare, to enable, capabilis (late) , capable; caupo(also copo and cupo) , -onis, a trader, an innkeeper, cauponari, to trade,occupare, to take possession of, occupatio, præoccupari; captio, captura,a seizing, captivus, -itas, a captive, -ity, captivare, to captivate; capistrum, a halter, capistrare, to halter, fasten, capsa, a case, receptacle,capsula (dimin. ), a small case, capulus, a holder, a coffin, a halter, ahandle, captiosus, sophistical, captious; -ceps, in compounds, adjectivaltermination with sense of taking, in forceps, tongs (=formus, hot, +ceps), manceps ( = manus, hand, + ceps) , one who takes possession,owner, mancipium, mancupium, ownership, possession, a slave obtainedby purchase, a slave in general, mancipare, mancupare, to deliver upas property, transfer, sell, emancipare, to surrender ownership, to setfree a sonfrom the patria potestas; municeps ( = munia, public offices,privileges, + ceps), a citizen, municipium, a free town with Romancitizenship, municipalis, belonging to afree town; particeps (= pars, apart, +ceps) , partaking (adj .) , partaker (subs. ) , participare, or -ari, toEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 175share; princeps ( = primus, first, + ceps) , chief, principalis, principal, √QEPprincipium, beginning, origin, (in plur. ) foundations, principles; auceps(avis, bird, + ceps), a fowler, aucupari, to go bird-catching; usu-capere,to acquire ownership by use, usucapio, -onis, ownership acquired by use;reciperare, recuperare, to regain, recover, take back (libertatis reciperatio, regaining of liberty). Another derivation is from the Sabine' cuprus, ' good, desirable, recuperare, to make good.6L. Latin and Romance, O.F. concever, N.F. concevoir, to conceive(Lat. concipere: cp. O.F. saver, Ital. sapere, savere, N.F. savoir, from Lat.sapere, to know) , O.F. conceipt, conceit, M.E. conceipt, a conception orconceit, imagination (similar forms are found in decevoir and recevoir);L. Lat. *captiare (form of Lat. captare), caciare, Ital. cacciare, O.F.cachier, chacier, N.F. chasser, M.E. chacen, chasen, cachen, to pursue,chase, catch, O.F. purchacer, N.F. pourchasser, to pursue eagerly, o.f.purchas, eager pursuit, M.E. purchacen, purchasen, to acquire, purchas,subs. (Chaucer) , originally ' the obtaining, getting hold of something,'O.F. chace-pol, Norm. F. cachepol, L. Lat. cacepolus, cacepullus(Du Cange), literally chase-fowl,' a collector of the tax on chickens, M.E.catch- poll, ' a bailiff; Span. acaptar, Ital. accattare, O.F. acater, achapter,N.F. acheter, to buy, L. Lat. adcaptum, accaptum, Ital . accatto, O.F.and M.E. acat, achat, a purchase, O.F. acateur, M.E. catour, a purchaser,specially ofprovisions, a caterer (more correctly ‘ a cater,' but the newspelling, cater [for catour] , no longer conveying the sense of a personalagent, was used as the verb for the act of buying, and caterer wasformed from it as the substantive for the person buying); F. occuper,to hold, keep; Ital. cattivo, cativo, Prov. captiu, caitiu, bad, wretched,O.F. caitif, chaitif, captive, wretched, N.F. chétif, poor, mean, bad, M.E.caitif, cheitif, captive, wretched (also used as subs. a prisoner, a wretch,a meanfellow); Ital. ricuperare, ricovrare, Prov. recobrar, O.F. recouvrer,recuvrer (Lat. recuperare), to regain, M.E. recoueren (s.s.); Span.cabrestante (from Lat. capistrante[m], pres. p. acc. sing. of capistrare,to halter) , O.F. cabestan, capstan; 2 L. Lat. caplum ( = Lat. capulus), acable (Isidore) , Ital. cappio, O.F. cable, a rope, cable, M.E. kabel, cable;Ital. cassa ( = Lat. capsa), Prov. caisse, O.F. casse, N.F. caisse , M.E. casse,The English spelling was probably the adaptation of a misunderstood Frenchword to an English idea, and in catch-poll there is a confusion with poll, a head,sometimes used in the sense of person, as ' pol bi pol, ' ' head by head, ' or man by man;so catch-poll was transferred as the ordinary name of a constable whose office it was to arrest criminals.2 A less satisfactory derivation is from ' capra,' a goat, cabre- stante, a standinggoat, an instance of transferring the name of an animal to a machine or weapon: asin Greek, the windlass was called ovos, the ass; so the donkey- engine in English, andin Lat. aries, a battering ram.176 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.a case, a receptacle, L. Lat. capsarius, Ital. cassiere, N.F. caissier,keeper of the chest, cashier, cassette (dimin. of casse), a casket (thechange of spelling is due to confusion with casquet from casque, acap); O.F. chasse, a shrine, case for relics (Lat. capsa), O.F. enchasser.to enshrine, inclose, set (as a jewel) , to inlay or variegate with gold orsilver, adorn with figures in relief, M.E. enchase, inchace, N.E. enchase,chase; Ital. principe, F. prince (m. ) , princesse (f. ) , L. Lat. cappa, ' ahooded cloak (A.D. 660) , o.F. chape, A.S. cæppe, M.E. cape, cope (Isidorespells capa and explains: ' quia quasi totum capiat hominem '; better,perhaps, from an obs. Lat. *capum, head), L. Lat. cappellus, Port.capello, a hood, cobra de capello, hooded snake, L. Lat. cappella, smallmantle, hood. Du Cange explains cappella as the place where a pieceof St. Martin's cloak was preserved, a chapel, a sanctuary for relics(Brachet), O.F. chapelle, dimin. of chape, a small hood, a chapel, M.E.chapele, chapelle, a chapel, N.F. chapelle (s.s.); N.F. chapeau, hat, cap,L. Lat, capucium, Ital. capuccio, a hood, cowl, Ital . cappuccino, afriarof the order of St. Francis, ofthe new rule of 1528, L. Lat. capellanus,O.F. capelan, chapelain, M.E. chaplein, chaplain, the priest in charge ofa chapel; O.F. chaperon, a hood, special use to blind hawks, the attendant on a young lady, o.F. chapelet, a little hood, a wreath; Ital.scappare (Lat. ex +cappa), to slip out of the cloak, O.F. escaper, toescape; o.F. hable, havle, from habulum, a Latinised form of M.H.G.habe, habene, a haven, o.F. (later) havre, from. As. hæfene, or L.G.haven.Balto- Slav. , Lith. kampu, take hold of, O. Slav. kupiti, to trade,kupu, traffic, kupici, a trader, Lith. kupezus, trader: these are all(except kampu) from Goth. kaupon, to trade, barter.Teutonic, haf-, hef-, o. and N.H.G. haft, imprisonment, O.N. haptr,A.S. hæft, imprisoned, captive, Goth. hafjan, O.H.G. heffan, hevan, N.H.G.heben, O.N. hefja, A.S. hebban (pr. t. sing. hebbe, hefts, hefth), M.E.hebben, heven, to raise, lift, heave, O.H.G. hefti, handle, N.H.G. heft,handle, part of a book, o.N. hepti, A.S. hæft (subs. ), a handle, haft,O.H.G. hebig, O.N. höfigr, A.S. hefig, M.E. hefiz, hevi, heavy; O.N. hifinn,O. Sax. heban, A.S. heafon, M.E. heofen, heoven, heven, N.E. heaven,A.S. heafonlic, M.E. heofenlic, N.E. heavenly,2 perhaps akin to Goth.hafjan, &c. , to raise, lift (cp. A.S. lyftan, to lift, A.S. lyft, the air;A.S. behof, advantage, M.H.G. behuof, occupation, purpose, advantage(from Teutonic base haf-, Eur-Ar. qep-, Kluge); O.N. höfn, ( 1) a=1 Diez rejects the derivation of cappa, capa (fem. ) from caput.2 This is very doubtful: see note to Goth. himins under E-, to pierce, andQEM- EM-, to curve.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 177"holding or tenure of land, ( 2) a haven (in comp. hafnar-) , A.S. hæfene,L.G. haven, M.H.G. habe, habene, N.H.G. hafen (s.s.) , haven (i.e.holding or containing ' ships), from Teut. base haf- (Eur-Ar. qep-);O.N. haf, A.S. hæf, N.L.G. haff, the deep sea, the high sea (from √haf-,with sense of raise, heave: cp. Goth. hafjan, O.N. hefja); Goth.kaupon, ¹ 0.H.G. choufon, N.H.G. kaufen, O.N. kaupa, A.S. cypen, cēpan,to sell, hold, keep, seize, ceapian, to buy, deal with, M.E. cheapien,chapien, chepen (s.s. ), O.H.G. chouf, kouf, o.N. kaup, A.S. ceāp, M.E.cheap, chep, cheep, (as adj . ) cheap, (as subs. ) sale, dealing, sellingor market price, M.E. gōd-cheap, good bargain, cheap; O.H.G. choufman,N.H.G. kaufmann, O.N. kaupmadhr, A.S. ceapman, M.E. cheapman,chepman, chapman, a trader, dealer, O.N. kaupför, M.E. cheapfare,chapfare, chaffare, chaffere (from A.S. ceāp +faru, a journey, dealing),a travelling trader, dealer, M.E. chaffaren, to bargain; O.N. haukr (forhebukг), O.H.G. habuh, N.H.G. habicht, A.S. heafoc, M.E. havek, hauk,N.E. hawk, i.e. the seizer,' cp. L. Lat. capus (from Lat. capere 2), ahawk (Du Cange); Dan. Kjöben-havn, Icel. Kaupmanna-höfn, Copenhagen.6Celtic, Gael. cachdan, vexation, Ir. cacht, distress, prisoner, Ir.cachtaim, I capture, Wel. caeth, a slave, confined, Wel. caethu, toconfine, Ir. cail, Wel. cael (for ca[p]il, ca[p]el) , to have, get, Gael. cuan,the ocean, Ir. cuan, a harbour, from a base *copno, cp. o.N. höfn (s.s.) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, accept, acceptation, -ance, -able, concept, -ion, deception,-ive, except, -ive, -ion, exceptional, -able, incipient, inception, -ive,intercept, -ion, -ive , perception, -ive, -ible, precept, -or, -ive, -ory,-orial, susceptive, -ible, intro-susception, recipe, -ient, reception, -ive ,-acle; anticipate, -ation, capable, capacious, capacity, capacitate,occupation, occupancy, preoccupation; caption, capture, captive, -ity,captivate, -ion, capsule, captious, -ness; forceps, emancipate, -ion,municipal, -ity, participate, principal, -ity, principle; usucapion (legal) ,recuperate, -ive.L. Latin and Romance, conceive, -able, mis-conceive, mis-conception, conceit, -ed, deceive, undeceive, -able, deceit, -ful, receive,-able, receipt; chase, chace, purchase, catch, catch-word, catch-poll,Catchpole (a surname), cater, caterer, occupy, preoccupy, recover, −y,All these Teutonic words for buying, trading, are loan-words from Lat. caupo,and therefore to be placed under qep-, but the other Teutonic derivatives mayphonetically be placed under qhebh- with haben.2 The Lat. accipiter is not from accipere, but from a lost Latin *acu-piter akin toGk. άKÚTTEрos, swift-winged, a general name for birds of prey.N√QEP-178 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.caitiff, capstan, cable, case (a holder), cash (F. caisse), cashier ' (subs.) ,enchase, chase (inlay, adorn, engrave); prince, -ss, -dom, -ly; cape,escape, scape-grace, cope, cap, chaperon, chapeau, chaplet, chapel,chaplain, -cy, cobra de capello, capuchin; Havre, a French city.Teutonic, heave, coal-heaver, heavy, -iness, haft (of a knife), heaven,-ly, behoof, behove; -haven, found in the composition of names ofplaces,Newhaven, Whitehaven; keep, -er, -sake (A.S. cepan), cheap (subs. andadj. ), Cheap-side, East-cheap (East market), Chipping in ChippingNorton (Market Norton: cp. Market Harborough), cheap (not dear),cheapness, cheapen (A.S. ceap) , chapman, a tradesman, dealer, abbreviatedto chap, a customer, fellow, person, chap (vb.: pronounced chop) , to exchange, chapmoney, a percentage of the price paid back to the buyer,chapbook; coper, horsecoper (Dutch koopen, to sell, deal in), cope, tovie with, originally to bargain with; chaffer, M.E. chaffaren (A.S. ceap +faru), hawk; Chapman (surname), Copenhagen.2Eur-Ar. QHEBH , to hold, grasp, contain, have; a variant of the preceding root.Greek, κεφ- κεβ-, in κεφαλή, Maced. κεβλή, Hesych. κεβαλή (seefollowing qep-el, qebh-el ³) .Latin, hab-, in habere, -ui, -itus, to have, hold, contain, &c. , habena,a rein, habilis, manageable, expert, habilitas, aptitude, ability, habitudo,The verb to cashier, to dismiss from service, is from a post-class. Lat. cassare(formed from adj . cassus, empty), probably participle of careo, to be deprived of, to bringto naught, annul, Ital. cassare, O.F. casser (legal term), to annul, N.H.G. cassiren,borrowed from O.F. casser.2 Phonetically the Teutonic base gab- (to give) corresponds with Eur-Ar. QEP although so divergent in signification. If GAB = QEP-, Goth. giban, O.H.G. geban,N.H.G. geben, O.N. gefa, A.S. gifan, to give, would fall under this root. So also itsEng. derivatives, give, gave, gift, giver, forgive, -ness, &c. Kluge compares Lith.gabenti, to bring, O. Ir. gabim, Itake, with Teut. gab, to give; which implies a formqhebh- or ghebh-.3 The connection of Gk. kópios, Lat. cophinus, Ital. cofino, cofano, a basket, Prov.and O.F. cofin, a basket, also a chest, coffer, M.E. cofin, coffin, a basket, a pie-crust,O.F. coffre, cofre (a variant of cofin, cp. F. ordre, fr. Lat. ordinem) , M.E. cofer, cofre,N.E. coffer, a chest, especially for money, must be regarded as uncertain; kóposmay be a foreign loan- word, and the change of vowel is doubtful. The Englishcoffin originally meant basket (cp. Wyclif's ' twelve coffins ful,' Mark vi. New Testament), later a shape for a pie made of paste (cp. Shakesp. of the paste a coffin I willrear '). Shakespeare also uses it in the modern sense in the lines•' not a flower sweetOn my black coffin let there be strewed.'2EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 179址a condition, habitude, habituare, to habituate, habitus, condition, deport- √QHEBHment, appearance, attire, dress, habitare (freq. ) , to dwell in, habitabilis,habitable, habitaculum, a dwelling-place, habitatio, a dwelling, cohabitare, to dwell together, cohabitatio, inhabitare, to dwell in; compounds,adhibere, -ui, -itum, to apply, to bring or summon to a place, exhibere,-itum, to display, present, exhibitor, -io , inhibere, -itum, hold in, restrain,inhibitio, præbere (præ +-hibere) , to offer, furnish, give, præbenda,the state allowance to a private person, prohibere, to hold in front, keepback, forbid, prohibitio, -or, -orius, debere (de + -hibere) , to keep backfrom, to owe, to be bound to, debilis, ' infirm, disabled, debilitas, infirmity, debilitare, to weaken, debitor, a debtor, debitum, a debt, debita(s.s. sc. pecunia) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. avere, to have, p.p. avuto (from an oldp.p. in colloquial use, habutus) , O.F. aver (pp. avud, aüd, aü), N.F.avoir (p.p. eu); L. Lat. averia (Du Cange), property, used of a farm,money, goods, horses, cattle, &c. , found in a document of 1190 a.d. ,also of 1309 and 1310, averium ponderis, things sold by weight, O.F,avoir du pois; averagium (Du Cange) , O.F. average, M.E. and Sc.aryage, arrage, service due by tenants to help their lord with horses andcarts (averiis), in carrying his wheat, &c.: also damage occurring tomerchandise in carriage; cost and duties of carriage. O. and N.F. habile,skilful, M.E. hable, able, O.F. habilite, N.F. habileté, ability, N.F. habilitéa legal qualification, F. habiller, to dress, déshabiller, to undress; F.habit, habit, dress, habiter, to dwell, habituel, habitual (as from a Lat.

• habitualis), habitude, custom; Span. bitacora, Port. bitacola, F. habit6

acle,² a binnacle, (older) bittacle, place for a compass, perhaps originallya shelterfor the manat the wheel (see Bailey's Dict.: Bittacle, a frameoftimber in the steerage where the compass is placed ' ); o.F. habitacion,M.E. habitaceoun, a dwelling; O.F. debte (Lat. debita) , dette, M.E. dette,N.E. debt, o.F. detor, deteur, Prov. deutor, Ital. debitore, M.E. dettur,dettour, N.E. debtor, Ital. devere, dovere, o.F. dever, pp. deü (cp. eufrom avoir) , N.F. devoir, p.p. dû (Eng. due) , to owe, O.F. dever (subs. ),N.F. devoir, duty, obligation, M.E. dever, devere, devoir (s.s.) , o.F.endetter, Prov. endeptar, L. Lat. indebitare, to make a debtor, M.E.indetten, s.s. also, to be bound as by a debt (cp. Wyclif, Rom. xiii . 4,¹ Osthoff advocates the derivation of debilis from Lat. de (with privative sense)+an untraced Lat. equivalent of Sans. bhala- s, good, strong; but without sufficientproof. The suffix in debi-lis is -lis (Eur-Ar. -la, -lo , -li) , not the frequent Latin suffix-bilis , as in sta-bilis, fle-bilis , which is a compound of Eur-Ar. bhe + le, weakened tobi-li- Eng. -ble in habita-ble, &c.' Körting is inclined to derive Span. bitacora, Port. bitacola, from O.N. biti , a crossbeam of a ship, Ital. bitta, F. bitte, block ofwood for the anchor cables.N 2180 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.6√QHEBH He is the mynystre of God to thee unto good'; with the gloss,endettid to defend thee ') , M.E. duete, dewte, deute (cp. Prov. deute, adebt), obligation, duty, due, L. Lat. præbenda, the daily allowance ofmeat and drink made to a monk or canon, the revenue of an ecclesiastical benefice, O.F. prebende, præbendarius, one who gives orreceives a præbenda, O.F. prebendier, o. and N.F. provende, M.E.prouendé, provendé, provand, a variant of prebende, but with thegeneral sense of food, provender. Gabelle (from Celtic) , a tax, usedspecially of the salt-tax.Balto-Slav. , Lith. gabenti, to bring.Teutonic, O.H.G. gabala, N.H.G. gabel, a.s. geaful, a fork, Goth.gibla, O.H.G. gibil, N.H.G. giebel, O.N. gafl (from which probablyL. Lat. gabulum, O.F. and M.E. gable) , the peak of a house front. TheGoth. gibla is the translation of Tεpúylov, a pinnacle. Goth. haban,'O. and N.H.G. haben, o.N. hafa, A.S. habban, M.E. habben, haven, tohave, A.S. behæbban, to restrain, keep oneself in; A.S. gafol (Celticloan-word) , a tax; Goth. giban, O.H.G. geban, N.H.G. geben, O.N. gefa,A.S. gifan (p. t. geaf), M.E. given (p. t . gaf) , to give, A.S. and E. gift(subs.).Celtic , O. Wel. caffel, to get (Rhys), N. Wel. cafael, gafael, Corn.gavel, (as subs.) a taking, Gael. gabh, O. Ir. gabhaim, to take, Gael.gabhal, Wel. gafl , a fork, Ir. gabhail, to take, (as subs. ) spoil, property,Ir. gabim, I take, give, recite; Ir. gabhail-cine, gavel-kind, a Celtictenure, by which on the father's death the property was dividedequally among the sons, or the members ofthe sept; a similartenure is still found in Kent. Ir. gaf, gafa, a hook.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek. For derivatives from Kepaλń see below.Latin, habitat, habituate, cohabitation, rehabilitate, adhibit-, ion,exhibit, -ion, -or, inhibit, -ion, prebend-ary, prohibit, -ion, -or, -ory,debit, debilitate.L. Latin and Romance, avoirdupois, average 2 (the mean betweenTheTeutonic words for ' have ' are in accord with Eur-Ar. ✅QEP or ✅QHEBH .But the evident correspondence of Lat. habere, Germ. haben, demands the aspiratedform QHEBH-.2 Besides the explanation of average given in the text there are the following(1) Dozy ( Glossary of Span and Port. Words derived from the Arabic), Port. andItal. avaria, F. avarie, damage done to goods in carriage (from Ar. awår, a dan.age,defect). Avaria in this sense is found in a Catalan document 1258 A.D. Brachetfollows Dozy for Fr. avarie. (2) The derivation from hafen, with original signification of harbour dues, or duty on exports; for which see Diez. The word was used withdifferent senses, and either the various derivations are invented to suit the variousEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 181Tunequal sums or quantities), arrage (see note: retained in Scottishleases to the reign ofGeorge III. ) , able, ability, enable, disable, unable,habit, habitude, habitacle, binnacle (for bittacle, through a falsereference to bin, a box), habitation, cohabit, inhabit, -ant, -ation,habitual, deshabille, debt, debtor, devoir, endeavour, indebt, debility,due, duly, duty, dutiful, provender.Teutonic, gable (thr. F.) , have, had (A.S. hæfde, M.E. haffde) ,behave, behaviour; give, gave, gift, giff-gaff (?) , giving and taking,gew-gaws, (according to Skeat) a corruption of M.E. give-gove, triflingpresents.Celtic, gavel-kind (thr. A.S.?) , gaff.Eur-Ar. QEP-EL- QHEBH-EL- OS-, head, skull.Sanscrit, kapalas, head, skull, a shell.Greek, κεφαλή, κεβλή, κεβαλή, α head, brain-holder.Teutonic, O.H.G. gibilla, gebäl, head, skull, A.S. hafela, a head.¹The other Teutonic forms, as also the Latin, except perhaps capillus,hair, are formed upon a hypothetic Eur-Ar. base, *QOUPOT,-

• QEPOT , a head, from an earlier base QEP-.

Latin, caput, -itis, a head, occiput, the hinder part of the head,sinciput (semi +caput), half the head, capitalis, affecting the head, orlife, used especially of offences, chief, pre-eminent; capitaneus (late),chiefin size, used of large letters (capitals) , capitellum (post- class. ) , thecapital ofa column, capitulum (dim. of caput) , a section of a chapter,capitulatim, by heads; Capitolium, the Capitol at Rome, the temple ofJupiter on the summit of the Saturnian, afterwards Capitoline, hillsenses, or the words had a different origin, and it is thus possible that Du Cange's explanation from averum, accepted by Skeat, and Dozy's from awar, followed by Brachet,may both be true, and two unconnected words are represented in average. Murray(Phil. Dict. ) favours this view in assigning average in the sense of ' tenant's servicewith his beasts of burden ' to ' avera,' ' servitium ' (Domesday Book, 1085) , while inthe separate explanation of average in the sense of customs duty, paymentfor damage,he only states that the earliest mention of this word occurs in connection with themaritime trade of the Mediterranean, and cites a document, circ. 1200 A.D. , whereavarie occurs in the sense of charges.Kluge, with Brugmann (ii. 190), is disposed to include among the Teutonicforms from QEP-EL , Goth. gibla, O.H.G. gibil, N.H.G. giebel, O.N. gafi, a gable,with which he compares O.H.G. gibilla (f. ) , gëbal (masc.) , head, skull, and supposesthat the original sense of a brain- holder had been lost, and that of being the top orsummit of the body substituted. See Kluge ad Giebel; but it is a question whetherthey should not be referred to ✔qhebh- and connected with O.H.G. gabāla, and theCeltic gabhal, gafl, a fork. Kluge cites Sans. jabhasta, a fork, and considers theTeutonic connected with but not borrowed from Celtic; for alternative explanationofgabhal see under ✔gebh-.182 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.QEP ELQHEBHEL-OS(according to legend a human head was turned up in laying thefoundations of the temple), capitatio, a poll-tax; anceps, -ipitis, twoheaded, fluctuating, biceps, two-headed, divided in two parts, præceps,head-first, præcipitium, a precipice, præcipitare, to throw headlong,capillus, hair ofthe head.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . capo, Span. cabo, Prov. cap, o.F. cheve,chef, chief, the head, the chief (in this sense used as adj . and subs. ) ,Ital. capitano (L. Lat. capitanus), Prov. capitann-s, O.F. capitane,capitaine, a captain, L. Lat. capitettus, O.F. capdet, N.F. cadet, theyounger member ofafamily, the little head or chief; L. Lat. captale(for capitale) , Ital. capitale, Prov. captal, O.F. chattel, N.F. catell, M.E.catel, chatel, property, goods, N.E. capital, as opposed to income, Ital.capitello , Prov. capdel, O.F. chapitel, N.F. chapiteau, M.E. chapitel, capitle,capitel, the head of a column, Lat. capitellum, ¹ o.F. chapitre (Lat. capitulum) , M.E. chapitre, chapter of a book, a heading, a register of a bodyofclergy, the collective body itself; capitastrum, assessment of taxationper head, O.F. cap-dastre, N.F. cadastre, Ital. capo, head, headland, O.F.cap, a headland (as through from a Lat. *capum), Ital. caporale, F.caporal, corporal, subordinate officer ofa troop, Ital. capuccio, a little head,a cabbage, O.F. cabus-ser, to form a head, chou-cabus, cabbage forming ahead, Du. kabys-kraut, M.H.G. kabez , M.E. cabbyshe, cabage, N.E.cabbage, O.F. cap-a-pie, head to foot, Span. cabezar (from cabeza, head),to pitch as a ship, cp. Span. capuzar un baxel, to sink a ship by thehead, to capsize (see Skeat ad verb. ); Ital . civire, to provide, O.F. chevir ,M.E. cheven (from O.F. form cheve, Lat. cabum, Span. cabo, with senseof end, completion) , to accomplish, bring or come to an end, O.F. and M.E.chevance, an accomplishment; O.F. achever, M.E. acheven, achieve, toaccomplish, achieve (cp. F. venir a chef [ =late Lat. ad caput venire]and Span. acabar, to bring to an end) , O.F. achevement, M.E. atchievement, successful performance, the escutcheon granted in memory of anachievement (in this sense variously contracted to atch-ment, hachement, hatchment); O.F. chevetaine (doublet of captaine) , M.E. chevetein,chefetain, N.E. chieftain; Span. menoscabar, mescabar, o.F. meschever, tofail ofsuccess, bring to a bad end, O.F. and M.E. meschief,Körting derives N.F. cadeau, a gift, present, from capitellum, and the Prov.capdel implies an O.F. capdel, afterwards contracted to cadel ( as capdet to cadet),which in N.F. would be cadeau. But if so, capitellum must have the sense of asmall sum of money or other form of property, and be regarded as the diminutive ofcapitale, which does not appear. Diez and Brachet derive cadeau from Lat. catellus,a small chain, the flourish of a writing-master in his show specimens. Cadeau wasused in this sense in the sixteenth century, and afterwards came to mean a trifle, asmall gift, a treat, entertainment. This seems a probable derivation of the word.See Brachet, Fr. Etym. Dict.陋EUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 183་51:QHEBHEL-OSill-success, mishap, Span. menos-cabo, Prov. mes-cap, s.s. (Latin QEP-ELminus +cabum) , O.F. covrechef (Lat. cooperire + caput) , M.E. couerchefkerchef, N.E. kerchief, a head-covering; Ital. capello, Prov. cabelh-so.F. chevel, N.F. cheveu, hair, Ital. capellatura ( Lat. capillus) , o.f.cheveleure, N.F. chevelure, head of hair, a wig; F. capot, a term inpiquet when a player makes no tricks, and is said to be capot ( cp. N.H.G.caput, broken).Teutonic, Goth. haubith, O.H.G. houbit, N H.G. haupt, O.N. haufudh,höfudh, A.S. heafud, heafod, heafd, M.E. heaved, heved, heafd, hefd,hed, N.E. head, N.H.G. caput, in sense of broken, gone to pieces, lost.¹Celtic, Wel. copa, a head ( = cabo?): see footnote underENGLISH DERIVATIVES.qup-.Greek, cephalic, cephalitis , hydro-cephalous, and compounds withcephal-, cephalo-, as cephal- algy, cephalocele, cephalopod , &c. Bucephalus (ox-head), acephalous, bicephalous, &c.Latin, capital, -ise, -ist, capitation, Capitol, capitulate, recapitulate,-ion, capitular, -y, decapitate, biceps, bicipital, precipice, -tous, -tate,-tation; capillaceous, capillary, capillaire, an infusion of maidenhairfern (Adiantum capillus Veneris).L. Latin and Romance, chief (adj . and subs. ), captain, -cy, cadet,-ship, caddie, a street porter, cad, a low fellow, chattel, cattle, capitalof a pillar, chapter, cadastral, cape (a headland), corporal (a corruption of caporal) , a non- commissioned officer, capsize, cabbage, capapie;achieve, -ment, hatchment, mischief, -vous, chieftain, kerchief, handkerchief, chevelure; chevy, chivy, to chase, Chevy-chase (perhaps anold hunting cry, chevez from O.F. chever, to complete, obtain; seeMurray ad verb. ) , chive, an onion (see foot-note) .2Teutonic, head, headlong, heady, headstrong, headrope, &c.; blockhead, &c.' This is probably an abbreviation of caput mortuum (lit. the dead head), a termapplied by the old chemists to the inert residuum of matter left after all life andpower of the original substance had been extracted by sublimation or distilling.Kluge thinks the German to be borrowed from the French.2 Victor Hehn (in Kultur- Pflanzen) , who is followed by G. Curtius, connects Gk.κdwa, onions or garlic, Lat. cepa, capa, onion, from its round bulb (cp. Germ. Knoblauch, garlic, Prov. ceba, O.F. cive, N.F. * chive, M.E. cyve, chyve, an onion.Hehnthinks that cap- (without suffixes) is the original root ( cf. forms capo- and cabo-)before the splitting off of cap-at and cap-al with different suffixes: that is, before theseparation of the Eur- Aryan people.184 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √/QER- QEL-, to call, name, summon, sound, cry.Sanscrit, kar-, in kārus, a bard, praiser, poet, kāra, a hymn, battlesong, cha-kar-ti, cries.Greek, καλ-, κλα-, κορ-, κηρ-, in καλέω (1 aor. ἔ-κλη-σα) , to call,kλŋtós, called, kλñoɩs (dial . kλâois) , a calling, kλýτwp, a caller, crier,¿k-kλŋoía, an assembly called by proclamation, the Church, πapákλnTos, an advocate, intercessor, îîpv§, a herald, îŋpúkɛiov, a herald's staff,κηρύσσω, proclaim; κόραξ, a raven, κορώνη, a crow , a sea-crow,cormorant.Latin, cal-, cla-, cor-, (old) kal-, in calare, to call, proclaim, intercalaris, intercalary, inserted (proclaimed between); kalendæ, the firstday of the Roman month, when the date of the nones was proclaimed,calendarium, money-lender's book of interest, due on the kalends; concil-ium, a calling together, a council, con-cil-iare, to bring together,unite, makefriendly, re-conciliare, reunite, reconcile; cla-mare, to cryaloud, clamor, clamour, ac-clamare, to shout approval or disapproval,de-clamare, to practise speaking, ex- pro- reclamare; clarus, clear,bright, loud, illustrious, celebrated, clarare, to make clear, explain,claritudo, clearness, clarere, to be clear, clarescere, to grow clear, clarificare, to make clear, de-clarare, to make clear, declare; classis (olderform clasis), the people called together, afterwards a division of thepeople, a class (see Livy, i. 42 and foll. ), later, the fleet (including thetroops in it) , classicus, belonging to a class, especially the highest class, ofa high standard; nomen-clator, one who tells or calls out names, nomenclatura, a calling by name, a list of names. Caduceus, Mercury's staff,corrupted from Gk. кηρúкειoν. Corvus, a raven, corvinus (adj .) , relating to a raven, cornix, a crow (or imitative words).L. Latin and Romance, o.F. calendier, M.E. calendere, a calendar;O.F. concile, M.E. counceil, a council; Ital. chiamare, Prov. clamar, o.F.clamer, claimer, M.E. clamen, claimen, to cry, demand, claim, Ital.clamore, o.F. clamour, N.E. clamour; Ital. chiaro, Prov. clar, o.F. clair,cler, N.F. clair, M.E. cler, cleer, clear, O.F. clarifier, M.E. clarifien, makeclear, Ital. claretto, O.F. claret, clairet, M.E. claret, clarrie, a wine made ofherbs and clarified honey mixed with spices , (later) applied to yellowishand light red wines, and now to the Bordeaux wines; Ital. clarone,O.F. clarion, M.E. clarioun, claryon, trumpet, a clarion, Ital. clarinetto,N.F. clarinette, a clarionet, (later) clarinet; Port. corvo-marinho (Lat.corvus marinus) , O.F. cormarage, cormorage (L. Lat. corvus maraticus),N.F. cormoran (adapted to Bret. mor-vran, sea-crow) , cormorant; It.corbo, O.F. corbel, corbet (dim. ) , N.F. corbeau, a raven, O.F. and M.E.corbin, Scot. corbie (dim.), a raven or crow , M.E. corbel (s.s.); Ital. chiesa,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 185QELProv. gleisa, gliessa, O. and N.F. église, a church (corrupted loan-word √QERfrom Gk.), Port. igreja, from which comes the East Indian name forchurch girja; Span. halar, o.F. haler, haller, to hale, haul, from O.N.hāla (s.s.), or O.H.G. hālon.¹Balto-Slav. , kal-ba, speech, O. Slav. kla-kolu, a bell.Teutonic, hel-, hal-, hol-, hlo-, hro-, in O.H.G. hël (in gi-hel, un-hel),M.H.G. hël, N.H.G. hell, clear, loud, bright, O.H.G. hellan, M.H.G.hellen, N.H.G. hallen, to sound; O.H.G. halōn, holōn, tɔ summon, invite,conduct, fetch, M.H.G. haln, holn, N.H.G. holen, to fetch, A.S. geholian,gehalian, to draw, lead, drag, fetch, M.E. halien, s.s. , but perhaps thr.O.F. haler; O.H.G. hlo-jan, A.S. hlo-wan, to low as a cow, O.H.G. hruom,N.H.G. ruhm, praise, honour, O. Sax. hrōm, o.N. hrōdhr, A.S. hreth,praise, fame, Goth. hrōtheigs, fame-possessing, O.H.G. hruod-, ruod-,in compounds, as in O.H.G. Hruod-land (famous land), Roland, O.N.Hrodgeirr (famous spear) , Roger, O.N. Hro-bjartr, O.H.G. Hruod- bereht(bright fame), Robert, Ruprecht, Rupert, O.H.G. Hruod- rik, o.N. Hrærekr, A.S. Hreth-ric (famous ruler) , Roderick, O.H.G. Hruod-wulf, O.N.Hrolfr (famous wolf), Rudolph, Ralph. Perhaps also O.H.G. hriuwa,N.H.G. reue, sorrow, O.N. hrygth, A.S. hreow, M.E, rewth, ruthe, trouble,grief, O.H.G. *hriuwan, M.H.G. riuwen, N.H.G. reuen, A.S. hreowan, tofeelsorrow, complain, lament.Celtic, Wel. -yglos, termination of names of places = church (loanword from Greek or French) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, ecclesiastic, -ology, &c.Latin, intercalate, intercalary, kalends, calendar, conciliate, -ion,-or, reconciliation, clamour, -ous, acclamation, declamation, -ory, expro-clamation, declaration, -ive, Clara, Clarissa, class, classify, classic,-al, nomenclator, nomenclature, caduceus.=L. Latin and Romance, council, -lor, claim, -ant, ac- de- disex- pro- re-claim, chiaro-oscuro, clarify, clear, -ness, -ance, perhaps clere-storie, the light story (F. cler) , Clarice, Sinclair (SteClaire), Sinkler (cp. Simple, Semple, St. Paul) , claret, clarion, -ette,cormorant, corbel-steps , or corbie-steps, steps on the sides of gablesfrom the eaves to the apex, as forming a resting-place for crows; Corbet,surname probably of one whose crest is the crow. The M.E. corbet, aniche for an image, is derived by Murray from corvettus, a dim. ofcorvus. He also derives corbel the architectural term from corvus, on¹ So Diez, Brachet, Körting; but neither Vigfusson nor Kluge cite O.N. hāla.186 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.account of its original resemblance in profile to a beak; he rejects thedefinition from Lat. corbis, given under √qerp- √qerb- (which see) .Teutonic, hale (with sense ofpulling), haul, halyard (?), from A.S.or thr. o.F. haler, low (vb. ) , to bellow. The proper names Rudolf,Rupert, Robert, Robin, and their derivatives Robertson, Robinson,Robson, Roger, Roderick, Ruric (fr . o.N.) , Roland, with derivative surnames Rogers, Roddy, Ruddy, Rodd, Rowland, Rawlins, Rawlinson,&c. , and the Welsh Probert, Probyn, Brodrick, for ap'-Robert, &c.Perhaps, also, rue, to be sorry for, rueful; ruth, pity (from rue), ruth- less.Eur-Ar. QER Q (from QER QER , reduplication of the precedingroot) , to make a noise, cry, &c. ,² with transposed √QRE- Q- andvariant QLE-Q-.Sanscrit, kar-k, kruç-, in karkati, laughs, kruçati , to screech.Greek, κρεκ-, κρικ-, κριγ-, κραγ-, κλαγ-, in κρέκω , to cry, make asound, κpé§, a kind of bird, κpíšw, for xpikiw, to crack, creak, kpáłw(for κράγιω) , aor. ἔκραγον, to cry, κλάζω, for κλάγρω, to make a noise.Latin, clang-, cloc-, in cloc-ire, to caw as a raven, in clang-ere, tosound, clang-or, noise.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. crequet, M.E. crykette, N.F. criquet, acricket, L. Lat. cloca (from Celt. clocha) , a bell, also a bell-shaped garment, a rider's cape, O.F. cloque, a rider's cloak, O.F. cloche, a bell.Balto- Slav. , Lith. kleg-a, kleg-eti, to laugh, O. Slav. krak-ati , tocrow, Lith. krauk-ti, to creak.' The Wel. ap- is for O. Wel. map, N. Wel. mab, a son (gen. in Wel. and Ir.Ogam, maqui). The British Celts changed the -qu- to p, the Gaelic Celts to c; soWel. and Bret. map, mab, Corn. mab = Gael. mac, O. Ir. macc, a son = Goth. magus,O.N. mögr, A.S. mæg, a son, a boy, a servant (cp. N.H.G. magd, Eng. maid, a girl, aservant). All these are from Eur-Ar. meğh-, to grow, increase, &c. The Irish havesubstituted O. Ir. ua, N. Ir. ua, o , a grandson, as their patronymic form, which Brugmann connects with Lat. avus, a grandfather, from Eur- Ar √au- (supra, pp. 15, 16) ,but he also gives the form oa as a contraction of O. Ir. oac, N. Ir. og, young. The Gael.has og, young (adj . ) , ogha, a grandchild, pronounced ' oha,' ' oa ' (cp. Scot. oe, a grandchild). They are probably from two distinct roots, Ir. ua, oa, Goth. ogha, a grandchild,from Eur-Ar. ✔au-, Ir. oa ( for O. Ir. oac), and Gael. and N. Ir. og, young, fromEur-Ar. iunea-, young, with a guttural extension (cp. Goth. juggs, young). O'Brientranslates ua (written O) as grandson, descendant, tribe. O, therefore, in Irish names(e.g. O'Hara) the descendant, or one of the clan, of Hara.=2 This is an imitative root, and many other words may be connected with it asonomatopoeia, though not etymologically; as clank, clink, crack, creak, O.H.G.chlingan, N.H.G. klingen, croak, cluck, &c. Or they may be formed etymologically from ger- gel-, to cry.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 187712Teutonic, hlak-, hrok-, hring-, in Goth. hlahjan, O.N. hlakka, O.H.G.hlah-han, N.H.G. lachen, A.S. hleh-han, M.E. hlezen, lauhwen, laughen,to laugh, A.S. hleahtor, laughter, Goth. hrecks, cawing as a raven , O.H.G.hruoh, O.N. hrok-r, A.S. hroc, a rook, O.N. hringa, A.S. hringan, towring, O.H.G. glocka, N.H.G. glocke, O.N. klukka, Swed. clocka, A.S.clocge, M.E. clokke, clok, a clock, a bell.Celtic, Wel. cricciad, a cricket, Wel. cricellu, to chirp, Bret. kloch,Ir. clog, a bell, Gael. clog, clag, Manx clagg, a bell, Ir. cloguim, ' Iring,' Wel. cleca, clack, Gael. cearc, Ir. cerc, cearc, a hen.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, clang, clangour.L. Latin and Romance, cricket (the insect) , clock, cloak (fromCeltic).Teutonic, laugh, laughter, rook, rookery, ring.Eur-Ar. √QRET √QRED , to make a noise.Sanscrit, krad-, krand-, in krad-ate, krand-ati, to rustle, neigh,bellow.Greek, κροτ-, in κροτέω, to rattle, κρότος, a rattling, κρόταλον, αrattle.Teutonic, hrat-, with variant hrut-, in A.S. hrätelen, ' to rattle,O.H.G. riozan, O.N. hriota, O. Fris. hrūta, A.S. hrutan, to short, roar,M.E. routen.Celtic, Ir. crotal, husk, pod, kernel, cymbal.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, rattle, rattlesnake, rout, or rowt(archaic).Eur-Ar. QREP , to rattle, make a noise.Sanscrit, kṛp- in kṛp- ati, laments.Latin, crep- in crepere, to make a noise, crepitus, a rattling,crepitare, to rattle, discrepare, to differ in sound, decrepitus, noiseless,an epithet applied to old people, as creeping about without noise.L. Latin and Romance, Prov. crebar, to make a cracking noise,burst, O.F. crever, to burst, N.F. crevasse, a fissure, crevice, crève- cœur,break-heart, Ital. decrepito, o.F. decrepit, decrepit.1 Kluge refers this to qerd-, to swing.188 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Teutonic, O.H.G. hraban, raban, rabo, M.H.G. rappe, rabe,N.H.G. rabe, O.N. hrafn, A.S. hräfn, a raven, Goth. hrōpjan, O.H.G.ruofan (older * hruofan) , N.H.G. rufen, O.N. hropa, A.S. hrōpan, M.E.ropen, to cry, M. and N.H.G. rappen, a small coin of Freiburg, stampedwith a raven's head, the arms of the city, from м.H.G. rappe, a raven.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, crepitus (medical term) , crepitation, discrepant, -cy, decrepit(thr. o.F.), decrepitude.L. Latin and Romance, crevice.Teutonic, raven, roup, rope (Scot .) , to cry (as a town-crier),roup (subs.), a public sale, because proclaimed; rap, in the phrase ' notworth a rap '; croup, literally a hoarse croaking sound, a variant ofroup, roop, from O.N. hropa, laryngitis infantum.The name waspopularly given to this disease in the south-east of Scotland, and wasintroduced into medical use by Professor Francis Home in 1765.Croupy, with provincial variants roopy, ropy, a term applied to a hoarsecroaking cough.Eur-Ar. QER QEL , (1) to move, go, be employed on, drive; (2) torise, spring up.Sanscrit, kal-, char-, chal-, in kal-ayami, cause to move, drive,char-ati , goes, chār-aka, a servant, a scout, go- chār-aka, a cowherd,Marathi Gaekwar (s.s.) , the title of the Rajah of Baroda; charya,a young man, charī, a young woman ( Fick) , chal-na, to go, &c. (Sans.and Hindi, a variant of char-na) , charanti, a girl living in her father'shouse.Zend, char-, in char-aiti , a maiden, aipi-chara, a follower, charana,a tool.Greek, καλ-, κελ-, πελ-, τελ- (by labialisation of qto π, τ) , κολ-, κορ-,πολ-, πορ- (by labialisation) , in κάλαμος, a stalk, reed, κέλης, a ridinghorse, a runner, a fast-sailing ship, kéλɛvbos, a path, Kέλλw, to driveon, ἀ-κόλουθος, a follower (ἀπά for ἅμα + κόλουθος for κέλευθος);TÉλoμai, to be in motion, TEXλw, raise, rise, make, accomplish, ávaтoλŃ,the sunrise, East; βου-κολέω, to tend cattle, βουκόλος, βου-πόλος, αherdsman, ai-wóλos, a goat-herd; wóλos, the axis, turning point, pivot,from πέλομαι; κόρος (Att.) , κούρος (Ion. ) , κώρος 1 (Dor. ) for κόρος, αboy, servant, kóρn, a girl, maidservant, κópfa (Thessalian [?] inscrip. ),The explanation of кóрos, коûрos , &c. , given in the text is given by Fick in his3rd edition, and in the 4th he cites Sans. charanti, and Zend charaiti, but it cannotbe regarded as established. Curtius has given up his former derivation from kelpw,

EUR-ARYANROOTS.189тер3saddriceBROCEa maiden, ἐπίκουρος, a follower, helper; κολωνός, a hill, κορυφή,summit, kopvpaîos, the chief (standing at the head) , xavλós, a stalk,koλooσós, a large statue, a word used by Herodotus of the Egyptianstatues; κŵλov, a limb, specially the leg; koλopáv, termination,summit; TÉλos, the consummation, end, issue of anything, purpose,magistracy, office, a toll, tax, property on which the tax is assessed;Teλéw, (Epic) Tɛλelw, for teλéo¿w, to complete, fulfil, finish, end,TÊXELOS, perfect, complete, Teλɛiów, to make perfect, TEλEUtáw, to finish,bring to end. Prellwitz also connects with reλos, tîλɛ (adv. ), at adistance, far away. Vaniček connects it with √te-, ten-, to stretch.Both explanations are doubtful. Others derive TÉλos, a tax, fromVghel-, to pay.6aLatin, cur-, cor- (with expanded cor-s-), with sense ofrunning, col-(=quel-), cul-, cel-, cal-, with general sense of rising,' in currere(=*corsere, cp. ac-cersere), cu-curri, cursum, to run, with compoundsac- con- dis- ex- in- inter- oc- præ- re- suc-currere; cursus,course, cursorius, relating to running, cursor, a runner, currus, a chariot,curralis, curulis, of or pertaining to a chariot, sella curulis, curulechair, the official seat of certain Roman magistrates, a chair borneon a car,"¹ curriculum, a course, career, a small chariot; concursus,discursus, -io, excursus, -io, incursus, -io, intercursus, occursus, præcursus, -io, -or, -orius, recursus, succursor; cursare, cursitare, freq. ofcurrere, with compounds, con- dis- in- inter- re-cursare; colere(for *quel-ere), inhabit, till, cultivate, attend to, worship, colui, cultum,cultus, cultivation, paying attention to, cultura, culture, colonus, αfarmer, colonia, a colony, agricola, a husbandman, agricultura, agriculture; inquilinus, indweller, *exquilinus, a dweller outside, Exquilinus,Esquilinus, one of the Roman hills, so called before it was included inthe city; culmus, a stalk, straw, culmen, a summit, peak, collis, a hill,collum ( =colsum) , the neck, that which is turned or turns, ' columna,a column, columen, a column, coluber, colubra, a viper (?) from itsquick motion, caulis, colis, a stalk, especially a cabbage stalk, callis, apath; carrus, a two- wheeled carriage, carruca, a four- wheeled carriage,carpentum, a two-wheeled covered carriage (cp. O. Ir. carpat, a basket,to share, cut hair (with reference to the practice of cutting the hair of a boy at the ageof puberty, and of a girl at marriage) , since the discovery of кop-Ƒa ( = кoúpn ) in theinscription supposed to be Thessalian. Prellwitz derives kópos from кop- 0ú- vw, to riseup, which is a derivative of кópēvs, a heap, itself probably from ✔qer-, to rise.A very doubtful derivation, dating from Festus, and still generally followed. Itis more probably connected with curia, a division of a Roman tribe, the hall of itsgeneral assembly, specially the Senate-house. Curia has been derived from Cures , thename of a Sabine town, of which Quires is a variant form.√QERQEL-190 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VQER a carriage, N. Ir. carbadoir, a carriage-maker, a charioteer), carpentarius,QEL- relating to a carriage; cel-er, swift, cel-ox, a swift vessel, celeritas, speed,celerare, accelerare, to hasten; celebrare, to frequent often or in numbers,celeber, ¹ muchfrequented, famous, celebritas , celebrity, * cellere, to project,celsus, elevated, ante- ex- præ-cellere, to surpass, excel, recellere, tospring back; colossus, a large statue (Gk. loan-word), calamus,² stalk,reed (borrowed from the Gk. ) , calamitas, a disease affecting the stalkof grain crops; cf. Serv. ad ' Georg. ' i . 151: ' Robigo genus est vitiiquo culmi pereunt, quod a rusticanis calamitas dicitur.'3 (For a moreattractive derivation see under ked-. )L. Latin and Romance, Ital. correre, Prov. corre, correr, O.F.courre, N.F. courir, to run, L. Lat. cursa, Ital. corsa, O.F. course, arace, running, coursing, Ital . corso, N.F. cours (Lat. cursus), a course,Ital. corriero, F. courrier, a runner, Ital . corridore, corridojo, a longgallery, walk, terrace, a corridor, L. Lat. cursivus, Ital. corsivo, F.cursif (of manuscript), running, flowing, rapid; F. con-courir, to concur,concours (Lat. concursus), concourse, F. discourir, discours (Lat. discursus), discourse, F. recourir, to run again to , recours, recourse, O.F.succurrir, N.F. secourir, to succour, O.F. succour, N.F. secours, succour,L. Lat. succursus (A.D. 125: ' ecclesia quæ alteri potiori auxilio est,'Du Cange), a chapel of ease, succursalis (adj . ) , relating to the same; L.Lat. cursarius, Ital. corsiere, a rider, corsaro, a privateer, Prov. corsari-s,cruiser, F. corsaire, a rover, pirate (from Ital. corsa, with sense of acruise, corsare, to make a cruise); O.F. coursier, a runner, a courser,Prov. corrieu, corlieu, O.F. courlieu, M.E. corlue, N.E. curlew, lit. aThe primary meaning of celeber is much frequented, crowded, ' in foro celeberrimo,' the most crowded time ofthe forum; a secondary meaning is, often spoken of,much talked about, so celebrated.2 There is a L. Lat. calamellus (in form a dim. of calamus) , a little reed (literally), but with the new sense of sugar- cane. This is probably an adaptation ofcana mellis, honey-cane. The Romance forms, Ital. carameila, Port. caramelo,F. caramel, a sweet lozenge, sugar candy, are derived from it. The L. Lat. canna,Ital. cana, Span. caña, Port. canna, O.F. and M.E. cane, canne, Gk. kávŋ, kávvn, a reed,cane, κανών, α straight rod or rule, κανονίζω, decide by rule, κάνεον, κάναθρον, α wickerbasket, Span. canastro, F. canastre, are generally regarded as of Eastern origin, fromPhoen. qaneh, or Assyrian kanu. Lat. canalis, a water-pipe, a sewer, a reed-pipe, Ital.canale, O.F. chenal, chanel, chanelle, a canal, &c. , N.F. cheneau, a roof-gutter, gutter,M.E. chanel, chanel, canel, a gutter, are connected by Skeat, Century Dict. , Lewis andShort, with Sans. ✔khan-, to dig. It seems, however, more probable that they arederivatives from Gk. кávvn, Lat. canna, that is from Phon. qaneh. The followingEnglish words, cane, canal, channel, kennel (a gutter), canon, canonise, canonical,cañon, cannon, canaster, should therefore be regarded as rather of Semitic than ofEur-Aryan origin.3 Corssen (Beiträge zur Italischen Sprachkunde, p. 323) connects with ✔qel- Lat.calvi, to deceive, damage, Lat. calumnia, artifice, false charge, from which are derivedItal. calomnia, Prov. calonja, O.F. chalonge, chalenge, M.E. chalenge, N.E. calumny,challenge.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 191COUNe,30OPF1runner, M.E. course, (subs. ) course, (adj . ) rough, coarse, of hasty orcela bad work, &c. , L. Lat. acolythus (from Gk. ); F. Cologne (fr. H.G. Köln,MesLat. Colonia); Ital. collo, Prov. cols , O.F. col, the neck, ridge between twopeaks, Ital. collana, collare, O.F. coller, F. collier, a necklace, M.E. coler,coller, N.F. collet, a collar, décolleter, to take off the collar, Ital . accollare,O.F. acoler, N.F. accoller, to embrace, Ital. accollata, F. accolade, theembrace given to a newly made knight, N.F. coli , colis, a package, fromItal. collo, the neck, N.F. colporteur, a bagman carrying his sack on hisneck; Ital. colonna, a column, Ital . colonella, the leading companyof a regiment, Ital. colonello, the commander of it; Prov. colobra,O.F. culuevre, Port. coobra (with loss of 1 between vowels), cobra,a viper, L. Lat. colubrinus, like a viper, O.F. couleuvrine (s.s. ) , fromO.F. couleuvre, a viper, name given to a kind of cannon from itslong thin shape, culverin; Prov. chols, O.F. chol, N.F. chou, a cabbageal (Lat. caulis), Span. coliflor, O.F. chol-floris , M.E. collyflory, cauliflower; Ital. carro (L. Lat. carrus) , Prov. cars, o.F. car, carre, F. char,M.E. charre, carre, N.E. car, L. Lat. carreta, a two-wheeled car (dim.of carrus), o.F. charete, a car with two wheels, O.F. chariot, onewith four, M.E. charett, chariette, chariott, a chariot, wagon; Ital.carpentiere, O.F. carpentier, N.F. charpentier, a carpenter, a wainwright;O.F. carier, to carry, L. Lat. cariagium, Ital. carriaggio, O.F. cariage,means of carriage, portage, transport, O.F. carier, M.E. cariar(L. Lat. * carriarius) , a carrier; L. Lat. carica, a ship of burden,Ital. caricare, to load a waggon or boat, Span. cargar, Port.carregar, O.F. carkier, carker, charger, M.E. carken, to load, Span.and Port. cargo, a ship's burden, O.F. charge; Ital. caracca, Span.and Port. carraca, O.F. carraque, M.E. caracke, carrick, a ship ofburden; L. Lat. discarricare, O.F. descharger, to unload, O.F. surcharger,to overcharge, Ital. carriera, O.F. charriere and carriere, race-course,carriage road, N.F. carriere, race-course, career; Ital. caricatura, anexaggerated sketch, from Ital. caricare, to load, exaggerate, o.F. and M.E.chargeour, a large dish, a charger (cf. New Testament) , in later Englisha horse used in charging 2 was so called; L. Lat. calamellus (dim . ofcalamus) , Prov. and o.F. calamel, N.F. chalumeau (dial. ) , calumet (asfrom calumettus), a pipe or reed, a pipe for smoking, a calumet; o.F.ETor.comtheurlerTLADL' Diez gives ' from O.F. corre, to run + lieu (levis) , light, quick,' but French etymologists regard the name as imitative of the cry of the bird; if so, it seems to havebeen assimilated to corliu, courliew, a runner.' Lit. a weight-carrier. Perhaps this was originally the name of a baggagehorse, or of the war-horse, who had to carry armour and an armed rider. Theearliest use of ' charger ' as an officer's charging horse given in Murray's Hist. Dict. isfrom Smollett, 1762.QERQEL-192 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓QERQELhauberc, chain-armour for the neck, a coat of mail, from O.H.G. halsberc, N.F. haubert, O.F. haubergeon, dim. of hauberc; L. Lat. acolytus,O.F. acolyte, M.E. acolyt, an assistant, especially at the service of themass.Balto-Slav. , Lith. kelas, way, road, kelaunu (pr. t. ) , kelauti, totravel, Lith. kelti, to lift, raise, keltas, raised, kal-nas, a hill, Russ.cholmu, from Slav. * chulmu (s.s. ) , O. Slav. slama, a stalk, straw.Teutonic, hors-, hals-, hal-, hol-, hel-, in O.H.G. ros from earlier

• hrossa, N.H.G. ross, O. Sax. hross, O.N. hross, A.S. hors, a horse, O.N.

hross-hvalr, A.S. hors-hwæl, Dan. hval-ros, Du. and N.E. walrus; 0.and N.H.G. halm, O.N. halmr, A.S. healm, stalk, straw; O. Sax. holm(lit. elevated land) , a small river island, A.S. holm, ' the open sea, also ariver island, O.N. holmr, a small island in a bay or river, rising ground;Goth. O. and N.H.G. hals, the neck, O.N. hals, neck, part of the bow ofaship, tack of a sail, A.S. heals, the neck; O.N. halsa, to embrace, clew upthe sail, O.H.G. halson, A.S. healsian, to clasp the neck, embrace, M.E.halsien, halchen, halsh, halse, embrace, wind, knot, M.E. halser, a towrope; O.H.G. hals-berc, armour ofchain-mailfor the neck, coat of mail;Goth. hallus, a rock, O.N. hallr, a hill, cliff, A.S. hyll, M.E. hul, hil, ahill; o. and M.H.G. kōl (a loan-word from Lat. caulis) with by-forms,O.H.G. choli, M.H.G. kæle, N.H.G. kohl, O.N. kāl, A.S. cawl, M.E. caul,coul, N.E. cole, cabbage, M.E. colli -flower, N.E. cauliflower; Goth. haldan,

• halthan, to herd or pasture cattle (cf. Bovróλos) , O.H.G. halthan, haltan,

N.H.G. halten, O.N. halda, A.S. healden, M.E. holden, to keep guard over,hold fast, retain, A.S. cræt ( = cært) , a cart.Celtic, Bret. and Ir. colba, Wel. celff, a pillar, column, Ir. karr, Wel.car, O. Gael. car, a chariot, wagon, car, Wel. cart, Gael. and Ir. cairt, acart; O. Ir. buachail, a cowherd ( =bo, cow, + cail, to keep); O. Ir.cele, away, Ir. car, a twist, turn, circular movement, carachadh, motion, Gael.carach, whirling (from which Diez derives Ital. caracollo, F. caracol, aquick wheeling round, Ital . caragollo, a winding staircase); Ir. ceile,ceilede, a servant, Gael. cuilteach, a servant of God, a Kuldee, i.e. one ofa fraternity of priests found in Scotland, Wales, and Ireland from theninth to the fourteenth century. O. Ir. carpat, N. Ir. and Gael.carbat, Wel. cerbyd, O. Bret. cerpit, a carriage (orig. ) of basket work.Macbain connects these words with Lat. corbis, from qerb- an extension of qer-, with sense to turn, twine, weave, N. Ir. carbadoir, acarriage maker, Wel. galaf, Bret. coloenn, straw (perhaps Lat. loanwords: cp. O. Wel. calamennu).•' Skeat compares the Downs,' i.e. ' the Hills, ' applied to the open sea.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 193ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.√QERGreek, acolyte (thr. L. Lat. and o.F. ) , Anatolia, bucolic, thePole, pole-star, polar, -ity, monopoly, -ist, Epicurean, Dioscuri, Coryphæus, chief performer, Colossus, -al , colon, a stop marking the end ofa clause, colophon, inscription with date, &c. , at the end of a book;teleology, with other compounds of teleo-; perhaps telegraph, -gram.Latin, current, -cy, cursive, cursory, concur, -rent, -rence, disoursive, excursion, incur, -sion, occur, -rent, -rence, precursor, -y,recur, -rent, -rence, cursitor; curule (?), curricle, curriculum, cult,culture, cultivate, -ion, or (vb. formed on cultus) , agriculture, -al ,horticulture, &c.; colony, -ize, -ist, -ial; Esquiline, culminate, -ion (vb.formed on culmen), column, -ar, crural, celerity, accelerate, -ion,celebrate, -ion, -ity, excel, -cellent, -lence, excelsior , ' in excelsis,'calamity, -ous.L. Latin and Romance, course, courser, courier, corridor, ' curlew,concourse, discourse, intercourse, recourse, succour, succursal, corsair,coarse, -ness, Cologne, Lincoln (Lindorum colonia) , collar, accolade,colporteur, -age, décolletée, colonnade, colonel, cobra, culverin,cauliflower; car, char-à-banc, chariot, -eer, carpenter (?) , -ry, carry,carriage, carrier, miscarry, -iage, career, carack, cark in ' carking[ = burdensome] care '; charge, dis- sur-charge, cargo, supercargo,charger (a dish, probably for bearing large and heavy joints, &c . ) ,charger (a horse), hauberk, habergeon, caracole (from Celtic); calumet.Teutonic, horse, horseman, co*ck-horse, &e. ,. walrus, haulm, halm(stem or stalk of grain), holm, an island in a river, Stockholm,'Holmes (surname), hawse-holes, hawser, halser; hill, hilly, uphill, &c.;Hill, Hills, Hilton, &c. (surnames); cole, colewort, Scot. kail, cart,carter (perhaps Celtic).³Celtic, car (thr. O.F.) , Celt, Celtic (thr. KɛλTol, KελTIKÓS, Herodotusand Xenophon), i.e. the high noble people (cp. Lat. celsus, Lith. keltas);Kuldee.√QEL1 Perhaps so called from its running the whole length of the house.2 Skeat suggests a possible connection, through culmen, a peak, with this root✔qel-, of holly, and its equivalents in Celtic and Teutonic, viz. Gael. cuilionn, Ir..cuilenn, Wel. celyn, Corn. celin, Bret. kelenn (plu . ) , O.H.G. ħulis, huls, N.H.G. hulst,A.S. holegn, M.E. holyn, hollin, O.F. houlx, N.F. houx, N.E. holly. The fact that theleaves of the holly are pointed is suggested as a possible reason. The CenturyDictionary agrees with Skeat in regarding holm in holm-oak as a corruption from M.E.hollin,' The Romance derivatives from car to charger are probably of Celtic origin, andcarrus is a Latinised form of a Celtic word, as also carpentum: cp. Gallic Carpentoracte, Carbantia.194 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. QE-QLO-, QE QRO- (by imperfect reduplication from QEL-QEL,QER QER,' turn, wind, bend), a wheel, with variant ✔QUEL,QUER ( see Teutonic forms ).Sanscrit, kr-, (redupl. ) cha-kr-, in kṛ-mi, a worm, chi-kur-as, a tuftor lock ofhair, a topknot, cha-kra, a wheel, chakra-vartin, (adj . ) turningon wheels, (subs. ) supreme ruler.Zend, kerema, a worm, chaxrem, a wheel.Greek, κορ- , κυλ-, κυρ-κ- , κρι-κ-, κυ-κλ- (redupl . ) , κυλ-, κορ- (unredupl. ) , in κíρкos, кpíkos , a ring, kúkλos, a circle, kvkλów, to roll, revolve,κυλίω, κυλίνδω, to roll, κύλινδρος, a roller, κορωνός, bent, κορωνή,Kopwvis, anything bent or crooked, a wreath, кvλλós , crooked, with legsbent outwards, ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία, a complete instruction, Κύκλωψ, αmythical giant with one circular eye.Latin, cir-c, cur-, cul-, cir-, cor-, cur- var- (for cvar-) , cling-, incircus, a circle or circular space, circulus (dim. ), circum, around, withmany compounds, as circum-dare, -stare, -venire, &c. , circare, to goround, circuitus, a circuit, circulari, to circulate; cirrus, tuft of hair;corona, a garland, crown, coronare, to crown, coronalis, crown-like,corolla (=coron-la: dim. ), corollarium, a prize in addition to the garland, something extra, an additional conclusion; curvus, curved, curvare,to bind, curve, curvatura, a bending, curculio , a weevil; varus (forcvarus, as from quer-) , with legs bent outward, prævaricari, to walkcrookedly, to prevaricate, varix, a dilated or bulging vein, varicosus,varicose; 2 cling-ere, to enclose (clingit =cludit, Isidorus); corbis, abasket, from√qerb-, to turn, twist (see preceding root, Celtic, carbat&c. ).L. Latin and Romance, Ital . cercare, Prov. cercar, serquar, O.F.cercher, N.F. chercher, M.E. cerchen, serchen, to seek, search, O.F.circuite; Ital. curvo, curved, Prov. and O.F. corp, O.F. and M.E., courbe,a curve, O. Span. corvar, Port. curvar, Ital. curvare, Prov. corbar,O.F. courber, corber, M.E. courben, coorben, to curve, bend, to cause tobend, restrain, check, Ital. corvetta, the leap or bound of a horse, fromO. Ital. corvare, to curve, bend, check, O.F. corvet, N.E. curvet; o.F.corone, M.E. corone, coroune, croune, a crown, O.F. coronet (dim. ) , a smallcrown; Ital. cornice, F. corniche, a cornice (perhaps a formationfromLatincorona, used byVitruvius in that sense,3 orL. Lat. coronix, cornix); o.F.' The simple form of the root is identical with the preceding.2 See also under ✔uer-.There is no evidence to place this derivation beyond a doubt, as phoneticallyItal. cornice is identical with Lat. cornice(m), a crow. Yet the similarity of meaningwith Lat. corona, Gk. kopwvis, makes it not improbable; compare L. Lat. coronix, aEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 195carole, a song, dance (of Celtic origin) , M.E. carrol, a song, dance; L. Lat.celendra, a press or roller for cloth (corrupted from Lat. cylindrus, aGreek loan-word) , O.F. calandre, a press to calender cloth, M.E. calendrer,one who calenders cloth; Ital. aringa, O.F. harangue, a public speech(from O.H.G. hring, a circle), O.F. haranguer, Span. arengar, to harangue;O.F. reng, rang, renc, dial. ringue, N.F. rang, M.E. reng, renc, a row orline, O.F. renger, N.F. ranger, to place in line, with compounds arranger,déranger (from O.H.G. hring); L. Lat. carmosinus (from Arabic qirmisi,a loan-word from Sans. kirmi), Span. carmesin, contracted form carmin,O.F. cramoisin, M.E. crimosin, crimson, carmine, L. Lat. corbellus, Ital.corbello, O.F. corbel, M.E. corbell, N.E. corbel, a stone projecting as asupport for an arch, &c. (see alternative under qer-, to call); L. Lat.corbita, Ital. corvetta, F. corvette, a slow-sailing ship ofburden.Balto-Slav. , Lith. krivas, O. Slav. krivu, bent (cp. Lat. curvus),O. Slav. cruvi, a worm, Lith. kirmis, a worm, O. Slav. krag-lu, round,kragu, a circle, O. Slav. kolo, a wheel, Russ. koleso, a wheel, koliasha,a carriage, from which N.H.G. calesche, N.F. calèche, are borrowed.Teutonic, hwel-, hri-, hli-, with partially reduplicate forms, hruk-,hring-, in a.s. hweo-wol, hweol, a wheel ( cp . O. Slav. kolo), O.H.G. rucki,'M.H.G. rücke, N.H.G. rücken, O.N. hryggr, a.s. hrycg, back, ridge, O.N.hraukr, a rick or stack, probably from its rounded form, A.S. hreac, aheap, A.S. hrycca, a rick, O.H.G. hring, N.H.G. ring, O.N. hringr, A.S. hring(corresponding to a Goth. * hriggs), a ring; A.S. hlence, O.N. hlekkr, aring of a chain, link, joint, O.H.G. hlancha, lancha, the hip, N.H.G.gelenk, a joint, link, M.H.G. gelenke, N.H.G. gelenkig, gelenk (adj . ) ,pliable, flexible² (cp. Lat. cling-ere); O.N. hvalr, A.S. hwæl, O. and N.H.G.wal, awhale, corresponding with old Teutonic form *hvala, O.N. na-hvalr,Dan. narhval, narwhal, Dan. hval- ros; A.S. circul (Lat. loan-word) , acircle, Dan. hvirre, to whirl, twirl, O.H.G. chorp, korb, N.H.G. korb, abasket (perhaps a Lat. loan-word: cp. O.H.G. churib, plur. churbi).Celtic, O. Ir. curu, Wel. cwrwm (acc. pl. = Lat. curvos) , bending,crooked, Ir. cru-im, a worm, Bret. coroll, Manx carval, Wel. and Corn.square frame or border, of which cornix seems to be a contraction. The spelling isprobably due to the better known cornix, a crow.1 Kruge gives krukjo as the Eur-Ar. form corresponding to the Teutonic words.This may be simply a variant of qrukjo- from ✔qer-q-, and the sense of bending orcurving would not be against the derivation given in the text.The initial ' h ' in the O.H.G. and A.S. words suggests a form ✔quleng-, anasalised formof quleg-, asthe root, which would be anextension of ✓quel- quer-,avariant of qer- gel- with sense of bending, curving. Kruge derives Ital. fianco,F. fanc, the side, the flank, from O.H.G. hlanca, the hip, N.H.G. flanke (which heconsiders a later loan-word from F. flanc). But Diez derives the Romance wordsfrom Lat. flaccus, soft, weak, denoting the soft part ofthe body beneath the ribs.√QE QLOQE-QRO-√QUEL-√QUER0 2196 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VQE QLO carol, Ir. crumaim, I bend, Gael. cruim, a bend, curvature, Wel. crwm,√QEQRO bending, concave, Ir. cruinn, a circle, Gael. cruinn, s.s. (as adj .) ,√QUEL- round; Ir. and Gael. cruit, a harp, violin, hunchback, Ir. and Gael.√QUER cruitire, a fiddler, harper, hunchback, Wel. crwth, anything swelling,a fiddle: the latter so called (as also in Ir. and Gael. ) from itsrounded shape. Perhaps also Ir. curachan, a kind of boat, Wel.curwg, a boat, Wel. cwrgwl, a coracle, a round boat ofa wicker framework covered with hide. Macbain refers Gael. and Ir. carbat, a carriage, Lat. carpentum, Ir. carbadoir, a carriage-maker, Eng. carpenter(which have been placed under the preceding root) to qer-b (an extension of √qer-, to turn, wind), with the sense to twist, twine; as theold carts were made of the supple branches of trees twisted together.Etymologically the unreduplicated ✔qer-, √qel-, of qe- qlo- qeqro- isidentical with the preceding √qer-, and the difference in meaning isnot very great.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, cycle, with derivatives and compounds bi- tri- epi-cycle,cyclical, cycloid, encyclical, a papal rescript for general circulation;cyclopædia, encyclopædia, cyclone, anticyclone, cyclops, cyclopean,with other compounds of cycl-, cyclo-; cylinder, cylindrical, cylindrella,a kind ofsnail, so called from the shape of its shell.Latin, circus, circle (through a.s. circul, with the spelling of finalsyllable copied from F. cercle), semicircle, circular; compounds ofcircum, as circ*mstance, &c; circulate, -ion, cirrus, a light fleecy cloud,corona, coronal, coroner, coronation, corollary; curve, curvature;varicose, prevaricate, -ion; carpus (the wrist, the ' turner ') , carpal, &c.L. Latin and Romance, circuit, circuitous, encircle, search, curb,kerb, curvet, crown, crowner; carol, caracole (thr. Celtic?) , calender,to press cloth; harangue, rink (cp. dial . F. rinque) , rank, ranker,range, ranger, arrange, -ment, derange, -ment, disarrange, -ment;crimson, carmine; (perhaps) flank; corbel, corvette.Balto-Slav. , caleche, F. loan-word from Russian koliasha, acarriage.Teutonic, wheel, wheel-wright, Wheeler (surname); ridge, rig (afurrow), rick, ring (subs. ), a circle, anything circular, ringed, ringleader; link, whale, narwhal, wal-rus, whir.Celtic, crowd, a fiddle , crowder, a fiddler (terms still used byScotchmen); Crowther (pr. n.) , coracle, carpenter (?) .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 197Eur-Ar. QER , to make, do, carry on, transact, &c. , with older form√( 8)QER-.Sanscrit, kr-, kaṛ- (s)kr-, in kṛta, done, complete, kṛ-ti, a doing,action, kr-noti, does, completes, offers sacrifice, sa- skṛita, perfect, karanas, effecting, accomplishing, kar-mana, work, spec. holy work, sacrifice, rite, karyas (adj .) , to be done.Zend, ker-, in ker-ta, O. Pers . karta, made.Greek, κρα- κрo-, in «palva (Brugmann) , to do, perform ( = крa-v-(w), Kpóvos (Brugmann: cf. Sans. kar-āna, the accomplisher) , the LatinSaturn.Latin, cer- , cre-, in Cerus, the name ofa Latin god (Cerus manus,the good creator) , Ceres , the goddess ofproduction, cærimonia, cerimonia,a religious rite (cp. Sans. karmana, karyas), cre-are, to make, create,creator, creatio, creatura, pro- re-creare, crescere (incep. from creare),crescens, crēvi, crētum, to grow, ac- con- de- ex- in- re-crescere,concretus, grown together, incrementum, increase.L. Latin and Romance, N.F. cérémonie, Ital. crescere, Prov. andO.F. creisser, croistre, N.F. croître (p. p. crû), accroitre (p. p. accru),to increase, O.F. de- in- re-creisser, O.F. recruter, ' (orig.) to levy troops(formed from O.F. crut, p. p. of croistre), to recruit, earlier spellingrecrute; O.F. recoreue, N.F. recrue, signal for retreat, are from o.F. clut,piece ofcloth (fr. O.N. klutr, a clout); Ital. crescendo, musical term; Span .criar (p. p. criado) , to create, rear, nurse, Span, criado (subs. ) , youngestofa brood, criadollo (dim.of criado) , a little creature, (Negro corruption)criollo, F. créole, a nursling, a European child born in the West Indies.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, Sanscrit, i.e. the perfect finished language.Latin, cereal, cerealin, a nitrogenous substance found in bran,create, -ator, -ion, -ure, procreate, -ator, -ion, -ive, recreate, -ion,accretion, accretive, concrete, -ion, crescent, excrescent, -ce, increment.L. Latin and Romance, decrease, increase, accrue, recruit, Creole.Eur-Ar. QER, with older by-form √(S) QER , and variants VS-KER ,VER, to pour out, scatter, sprinkle, disperse, separate, mix,' Littré derives recruter from recluter, to patch up, mend, from O.N. klutr, or A. S.clata, clout or patch; but the meaning of recruter suits the derivation from recrescerebetter, and the change of r to 1 in F. is strange. In recrue, a signal for retreat, thesense suits the derivation from klutr better, and the change of r to 1 may be due tothe influence of the other recruter.198 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√QER Sanscrit, kṛ- kir-, with a variant çri , to mix, in kirati, scatters,fills.√(S)QER- pours out, sprinkles, separates, &c.√S- KER-√KERGreek, κιρ-, κερ-, κρα-, κρι-, in Homeric κίρνημι, κεράννυμι, tomia (1 aor. pass. ἐκράθην) , κρᾶσις, a mixing, σύγκρασις, a mixing,temperament, κρátýp, a bowlfor mixing wine with water (Hom. ‘ Odys.'i. 110, οἶνον ἔμισγον ἐνὶ κρητήρσι καὶ ὕδωρ) , any cup-shaped hollow,crater of a volcano. Perhaps répaμos, potter's clay (Prellwitz),κεραμικός, relating to pottery, also κηρός, bee's-wax, κηρωτή, α waxsalve, a cerate; ' xpívw, distinguish, separate, decide, judge, кρiτýs, aselector, judge, кpiтikós, fit to decide, critical, кpiτýpɩov, a test, кpíσisa decision, judging, кpîμµa, a judgment, condemnation, vπókρiois, theplaying a part on the stage, acting a part, hypocrisy, vπoкpiτýs, anactor, a hypocrite.3Latin, cer-, in cera, wax, ceratum, a wax salve, ceramen, the wax ofthe ear, cerussa, white-lead, sincerus ( = sin-, one, as in sin-gulus, simplex, + cerus,² at one pour, i.e. unmixed) , pure, unadultered, genuine,sinceritas; crater, a bowl, crater (Greek loan-word); cer-nere, crēvi,crētum, to distinguish, separate, sift, discern, certus, decided, certain,certare, to decide by a contest, to contend, certamen, a contest, certiorare,to inform, apprise (legal term); concernere, to mix together, with latersense to belong, to affect, concern, decernere, to decide, decretum, adecision, decree, decretalis, depending on a decree, discernere, to separate,distinguish, discretio, discernment, excernere, to sift out, secernere, toseparate, secretus, remote, secret, secretio, a sundering, secretarium, asecret place, excretum, excrementum, what is sifted out, refuse, fromexcernere, to sift out; crimen (either a contracted form of cernimen, ormore probably a Latinised form of êρîµa), a decision , a charge, accusation, the fault charged, crime, criminare, -ari, to accuse, charge,criminosus, (adj . ) accusatory, (as a subs. ) a guilty person , criminalis,criminal; discrimen, an intervening space, a distinction, a dangerousmoment or condition, a critical point, discriminare, to distinguish, apporKépaμos and кnpós, with their English derivatives, ceramic, cerate, ceruse, cerecloth, cerement, accord better as regards their meaning with the palatal form ✔kerwith the special sense roast, boil, cook, under which they will be found among theEnglish derivatives.2 See Lewis and Short, Lat. Dict.; Skeat, Eng. Etym. Dict. and Century Dict.ad verb. The A.S. scir, bright, clear, M.E. skere, shere, N.E. sheer, whole, pure, isconnected with Lat. -cerus, and also with ski- with sense to shine, in the CenturyDict. , -cerus being supposed to represent an older -scerus; this, however, is doubtful,and the meaning of sin- cerus, at one pour, favours the derivation from √qer-, topour out.• Used by Augustine, Confess. 5, 10 ad fin . , in the sense of mixing together as in asieve for purpose of sifting.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 199tion, discriminatio, contrasting ofopposite thoughts, cribrum, a sieve, with √/QERdim. cribellum; crisis, a decision, criticus, decisive (Greek loan- words) . √(S)QER√ERL. Latin and Romance, O.F. cire, wax, cirer, to smear with wax, to √S-KERcere, M.E. (late) cere-cloth, a waxed cloth (specially for burial), O.F. cirement, a waxing, special sense, waxed wrappings for the dead; o.F. (ofsixteenth century) cerat, wax-salve, O.F. ceruse, white-lead; L. Latin

• cratalis (from crater) , Prov. crazal, O.F. grasal, greal, graal, the mythic

vessel which our Lord used at thelast supper, the ' Sangraal ' (Diez andKörting); Ital. certo, Prov. and o.F. certe, sure, O.F. certes (adv. ) , surely,Ital. concertare, O.F. concerter, ' to adjust, contrive , Ital. concerto, a concert; L. Lat. certanus, O.F. certein, certain, M.E. certeyn, O.F. acerteiner,acertainer, M.E. acertainen (a = Lat. ad) , to make sure; L. Lat. certificare, O.F. certefier, certify; O.F. concerner, discerner, O.F. decret, M.E.decree, O.F. and M.E. discret, N.E. discreet, Ital . secreto, Prov. and o.F.secret, M.E. secree, secret, N.E. secret, Ital . secretario, O.F. secretaire, M.E.secretarye, from L. Lat. secretarius, a confidential officer; N.F. critique, acritic, Ital. and o.F. crime, a transgression, O.F. crible, a sieve , Ital.crivello, Span. cribillo, also garbillo, ' a sieve, Span. garbillar, o.F.grabeller, L. Lat. and Ital. garbellare, to sift, select, sort, pick out, O.F.rinser (fr. O.N. hreinsa), to clean.Balto- Slav. , klo- in Lith. kloju, to spread out, O. Slav. klada, toload, Lith. korys, honeycomb.Teutonic, hla-, in extended hladh-, found in Goth. hlathan, O.H.G.hladan, N.H.G. laden, A.S. hladan, to load, O.H.G. hlast, N.H.G. last, a.s.hlæst, a load, O.N. hlass, a wagon-loa ' (the Ital . lasto, the tonnage of aship, is borrowed from O.H.G. hlast); Du. ballast, Dan. bag- last (backload) , O. Freis. bal-last ( = bad, i.e. useless load) , Dan. bar-last, perhapsfrom O.N. bāra, a billow (?) . Kluge is unwilling to accept the derivation of the first syllable from Celt. bal, sand, and inclines towardsDan. bag-last. The A.S. hladan has also the meaning to draw water,tò lade, A.S. hlæd-hweol, a wheel for drawing water, hlæd-trendel (s.s.) ,A.S. hlædla, M.E. ladel, a spade, large spoon, ladle. O.H.G. hritara, N.H.G.reiter, cleaner, sifter, A.S. hridian, to sift, A.S. hridder, M.E. ridil , a sieve,N.E. riddle (prov. ); Goth. hrains, O.H.G. hreini, N.H.G. rein, O.N. hreinn,A.S. hrān, clean, pure, i.e. sifted; Goth. hrainsjan, O.N. hreinsa, M.E.rensen, rencen, to rinse, make clean.1 Skeat considers concertare to be a misspelling of consertare, to join together, aL. Lat. verb; but thereis no such verb given by Du Cange. The Lat. concertare has,however, the sense to debate, argue, which in the later Ital. might easily pass over intothe meaning coming to an arrangement, agreeing in a conclusion.2 Diez considers this a form of cribillo corrupted under the influence of Arab.gerbal, a sieve, gerhalat, a sifting, but Dozy and Engelmann regard it as more probably direct from the Arabic.200 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Celtic, Ir. and Gael. ceir, Wel. cwyr, Corn. coir, wax (perhapsloan-words) , O. Ir . criathar, a sieve, Ir. cert, ceart, right.¹ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, idiosyncracy, a peculiar temperament, crater, ceramic, ceroplastic, criterion, crisis, critic, critical, criticise, -ism (through theborrowed Latin forms), hypocrisy, hypocrite, -ical (through Fr.),hyper-critical, over-critical.Latin, ceramen, cerous, ceromancy, &c.; sincere, sincerity (throughFr.), certiorari, legal term, decretal, pope's decree, discretion, -ary, discretive, discrete (separate), secrete, -ive, -ion; criminal, -ous, -ate,discriminate, -ion, incriminate, -ion, recriminate, -ion.L. Latin and Romance, cere, to cover with wax, cerement, cerecloth, cerate, ceruse, certes, certain. -ty, concert (vb. and subs.) , ascertain, certify, certificate, concern, -ment, decree, discern, -ment, discreet,indiscreet, secret, secrecy, secretary, critique, crime, garble, to pick out,sort; ' garbler of spices, ' an officer, mentioned by Blount, whose dutyit was to inspect and cleanse spices in shops, rinse.Teutonic, load, lade, lading, last (a load, a great weight) , ballast,ladle, riddle (a sieve) , rense, rench (dial. )Eur-Ar. QER , QEL , with sense of hard, with reduplicated formsQER QER , QER Q QELQ , older form SQER , √/SQEL¯.Sanscrit, kar-, in kar-kar-a, hard, karkin, the Cancer in the Zodiac,karkaṭa, a crab, karkara, lime, cp. Hindi kankar, lime.Greek, καρ- , in καρκίνος, a crab, κάρχαρος, hard, rough, καρκινοῦσθαι, to suffer from cancer, καρκίνωμα, a cancer, κάρυον, a nut,καρυόφυλλον, nut leaf, a clove tree, χάλιξ, gravel, κά-χληξ, hail; 2κραν-αός, rocky.Latin, calc-, cal-, cer-, in can-cer ( = car-cer by dissimilation) , aI Macbain (Gael. Dict. ) derives from this root, Gael. cuirm, Ir. coirm, a feast,M. Wel. curwf, Wel. cwrw, Corn. coref, Gall. ( Græcised) koûpμl, ( Latinised) cerevisia,beer, Lat. cremor, broth, Eng. cream (see under ✔ker-, √kg-, to boil, heat).

• Prellwitz derives κd- x^-n§, hail ( an imperfectly reduplicated form) , and xdλ-ı§,

pebbles, gravel, from an aspirated form of qel- (khel- ) , and connects with these O.H.G.hagal, O.N. hagl, as from a base ka- khlo-. Kluge supposes for O.H.G. hagal a baseka-ghlo-. Brugmann, however, though connecting káxλng with hagal (ii . 195) , seemsfrom the division there made (O.H G. hag- al, O N. hag- 1) to regard hag- as theTeutonic root, -al, -1, as a suffix. I am inclined to regard ha- gal, xά- x^ng, and xdλ-1§,Lat. calx, as reduplicated forms, the two former from a base qe-qle-, the two latterfrom the base qel-q-.0EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 201crab, a cancer, caryo-phyllus (Gk. loan-word) , clove-tree; calx, calc-is ,limestone, lime, a small stone or pebble, calculus, a small stone used incounting, calculare, to calculate, calculator, -io, calcarius, of lime,calcaria, a lime kiln; calx, calcis, the heel, calcar, a spur, calceus, shoe,calceare, to shoe, calcare, to tread, calcator, a treader of grapes, calcitrare, to kick, recalcitrare, to kick back or against, incul-care, to treadin, impress, ci-cer, chick-pea; caliga, a soldier's boot or shoe, Caligula,pr. n. of a Roman emperor, lit. ' little boots '; carina, a nutshell, akeel, carinare, to supply with a shell, se carinare, to get shell (said ofmuscles) , carinatus, keel-formed, shell -formed.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. cancre, N.F. chancre, a cancer, cancre,a crab, Ar. qaranful (a corrupted form of кapvóþvλλov) , Ital. garofano, Rum. carofil , garofil , Prov. and O.F. girofle, M.E. (Chaucer) clouegirofle, gillofer, gellifloure, the clove-gilliflower; L. Lat. and Ital.calcinare, to turn to lime by burning, L. Lat. calciata, a public highway,so called either because metalled with limestone (from calx, lime) , orbecause well trodden by travellers (from calx, heel) , O. Span. calzada,Prov. caussada, O.F. causee, caucie, M.E. cawse, the high road, Ital.calca-trippa(obs . ) , star-thistle, a caltrop, O.F. caude-trap for * cauce-trape(s.s.) , A.S. calcatrippe, colte-trappe, coltræppe (lit. heel-trap) , a plantname, M.E. kalke-trappe, calletrappe, caltrap, name of a plant, also acaltrop (from Lat. calx +Teut. trappe: the A.S. and M.E. forms are inpart loan-words from the Romance); Ital. calzo, calza, from Lat.calceus, Prov. calsa, caussa, Fr. chausse, hose, shoe, Ital. calzone, N.F.caleçon, bathing drawers, socks, Ital. cece, O.F. ceire ( = ce[c ]ire) andchiche, N.F. chiche, M.E. chiche, chick-pea; O.F. cauquer, to tread, topresslint into a wound, Lat. calcare, to tread, M.E. cauken, to tread, to stampin with the heel, N.E. caulk, calk, to stop the seams in a vessel, O.F.cauchemar (from calcare, to tread, press upon, + 0.H.G. mara, an elf,yoblin), a goblin supposed to press or sit on the breast in sleep, anightmare; Ital. carinare, Span . carinar, O.F. carener, to lay a ship onits side, to careen.Balto-Slav. , Lith . kul-nis , the heel, O. Slav. kla-ku, lime, Lith ..kalkis, lime (loan-words) .Teutonic, O.N. hæll, A.S. hela, the heel, ' O.H.G. chalch, M.H.G. kalc,N.H.G. kalk, kalch (the latter from O.H.G. chalh) , a.s. cealc, chalk(loan-words from Latin); O.H.G. hagal, N.H.G. hagel, O.N. hagl, a.s.This is the general explanation , but Skeat gives another, which is approvedby the Century Dict. , and does not appear improbable, viz. that hela, hæl,are contracted forms of hohila, from hoh- (see ✔чek-, to bind, and cp. A.S. hoh, theheel, also the gloss, ' calx, hela, hoh nithewearde, ' the heel, the lower part of the heel);heel, therefore, would be a derivative of √qek-.√QER ,QELQER QER√QERQ-√QELQ-√SQERSQEL-202 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.hagal, M.E. hazel, hail; O.H.G. chanchar, N.H.G. kanker, A.S. cancer, M.E.kanker, a cancer.Celtic, Ir. calcam, to drive with a hammer, Gael. cale, to drive in,ram, Corn. car, a rock, Wel. careg, stone, Ir. carraic, a rock, O. Ir.carric, Bret. karrek, Gael. , Ir. , Wel. carn, heap ofstones.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, carcinoma, -tous, cary-opsis, a flower (κápvov +őfis).Latin, cancer, -ous, calx, calculus (medical) , calculus (math. ), amethod ofcalculation, calculate, -or, -ion, -ble, calculary (med. ) , calcareous, recalcitrant, in-culcate, Caligula; carinal, carinate (botan.) .L. Latin and Romance, canker, gilli-flower (Gk. thr. Arab. andRom. ) , calcine, chaussée, cause-way, cawsey (Scot. ) , chaussure, caleçon,caulk (or from Celtic), chick- in chick-pea; careen.Teutonic, heel (?) , chalk (from Germanised loan-word from calx) ,caltrop (A.S. thr. Romance as regards cal-).Celtic, many Cornish names of places and surnames, as Carwinian,Cardew, Carwithen; also Irish , as Carrick-fergus; probably also. Eng.Carr, Carden, Carlow, &c.; cairn, Carnac (pr. n.) .Eur-Ar. QR √QL, with variant VR √Ļ, and older forms(S) QR- √/SQL, and with extended form QRT QR-D¯‚break, cut, destroy.Sanscrit, kr-, çr-, and kṛt-, in kṛnoti, injures, kills , çr-noti, lays low ,destroys, çarabha (Cent. Dict. ) , a locust, the shearer, destroyer, kṛt-tis,skin, hide, kṛtana, krņtana, to cut, khaḍati for khaldati, cuts.Greek, κɩр-, кλa-, in kɛipw for xip-iw, to cut off, shear, spec. thehair, kλáw, break off, spec. the young shoots ofthe vine, кλîµa, a vine,twig, κλĥpos, Doг. «λâpos (for κλád-pos) , a lot, ‘ a piece broken off”(Brugmann) , an allotment, inheritance, îλnpoûɣos , holder of an allotment, kλnpikós, relating to allotment or inheritance (as an ecclesiasticalterm, λĥpos, the clergy: cp. Deut. xviii. 2 , ' The Lord is their inheritance, ' said of the tribe of Levi, also 1 Peter v. 3), kλa-d-áw, to shake(= kλa- with Eur-Ar. extension -dh-) , îλnµatís (dim. of êλñµa), (inplur.) brushwood, fa*ggots, (in sing.) the name of a plant with long lithebranches, κλádos, a young slip or root of a tree, branches, кλadɛúw, toprune vines, кoλáπτw, to strike, kóλapos, a blow (?) , κápaßos, the stagbeetle, the sea crayfish (cp . Lat. scarabæus from the older form √sqer),Kapáẞi, a light kind of vessel.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 203Latin, cur-, cor-, cul-, cel-, cort-, clad-, in cur-tus, docked, cut short,curtare, to dock, shorten, corium, ' leather, a hide, coriaceus, of leather,excoriare, to strip off the skin, cul-ter, a knife ( = Eur-Ar. ql-ter) , aplough-share, cultellus (dim.); *cellere (for *celdere) , to dash down,break in pieces, percellere, perculi, percul-sum, cast down, destroy,procel-lere (with same form and meaning), procella, a violent wind,storm; Lat. clades, a defeat, gla-dius (for * clad-ius, cp. gracilis =cracentes, slender), a sword, gladiolus (dim. ) , the sword-lily, gladiator, aswordsman; clerus, the clergy, clericus (subs. ), a clergyman, clericalis,clerical (Eccles. Lat. loan-words from Gk. ); cortex, the bark of a tree,specially of the cork tree (cp. Sans. krt-tis, skin, hide) , decorticare, tostrip off the bark; crēna ( =cretna), a split or notch, carère, to shear,scrape, cp. caritores, wool-carders), caries, decay, eating away; claudus,lame, from a variant form √qleu-d-, carabus, a coracle.√QQRKR√(S)QR-√SQL√QRTL. Latin and Romance, Ital. corto, o.F. court, short, curt, Ital .cortaldo (corto + 0.H.G. suffix -ald), a horse with a docked tail, O.F.courtault, M.E. curtall (adj . and subs. ), docked, a docked horse, (asverb) to dock, N.E. curtail, to cut short, M.E. courtepy, a short coat ofcoarse cloth, a pea-jacket (F. court + Du. pij , coarse cloth); Span. cuero,Prov. coirs, O.F. cuir, leather, Ital. corazza, Prov. coirasse, O.F. corace,cuirasse, N.F. cuirasse (as from a L. Lat. coraceus = Lat. coriaceus);Ital. col-p-ire, to strike out, O.F. col- p-er, couper, to cut, slit, M.E. coupen,to strike, fight, from Ital. colpo (L. Lat. colpus, shortened from Lat.colaphus, Gk. loan-word) , Prov. and O.F. colp, N.F. coup, a blow, cut,M.E. coup (s.s.) , F. coupé, the front division of a French diligence,F. coupon, a ticket or certificate; Ital . coltro, o.F. coultre, coutre, M.E.coultour, cultre, culter, a knife, N.E. coulter, ploughshare, Ital. coltello ,O.F. coutel, cultel, N.F. couteau, a knife (Lat. cultellus) , Ital . coltellaccio (dim. from Lat. cultellus) , O.F. and M.E. coutelas , a cutlass,²L. Lat. cultellarius, a soldier armed with a cultellus (a knife), a makerofknives), O.F. cotelier, M.E. coteler, N.E. cutler; O.F. and M.E. clerc,a cleric, a clerk (i.e. a scholar) , from Lat. clericus (the A.S. clerc, cleric[Lat. loan-word], perhaps through O.F.); O.F. and M.E. clergie (as froma L. Lat. * clericia) , Ital. cherisia, Prov. clercia, the clergy, office of aclergyman; Span. corcho, cork, corche, alcorque, cork sandals, Du. kork(loan-word from Span. ), cork, Ital. scorzare, Prov. escorser, O.F.escorcher (from L. Lat. ex-corticare), to strip off the bark, M.E.I Gk. dépua, the skin, from aer-, to cut off, &c.2 Curtalaxe, curtleax, are corruptions of O.F. and M.E. coutelas (the interveningforms are courtelas, courtelace, curtlax) under the combined influence of courte +axe, as though coutelas = a short axe or knife. Cf. Shakespear, ‘ a gallant curtle-axeupon my thigh,'QR D204 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√QRVKL√(S)QR√SQL√QRT-√QR- Dscorchen, to singe or burn the surface; Span. escorzonera, Ital.scorzonera, F. scorsonère, a plant used as a remedy for snake bites, fromSpan. escorzon, escuerzo, a toad, Ital. scorzone, a venomous snake (cp .scorza, bark), from a fancied resemblance of their skin to bark(Diez offers the suggestion of scorza nera, black bark, and compares the German name Schwarzwurz); Ital. crena, O.F. cren, cran,M.E. crayne, crany, N.E. cranny, a chink, O.F. crenel, a battlement;Span. carabela, Ital . caravella, O.F. caravel, a light vessel.

Balto- Slav. , Lith. kaltas, beaten, hammered, perkaltas, hewn down(cp. Lat. cul-sus, percul-sus), Lith. kertu, hew, cut, Russ. kladu, tocut, castrate, O. Slav. klada, a block, beam, wood.Teutonic, O. and N.H.G. kurz, short (a loan-word from Lat. curtus) ,O. Sax. and O. Fris. kurt, o.N. cortr (s.s.); o. and N.H.G. holz, wood,timber, brushwood, a thicket, O.N. holt, copsewood, brushwood (often cutfor fuel), A.S. and M.E. holt, wood, thicket; O.H.G. helza, O.N. hjalt, A.S.hilt, the handle or guard of a sword; O.H.G. hilt, A.S. hild, war, O.N.hildr, war, the name of one of the Valkyries. Perhaps 0.H.G. halz,O.N. haltr, A.S. healt, halt, lame, A.S. healtian, to halt, a.s. hrendan,to tear, split, nasalised form (cp. Sans. krņtana, to cut, and Lat.crena).¹Celtic, O. Ir. caill, coill, a wood, Gael. coille, wood, coille-duine,men of the woods, Caledonian, capull- coille, the capercailzie, lit. thehorse of the wood, Gael. claidheamh, O. Ir. claideb, Wel. cleddeu ,Corn. cledhe, a sword, Gael . claideamh-mor, the great sword; Gael . call ,Ir. caill , Wel. coll , Cor. colled, loss, damage, Gael. caillteanach, eunuch,Ir. ceallach, war, Gael. cladh, a churchyard, Ir. clad, cladh, Wel.cladd, clawdd, Corn. cledh, Bret. cleuz, a ditch, grave, Gael. cladhaich ,Ir. claidhim , Wel. cloddio, to dig.2Perhaps Goth. giltha, a sickle, O.H.G. galza, a hog, Dial. Eng. galt ( s.s. ) , A.S.gilte, M.E. and Dial. gilt, a spayed sow, O.N. gelda, M.E. gelden, to castrate, O.H.G.galt, O.N. geldr, M.E. gelde, barren, unfruitful, bleak ( of soil and weather) , Scot. yeld,yell, unfruitful, O.N. geldingr, M. and N.E. gelding , a castrated animal, are fromqel-. Kluge derives them from ✔ghalt-.2 Perhaps Latin car-o, flesh, gen. car-nis, which is referred by Benfey andCurtius to the following ✔qreu-, should be assigned to qer , in its sense of cutting,carving. Cp. Umb. kar-tu, impede, divide, distribute, Osc. car-neis (gen. ) , ' of a part,'Umb. karne ( = Lat. car- ne) . The derivatives of caro are as follows:Latin, carnalis, carnal, carnifex, executioner, carnivorus , flesh- eating, incarnare, tomake flesh, (pass. ) to be made flesh, become incarnate.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . carne, O.F. charn, char, N.F. chair, flesh, O.F. carnel,charnel (adj . carnal) , L. Lat. caroale, O.F. charnel ( subs. ) , a cemetery, M.E.charnelle, a graveyard, crypt, charnel- house, cp. A.S. flæsch-hus, F. carnage, slaughter(as from L. Lat. carnatium) , Ital. carnagione, flesh-colour, F. carnation (s.s. ) , O.F.incarnat, incarnadine, ofa flesh- colour, Ital. carogna, O.F. carogne, N.F. charogne, M.E.caroigne, N.E. carrion ( the O.F. carogne was also a name given to an old woman) .Ital. carnovale, carnevale, F. carnaval have been variously derived: ( 1 ) from Ital. carne-EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 205ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, clematis, the name of a climbing plant, cleromancy, divination by lot, cleruch, holder of an allotment.Latin, gladiolus, gladiator, -ial, curt, -ness, coriaceous, excoriate,-ion, cleric, clerical (from Gk. through the borrowed Latin), decorticate, to strip of the husk, crenate, notched, crenellated, as from

• crenellare, to provide with battlements or embrasures.

L. Latin and Romance, curtail, cuirass, cuirassier, coulter, curtleaxe, cutlass, cutler, clergy, clerk, -ly, -ship; scorch, scorzonera, cork,cranny, carious, caravel.Teutonic, holt, found as a termination or prefix to English namesof places, and as a surname; hilt, halt, to stop, halt! halt, lame, rend,rent (a tear), geld, -ing, Dial. galt, gilt, yeld, yell, barren, and compounds of hild-, as Hildebert, bright in battle, Hildebrand, the swordof battle, Hildegund, Ildagonda, battle-strife, Matilda, battle-maid,Hildegard, the war-guard, Hildyard .Celtic, capercailzie, Caledonia, claymore.Eur-Ar. √QREU- √QRU-, to make hard, raw, sore, curdle, congeal, pain,bruise, push.Sanscrit, krav-, kru-, in krav-is, kravyam, raw flesh, carrion, krūra,ruw sore, klōman, the lung.Greek, кρɛ‍-, кρυ-, xpv-s- , (extended form) in κpéas for κpéf-as,flesh, κρύος, κρυμός, frost, icy cold, κρυσταίνω, to congeal, κρύσταλλος,ice, Teúμwv, the lung (by labialisation of Eur-Ar. q) , afterwardsTVεÚμwv, from a supposed connection with πvéw, to breathe.Latin, cru-, cru-d-, cru-s-, in cruor, blood, cruentus, bloody, crud-us,raw, bleeding, unripe, rough, crudescere, to become harsh, recrudescere,to break open again (of wounds), cruditas, indigestion, crudelis, cruel,crudelitas, cruelty, crusta, the hard surface of a body, the rind,crustacea, shell-fish, crustum, anything baked, crustare, to encrust,vale, fleshfarewell; (2) carrus navalis, carried in the procession; (3) carnem laxare, to relax theflesh; (4) carnem levare, to lighten the flesh. Diez inclines to the last.ENGLISH, from Latin, carnal, carnivorous, incarnate, -ion. L. Latin andRomance, charnel, charnel-house, carnage, carnation, a flower, incarnadine, carrion,carnival, crone (?) , an old ewe, a withered old woman. But Skeat cites a Gael. oriontach,a sorry, meanfemale, which is connected with Ir. crion, criona, withered, dry, old,orionaim, I wither, and Kilian gives an O. Du. kronje, an old harridan, probablyfrom a Northern F. carogne, Wallon coronie, an old cantankerous woman, cited byLittré. The Dutch word may therefore be the original of Eng, crone.206 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√QREU-√QRUincrustare (s.s.) , crystallum, crystal, crystallinus, crystalline; pulmo,pulse (Gk. loan-word), pulmonarius, consumptive.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. crud, N.F. cru, crude, Ital. crudele, Prov.and o.F. cruel, crual, cruel, O.F. cruelte, crualte, cruelty, Ital. and Prov.crosta, O.F. Crouste, N.F. croûte, crust, N.F. croûton, small pieces of crust,Ital. crostata, a kind of pie or tart, Prov. crustado, O.F. croustade, apasty, tart, crust, M.E. custade, (later) custard (see Skeat ad vb. ) .Balto-Slav., Lith. kraujas, O. Slav. kruvi, O. Pruss. krawia, craujo,blood, Lith. krusza, hail.Teutonic, O.H.G. rō (inflected, rāwēr), from older form hrawa, N.H.G.roh, O.N. hrar (older hravr) , A.S. hreáw, hræw, M.E. raw, rau, ra, raw,Goth. hraiwa (in hraiwa- dubo, turtle- dove, lit. carcase-dove), carcase,O.H.G. hreo, O.N. hræ, A.S. hræv, dead body; A.S. hrer, underdone, usedspecially of eggs, M.E. rere, with the same special sense, as ' rereegges, and poched egges not hard, ' afterwards spelt rear, now rare,and applied generally.Celtic, O. Ir. cruaidh, Gael. cruadh, hard, Ir. cru, blood, gore,cruach, gory red, Ir. cruth, Gael . gruth, M.E. crud, cruddes, N.E. curd,curds, coagulated milk.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, creosote, flesh preserving (kpέas + ow(w) , pancreas, -atic(πâs +xρéas) , crystal, -ise, -oid, -ine (through the Lat. loan-words),pneumonia, from πvɛúμшv, corrupted from Tλɛúμwv ( = Sans. kloman,by labialising Eur-Ar. q) .Latin, crude, -ness, -ity, recrudescent, crustacea, -ous, incrustate,-ion, pulmonic, pulmonary.L. Latin and Romance, cruel, -ty, crust, crusty, -iness, encrust,croûtons, custard.¹Teutonic, raw, -ness; (dial.) rare, underdone.²Celtic, curd, curdy, curdle.' Custard was originally a pasty of some semifluid substance covered by a crust,now the well-known mixture of milk, eggs and sugar.2 The A.S. hrer in this sense has probably no connection with this root, butrather with A.S. hreran, to set in motion, O.N. hræra, O.H.G. ruoren, N.H.G. rühren(s.s.): cp. A.S. hrere-mus, M.E. rere- mouse, a bat, from the fluttering of its wings.Shakespear has ' rere-mice.' If this be correct, the A.S. hrer, M.E. rere, as applied toeggs, must mean lightly done, moving and shaking as a lightly cooked omelette, andhave been used at a later period in the general sense, underdone, of baked or boiledmeat, with the spelling changed to rare, from a supposed connection with raw.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 207Eur-Ar. QER√QEL, sound, good, fortunate, perhaps identical withqer- do, complete, used with a special religious application, toperform a sacred rite, cp. Lat. facere, Gk. péčɛw .Sanscrit, kal-, in kalyas, kalyānas, sound, healthy, beautiful.Greek, kαλ-, in kāλós (Hom. ) for kaλós, good, beautiful, káλλiotos,superl. , also a surname, Kaλλión (beautiful voice) , name of a Muse,káλλos, beauty.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. celu, complete, entire, celosti, health, O. Pruss.kailusti, health.Teutonic, Goth. hails, o. and N.H.G. heil, O.N. heill, A.S. hāl, hæl,M.E. hal, hol, hail, O. Sax. hēl, sound, whole, healthy, O. and N.H.G. heil,O.N. heill, a favourable auspice, A.S. hæl, health, good luck, favourableomen, A.S. wãs hæl, ' good luck be to you,' O.H.G. heilison, to predict byomens, O.N. heilsa, to greet, A.S. hälsian, hælsian, to augur, wish goodluck, greet, M.E. hailsen, heilsen, also hälsen, to greet, M.E. heilen,hezlen, hailen, to hail, say ' heil ' to (fr. O.N. heill); O.H.G. heilag,N.H.G. heilig, O.N. heilagr, A.S. haleg, M.E. haliz , hali, holi , holy,sacred, A.S. halgian, to make holy, M.E. halzien, halwien, halowen(s.s.), halegh, haleze, halwe, a saint, O.N. helga, to make holy,Helga-land, Heligoland; o. and N.H.G. heilen, Goth. hailjan, A.S.hælan, helan, M.E. healen, helen, to heal, O.H.G. heilant, N.H.G. heiland(pr. p. of heilen), the healer, the Saviour, A.S. hælth, health, o. andN.H.G. heilsam, O.N. heilsamr, A.S. not found, M.E. halsum, holsum,wholesome.¹Celtic, O. Ir. cel, O. Wel. coil , a good augury, an augury.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Callistus, Callirrhoë (surnames), compounds with cal- , calo-,calli-, as calo-type, caleidoscope (καλός + εἶδος + σκοπέω or σκοπός),seeing beautiful forms, calligraphy, callisthenics, &c.; calomel, a coinedword of doubtful origin, from xaλo- + Gk. µéλas, or Lat. mel.Teutonic, hail (to greet), wassail, a feast, drinking bout, Hail, Allhail! as an exclamation or greeting, (lit) . health, good luck, hale, in goodhealth, whole (the initial w is a late addition, the M.E. being hol: seeSkeat, ad vb. ), wholly, whole, -sale; holy, -iness, holiday, holly-hock,M.E. holi-hoc, the Malva sacra, so consideredfrom its healing qualities (cp.The insertion of i in the Teutonic forms makes their immediate connection with✔qer- ✔qel- , doubtful in the opinion of Kluge and Brugmann; yet the similarity ofmeaning with the Balto- Slav. and Celtic is in favour of it. The original sense seemsto have been quasi- religious, of good omen, having thefavour of the gods, so fortunate,in good health, &c. A.S. Lealsian, M.E. halsen , to embrace, entreat, adjure, are fromA.S. heals, the neck.208 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Wel. hocys-bendigaid) , the blessed hock, halibut (hali , holy, +butte, aflat fish) , so called because reserved for holidays; hallow, vb. , to sanctify, as subs. a saint (cp. N.H.G. heiliger) , in All-hallows = All-saints ,hallow-een, hallow-mass; heal, health, -y, -iness, wholesome; Heligoland, perhaps Halliwell, Halliday (surnames), from Holywell, holiday:cp. Noel - one born on Christmas Day (Natale), Paschal, one born onEaster Day (Pascha, passover).EEur-Ar. QĂLO , black, dark blue.Sanscrit, kālas, dark blue, black, kālaka, a mole stain, kāla-dandi,(lit.) the black staff, the staff of death.Greek, kηλís, a stain, spot, blemish , kɛλaivós , black.Latin, caligo, darkness , caliginosus, dark.ENGLISH DERIV. caliginous (rare) .Eur-Ar. QER T√QRT, to twist, twine, interweave.Sanscrit, chṛt-, in chṛtati, ties, connects together, fut. chartish-yāmi.Greek, καρτ- in κάρταλος, κάρταλλος, a basket.Latin, cart-, crat-, in cartilago, cartilage, gristle , crat-is, wickerwork,a hurdle, craticula, fine hurdle-work, lattice-work, a small gridiron,crassus, for crat-tus, solid, fat, condensed, closely compacted, crassitudo ,solidity, Crassus, pr. n.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. crasso, grasso, Prov. and O.F. gras,fat, Ital. grascia, O.F. graisse, fatness , M.E. grece, N.E. grease; Ital.grata, lattice, trellis, M.E. grate (Lat. cratis) , Ital. gratella, gradella.gredola, L. Lat. (dim. ) * cratella, lattice- or trellis-work, Prov. grillo,grello, O.F. gräille, graille, grail, gril (dim. L. Lat. craticulum), alattice, a gridiron , o.F. graailler, graelier, N.F. griller , to grill; o.F.horde, palissade (from O.N. hurdh or O.H.G. hurt) , M.E. grate, a grating,also crate, a gridiron (cp. Ital. grata, Lat. cratis, lattice): 1526, ' layrostynge on the yren crate.' For alternative derivation see √gher-,to heat.Teutonic, Goth. haurd-is, o.N. hurdh, O.H.G. hurt, a fence of hurdlesor interwoven turigs, which was placed before the opening of the hut, 'It would appear from this that the old German huts were of the character ofwigwams, with only an opening for going in and out, before which a hurdle fencewas placed at night to keep out wild beasts.12EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 209A.S. hyrdel, M.E. hurdel (the dim. ) , a hurdle, a.s. cradul, cradol in ' cildoradol,' a child's cradle (Celtic loan-word), Du. krat, kret, a laddershapedframe attached to the back of a waggon to extend its area.Celtic, Wel. craidheal, Gael. creadhal, a cradle, Gael. croidhle, abasket, a creel, Wel. gredyl, greidell, gradell, griddle or grate, M.E.gredil, gredire, a gridiron. (All these are probably loan-words fromthe Romance forms.) Gael. ceirtle, O. Ir. certle, N. Ir. ceirsle , aclew or ball of yarn. An alternative explanation is from √ghr-, towarm .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, cartilage, -inous, crass, crassitude.L. Latin and Romance, pâté de foie gras, grease, -y, -iness, grate,grating, grille, grill, to broil, griddle (perhaps thr. Celtic) , crate, anold variant of grate (or perhaps from the Dutch), gridiron.Teutonic, hurdle, hoarding (thr. o.F. horde).Celtic, cradle, creel.Eur-Ar. QERT QRT, with sense of hardness, strength, &c. , anextension from qer- qr-, to do, or from qer-, hard.Sanscrit, krat-, in kratus, strength of body or mind.Zend, khratu, strong, wise, khratvista, superl.Greek, καρτ-, κρατ-, in κάρτος, κράτος, strength, κρατύς, strong,καρτερός, κρατερός, strong, κρείσσων, κρείττων=κρέτιων (compar. ) ,κράτιστος (superl. ), κρείων, κρέων, a ruler (also used as a personalname), κρaтέw, to be strong, rule: avτокpaτýs, ruling by oneself,ȧρισTоxpaτía, the rule ofthe best- born, aristocracy, -aτIKós , aristocratic;-xpaτns, strong, is the termination of many Greek names, as Polycrates, &c.Balto-Slav. , Lith. kartus, bitter, having a strong taste.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. hardi (part. of O.F. hardir, to harden),hardened, bold, o.F. hardiesse, hardiness, from Teutonic. The o..G.termination -hard, -ard in proper names and some common nouns, asEverard, Reynard, &c. , bastard, O.F. cou-ard, Span. cod-ardo, acoward, &c., &c.Teutonic, Goth. hardus, O.H.G. harti, herti, N.H.G. hart, O.N. hardr,A.S. heard, hard, strict, O.H.G. hartjan, A.S. heardian, to harden; -hard,-ard, is used as a suffix (originally implying strength) of many Germanpersonal names, as Eber-hard, strong boar, Bern-hard, strong bear:afterwards it became an intensive suffix, frequently with a bad sense;Dan. harsk, M.E. harsk, strong, bitter of taste, harsh, rough, a developP210 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ment of hard, as hark, hearken, from hear; O.H.G. hrād, hrāt, rāt,M.H.G. rad, rat, N.H.G. (obs. ) , O.N. hradhr, quick, swift, A.S. hræd, hræth,quick, swift, active, M.E. ræd, rad, rath, quick, early: cp. ' the ratheprimrose ' (Milton) , ' the men of rathe and riper years ' (Tennyson);A.S. hrathe, M.E. rathe (adv. ) , early, soon, A.S. hrathor (comp. ) , M.E.rather, rether, earlier, sooner, more readily, more willingly.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, the suffixes -crat, -cratic, -cracy, and -crates in personalnames, as autocrat, -cratic, -cracy, aristocrat, democrat, plutocrat, &c. ,Polycrates, Callicrates, &c.L. Latin and Romance, hardy, -iness, -ihood, &c. , -ard, in namesof Teutonic origin, but through a Romance channel, as Everard,Bernard, Reynard ( =Regen-hart), also -ard as an intensive suffix insome Romance words, as bastard, coward, &c.Teutonic, hard, -ness, -ware, -bake, &c. , harden, hard, -ly, harsh,-ness; but -ard, though found in words of Teutonic origin, as drunkard,braggart, &c. , came through the Romance; it is found also (togetherwith Hard-) as a component of Teutonic proper names, as Hardicanute,Hardcastle, Hardman, Everard, Everett, &c.; rather.Eur-Ar. √QERP- √/QRP , with older form √SQERP √SQRP-, to cut,shear, &c. , an extension from QR , to cut, shear.boot.Sanscrit, kṛp-, in kṛpana, a sword, krp, form, appearance, shape.Zend, kehrp, form, body.Greek, κаρπ-, in xaρπós, fruit, xрúπιоν, sickle, крηπ- ís , a kind ofLatin, carp-, in carp-ere, -si , -tum, to pluck, disparage, object to ,ex-cerpere, -si , -tum, to pluck out, dis- cerpere, to pull apart; corpus,-oris, the body, corp-oreus, corporalis, bodily, corpulentus, corpulent,corpusculum, a small body, incorporare, to incorporate, crepida, sole, αsandal, (post-class. ) carpa, a carp.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . corpo (as from corpum) , Prov. cor(p) s,O.F. corps, cors , M.E. corps, cors, N.E. corpse, corse, a dead body, corps,a body of men, O.F. corset, the body of a dress, O.F. corselet, breastplate, L. Lat. corporale, the linen cloth covering the chalice; L. Lat.escarpsus (A.D. 805, for excarpsus = class. excerptus), picked out,select, rare, scarce, Ital. scarso, O.F. escars, eschars, M.E. scarse, N.F.echars, scarce, O.F. escarseté, M.E. scarsete, scarceness; Ital . scerpare,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 211scarpare, scarpar, to tear (cp. Lat. discerpere or excerpere), O.F. ✓QERPescarper,¹ to cut steep or smooth, to scarp, Ital. scarpa, O.F. escharpe, √QRPthe inward slope of the moat, scarp; o.F. charpir, to card wool, unravel √SQERPcloth, Ital. carpire, tear to pieces, unravel (p. p. carpito) , Ital. and SQRPL. Lat. carpita, carpeta, o.F. carpite, a kind of coarse cloth, N.F.carpette, a rug, M.E. carpete, carpyte, a coarse fabric of wool, Ital .carpia, F. charpie, lint; Ital. carpione, Span. carpa, F. carpe, a carp.Balto-Slav. , Lith. kerpu, shear (of sheep) , to cut hair, Lith. kurpe,a shoe, O. Slav. crevij , sandals (Fick) , Lith. karpa, O. Slav. korpu,Russ. karpu, koropu , Serv. krap, a carp.Teutonic, O.H.G. herbist, 2 N.H.G. herbst, A.S. hærfest, M.E. hærvest,harvest, O.H.G. charpho, N.H.G. karpfen, o.N. karfi, M.E. carpe, a carp;O.H.G. href, A.S. hrif, M.E. rif, the body, A.S. midrif (from older midhrif), M.E. midrif=mid +rif, the middle of the body, the diaphragm,N.E. midriff.Celtic, Gael. cre, M. Ir . cri , fr. a base *cre(i) , the body (?); the Gael.creubh is probably from qreu-, from which also are Goth. hraiva, abody, O.H.G. hreo, a corpse, and Ir. cro , death; Ir. carbhanac-uisge,Gael. carbhanach, carbhanach-uisge, a carp.³3ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, carpo- (in composition), as carpo-phagous, carpo-phore, &c . ,pericarpus.Latin, carp (subs. ) , carp (vb.) , excerpt, corporeal, corpuscle, corpulent, -cy, incorporate, -ion.L. Latin and Romance, corpse, corse, corps, corset, corslet, corporal (chalice cloth) , scarce, scarce-ly, -ness, -ity, scarp, carpet.Teutonic, harvest, mid-riff.4¹ Kluge derives this from the O.H.G. scharf, O.N. skarpr; Diez and Körtingprefer the Latin source.•2 The cutting of corn, gathering of the grapes, &c.The origin of the names for carp is uncertain. A Latin carpa is found inCassiodorus, who wrote early in the fifth century, ' destinet carpam Danubius.'If carpa ' is originally Latin, its connection with carpere, to cut, gnaw, is probable;but Kluge regards it as a loan- word and probably from the Teutonic. Carpa andL. Lat. carpo, Ital. carpione, O.F. carpe, are all most probably loan-words, butwhether from Teutonic, Balto- Slav. , or Celtic is not so easy to decide. The BaltoSlav. forms from their variety seem most likely to be original. O'Reilly's Irish Diot.gives carbhanach by itself the meaning of captain (from carbhan, a ship); accordingto this, carbhanac-uisge would mean water captain. MacAlpin ( Gael. Dict. ) alsogives carbhanach-uisge, but Macbain, carbhanach alone, for carp.• For the cognate forms with initial s, see under ✅SQERP-.wwP 2212 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √QRD √QERD , with older form √SQRD, to swing, leap.¹Sanscrit, kurd-, in kurd-ati , leaps, kurda, a jump.Greek, pad-, in kрadáw, swing, кópdağ, a dance.Latin, card-, in cardo, -inis, hinge of a door, pivot, chiefpoint, cardinalis, chief, principal.Celtic , Ir. ceird, Corn. kerth, kerd, a journey, M. Wel . cerdded , togo a journey (Fick) .ENGLISH DERIV. Latin, cardinal (adj .) , Cardinal (subs.) , one ofthe seventy ecclesiastical princes (6 Cardinal bishops, 50 Cardinal priests,14 Cardinal deacons), who form the Pope's council since 1173, andwere called Cardinales, the chief.Eur-Ar. √QEM-, QM-, or √ŽEM-, to bend, curve, vault.Sanscrit, kam-, in kmarati, is crooked, cited by Fick, 4th ed. i. 23,and pronounced genuine, but not found. Hindi, kamar, the loins,waist, kamar-band, a waist-girdle.Zend, kamara, a chamber, a vaulted room, a girdle.Greek, kaμ-, in kaµáρa, a chamber, káμapos, a lobster or crab, fromits bent claws, κάµπ-тW (Kаµ- +π) , to bend.²Latin, cam-, in camera, a chamber, camur, crooked, cammarus, alobster (Gk. loan-word) , campso, to go slantwise, to tack (of a ship) ,to double.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. camera, o.F. cambre, chambre, M.E.chaumbre, N.E. chamber, O.F. chambrelenc, from M.H.G. kammer- linc,a chamberlain, Span, camarado, o.F. camerade, comrade, occupant ofthe same room , Ital. gambero, Prov. jambro, O.F. jamble ( Lat. cammarus) , N.F. homard, a lobster (O.N. homarr, L.G. hummer, s.s.); Ital .camuso, O.F. camus, flat nose (from Celt. cam, crooked), M.E. camois,camoys (s.s.) , Ital. cansare (Lat. campsare) , scansare (ex +cansare) ,O.F. escancer, to go slantwise, tack, &c.; Ital. gamba (for * camba) , ofCeltic origin, the shank, leg, O. and N.F. jambe (s.s. ), O.F. gambon, N.F.jambon, ham, N.E. gammon (Ital. gambone, a haunch); Prov. gambauz,a leap, jump (from Celtic cam, bending, bent) , O.F. gambaud, gambade,Qerd- is by some given as the root of the European words for heart, kapdía, cor,&c. , but the derivation of these from ✓red- seems preferable (which possibly maybe no more than a variant of ✔qerd-), as Sans . hrid, heart, cannot be referred to/qerd..2 Perhaps also κápivos, an oven orfurnace; see under ✔EK- and √KEM..EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 213M.E. gambawd, gambauld, gambold, N.E. gambol, Ital. gambetto, a √QEMmovement of the leg, a trip up, Ital. ' dare il gambetto,' to supplant, √QMtrip up; Ital. canto, from * cambtos, bent, a curve, twining, corner, √ŘEMItal. cantone, corner-stone, a canton, cantina, a cellar.Teutonic, kam- in Germ. kammer, a chamber, O.H.G. hamma, A.S.hamm, N.E. ham, bend of knee, L. and N.H.G. hummer (fr . o.N. homarr).Celtic, cam, in Wel. , Ir. and Manx, crooked, bent, wrong, Bret.kamm (s.s.), Gall. cambo- in names of places, Gael. cam, crooked, oneeyed, Ir. camaim, I bend, camas, a bay, Wel. camen, a wheel (fr. camu,to bend, curve) , Bret. camhet, the tire of a wheel: Ernault compares Gk.Kavoós, Lat. canthus (s.s.) , which Quintilian thinks barbarous, i.e.foreign words; Diez thinks Wel. cant and Bret. kant, orb, rim, edge,genuine Celtic words, but Thurneysen, borrowed. Gall. (Latinised)cambium, exchange, Popular Lat. cambiare, to exchange: Fick comparesIr. cimb, cim, silver, money, tribute, Bret. quem, delay, difference,N. Bret. kemm, change, difference, es-quem, exchange.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, kamptulicon, a kind offloor-cloth (coined word) .Latin, the phrase ' in camera.'L. Latin and Romance, camera obscura, chamber, -maid, -lain,comrade, cant, tilt, decant, canteen, canton , 2 cantonment, askance,gambol, gammon of bacon, gambit.³Teutonic, ham, hamstring.Celtic, Cam- in names of places, as Cam-bridge, from the riverCam, the winding river, Cambus-nethan, the bend of the river Nethan,Camborne, Cambray, Camoys, Cam, Campbell, Cameron, surnames (seep. 245, note 2) .' Goth. him-ins, O.N. himenn, O.H.G. himil (see under √EK¯ and √ŘEM¯),might be referred also to QEM-.2 Canton (cp. Latino-Gall. candetum), in the sense of a division or district, hasbeen derived from Wel. cant, Corn. cans, Bret. kan' , 100, on the strength of the explanation given by Isidorus ' spatium centum pedum.' This, however, is doubtful.Late Lat. (Apuleius) cambire, campsi, to exchange, barter, Ital. cambiare,cangiare, Prov. cambiar, camjar, O.F. changier, N.F. changer, M.E. chaunge, change,may perhaps be referred to this root. Cambire seems to have been a vernacular, nota literary, word, and the Italian and French equivalents are formed upon it . It isdifficult, however, to explain the change of meaning from bend to change, unless theexplanation that cambire meant originally to go a round, travel about from placeto place as a merchant, is accepted. For this Ital, camminare, to travel, walk about,cammino, a journey, a way (from L. Lat. of sixth century, caminus, a road) , givessome additional ground of probability, but not much. The F. chemin representsItal. cammino, a way, a road (probably from a Celtic source); and if Ital. camminarewere the same as cambinare, and a variant of cambiare, it is scarcely probable theF. equivalent of cammino, chemin, should differ so widely from changer, the equi-214 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √QEN-, with sense of beginning, being young, fresh.Sanscrit, kan-, in kanyas, young, small, kanyā, a maiden, the Virgoin the Zodiac.Zend, kainin, a maiden.Greek, kav-, in kaivós (for kaviós), new, recent, fresh, ¿ykaívia, afeast ofrenewal, spec. the feast instituted by Judas Maccabæus at thereconsecration of the Temple, IIivdos, pr. name (?) .Latin, cen-, in re- cens, fresh.Balto-Slav., O. Slav. po- cinetu, to begin, po-koni, a beginning,O. Bulg. pocina, begin, koni, a beginning.Teutonic, Goth. duginnan, O.H.G. be-ginnan, N.H.G. beginnen, a.s.beginnan, on-ginnan, to begin.Celtic, O. Ir. cend, cenn, N. Ir. and Gael. ceann, Wel. , Bret. andCorn. penn, pen ( Eur-Ar. q= Brit. p), a head, headland, extremity,point, chief, &c . , ¹ O. Ir. cet, N. Ir. cead, Gael. ceud (for cent) , Wel.cynt, Bret. kent, Gallic, cintu, first, N. Ir. ceadas (adv.) , first, in thebeginning; Gael. and Ir. ceannard, a commander (lit. high head),perhaps Gael. beann, top, peak, O. Ir. benn, Wel. ban (s.s. ) , are connected with ceann; Gael. cineal, O. Ir. cenel, N. Ir. ceneul, Wel.cenedl, Corn. kinethel, offspring clan (i.e. the new), from cinn (Gael. )to grow, spring from.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, encænia, -cene( = kawvós) , in eo- cene (½ws, dawn, + kaivós) ,mio-cene (=μelwvείων,, less, + kaivós), plio-cene ( λɛlwv, more, +Kawós), geological terms, marking off epochs with reference to thedegree in which the more recent forms of life are found in each.Latin, recent.Teutonic, begin, beginning, &c.Celtic, many names of places or persons, as Cantyre, Kinnaird,Kenneth, Kennedy, Kenmare, Kenmure, Ben Nevis, Ben Lomond,Penryn, Pendennis, &c.; Pennine Alps, Apennine, Pindus (?) &c.valent of It. cambiare. If cambiare be accepted as from qem-, to curve, turn, theEnglish words (through the F. changer) change, exchange, changeling, changeable,&c., may be added to the derivatives given in the text. Macbain connects cam,crooked, with Gael. ceum, Ir. ceim, Wel. and Corn. cam, Bret. kam, a step, from a base

• kngmen, to go, O. Ir. cingim, I go, N. Ir. cimeach, a traveller. If his view is correct,

it will account for the change of meaning in cambiare and its similarity of formwith camminare, but his base kng- seems to correspond rather with the Teutonic basegang in O.H.G. gangan, to go.' Macbain gives this etymology as doubtful. Windisch and Brugmann suggest a derivation from √kui- , to swell. Stokes gives * qennos, head, as the Celtic base of these words without further explanation.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS 215Eur-Ar. QEND√QND , with older form (S)QEND , to shine.Sanscrit, çchand-, chand-, in çchandra, chandra, the moon, chandra(adj. ), shining, Chandra-gupta, the name of several Indian kings, inGreek form Sandracottus, chandanas, a fragrant wood, the unguentprepared from it.Greek, perhaps kávðapos (m. ) , kavlapís, -ídos (f. ) , the Spanish flyfrom its bright shining wings, σávraλov, the sandal wood.Latin, cand-, in cand-ere, to shine, candela, a candle, candelabrum,a candlestick, candidus, white, clear, shining, candor, whiteness, clearness, sincerity, candidatus, one clad in white, a candidate, candescere,to become bright, to glow; ac-cendere, incendere, to set on fire, incendium,a burning, incendiarius, causing a conflagration, incensum, incense,sacrifice, ci-cindela, a glow-worm.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. candela, O.F. chandoile, N.F. chandelle,a candle, L. Lat. candelarius, candlemaker or seller, Ital. candelajo, amaker of candles, Ital . candeliere, a candlestick, O.F. candelier, chandelier, M.E. chaundeler, candlestick, and candlemaker, M.E. chandeler,N.E. chandler, a maker of candles, now more frequently used withthe general sense of dealer; Ital. incenso, O.F. encens, incense,O.F. franc-encens, pure incense. 'Teutonic, A.S. candel (loan-word from Lat. candela) , candelsticca,O.N. kyndill (loan-word from A.S. ) , a candle, M.E. kyndlen, to light.Celtic, Gael. coinneal, Wel. canwyll, Corn. cantuil, a candle (loanwords from Lat. ).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, sandal-wood (through Gk. ) , Sandracottus = Chandragupta.Greek, cantharides (?) .Latin, candelabrum, candid, candour, candidate (because wearing awhite toga) , candescent, incandescent, incense (make angry) , incense,frankincense, incendiary.L. Latin and Romance, chandelier, chandler.Teutonic (through A.S. loan-word from Latin), candle, candlestick, Candlemass, kindle, to light a fire.¹ The Ital. candire, to candy, candito, white candied fruits, zucchero candi, sugarcandy (crystallised sugar) have been derived from this root. Another explanation hasderived them from the island Candia (Crete) as the place from which they wereoriginally exported . The correct explanation is from a Sans. root khand, to breakinto small pieces, whence khanda-modaka ( = khanda, broken, + modaka, delighting), a small round comfit or sweetmeat. The Arab. and N. Pers. qand, qandat, isa contraction of this, which was applied to cakes of crytallised sugar, whole or brokeninto pieces. The Italian words are borrowed from this shortened form. The Englishcandy, therefore, comes from a Sanscrit root (though not the root here treated)through Arab. or Pers. , Ital. , Fr.216 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. QERP QELB , to turn, bend, vault (perhaps extendedfrom QER in its varied senses to turn, be employed upon,curve, contain, surround, &c. ) .Sanscrit, charb-, in charbata, a gourd, cp. N. Pers. karbuza, a melon.Greek, κоλπ-, in xóλπоs, the womb, the lap, a hollow , gulf or bay ofthe sea (N. Gk. kóλþos) , каρπ-ós, the wrist (the turner).Latin, corb-, in corbis, a basket, corbula, corbicula (dim. ) , corbita, aslow-sailing vessel, furnished with a scuttle, cucurbita, ' a gourd, acupping vessel.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. golfo, Fr. golfe, a gulf, bay, O.F. corbel,N.F. corbeille, a basket, Port. corveta, N.F. corvette, a class of ship, O.F.cougourde, couhourde, N.F. gourde, a gourd; O.F. werbler, to quaver withthe voice, from M.H.G. werblen, to turn, twirl about, M.E. werblen, N.E.warble.Balto-Slav. , Serv. karpuza, Russ. arbuza, harbuz, Pol. karpuz, amelon, Persian loan-words thr. Turkish.2Teutonic, O.H.G. churib (pl. churbo), also O.H.G. chorp, N.H.G. korb,basket, perhaps direct loans from Lat. corbis; M.H.G. krëbe, a basket,O.H.G. chrippa, O.N. krubba, O. Sax. kribbia, A.S. crib, M.E. cribbe, crib,a manger, crib, a cage, cradle, are perhaps variants from O.H.G. churib;Goth. hwairban, O.H.G. kwërfan, wörfan, werban, N.H.G. werben, to turnabout, engage in, be employed upon, N.H.G. erwerben, to earn, O.N. hverfa,A.S. hveorfan, to turn round, with trans. sense to enclose; O.N. hverfi, acluster offarms, a shelter, Du. werf, N.H.G. werft, A.S. hwerf, M.E. wherf,a dam or bank to turn back (i.e. to keep out) water, A.S. mere-hwearf, thesea shore, M.E. wearf, a landing-place, a place for loading and unloadingships; N.H.G. wirbeln, to whirl, be giddy, to trill, O.H.G. wirbil, N.H.G.wirbel, a whirlwind, O.N. hvirfill, a whirl, a circle, ring, hvirfil-vindr,a whirl-wind, a circle wind, hvirfla, Dan. hvirvle, to whirl, M.E.whoriwyl, whorwhil , O. Du. worvel, a spinning, whirl; O.H.G. welben,3N.H.G. wölben, O.N. hvelfa, to vault, A.S. hwealf, a vault, M.E. wheluen,"overwheluen, to turn over, also whelmen (Chaucer) , to cover over, O. Sax.hwalma, to co*ck hay.Probably borrowed from Sans. through an old Persian word.2 For the alternative explanations see under Eur-Ar. ✔gerbh-, and ✔qer- in thenote to carpentum and Celtic carbad. If not loan-words, korb, &c. , belong to✔gerbh..• Kluge suggests ✔qel-q-, the imperfectly reduplicated form of ✔qel- (round,bent) for welben, the final q becoming b by labialisation ( cp. wolf = vrika, Gk. λúkos).♦ Brugmann gives an A.S. wielm, wylm, from ✔uel, to roll, rise into waves, fromwhich O.H.G. and A.S. wallan, to roll, and it may be supposed also (notwithstandingthe inserted h) the modern English whelm, overwhelm. Skeat, however, prefers thederivation given here from the same root as O.S. hwalina ( see under ✔uerb. ✔geibh-).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 217ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, gourd (through O. Per. , Gk. , Lat. , Fr.) .Greek, carpus, carpal, &c. (through Latinised forms).L. Latin and Romance, gulf (from Gk. through Fr.) , engulf, corbel(architectural term) , originally little basket, a basket filled with earthused in fortification. (Murray derives corbel from Lat. corvus: seeunder √qer-, to cry.)Teutonic, crib, to put into a crib, to confine, also to steal (i.e. tosecrete, pocket) , cribbage, the game; wharf, wharfa*ge, -inger, whirl(vb.), whirlpool, -wind, whirligig, whorl, whelm (?) , overwhelm (?) .1Eur-Ar. QLEP VKLEP , to steal, secrete.Greek, κλεπ- in κλέπτω, steal, κλέπτης, a thief, κλεψύδρα, αwater-clock (κλεψ + ὕδωρ) .Latin, clep- in clepere, to steal, clepsydra (Gk. loan-word) , clipeus,a shield (the concealer, coverer).Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. po-klopu, concealment, covering, O. Pruss.auklipts, concealed.Teutonic, Goth. hlifa, to steal, liftus, a thief, O.N. hlifa, to give coveror shelter, conceal, protect, hlif, cover, shelter, hlifth, defence, Goth.hleibjan, to protect, defend.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, clepsydra (through Lat. loan-word) , Klepht, a Greek brigand,cleptomania.Teutonic, lift, in the sense ' to steal ' (obs. , but found still in shoplifter, cattle-lifting) .Eur-Ar. QEP QUEPEP- VQUP , to be agitated, boil up, excitevehemently, breathe hardly.Sanscrit, kup- kap-, in kupyati, is moved, agitated, kupaya, moving,› √QLE-P˜ √ÊLE-P- is an extension of the simple √QEL- √ QLE˜ √ÑEL-✔KLE-, by ~P, originally a determinative, specialising the simple root, and often usedas a present suffix, and not to be distinguished from them; see Brugmann, iii . 1156–7,and compare Bλénw from gel- as Kλérтw from ✔qel-.218 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.restless , kap-is , frankincense, kapila (s.s.), kapur, camphor, kapuya,smelling badly.Greek, каπ-, in kaπów, to breathe forth, exhale, xaπvós, smoke,vapour, κόπρος, dung (?).1Latin, vap- ( = cvap-) , cup-, in vap-or, steam, vap-pa , wine that haslost its flavour, vapidus, flavourless, flat, stale, vaporare, to emit steam,vaporosus, vaporous; cup- ere, to desire, cupido, passionate desire, cupiditas,cupidity, concupiscere, to long after.²L. Latin and Romance, Port. al-canfor,³ Ital. canfora. L. Lat.camphora, O.F. camphre, camfre, M.E. camphire, camphore; Ital.cubitare (as from a L. Lat. cupi [ di]tare, cp. Port. cubiçare), Prov.cobeitar, O.F. coveiter, M.E. coveiten, coveten, to desire eagerly, covet,Ital. cubitoso, Port. cubiçoso, Prov. cubitos , O.F. coveitus , M.E. coveitous,covetous.Balto-Slav. , kvap-, qup-, in Lith. kvapas, smell, smoke, kvepiu,exhale, kvepalas, perfume, O. Bulg. kypeti , boil, Lith. kuputi, breatheheavily.Teutonic, Goth. af-hwafjan, to be stifled , A.S. and N. hwidha, a puff,a breeze, M.E. weffe, vapour, N.E. whiff, a puff of wind or smoke.Celtic, Wel. chwiff, a puff, Wel. chwiffio, to puff.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, capno-mancy, divination by smoke, coprolite, fossil dung(for alternative derivation see under keq-, cacare).Latin, vapour, -ous, evaporate, -ion, vapid, vapidity, Cupid,cupidity, concupiscence.L. Latin and Romance, camphor (Sanscrit through Arab. Port.and O.F. forms) , camphorated, covet, -ous , -ness.Teutonic, whiff.20Eur-Ar. √QUP-, √QUB-, √QUBH-, to rise, swell, heave; convex orconcave bend.¹ Brugmann connects kópos with Sans. çakṛt, çakas, dung, from Eur-Ar. keq-,' cacare.'2 O.L.G. and A.S. tō- hopa, hope (subs. ) , A.S. hopian, M. and N.H.G. hoffen, to hope,have been associated with cupere, but Kluge remarks that the A.S. heght, hope,implies a labialised guttural, and that hopon = huqon from a Eur-Ar. √ug- withextension by -dh √kugdh- (see under ✔kuq-) .• Skeat considers kapur kafur a Malay word; if so, it is probably a loan-word fromSanscrit, given by the traders from India as the name of the native product, andadopted by the later Arab traders.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 219Sanscrit, kup-, in kupas, a hollow, kumbhas, a bowl, kūbaras, the √QUPpole ofa carriage, kubjas, hump-backed.Zend, kaofa, a hill, O. Pers. kaufe, N. Pers. koh, hill, mountain,khumba, a bowl.Greek, kuß-, KUπ-, kʊþ-, in kúßŋ, head, kúßda, stooping forwards,κυβερνάω, to steer, κυβερνήτης, later κυβερνος, steersman, κύβος, αcube, the hollow above the hips of cattle, кvßiкós, cubic, kúßiтov, elbow,KÚπTW, perf. KÉ κup-a, to stoop or bendforwards, Kúπη, a kind of ship,a hut, kúπeλλov (dim. ) , a small cup, кúµßŋ, a bowl, the hollow of amessel, κύμβαλον, α cymbal, κύφος, a hump.Latin, cub-, in cubare, -ui, -itum, to lie down, incubare, to lie upon,to brood, watch over, incubatio, a lying upon eggs, incubus, incubo,nightmare, a spirit guarding buried treasure, cubitum, elbow, a measureoflength, cubile, cubiculum, a sleeping chamber, concubina, a concubine;

• cumbere (=cubn-ere) , to lie down, in ac-cumbere, to recline at table,

incumbere, to rest upon, to employ oneself upon, recumbere, to lie back,suc-cumbere, to lie or fall under, to yield to; gubernare (Gk. loan-word) ,to steer, direct, govern, gubernator, steersman, governor, gubernaculum,(later) gubernum, the helm, rudder (a curved pole) , cubus, a cube, cupa,cuppa, a tub, cask, a cup, cupella, a small tub or cask, cupula, a smalldome, cymba, a boat, skiff (Greek, kúµßŋ) , cymbalum, cymbal (Greekloan-word).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. covare, O.F. cover, couver, to lie ироп,to hatch, Ital. cova, o.F. covée ( = Ital . covata), a brood, a covey ofpartridges, Span. cobado, F. couvade, ' the old and widely extended custom ofthe husbandgoing to bed and being treated as a sick man when his wife wasin childbirth; Ital . governare, o.F. governer, M.E. governen, to steer, govern;O.F. cimbale, M.E. cimbale, cymbale, a cymbal, O.F. chimbe, M.E. chimbe,chime, a bell, cymbal, shortened form of cymbale (cp. L. Lat. cimba =cymbalum) , M.E. chymbe-belle , cymbal; Ital. coppa (Lat. cuppa) , a cup,O.F. cope, N.F. coupe, a cup, vase, N.F. cuve, a cask, Ital. cupola, a dome(Lat. cupula) , L. Lat. cupellus, Span. cubilete, L.G. kobelet, O.F.gobelet, N.F. gobelet (dim. ) , a cup (Lat. cupellus, found in Apicius).Balto-Slav. , Lith. kupa, kaupas, O. Slav. kupu, a heap, kumpas, ahump; Lith. kumbriti , to steer, kumbrys, the helm.Teutonic, O.H.G. hufo, N.H.G. haufe, O. Sax. hōp, O.N. hoppr, A.S. heap,Du. hoop, a heap, multitude, a troop, verlorner hoop,' the lost troop, cor- 6QUB✓QUBH-' The couvade prevailed in one form or another all over the world (see Tylor'sEarly History of Mankind, pp. 291-305). Even in England, as recently as fifty yearsago, traces of it remained in the belief of the peasantry in country villages here andthere, that the husband fell sick at the time of his wife's confinement.220 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√QUPQUBQUBHrupted into the forlorn hope, L.G. hump, a hump, hümpel (dim.) , a smallheap; Goth. hups, O.H.G. huf, N.H.G. hüfte, A.S. hype, the hip; O.N. hoppa,A.S. hoppian, M.E. hyppen (from A.S. *hyppan) , N.H.G. hüpfen, to hop,M.E. hobelen, Scot. hopple (freq. ofhop) , to hobble , walk lame, to fetter ahorse so that it can only go with a hop or halfjump, O.N. hop, Du. hoep,a hoop; M.E. hobby, hobby-horse, Dan. hoppe, a small trotting horse, Ital .ubino, o F. hobin, hobi, Teut. loan-words, s.s. (from L.G. hobben, to trot),in later English used for a toy' horse, a favourite pursuit or fancy (in thephrase ' to ride a hobby ' ) , O.F. and M.E. hobeler, one who had to maintaina horse for military service, cypa, a basket, a cask, cuppe, a cup (Lat.loan-words) .Celtic, cop- cob-, in Wel. coppa, copa, a head, borrowed in A.S. attarcoppa (lit. poison-head) , a spider, Wel. cob, a tuft, head, spider, M.E.cop-webbe, spider's web, Gael. copan, the boss ofa shield. Skeat givesas the root meaning of the Celtic words a round hump, a knob, ahead.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, cube, -ic , cubiform, &c. (through borrowed Lat. ) , cymbal.Latin, incubate, -ion , -us, cubit, cubicle, concubine, -age, incumbent, -cy, succumb, recumbent.L. Latin and Romance, covey, couvade, govern, -ment, or (fromGreek through Latin) , cuvée, a term used in wine making, cupola,goblet.Teutonic, heap, hope, in ' forlorn hope,' hump, humpback, hoop, hip,hipbone, hop, hopscotch , &c. , hobby- horse, one of the performers in amorris-dance, made up as a horse, hobble, hobbledehoy, hobby, coop (inhen-coop, &c. , also vb. from a.s. loan-word cypa) , cooper, a maker, ofcoops, casks, also used as a common English surname, Cooper; cup (A.S.loan- word cuppe) , cup-board , cupping-glass, hob, the nave of a wheel,the flat side of a grate. Hobler, Hooper, surnames.Celtic, cob- in cobweb, cob-nut, cob, a short thickset horse, cobble,a small lump.¹' Kruge remarks that the whole group of the words which carry the sense of cupand head, is one most difficult to unravel, especially if O.H.G. choph, chuph, a cup.M.H.G. kopf, a cup, N.H.G. kopf, head, are included among them with other Teutonicwords which, with the same or nearly the same form, have the double sense of headand cup or bowl, as O.N. kolla ( f. ) , a bowl, O.N. kollr ( m. ) , head. He considers thatN.H.G. kopf, is of genuine Teutonic origin, and that O.H.G. choph, chuph, at onetime had the sense of head as well as of cup, as evidenced by O.H.G. chuppha, M.H.G.kupfe, a head covering, from which Ital. cuffia, O.F. coiffe, Eng. coif are borrowed.His conclusion with respect to these words is that two sets of words may have beendeveloped, one following the line of Lat. cupa, a cask, Gk. kúπn, a cup, L. Lat. cuppaEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 221Far-Ar. QES , QSE, to scrutch, scrape, shave, rub, plane, smooth,polish, with variant ✔QSU . 'Sanscrit, ksha-, in kshayati, scratch , kshura, (Hindi) churi, a knife,kaiça, hair ofthe head.Greek, çɛ-, Ev- ( = kσE-, Kov-) , in §éw, to scrape, §úw, to scrape, §vρέω, to shave, ξυρόν, a razor, ξύλον, wood cut and ready for use;Calvo, to scratch, ev§nois (Gk. of modern formation) , ' easy shaving,'κόρυλος (for πόσυλος) , a hazelnut.Latin, car- (forcas-) , in car-ĕre (for cas-dere) , to comb wool, car-men,a comb for wool, car-duus, a thistle, corulus, corylus (Gk. loan-word) ,hazel-nut; perhaps cæsaries, ' a dark head of hair, the hair, cæsariatus,having long hair, from which some think that the name Cæsar isderived.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. carder, to card wool, L. Lat. carminare,to smooth out flax, also ' to make gross humours small and thin ' (an oldmedical term, Florio) , to ' to carminate or dissolve ventosities ' ( 1601);O.F. baire, a kind of coarse cloth, L. Lat. haira, M.E. haire, heare, haircloth, from O.N. hæra or O.B.G. hārā (s.s.) , o.F. mouaire, mohere, n.f.moire, from Arab. mukhayyar, a coarse cloth, but the spelling has beenaffected by O.F. haire, as also in the English mohair.(s.s. ) , Ital. coppa, a cap, Prov. cobs, the skull, with the primary sense of a vesselfor holding or containing something, afterwards extended to the skull, or head, as theholder ofthe brains. He cites as examples of a similar extension, F. tête, head, fromLat. testa, a tile, Goth. hwairni, a skull, A.S. hwer, a kettle, Du. hersen-pan, M.E.herne-panne, the brain-pan, the head, Du. hersen- becken, the brain-cup. By the sideof this set there is another genuinely Teutonic, starting from the idea of ' top, summit,'e.g. A.S and M.E. copp, also M.E. kopf, N.E. cop, a peak, summit, to which most probablyO.H.G. choph, N.H.G. kopf belonged, also O. Sax. coppod, crested. Between these twosets there was probably a very early confusion of meaning, though in HG. itmust have been considerably later (in the fifteenth or sixteenth century) that M.H.G.kopf exchanged its old meaning of cup for head in N.H.G., and supplanted the oldword haupt, hitherto the general Teutonic form (cp. Goth. haubith. O.N. höfudh,A.S. heafod ) . The root of these last is qebh-, but for O.H.G. choph, M. and N.H.G.kopf, A.S. copp, there must have been a transposition of the aspirate, changing theroot to ✔qheb . The Century Dictionary connects M.E. choppen, chappen. N.E. chop,in some of its senses with M.L.G. and Du. koppen = N.H.G. köpfen, to cut off the head,poll, amputate. This would mean that chop is derived from a L.G. kop ( = A.S. copp),a head. Murray ( Hist. Dict. ) derives chop , chap, from an A.S. *ceappian, not found;and Skeat connects these two words with Gk. Kórтw, to cut, which is a derivative fromEur-Ar. ✔qep-, from an earlier sqep-, and explains the o in the Teutonic word by the loss of s in the older form of the root.' See Brugmann, ii. 1025.The various forms of Cæsar (all borrowed from the Lat. ) , Gk. κaîoap, Goth.kaisar, O.H.G. keisar, N.H.G. kaiser, A.S. căsere, Icel. keisari, Turk. kayser, Hindikaisar, O. Pol. czar, Russ. tsari, N.E. czar, tzar, all in the sense of emperor. A secondexplanation connects Cæsar with cæsius, blue- or grey- eyed; a third with the cæsareanoperation (cædere, to cut), which was said to have been performed on the mother ofone of the Julii, to which house Cæsar belonged. There is no evidence whatever forthis, and the moɛt probable perhaps of the three is the derivation from cæsaries.222 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Balto-Slav. , Lith. kasau, scratch, O. Slav. cesati, Russ. chesati,card wool, Lith. kasa, O. Slav. kosa, kosmu, hair.¹Teutonic, Goth. * hazda, O.H.G. hår, N.H.G. haar, o.N. haddr, hār,A.S. heord, hær, hair, A.S. heordan, M.E. hardes, hyrdes, hurds, O.H.G.hārā, O.N. hæra, A.S. hære, haircloth, O.H.G. hasala, N.H.G. hasel, O.N.hasl, hesli, A.S. hæsel, M.E. hasel, hazel-nut.Celtic, O. Ir. cass, hair, N. Ir. cas, (subs. ) hair, a curl, (adj . ) twisted,curled, casla, frizzled wool, 2 O. Ir. coll , Wel. collen, Gael. call-tuinn,Corn. coll- widen, Bret. quel-vezenn (fr . a base * koslo) the hazel-nut.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, words compounded with xylo-, as xylo-balsamum, balsamwood.Latin, carminative.L. Latin and Romance, card (of wool) , hair-cloth , mohair (fromArabic by adaptation of French spelling) .Teutonic, hair, hair-less, hairy, -iness, &c. , hurds (refuse of flax)hazel.Eur-Ar. *QSEM, SEM, SMM, SM , SM, with by-forms QEM, QM,QEN, ON (preposition and prefix) , one, like, together, same,self; (indefinite) some, any, half(equal part). "Sanscrit, ( 1) sa- ( =Eur-Ar. sm-) prefix, in sa-kṛt, once, one timeor turn, once for all, sa- hasram, one thousand, sa-garbhas, ofone or thesame womb; ( 2) sam-, san-, sa- (prefix), together, like , the same, in samas,the same, saman, conciliation, kindness, sa-manas, sa-khas, unitedwith, sam-gamas, coming together (sam + gam, to come, go), sam-vid,consciousness (sam +vid, to know: cp. Lat. conscius) , sam-skṛtas, complete, perfect, Sanscrit, i.e. the perfect language, sa-kam, together,sa-bhā, a being together, a crowd, community, hall of assembly (sa- +bhav-, to be), sa-bhya, belonging to a community, san-dhi, construction,putting together (sam +dhe, to place) , sama-pita, having the samefather.The connection of Gk. róun, Lat. coma, with the supposed earlier forms кóoμn,cosma, is doubtful.2 So Macbain; but Stokes connects the Irish words for hair with Lat. quasilluma dim. of quālum ( = quaslum), from a base quas- with sense of twisted.The equation qsem qem = sem with their respective variants cannot beregarded as established . It is based on the assumption that şuv represents theoriginal form from which the sem- and the qem- forms have developed: the first bythe loss of the initial q of the double consonant qs, the second by the loss of thefinal s. Through the numerous derivatives in the several languages the generalunity of meaning seems to point to a unity of origin, notwithstanding the variety ofform; and the development of their various senses also appears to run on similar lines.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 223(3) sam (adv. and prep. ) , along with, with.(4) samas (pron. ) , anyone, some, every.

• QSEM

(5) sāmā, half-year, season, samayā (instrumental case used adverbially), in the middle, half, a-sāmis, not half, incompletely, sāmi- (incomp. ), half, as sāmi-jivas, half alive (cp. Lat. sēmi-vivus), sāma (n. ) ,equality.Zend, (1 ) ha- (prefix) , one, in ha-zanrem, one thousand, ha-keret, once.(2) ham-, ha- (prefix) , with, together, like, the same, &c. , in ha- cha,together, ham-as, equal, the same, hamapita, having the same father,hanjamana, coming together.(3) ham (prep. and adv.) , with, together.(4) hama (indef. ) , anyone, some.(5) hāma, half-year, season, summer.Armenian, (1 ) mi- (for sm-i -Eur-Ar. sm-), in mi (gen. mioj) , one(cp. Gk. µías).(2) ham- han- in han-dart, composed.(3) ham (prep. ), with, together. .(4) ham (indef. ), not found.(5) am- ( = Eur. sem-, Sans. sam) , in am, year, amarn, summer,amar-ayin, summer weather, cp. Ossetic, äm, like, equal.Greek, (1 ) ȧ-, ȧ-, ¿-, è̟-, ỏ- έµ- σμ-, with sense of oneness, inẵπağ, once, åπλóos, of one fold (å +πλóos), simple, έ-кaтóv, one hundred, à-dελpős (å + deλþús), ofone or the same womb, a brother, eis (m.) ,one, for åµs, έvs = Eur-Ar. sem-s) , µía (f. for oµía, fr. Eur-Ar. sm-) ,ev, neut. ( = σev, Eur-Ar. sem); оπатρоs, having the same or onefather; póvos, alone, for oµóvos (fr. Eur-Ar. sm-) , µovás (gen. µóvados),a monad, μώνυξ ( =σμῶνυξ) , having one claw; compounds of μόνοςin μóvapxos, sole ruler, μovaoτńpiov, a solitary dwelling, later amonastery, povaɣós (adj .) , solitary, (subs . ) a monk, povoyaµía, monogamy, μovóypaµµos, drawn with single lines , povóλoyos, ofsingle speech,μονολογία, μονοπωλία, sole right of sale, μονότονος, of single tone,μονωδία, a monody.(2) åµ-, ôµ-, å-, à-, ó, ỏ- (a copulative pref. ) , with, together, like,equal, in apa, together, amas, all together, aπedov, on equal plane orlevel, åµıxλa, a match or contest, ' Aµadpvádes, tree nymphs, whoselives were one with those of their trees; ouλos, an assembly, oµixía,company, a public speech or sermon, óµós, like, of the same kind,ópaλós, level, ávíµaλos, uneven, öµnpos, a security, hostage, used alsoas a personal name, oμoyevýs, of the same race or family, óµooúσios,ofthe same substance, opoios, like, oμoloтalns, having like feelings,opolovσios, oflike substance.SEM, SMMSM , SM QEM, QMQEN, QNON224 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.

• QSEM

SM-, SMOOQEM, QM QEN, QNON· (3) žúv, σúv, KOL- ( = Eur-Ar. qsmm, smm) , prep. with, andSEM, SMM prefix with sense of association and completeness, in Evvós, Koiás, common, for movies, roμ-ios (Brugmann, i. 171) , κowvó-Bios, living in community; oúv, with , and in comp. as in ovv- ayyiov, aplace ofassembly(ovv + ǎryw), ovv-aípeois, contraction, ovv-dixos, an advocate, syndic,σύνθεσις, placing together, σύνοδος, an assembly, σύνταξις, arrangement, syntax, øvy-коπý, a cutting short, sudden loss of strength, oúyκρασις, a mixture, συλλαβή, a syllable, συλλογισμός, α reckoningtogether, σύμβολον, α watch-word, συμμετρία, symmetry, συμπαθής,suffering with, having like feeling, ovµwvla, symphony, ovoτnμa, asystem, (lit. ) a standing together.(4) ȧpo- (Att. ), àµo- (Ion.) , from some place orother, ovdaµoû,nowhere, ovdaµâs, in no wise (indef. ) .(5) µi- ( = Eur-Ar. sēmi-, Sans. sāmi), half, in qμiovs, half,ημικρανία, a pain affecting one side of the head, ἡμί-κυκλος, a semicircle, nu - nyía, paralysis of halfthe body, &c. 'Latin, (1) sem-, sim-, sin-, with sense of one, in sem- el, once,sem-per, continuously, always, sem-piternus, perpetual, simplus, of onefold or sort, unmixed, simplex, -icis , simple, -icitas, singuli, one apiece,singularis, singular, sincerus, -itas , unmixed, sincere, -ity, sincinium, asolo, singulatim, singultim, singillatim, one by one, singultus, a sob;Lat. monachus (Gk. loan-word).(2) sim-, with sense of union, likeness, in similis , like, similitudo,likeness, assimilis, like to, dissimilis, unlike, .dissimilitudo, simulare,similare, to imitate, feign, simulacrum, an image, a likeness, simulatio,afeigning, simultas, an encounter, hostile meeting, quarrel, assimulare,assimilare, to imitate, make one thing like to another, assimulatio, assimilatio, dissimulare, to feign that a thing is not what it is, dissemble,conceal, dissimulatio.(3) cum (prep.) , with , com-, con-, co-, prefix, Osc. kum-, Umbr.ku-, denoting association, completeness; com- is unchanged before b, p.m, and sometimes before vowels, but assimilated before r and generallybefore 1, and changed to con- before the other consonants, to cobefore h, and, as a rule, before the vowels: e.g. in com-burere, commonere, componere, com-eo, but co-ire, corrigere, colligere, concipere,conferre, condere, &c. , co-hærere, cohibere. Sometimes there is a contraction of co- with the initial vowel of the verb, as co-agere to cogere, co-agitare to cogitare, co-opia to copia, co-opulare to copulare,co-apere to cœpi, coitus to cœtus. Con-tra (Oscan contrud), or controsometimes in comp. (from coni- tera, old comp. termination: Brug-EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 225mann, i. 175¹) , against, contrarius, contrary, -ietas, -iety, and in com- * QSEMpounds, as contradicere, &c.(4) The indefinite sense of sem- is not found in Latin.(5) sẽmi-, sẽm-, ses-, se-, sin-, half, in semis (indecl. ) , a half, semestris, half-monthly, sem-bella, a half-libella, sin-ciput, half the head,semicirculus, semivocalis , sestertius, (adj . ) two and a half, (subs. ) asesterce, a coin ( = 21 asses) , sestertium, a thousand sesterces, sesquipes, one foot and a half, sesqui- pedalis.L. Latin and Romance, (1 ) from sem- ( =one) , Ital . , Prov. , O.F.sempre, always, N.F. sempiternel, Ital . semplice, semplicità, N.F. simplicité (fr. simplex), Ital. scempio, stupid, silly, F. simple, unmixed,simple, simplifier, to simplify; Ital. singolare, Prov. senglars, o.F.singlier, singulier, M.E. singuler, singular; Ital. cinghiale, cignale,Prov. senglar, O.F. senglier, N.F. sanglier, a boar (orig. ' porc senglier,'the solitary or wild pig: cp. Gk. µoviós, a boar), Ital. singulo, O.F. andM.E. single, sengle, single; L. Lat. singluttare, Ital. singhiozzare, Prov.senglotar, F. sangloter, to sob; Ital. monaco, Prov. monges, O.F. moigne,N.F. moine, ² a monk, Ital. monastero, Prov. monestiers , O.F. monstier,N.F. moutier, a monastery.(2) sem- with sense of together, like, Ital . simile , Prov. sem-ble-s , o F.sem-ble, Ital. sembiabile, semblabile, o. and N.F. and M.E. semblable, like,appearing, Ital. sembiante (adj . ) , sembianza (subs. ) , Prov. semblant, semblansa, O.F semblant, semblance, M.E. semblaunt, semblaunce like, apparent, likeness, appearance, Ital. sembrare, sembiare, Prov. semblar, o.F.sembler, M.E. semblen, resemble, appear, seem (the pr. participles Ital .sembiante, O.F. and M.E. semblant, are used also as substantives, seeming,aspect, appearance); Ital. insieme, insembre, Prov. ensems, ensemps , O.F.and M.E. ensemble, (as adv. ) together, in the mass, (as subs . ) the whole; Ital.similare, O.F. similaire, N.E. similar; L. Lat. assimulare, assimilare, tomeet, bring together, Ital. assimilare with proper sense to assimilate, butassemblea, an assembly, assembrare, to assemble, resemble, Prov. as-semelhar, to liken, Prov. assemblar, to assemble, O.F. as-sembler, M.E. assemblen,earlier sense to liken, later to collect, gather, meet, N.F. as-similer, tomake like, assimilate, Ital. dissimigliare, to be unlike, dissimulare, to=¹ Others (as Prellwitz) connect contra with card, Eur- Ar. qnta; but this leaves rin contra unexplained .2 Moineau, a sparrow, is not really derived from moine, a monk, but from O.F.moissonel, moisnel ( representing a L. Lat. muscionellus, fem. of Lat. muscio, a smallbird, lit. a fly- catcher) , N.F. moineau, a sparrow. Litré holds this word to bedistinct from inoisnel and to have been formed on moine, a monk, quoting theVulgate ' passer solitarius in tecto. ' It is more probable, however, that moineau= O.F. moisnel, and there may have been a malicions playfulness in assimilating moisnel to moineau.SEM, SMMSM->, SMQEM, QMQEN, QNQ226 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.

• QSEM feign, Prov. and o.F. dessembler, to be unlike, N.F. dissimuler, to feign;

SEM, SMM Ital . risembrare, Prov. ressemblar, O.F. ressembler, resembler, M.E.SM , SM resemblen, to resemble.QEM, QMQEN, QN(3) sem- as a prefix is represented by com-, con-, co- (with senseof uniting, or completing) , which in most compounds are plainly discernible, but in others are more or less disguised in their Eng.derivatives: e.g. Lat. coactus (p. p. of cogere, to compel) , Ital . coatto,quatto, Prov. quait, compressed, crouched down; Lat. coactare, to force,compress, Ital . * quattare, (dial. ) cattare, to crouch ( ' Cent. Dict. ') , o.f.quatir, N.F. catir (Brachet) , M.E. quat, to press down, compress; L. Lat.coactare, F. cacher, to conceal, se cacher, to crouch down, cache, a hiddenstore of provisions, cachette, a hiding place, cachot, a dungeon, cachet,a seul, stamp, that which hides the contents of a letter; L. Lat. * excoactare, O.F. esquatir, M.E. squatten, lay flat (trans. ) , to crouch down(intrans. ) , M.E. squat (adj . ) , flattened; L. Lat. * ex- coacticare, O.F.esquachier, escachier, esquacher, escacher, N.F. écacher, M.E. squacchen,squachen, to crush, squash; Lat. colligere, Ital . cogliere, Prov. colhir,O.F. coillir, cuillir, M.E. culien, pluck, cull, collect, also to coil, to wind arope together (cp. Port. colher un cabo, to coil a rope); Lat. and Ital.collocare, Prov. colcar, colgar, o.F. colcher, N.F. coucher, M.E. couchen,to lay down, place, to lower a spear, to depress the opaque lens belowthe axis of vision, to remove a cataract (trans. ) , to lie down (intrans.),Prov. colga, O.F. colche, couche, M.E. cowche, couche, a bed, couch,lair; Lat. cognitus, Ital. cognito, o.F. cointe, known, accointier, makeknown, quaint, acquaint; counte, counter, compter (Lat. computare,to reckon), count, countess , county ( Lat. com-es, -itis) , cousin, L. Lat.cosinus, -na from Lat. consobrinus, mother's sister's son, cozen, to callcousin, deceive by feigning relationship; cover, curfew, kerchief (Lat.co-operire) , Lat. commeatus, Ital. comiata, Prov. comjatz, O.F. conget,N.F. congé, leave of absence, dismissal, copy (Lat. coopia), costume,custom (Lat. consuetudo), escort (L. Lat. ex-corrigere), corvée, forcedlabour (fr. Lat. corrogare, to demand =0.F. *cor-rover, not found, butthe simple form rover, rouver, to ask, demand, is given by Diez andKörting) , L. Lat. corvata, corvada, corvea, labour demanded by thelord from his tenants or serfs; curtain (L. Lat. co-vortina, fr . convertere), court, courtesy, &c. (Lat. co-hors); o.F. contre, M.E. countre,counter in comp. , L. Lat. contrata, contrada, Ital. contrada, O.F.contree, contrie, M.E. countree, country, (lit. ) that which lies overagainst or before, the neighbouring land, a district, country.(4) sem- as indefinite base has no derivatives in the Romancelanguages.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 227(5) semi, half, in Span. san-cochar, to half-cook, O. Ital . semo , * QSEMProv. sem, diminished, Ital. scemare, Prov. semare, to diminish, enfeeble, SEM, SMMO.F. semer, to separate, divide (fr . L. Lat. semus, mutilated: ' qui non SM , SMintegro est corpore, ' Du Cange) , Span. xeme, measure of half a foot; QEM, QMItal. emigrania, magrana, O.F. migraine, M.E. migrene, migreyme, QEN, QNmigrim, N.E. megrim, nervous headache; Ital. semi, half, but French,except in some adopted Latin compounds of semi-, uses demi- fromLat. dimidius.Balto-Slav. , sem-, ( 1) O. Slav. samu, alone, one, self, samehni,quite alone, Russ. samovaru, a tea-urn, (lit. a self-boiler).(2) O. Slav. sa-, sū-, să-, O. Pruss. sen, Lith. sa-, sa-, su-, prefixand prep., with, in N. Slav. sa-sēdu, a neighbour, so-sednja, anassembly, sasu, together, sase, by turns, sa-mone (sa +minti , to think),consciousness; Lith. seb-ras, O. Slav. seb-rů, a cultivator, a neighbour,Russ. sjabr, a friend, (orig. ) one of the sept or clan, who had and tilleda share of the land belonging to the community.(3) Russ. su, so, with, samui, the same, he.(4) sem-, half, in Pol. sa-zyca for sa-razyca, halfrye.Teutonic, (1 ) sem- ( = one), in Goth. simle, once, O.H.G. simble,O. Sax. simla, A.S. simle, always (Diefenbach) , O.H.G. munih, M.H.G.munech, münch, N.H.G. mönch, A.S. munuc, munec, M.E. monek, munke,N.E. monk, O.H.G. munusturi, N.H.G. münster, A.S. mynster, M.E.munster, mynster, N.E. minster (loan-words from Gk. thr. Lat.).(2) sam-( =Eur- Ar. sem, together), with, like, equal, same, in Goth.sama, O.H.G. sam (adj . ), sama (adv. ), o.N. samr, A.S. same (adv.) , thesame (the N.H.G. uses selber, the same); O.N. sam-, with (prefix), as insam-vit, conscience, consciousness, from base vit-, to know, sam-sæti,sitting together, &c.; -sam, M.E. -sum, N.E. -some, suffix with sense oflike, as in Goth. lustu-sam, N.H.G. lust-sam, giving or having pleasure,N.H.G. ein-sam, lonely, A.S. wynsum, lovely, pleasing, A.S. *buhsum,

• boc-sum (not found), M.E. bugh-sum, buh-sum, buxom, N.E. buxom,

(lit.) easily bent, pliable, submissive, obedient; Goth. samath, O.H.G.samant, M.H.G. samet, N.H.G. samt, O.N. samt, A.S. samod, together,Goth. samana, together, also (indef. ) anywhere, O.H.G. samane (inzizamane), N.H.G. zusammen, O.N. saman, A.S. samen, together, O.H.G.samanon, M.H.G. samelen, N.H.G. sammeln, O.N. samna, A.S. samnian,to collect, assemble; Goth. sibya, O.H.G. sibba (Vigfusson) , sippa(Kluge), N.H.G. sippe, relationship, affinity, O.N. Sif (sing. ) , the nameof the wife of Thor, the goddess of marriage and the family, (plur. )sib, affinity, connection by marriage, A.S. sibb , a relation (cp. Sans.sa-bha, sa-bhyas); O.N. gudh-sifja, A.S. godsibb, M.E. godsib, gossyb,9 2223 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.

• QSEM N.E. gossip, a sponsor (cp. Pepys's Diary: ' to be gossip to Mrs. Daniel's

SEM, SMM child ') .SM-, SMQEM, QMQEN, QN(3) Goth. ga-, O.H.G. gi-, N.H.G. ge-, O.N. ga, g-, A.. ge-, M.E.3e- i- y-, prefix ( =Eur-Ar. qm) , used with collective, intensive, andperfecting sense: e.g. (a) as a collective, as in N.H.G. gebirge, amountain range, from berg, a mountain; N.H.G. geselle, a comrade,from saal, a room , gemahl, a bridegroom, husband, from 0.H.G. mahal,a contract, gemäss, adj . , according to measure (fr. messen, to measure),gefährte (from fahrt, a journey) , a fellow-traveller, &c . , cp. M.E.zeferred, companionship, Goth. gamains, living in community; O.H.G.gemeini, N.H.G. gemein, a.s. gemæne, common, belonging to a community, M.E. imene, meene, N.E. mean, low . '(B) Intensive: O.H.G. gần, gễn, N.H.G. gehen, A.S. gān, tʊ go (fromga+e-, or ei- , to go: cp. A.S. eode, went); Goth. ganohs, O.H.G. ginuog,N.H.G. genug, A.S. genoh, M.E. zenoh, inogh, inough, N.E. enough;O.H.G. garo (adj . ) , garawo (adv. ) , ready, prepared ( =gi-, ga- + ear-: ep.A.S. earo [ from Eur-Ar. √ar-] to make ready, finish); N.H.G. gar, quite,altogether, ON. görr, ready, finished, a.s. gearo, M.E. zare (adj .) , M E.gere (subs. ), N.E. yare (adj . ) , ready, gear (subs.) , dress, O.H.G. garawe,M.H.G. garwe, A.S. gearwe, O.N. görwi, preparedness, dress, gear,O.F. garbe (fr . M.H.G. garwe) , M.E. garbe, N.E. garb, dress , O.B.G. gariwen ,M.H.G. gerwen, N.H.G. gerben, to make ready, to tan leather (cp. о.H.G.leder garawo, a tanner), A.S. gearwian, to prepare, dress, adorn, M.E.3arwen, 3ærwen, geren, garen (cp. ' this gome gered in grene,' thisman dressed in green); O.H.G. garawa, N.H.G. garbe, A.S. gearuwe, M.E.zarowe, N.E. yarrow, the milfoil, because used as a dressing for soresand wounds, A.S. geclepian, M.E. iclepien, p. t. icleped, iclept,now an archaism (ge +clepian, to call); A.S. gewiss (adj . ) , certain(known), but used later as adv. certainly, M.E. ywis, s.s. ( =ge + wisfrom witan, to know); N.H.G. glaube, belief (fr. O.H.G. giloubo =gi +√lub-) , A.S. ge-leafa; N.H.G. glied, fr . O.H.G. gilid ( =gi +O.H.G. lid,Goth. lithus, A.S. lidh, a limb); N.H.G. gleich, fr. O.H.G. gilih, A.S.gelic, Goth. ga-leiks, (lit. ) having the same body, like (ga +leih,³ a2¹ This bad sense is probably due to another A.S. mæne, O. and N.H.G. mein, false,O.N. meinn, hurtful, from which ' O. and N.H.G. mein- eid, O.N. mein-eidhr, A.S.mæneuth, mānāth, a fulse oath. The connection of this with Goth. gamains, A.S.gemæne, is doubtful. Kluge compares Lith. mainas, disguise, deception, O. Slav.měna, change, alteration, and thinks connection with Lat. mentiri improbable.2 See Skeat, ad vb: ' We are told in co*ckayne's A.S. Leechdoms that Achilleswas the first person who applied it to the cure of sword-wounds; hence, indeed , isits botanical name, Achillea Millefolium .'• This should have been brought under ga-, as a prefix with the sense of like.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 229body: cp. N.H.G. leiche, Eng. lych- in lych-gate); M.H.G. gelich, O.F. * QSEMghelicque, M.E. gleek, a game ofcards; N.H.G. glück, fr . M.H.G. gelücke, SEM, SMMluck. SM-, SM(y) As an expression of completeness: the prefix used in past parti- QEM, QMciples of Teutonic verbs to denote completion of the action, as N.H.G. QEN, ONgethan, done (fr. thun, to do) , &c. It has disappeared in this functionfrom English, except in handiwork, handicraft ( = A.S . hondgeweorc,hondgecraft), (orig. ) that which has been done by hand, now used alsoin the active sense, the doing by hand.(4) smm, with an indefinite sense, as Goth. sums, some one orother, suman, some time, O.N. sumr, A.S. sum, some one, (pl . ) sume, some,M.E. sum, som, (pl. ) summe, somme, some, A.S. sum (as adv. ), about,used before a numeral as sum-hund, about a hundred, whence theEng. idiom, some twenty, about twenty.¹(5) sēmi, smm-, half, in O.H.G. sami, A.S. sam, half, O.H.G. sumar,N.H.G. sommar, O.N. sumar, A.S. sumor, sumer, M.E. somer, sumer, summer.Celtic, sam-, com-, con-, co- ( = Eur. sem-, sm, qem, qmm, qm,with, together, like, &c . ) , in Gael . and Ir. samhach, quiet, samh, pleasant,same, rest (Stokes); Gael. and Ir. samhail, like, O. Wel. amal, N. Wel.hafal, Corn. havel, avel, Bret. haual, like (cp. Gk. óµaλós), Gael.samhrad, O. Ir. sam, samrad, N. Wel. samhrad, Wel. and Corn. haf,Bret. haff, hanv, summer, Goth. sam-huinn, 2 Hallow-tide, Ir. samhain,(early) samain, which Stokes explains as assembly (cp. Sans. samanas), and denoting the gathering at Tara on November 1; Ir. som, self,the same, Ir. san, special, different, O. Wel. han, another, Wel. hanter,hanner, Bret. hanter, a half (cp. Lat. contra) , Wel. hanneru, to halve;Gael. comh- com- con-, co-, coimh-, O. Ir. com- co-, N. Ir. com- co-,Wel. cym- cyn- cyf-, prefix with sense of with, together, as Gael . andO. Wel. comar, Wel. cymmer, Bret . kemper, confluence ( = com + O. Ir.ber, to bear, cp. ovµpépw, Lat . con-fero) , Gael . comalta, a foster-brother(=qem + el, to nourish) , Wel. cyfal, like, Wel. Cym-ro, a Welshman,(pl. ) Cymri, O. Wel. cym-mro, of the same land = cym + Wel. andPerhaps Goth. sundro, separately , O.H.G. suntar, specially, but, N H.G. sonder,without, O.N. sundr, A.S. sundor, M.E. onsunder, N.E. a- sunder, may be referred toEur-Ar. smm-tara ( = smm + comp. term. -tera), with the same change of meaning asLat. com, with, to con- tra, against, from con + -tra. Cp. Brugmann's derivation of Gk,Tepos, another, from Eur- Ar. smteros, a comparative formation from sem, one (ii . 181 ) ,also of ǎrep, but, beside, which he connects with Sans. sanitur, beside, except, sanutar,aside, far off, awayfrom, and Goth. sun-dro ( cp. also Zend. hanare, Lat. sine, without),Wel. han-ter, a half (fr. han, another) , and says of the Greek and German words thatthey contain Eur.Ar- sn- as a root syllable ( ii. 177) . The other derivatives of sundro,&c , are O.H.. suntaron, N.H.G. sondern, O.N. sundra, A.S. sundrian, M.E. sundren,N.E. sunder, O.N. sund, N.E. a sound, a channel.

• Generally explained as for samfuin, end ofsummer.

230 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.

• QSEM Bret. bro, inhabited land, country (cp. Allo-broges, men of another

SEM, SMM land, Celt. ail , another, +brog, ' country) .SM-, SMQEM, QMQEN, QN=Sanscrit, Sanscrit.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, (1 ) hecatomb, Philadelphia, Adelphi, hendyadis, monad,monarch, -y, -ical , monastery, -tic (thr. Lat. loan-words), compounds ofmono- as mono-gram, monograph, monologue, monomania, monopoly,monotone, -ous, monody, &c.(2) Hamadryad, homily, -etic, anomaly, -ous, Homer, hom*ogeneous,hom*o-usia, hom*oiusia, homœopathy, and other compounds of hom*o- orhomœo-; cœnobite (thr. Lat. loan-word) . (3) Compounds of σvv-, assynagogue, synæresis, synthesis, -etic, syndic, -ate, syntax, syncope,idiosyncrasy, syllable, syllogism, symbol, symbolic, symmetry, -cal,sympathy, -etic, symphony, system , -atic , &c.(5) Compounds of μ-, as hemicrania, hemicycle, hemiplegia,hemi-pterous, hemi- sphere, hemistich, half a line, &c.Latin, (1 ) sempiternal, sigillatim, simple, -ness, simpleton (simple +F. dim. term. -ton) , simplicity, -ify, -ification , singular, -ity, single,-ness, sincere, -ity (all thr. Romance) , singultus, -ation (med. ); ( 2)similitude, dissimilitude, assimilate, -ion , dissimilate, -ion, simulate,-ion, dissimulate, -ion , simile, simulacrum, simultaneous; (3) compoundsof com-, con-, co-, with, in words of Lat. origin, as in combustion, commotion, composition, coition , correct, collect, concept, confer, cohere, &c. ,also with contractions as cogent, cogitate, copious; copula; contra, contrary, -iety, con in the phrase ' pro and con,' &c. , and in compounds, ascontradict; (5) sinciput, semicircle, semivowel, and other compoundsof semi-; sesterce, a Roman coin, sesqui ( = 1 ) in sesqui-carbonate,sesquipedalian, &c.6L. Latin and Romance, ( 1 ) single, simple, singular, sincere (seeunder Lat. ); (2) semblance, assemble, -bly, -blance, ensemble in thephrase tout ensemble '; dissemble, resemble, -blance; (3) compoundsof com-, con-, co-, in words of Romance descent, as in combat, compound, concert, countenance, and in many contractions, as in squat,squash, cache, cachet, in the phrase ' lettre de cachet '; cull, coil,couch, couchant, accoucheur; quaint, acquaint, -ance; count (subs. atitle), county, countess, count (vb. ) , to compute, discount, &c. , counter,compter (subs. ) , a board for counting, cousin, cozen, cover, curfew, kerchief, covert, congé, copy, costume, custom, accustom, escort, corvée,' Macbain gives brog = mrog, and connects this with Lat. margo, Goth. marka,A.S. mearc, Eng. march, the bor ler, and Mercia.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 231dcurtain, court, courtesy, -eous, &c.; from contra, counter (adj . ) , encounter, and in comp. with words of Romance descent, as counteract,counterfeit, counterpoise, &c.; (5) semi-, megrim.Balto-Slav. , samovar, a tea-urn.Teutonic, (1) monk, -ish, minster, Munich, Munster, from Gk. thr.Lat.; (2) same, -ness, -some in comp. as winsome, buxom, &c. , sib,gossip; (3) ga- ge- ( =cum) , in handiwork, handicraft; go, ago, enough,yare (dial.) , gear, garb, yarrow, iclept, iwis (archaisms); (4: indefinite), some, something, &c.; (5: sēmi-) , summer, mid-summer. Tothese may perhaps be added (see footnote, p . 229) sunder, sundry,asunder, sound, a narrow channel (lit. that which separates).Celtic, Cymric.Eur-Ar. QNE , to scratch, gnaw, bite, with extensions QNE P√QNE-D- √QNU-D- carrying a similar meaning.Sanscrit, kand (for knad-) , in kandu, scratch, kana, grain, powder.Greek, κνα-, κνο-, κνιδ-, κνη-θ-, κναπ-, in κνάω, κνύω, to scratch ,κνίζω ( = κνίδ-ιω) , to scrape, κνίδη, a nettle, κνήθω, to scratch, κνάπτω,to card or comb wool, κvápadov, wool torn off in the carding, Kvapeús,a cloth-dresser, kovís , gen. kovíd-os ( = kvís, kvídos, by anaptyxis), theeggs oflice, kví , a kind of aphis.Latin, cnide, a nettle (Gk. loan-word) , cnedinus, relating to nettles) ,cinis, -eris, ashes.L. Latin and Romance, Prov. cenre, cendre, F. cendre, ¹ ashes.Balto-Slav. , knis-, in Lith. knisu, to grub (as swine) , scratch up (asbirds), Bohem. hnida, Lett. and Russ. gnides, nit.Teutonic, hnit-, hnut-, hnap-, in o.H.G. hniz, N.H.G. niss , a S. hnitu,O.N. gnit, a nit; O.N. hnot, A.S. hnutu, M.E. note, O.H.G. nuz, N.H.G. nuss,a nut, O.H.G. nazza, nezzila (Fick adds an older form, hnazza ² ) , N.H.G.nessel, A.S. netele, nettle, O.N. hnöggr, Swed. njugg, M.E. nygun,nigg*rdly, ' scraping together , niggling ' (the -ard in nigg*rd is thesame suffix as in drunk-ard, bragg-art, &c.); A.S. hnoppa, M.E. noppe,the nap ofcloth (cp. Gk. кváπ- тw, to dress cloth, A.S. gnæt, O.N. gnatā,a gnat.' The English cinders should be spelt sinders, and has no etymological connection with F. cendre, although its spelling has been adapted to that of the French word.2 Kluge denies this, and separates the Teutonic names of the nettle; see hisexplanation under ✔ne- neu-. He derives O.H.G, nuz, A.S. hnutu, &c. , from √oud(cp. Gk. κνύω).232 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Celtic, O. Ir. cnu, a nut, cned, a sore, wound, Wel. cneuen, (pl. ) cnau,a nut, cneifio, to shear, cnaif, a shearing, Corn. cneu, Bret. kneau, afleece, Gael. cnuasnaich, Ir. cnuasuighim, to collect (lit. to scrapetogether).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, cinerary, cineraria (from the ash-like down on the leaves).Teutonic, nit, nut, walnut, chestnut, ' nettle (subs.) , nettle (to irritate), nigg*rd, niggle, nap (of cloth) , napless, gnat.Eur-Ar. QNAGH GNAGH , extension of QNE , only found as aTeutonic base in O.H.G. gnagen, 2 N.H.G. nagen, O.N. gnaga, A.S.gnagan, M.E. gnawen, to gnaw, Swed. nagga, to nibble.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, gnaw, nag.Eur-Ar. QSHEI QSHI , to waste away, destroy.Sanscrit, kshi-, in kshinomi, destroy.Greek, φθι-, in φθίω, φθίνω, to waste away, φθίσις, decay, consumption, poioikós, consumptive.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, phthisis, phthisic.Eur-Ar. QSHER , to destroy, waste away.Sanscrit, kshar-sati, flows away.Greek, p0sp-, in 40ɛípw (for peépiw) , to destroy, poopá, destruction, plɛíp, a louse, p0ɛipíaois, morbus pedicularis.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, phthiriasis.Eur-Ar. QSHE √QSHEI√QSHI , with senses to abide, dwell, rule,possess.Sanscrit, ksha-, kshi-, in kshayati, kshiyati, dwells, rules, possesses ,The first syllable, chest-, is derived from кaσтavéα, a chestnut ( so called fromCastana, a city in Pontus: cр. кáρvа Kаσтаvaiká, nuts of Castana) , Lat. castanea,L. Lat. castenia, O.H.G. chestinna, N.H.G. kastauie, A.S. cisten- team, chestnut-tree,chestnut, Ital. castagna, Prov. castanha, O.F. chastaigne, M.E. chastein, chesten, N.F.chataigne, N.E. chestnut.2 K.uge regards the initial g as a root letter, not as the Teut. prefix ge- (so, too,Noreen); but see under nogh- negh-.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 233kshayas, a dwelling, abode, tribe, kshayunas, habituble, kshātras , √QSHEkshatriyas, (adj . ) relating to the military caste, ruling, (subs.) master, √QSHEIkshātram, kshatriyam, rule, dominion, ksh*tis, a dwelling, settlement, √QSHIkshētram, a settlement, field, ( Hindi) khēt, a field; kshe- payati, tarries,rests, dwells, kshup, night (time of rest).Zend, xça-, in xçathrem, O. Pers. xçaçam, ruler, Zend, çoithrem,settlement, field, çitis , dwelling, settlement, field, O. Pers. Xçayarca,Xerxes (the ruler) , N. Pers. shah, bādshah, pādshah, king, shahan- shah,king of kings.Greek, ктα- , кtŋ-, ktɩ-, in kтáoμaι , fut. ктý- ooμai, to possess,KTησis, possessing, ктĥμa, anything possessed, κтηтós, acquired,¿πÍKTηTOS, acquired in addition, Epictetus (a personal name) , îтñ- vos,a possession, an ox or sheep, кτýνεα, flocks and herds; kтíÇw, to coloniseor settle a country, found a city, produce, create, κτíσis, a founding,settling, creation, creature, îтíσтns, founder, creator , ктíσµа, a settlement.L. Latin and Romance, from N. Pers. shah, introduced by theArabs with a semiguttural pronunciation of the final h; L. Lat.scacci, scaci, scachi, Ital. scacchi, Prov. escacs, O.F. eschecs, escacs,eschec, echez, M.E. ches, chesse, chess (all plural forms): the game isso named from the word shah being called whenever the king wasdirectly attacked, and from the expression shah mat, the king is dead;L. Lat. scacco, Prov. escac, O.F. eschec, eschac, M.E. chec, chac, N.E.check (i.e. shah, king): these are all singular, and used as a call todraw the notice of the player to the danger of his king. The Span.ajedrez, Port. xadrez, chess, are formed, not from shah, but from Arabicloan-word shatrenj , from O. Pers. chatr-ang (chess) = Sans. chatur-anga,the Indian name of the game, denoting the four divisions of an army(see under qetuer); L. Lat, scaccarium, Ital. scacciere , Prov. escaquier,O.F. eschekier, M.E. chekere, cheker, chequer, a chess-board; N.E.chequer or checker, retained until the close of the last century its oldsense of chess-board, but since then chequer, or its modern formexchequer, has the meaning of a table for accounts, the court ofexchequer 2; in the plural, chequers is the old name for the games ofchess and draughts, and is still used as the sign of an inn ' 3 (theThe name originally referred to the table covered with a cloth divided intosquares (like a chess-board), on which the accounts of the revenue were kept bymeans of counters (see Murray's Hist. Dict.) .2 This is a mistaken spelling of F. eschequier, in which e is an addition tofacilitate the pronunciation of sch- (frequent in F., as O.F. estude [ from Lat.studium], N.F. étude, &c. ) and has nothing to do with ex, the Lat. preposition.Said to be so called because the monopoly of French wine was granted by one234 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.6Chequers); chequer, checker (as a verb) means to diversify, as in theexpression a chequered life.' Port. xaguate (from xaque) , a repulse,check, Ital. scacco, a defeat, N.F. échec, a check, repulse, M.E. chec,chekke, an attack, hindrance, stopping, N.E. check (vb.) , to restrain,reprove, prevent, with similar senses as subs. , restraint, &c. , also clothof a chequered pattern, a token of receipt, the counterfoil of a bill ordraft for money, an order for money (serving as a check upon fraud):in this sense it is often written cheque.Balto-Slav. , sko- ska-, ' in O. Slav. sko-tu, cattle, skoti, money, Russ.skot, cattle and money, Lith. ska-tigas, Lett. skatigs, old Prussian coinsor counters, Russ. skot-nyca, a treasure-chamber.Teutonic, Goth. skatts, O.H.G. scaz, money, a piece of money, M.H.G.(to the thirteenth century) schaz, money, property, wealth, N.H.G.schatz, treasure, O.N. skattr, a tax, tribute, in mod. Icelandic, a shareor portion offood, a breakfast, A.S. sceot, a tax, A.S. sceatt, a smallcoin, money, property, O. Sax. scat (s.s. ) , O. Fries. sket, money, cattle.Du Cange gives L. Lat. scata, a small coin, O.F. scot, a contribution,payment, O.F. escot (s.s. ) , escotter, to pay your share. These arederived from one or other of the Teutonic forms.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Zend, Xerxes, Artaxerxes, Shah, pasha, bashaw, shahzada, prince,shahzadi, princess, shahan-shah.Greek, Epictetus, pers. n.L. Latin and Romance, chess, check (subs. and vb. ), cheque,chequer, checker, exchequer.Teutonic, scot, (originally) a tax, a payment, as A.S. leohtsceot,light-tax or payment, Rome- scott, payment made to Rome, scot-free ,free from payment, shot, vulgar corruption of scot.Eur-Ar. QSHEN-, to kill.Sanscrit, kshan- in kshan-oti, kills.Greek, KTƐv- in кtɛivw (for xtév-¿w) , to kill.of the Henries to an Earl of Warenne, whose coat of arms ( a chequer of or and azure)was placed over the inn, as a sign that it had been duly licensed to sell French wines.Balto- Slav. and Teut. sko- ska- = Eur-Ar. qshe, Gk. Kтα- Kтi- Kтn, cр. Gk. KтÑ- VOS(KTŋ- +Eur-Ar. suff. -na) , money, cattle, with O. Slav. sko- tu ( = sko + Eur-Ar. suff. -to)money, cattle, and with A.S. sceatt, O. Sax. scat, O. Fries. sket, money, cattle,property. It is doubtful whether the Slavonic and Teutonic terms are independentof each other, or whether one of the two races has borrowed from the other.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 235Eur-Ar. √QË- √QEI- √QED-, with variants VŘĚ- √ŘEI- VŘEDand older forms SQL SQEI , and with sense of covering,overspreading, sheltering, protecting, taking care of, observing,guarding against, seeing.Sansorit, chha- (for çcha-) , in chhāya, shade, shelter, dimness, lustre,colour (cp. Gk. oxía, shade) , ' chhatra, an umbrella, Anglo-Indianchattar, with same meaning.Latin, ca-, ca-d- (as from ke-d-) , in cassis, helmet (for cad-tis), casa,a cottage, castrum, a camp.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. casa, a cottage, casino, a country house,casacca, a great coat, F. casaque, a cassock, O.F. chez, a house (subs.),'Je vais a chez Gautier,' Vado ad casam Walterii,' afterwards apreposition, ' at the house of,' F. case, a cottage; Ital . casamatta, F. casemate, a bomb-proof chamber with embrasures, L. Lat. casibula, a mantle(Isidore), Ital. casubla, O.F. chasuble, M.E. chesible, a chasuble; L. Lat.castellum, a castle, dim. of castrum, Ital. castello, o.F. chastel, castel,M.E. castel, N.F. château, a castle, Swiss chatelet, châlet, Alpine cottage,Span. Castilla, Castile, so called from its frontier castles, L. Lat.castellanus, O.F. castellain, -e, chatelain, -e, lord, lady of the castle,F. casque (?) , helmet.Teutonic, A.S. hætte, o.N. hattr, a hat.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. cathair, O. Ir. cathir, Wel. caer, Bret. kaer,a fort, a city (loan-words from castrum: Stokes and Macbain); Gael.cathair, Ir. cathaoir, Wel. cadair, Bret. kador, a chair, seat, are fromκaðédρa; Gael. and Ir. clo, mist, covering, ciar (adj .) , misty, shady,Wel. cadw, to keep, protect, caead , a cover, caddug, mist.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, the termination -caster, -cester, -eter in names of places, asTadcaster, Leicester, Exeter, &c.; caer-, prefix in names of places, asCaerleon, Carlisle, &c. (The latter are thr. Celtic . )L. Latin and Romance, casino, cassock, case-mate, chasuble, castle,Castile, chatelaine, chalet, casque, casket, cask (?) . An alternativeexplanation of casque, &c. , is from Span. casca, a skull, sherd, husk (fr.Lat. quassare), It. casco, a helmet (see under qued-, variant of√qseud-).Teutonic, hat, hatter.¹ Only the words formed from the younger root, which has lost the initial s, arehere given. For the many words of Eur-Ar. descent which have retained the older ssee under the older forms of the roots and their extensions.236 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √QEU- √QU¯ (from older form SQEU ) , with by-form √ŘEU-√ÃƑ-, to observe, note, beware of, avoid, cover, &c. , and with extension ✔REUDH- √KUDH-, to conceal, cover, protect.Sanscrit, kav-, ku-, in kavis, a wise man, akuvati, has in view.Greek, kof-, in koέw ( = kof-έw) to take note of, ȧkoúw, to hear (xoậ= ȧKOVEL, Hesych. ) with prothetic a; -xowv in proper names, with senseof observing, caring for, as Aaokówv, Laocoon, caring for the people;KÚTOS, skin, hide, kɛú0w (from √KEU DH ) , to conceal, cover.Latin, cav-, cu-, cu-d-, in cavere, cavi, cautum, præcavere, -cautum,to take precaution, cautus, wary, cautio, caution, cautela, ' a caution;cu-tis,² skın, cuticula (dim. ); custos ( = cuds-tos from kudh-) , a guard,keeper, custodia, custody, custodire, to place under guard.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. and Ital . cotta, o.F. cotte, cote, apeasant's frock, M.E. cote, N.E. coat, originally an under-coat or tunic,cotillon (dim. of cote) , a petticoat, a peasant girl's jupon; 3 L. Lat.cota, a hut, cotagium, a cottage, coterius, a tenant of a cottage(Du Cange), o.F. cotier, cottar, cottier, a villein occupying a cottagewith land attached held by service of labour, O.F. coterie, a number ofpersons so holding (Littré), o.F. coterel (s.s. as cotier); N.F. redingote,corrupted from riding-coat.4Balto-Slav. , O. Pruss. keuto, skin, Lith. kavoti , guard, protect,Lith. kiautai, husks, Lith. kutas, the hood or crest of a bird, O. Slav.kotici, cell, hut, Russ. kotcy (s.s. ) , O. Slav. kotyga , a tunic.Teutonic, hut-, hu-d-, haus-, hus-, in O.H.G. huot, N.H.G. hut, A.S. hod,care, watchfulness, attention, O.H.G. huoten, N.H.G. hüten, A.S. hedan, toheed, take care, Goth. hausjan, O.H.G. hōren, N.H.G. hören, O.N. heyra,A.S. hyran, heran, M.E. heren, heeren, to hear, A.S. hercnian, hyrcnian,heorenian, M.E. harkenen, herknen, N.E. harken, hearken (extendedforms of A.S. heran) 5; O.H.G. hūt, N.H.G. haut, O.N. hud, A.S. hyd, M.E.¹ Caussa, causa ( for caut-ta? ) and cura have been referred to this root. But cura = coira, and is better referred to vqei- qi-, to complain, notice, regard. Ifcaussa be regarded as from cav-, causalis, causativus, accusare, to accuse, ex- cusare, toexcuse, recusare, to decline, refuse, will follow suit L. Lat. causa had the meaning ofa matter or thing, which is retained in Ital. cosa, N.F. chose. F. causer, to gossip, isfrom M.H.G. kôsen ( s.s. ) , of uncertain origin.2 The t in these words is not radical, but represents the participial suffix -ta; -ta ,however, has generally a passive sense, in English - ed, not - ing, whereas cutis, skin, hasthe active sense, the covering, ' not the covered; so, too, cus-tos, the keeper, Kúтos, skin.• Kluge connects cotta, cotte, coat, cotillon, with O.H.G. chozzo, chozza, N.H.G.kotze, a cloak ofcoarse nocl, which, together with Beûbos, Beûdos, a woman's garment,he refers to a Eur-Ar. ✔gud-.• Cota, ahut, and the words derived from it are from the O.L.G. kot. A.S. cot, a hut.The connection with this root of a- kouw for à- xovo- w, Goth. hausjan, and theother Teut. forms with r = s, is much disputed and must be regarded as doubtful .Kluge considers it more probable that they are all, together with Lat. audire for aus-EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 237hude, huide, N.E. hide, skin, covering, A.S. hydan, hidan, L.G. hüden,hide, cover, M.E. huden, huiden, hiden, to hide, M.E. hoderen, to cover,¹A.S. hydh, M.E. hithe, a small haven, A.S. hÿdels, M.E. hudels, a hidingplace; O.H.G. huot, N.H.G. hut, O.N. höttr, A.S. hod, a coveringfor thehead,hood, cap, hat, O.H.G. hutta, N.H.G. hütte, Du. hut, M.E. hotte, a hut,O.H.G. O.N. and A.S. hus, M.E. hous, a house, literally covering, shelter;A.S. husbōnda, O.N. husbondi ( = hus +boa, bua, to inhabit, build) ,house-owner, -holder, master, A.S. hus-wyf, house-wife, A.S. hus-leac,houseleek, O.N. hus-thing, A.S. hus-ting a meeting (of householders);O.N. husi, a case, Goth. huzd, A.S. hord, O.H.G. hort (for hosd, host, byrhotacism), a hoard, secret treasure (from a pre- Germanic kudstos, cp.Lat. custos and see Brugmann, i . 347); Goth. huzdjan, A.s. hordian ,M.E. horden, to hoard; L.G. and O.N. kot, L.G. kotsete, A.S. cotsætla,cotsettler, a squatter on the common land, A.S. cyte, cote, cote, a hut, penfor sheep (a Low German word).³2Celtic, Gael. cot, Ir. cota, a coat, cotan, a little coat, Wel. cwt,a cot, Wel. cuddio, to conceal.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, the termination -coön in Greek names, with the meaning ofguardian, protector, acoustics, the science of sound.Latin, caveat, let him beware, ' caution, -ous, -ousness, precaution,precautionary, cutaneous, cuticle, -ular, custody, -ian, -ial.dire, from a Eur- Ar. ous, ear, the h in the Teutonic words, and aк- in * åk- oúr- wbeing the remains of a prefix. The difficulty of explaining the character of theprefix renders this otherwise very attractive explanation doubtful.Probably a freq . of M.E. huden, to hide. The Century Dict. connects N.E. huddle,to press close together (as many persons in the same hiding- place), with hoderen,and attributes the change of r to 1 to the influence of M.E. hudels, a hiding-place.2 The initial k in kot implies GUD¯ as a by-form of ✅KUD , but it is possiblethat the word may be borrowed from the Celtic or Slavonic.• The following Teutonic words may perhaps be referred to ✔en-q , an extendedform of ✓ken-, to heed: Goth hugs, O.H.G. hugu, O.N. hugr, A.S hyge, bige, thought,intelligence, Goth. hugjan, O.N. huga, A.S. bogian, to think, care for, O.N. hugga, tocomfort; O.N. huginn, the wise raven of Odin; A.S. hoga, care; M.H.G. Hug, L.L. Hugo,Hugon, O.F. Hugues, i.e. ' the wise,' O.F. Huguenot (dim. of Hugon or Hugues), foundas pr. n. in A D. 1387. ' Pascal Huguenot, docteur en decret; ' Ital. Ugonotto(Latinised Hucnoticus A.D. 1562), Span. Hugonote, F. Huguenot ( A.D. 1566) , a nickname given to the French Protestants in the sixteenth century. Another explanation is fr. Du. eed-genooten; cp. extract from Bonivard's Chronique de Genève, 1550,cited by Hatzfeld and Darmesteter, Dict. Gén. Franç.: Et alloient les enfanscriant, Vive les eiguenots! ' The following English names may be traced to O.N.hugr, A.S hyge: Hugh, Hughes, Hew, Hewson, Howson, Huggins, Higgs, Higgins,&c. , Hubert for Hugbert, bright mind, Hubbard, &c. Kluge also refers to a Eur-Ar.✔qug- a variant of ✔quq. (?) , A.S. hyh-t, hope, of which A.S. hopian, to hope, to- hopa(subs. ), hope, M. and N.H.G. hoffen L. G. hopen, are later forms introduced into HighGerman early in the twelfth century. The guttural form of the root retained inA.S. hyh-t had become labialised in these, and the old Teutonic * huq-ōn changed tohopōn. If this be correct, Eng. hope with its derivatives may fall under this root.=√QEU-√QUKEU√RU-√EUDH-√UDH-238 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.L. Latin and Romance, coat, cotta (eccles. ) , a tunic, cotillon,a dance (orig.) for eight persons, and perhaps a character dance,'cottage, cottar, cottier, coterie, Cottrel (a surname) , petticoat, little coat.Teutonic, heed (subs. and vb. ) , heedless, -ful , -fulness, hear, harken,hearken, hark, hearsay, &c. , hide, skin, hiding (a thrashing) , hide, toconceal, huddle, hood , hut, house, housing, covering for a horse, husband,housewife, hussy, houseleek, hustings, hussif (O.N. husi, a case: seeSkeat adwb.), hoard, to store up (subs. and vb. ) , cot, cottage, cotequean,-cote in dovecote, ' &c. , hithe, Rotherhithe, Queenhithe, Lambeth.Perhaps cause, -ation, &c. , accuse, -ation, -ative, excuse, recusant.Eur-Ar. √/QEUQ- √QUQ , with older form √( S) QEUQ- √ (S)QUQ¯,ourve, crook, bulge outward.Sanserit, kuch-, in kuchati, to contract, crouch, draw oneself together,curve, swell out, kucha, breast of a woman, kukshi, belly.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. hogue, from 0.H.G. houg, a hill, O.F.ahoge, ahuge ( =ad + houg, on high).Balto-Slav. , Lith. kaukara, hill, rising ground, O. Slav. kuku, ahill, Lith. kaukas, a boil, swelling.Teutonic, Goth. hauhs, O.H.G. hōh, N.H.G. hoch, O.N. hār (for hahr),A.S. heah, M.E. heigh, high, O.H.G. houg, N.H.G. hügel (dim.) ,O.N. haugr, M.E. hogh, N.E. how (found as termination innames of places), a mound, elevation, hill, Goth. hauhei, O.H.G.hahida, A.S. heahdho, hehdh, M.E. heght, heigthe, N.E. height, Goth.hauhjan, O.H.G. hohjan, N.H.G. höhen, A.S. heahan, to raise; M.H.G.huchen, to stoop, squat, crouch, N.H.G. hocken, O.N. huka (s.s.) , M.E.hugge, to draw the limbs together, hug, M.H.G. hucke, hoke, N.H.G. hocke,a retailer, pedlar, bagman, Dan. höker, Du. heuker, a retailer, N.H.G.hocker, N.E. hocker (dial . ) , hawker, M. Du. heukster, M.E. huckster,a pedlar (probably fr. M.H.G. huchen, O.N. huka, L.G. huken, to stoopunder the weight of his bag); M.E. hugge, hogge, huge, hoge, verylarge (from O.F. ahoge, ahuge) . According to Skeat the original formwas a-hugge, in which a- is the same as the O.H.G. prefix ur-, N.H.G.er-, as in er-höhen, to elevate; ahugge, therefore, would be a derivativeof a corresponding A.S. verb now lost, or from L.G. *a-högen, to elevate.²Cot, a child's cot, a hammock, is from Sanscrit khatva, an Anglo- Indian loanword introduced into English at the beginning of the seventeenth century.2 Krug connects the following words with a nasalişed form of this root ✔QUNQ-:: --Sanscrit, kunchati, tightens, pinches; Greek, kéykel, causes pain; Balto- Slav. , Lith. ,kanka, pain; Teutonic, Goth. hulīrus, hunhrus, O.H.G. hungar, N.H.G. hunger, A.S.hungor, N.E. hunger, hungry.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 239ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, huge, hugeness, ' from Teut. La Hogue,Hougemont, place names (through Flemish).Teutonic, high, highness, &c. , height, heighten, how ( =hill: anaffix in names of places) , hug, hugger-mugger, huckster, hawker, hawk(vb.), hunk, hunch, hunchback, nasalised forms of huka, to bend, stoop.Eur-Ar. √QEI- VQI-; √ŘEI- VĚ意 VRỤI , to be at rest, stay,dwell, settle at, acquire, possess.Sanscrit, çi-, in çay-ati, rests, çete, lying, çay-anam, resting-place,camp, çiva, friendly, Çiva, Sheva, name of a Hindu deity.Zend, çi-, in çitis, a settlement, habitation , çaete, resting, çyeitis ,comfort, place ofrest.Greek, κει-, in κείμαι, lie, (Hom . ) κέομαι, ὠκέα-νος , lying all around(cp. Sans. açete, lying around, cited by Brugmann, ' Comp. Gramm.' ii.8 and 132), κοίτη, a couch , κοιμάω, to sleep, rest , κοιμητήριον,sleeping room, cemetery, xúµn (for kḍµn) , a village, êôµos, a banquet,village feast, kwµwdia (kwµn + códń), a coarse rustic song, comedy,κωμικός, comic.Latin, civ-, qui-, in civis, a townsman, citizen (O. Lat. ceivis, Bantian Tables cevs), civitas, city, civilis, political, civil, courteous , civilitas,political skill, civicus, civic; quies, rest, requies, rest, relaxation , inquies,unrest, quiescere, -evi , -etum, to rest, acquiescere, to become quiet, besatisfied with, assent to, requiescere, to rest, quietus (p. p. of quiescere),quiet, inquietus, unquiet, quietare, to calm, quiet, quietudo, quietness;tranquillus, quiet, calm (qvi +suff. -lo: cp. Teutonic, hwei-lan); cemeterium, comedia, comicus (loan-words from Greek) .L. Latin and Romance, Prov. ciutatz, ciutat, Span. ciudad, Ital.città, O.F. citet, cité, M.E. cite, citee, a city (from Lat. civitatem) , Ital.citadella, F. citadelle, a citadel (as from L. Lat. *civitatella) , Ital .cittadino (as from L. Lat. civitatinum) , o.F. citadin (borrowed fromItal.), citeain, citeyen, N.F. citoyen (as from *civitatanum) , M.E. citesein,citezein, N.E. citizen (the inserted s, z, cannot be accounted for); Ital.quieto, cheto, Span. queto, Prov. quet-z, o.F. quei, coit, N.F. coi, M.E,quiete, quiet, coy; L. Lat. quietare, quittare, quetare, Ital. quitare,chetare, Span. quedar, o.F. cuiter, quiter, quitter, to quiet, appease, toleave free from obligation , M.E. cwiten, quiten (s.s. ) , O.F. quitte (adj .) .' It is possible that of the various M.E. forms some may have come through theO.F. , while the others are derived directly from a L.G. form .240 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√QEIKEIKE√RUIM.E. cwite, quyte, free from, discharged, rid of, Ital. quitanza, o.F.quitance, M.E. quitaunce, a discharge, release; O.F. aquiter, M.E. acwiten,N.F. acquitter, to settle a claim, free from a charge; Requiem, the massfor the dead, beginning ' Requiem æternam dona eis'¹; Ital. cimeterio,Prov. cimenteri-s, O.F. cimetiere, M.E. cymytery, a cemetery (loan-wordfrom Greek through Lat. cœmeterium); o.F. and M.E. hamlet, dimin.from A.S. ham, a cluster of dwellings; Henri (fr. Teut. ) .Balto-Slav. , Lith. kemas, kaimas, O. Pruss. caymis, a village,O. Slav. po -čiti , rests, pokoji , rest ( subs. ) , po- sivu, friendly (cp . Saus.çiva), Lith. szeima, house servants.Teutonic, hi-, hwi-, in Goth. haims, o. and N.H.G. heim, O.N. heimr, O.Sax. hem, A.S. ham, M.E. ham, home, dwelling-place, home; Goth. * heiws(inheiwa-frauja, master ofthe house) , O.H.G. *hiw-, in O.H.G. hīrāt, M.H.G.hiu-rad, N.H.G. hei-rat, a.s. hiw, in hired , household goods (orig. housekeeping, afterwards marriage) , O.N. hyske, hiwisc, family, household, a.s.hiwan, servants, A.S. hina, M.E. hine, N.E. hind, a servant, ( spec. ) farmservant, A.S. hyr, M.E. hire, servants ' wage, A.S. hyrian, to hire; O.H.G.hiuri (in unhiuri, terrible) , O.N. hyrr, A.S. hyre, mild, friendly, N.H.G.ungeheuer, monstrous; Goth. hweila, a time, a wait, O.N. hvila, ɑtime ofrest, a bed, O.H.G. hwila, a space of time, hwilōm, at times, N.H.G.weile, weilchen, a little time, weil, while, because, A.S. hwila, a time, O.H.G.hwilen, wilen, N.H.G. weilen, O.N. hvila, A.S. whilan, to pass time, tarry,stay; O.H.G. Heimarih, N.H.G. Heinrich, Henry, (lit. ) house-ruler (thr.O.F.).Celtic, Gael. and Ir. ciuin, akin, friendly.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, Sheva, the Hindu deity.Greek, comedy, -ian, comic, -al , -ality; cemetery (through Lat. andFr. ) , ocean, -ic.Latin, civil, -ity, -ise, -isation , -ian, civic; quiet, disquiet,quietude, disquietude, quietness, quiescent, -ce, acquiesce, -ent, -ence,requiescat in pace ( R.I.P.) , tranquil, -lity, ise.L. Latin and Romance, city, citizen, -ship, cit, citadel, quit, quittal,quittance, quitrent, 2 quite, acquit, -tal, requite (repay) , requiem;hamlet, coy, coyness.In popular usage any musical service or hymn in memory of the dead.2 The variety of meanings under quit, quite, is curious; their order seems to havebeen this with transitive sense, to quiet, to release from claims, debts, &c.: to setfree from, to grant a receipt called a ' quittance, ' to dismiss a charge, i.e. to acquit.In an intransitive sense, to be quiet from, to be rid of, to leave a place, depart from.Quite originally meant free from all changes, entirely frce,' and passed over tothe sense altogether, without any exception, wholly.'こEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 241Teutonic, home, homely, -ham-, in English place names, as . Southam,Northampton; hind, hire, hive, while (adv. ) , while (vb. ) , Henry, Harry,Harrison, Hal, Hallet, Halkin, Hawkins, Hall (thr . o.F. ) , Henderson,Hendrickson (thr. Teut. Hender, Hendrick).•Eur-Ar. √QEU- √QU-, hack, cut, extended by D- QEU-D- √QU-D´,to stamp, pound, beat out.Latin, cud-, in cud-ere, to strike, beat, pound, incudere, to forge withthe hammer, incus, gen. -cudis, anvil.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. houe, hoe, M.E. howe, a hoe, fromO.H.G. houwa, O.F. hachette, M.E. hachet, a hatchet, from L.G. hacke(? see Vek-), o.F. hacher, to chop, mince.Balto-Slav. , Lith. kova, a fight, kau-ju, kauti , to forge by thehammer, O. Slav. kovati (s.s. ) , kovu, forged metal.

Teutonic, O.H.G. hau-wan (perhaps for *hau[g]wan, as though from√qeu-q-: cp. o.N. höggva) , N.H.G. hauen, O.N. höggva, Swed. hugga,L.G. and M.E. hoggen, A.S. heawan, M.E. hewen, to cut, hack, hewO.H.G. houwa, N.H.G. haue, a hoe: O.F. houe, a hoe, is borrowed fromO.H.G. houwa, and hoe is probably from the o.F. form; Goth. hawi(gen. ) haujis, O.H.G. hewi, houwi, N.H.G. heu, O.N. hey, A.S. hēg, hig(in which g replaces Goth. j ) , M.E. hei, hai , N.E. hay, cut or mowngrass (cp. Lat. fenum, hay, from √ghen-, to cut); O.H.G. hako, N.H.G.haken, O.N. haki , Swed. hake, a hook, A.S. haca, hæca (lit. a hook, butfound only with sense of bolt or bar) , A.S. hōc, M.E. hok, M. Du. hoek,hoeck, a hook, corner, edge, Du. hoeck-boot, hoek-boot, hoeker, afishing boat, a hooker; O.H.G. hahhit, hehhit, N.H.G. hecht, A.S.hacod , hæced, M.E. hakot, haked, a pike, Norw. hake-fisk, (lit.) a hookfish, used of salmon, trout, &c. , N.E. hake, a sea fish resembling a cod;O. Fris. hakia in to-hakia, A.S. haccian in to-haccian, Du. , M. andN.H.G. and M.E. hacken, N.E. hack (vb. ) , O. Flem. hæck-buyshe, M.H.G.hake-busse, N.H.G. haken-büchse (haken +büchse with sense of gun),from which are derived o.F. hacquebute, hacque-buche, M.E. hacquebut,hackbut, and hackbush . Through a supposed connection with Latinarcus were formed from these Ital. arco-bugio, arco-busio, o.F.harque-butte, harque-buse, M.E. harquebuse, N.E. arquebus. Swed.häckla (dim. of hack) , M.H.G. heckel, N.E. heckle, hackle, hatchel,an instrument to dress flax and hemp, Du. and M.E. hekelen, to dressflax.R242 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, hoe, hatchet, hash, minced meat, haggis(Scot. ), arquebus.Teutonic, hew, hewer, hay, hayrick, &c.; hog, (subs. ) a castratedpig, (vb.) to cut, hogmaned, hook, hooker, a fishing boat, hake (thefish), hack, hackbut, hackbutter (Holinshed, 1544), hackle, heckle,haggle, higgle. Perhaps hack- in hack-ney from the sound (like thatof chopping) made by a trotting or ambling pony.Eur-Ar. √QLEU- √QLU-, with older form √( S) QLEU- (S) QLU-, bothextended by D, to shut, bar.Greek, êλɛ‍-, in κλŋís, Doг. «λaís, for kλŋF-is , «λāF- ís , a key, bolt,hook, kλelw for λéƑ-¿w, to shut, кλεîрov, a bar or bolt.Latin, clav-, claud-, clud-, in clavis, a key, clavicula, a little key,conclave (n.) , a chamber that may be locked; clavus , a bar or bolt, aclub, claviger, club-bearer; claudere, clausi, clausum, to shut; in comp.-cludere, -clusi , -clusum, as in concludere, to bring to an end, close,decide, discludere, to keep separate, shut up apart, excludere, to shutout, exclusio, includere, shut in, præcludere, shut in front, bar the way,shut off, recludere, to unclose, (later) to shut up, secludere, to shut upapart, seclude; claustrum, a lock, bolt, a barricade, entrenchment,fortress, a place shut up, clausum, an enclosed space, clausula, anysection or clause of a law (dim. of * clausa), clusio (late), a closing, acompartment, clausura, a lock, bar.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. chiave (chi- =cl-) , Prov. claus, o.F.clef, cle, N.F. clef, a key (Lat. clavis) , F. clavicule, collar-bone, clavicle,Span. clavicimbano (clavis + cymbalum), F. clavecin, a harpsichord,clavarium, F. clavier, a piano; Ital. clavo, chiavo, O.F. clo, N.F. clou,a nail, O.F. cloyer, N.F. clouer, to nail, to fill up with a nail, spike agun, (metaphorically) to glut, satiate, cloy (Lat. clavus) , Span. clavo,a nail, a clove, from its resemblance in shape; the change of vowelin English to o was due probably to the influence of another ' clove, 'a slice or slip, as in ' clove of garlic. Ital. chiudere (Lat. claudere,cludere), Span. cluir, Prov. claure, o. and N.F. clore (p. p. clos , closefem. ) , M.E. closen (formed from o.F. p. p. clos) , o . and N.F. clos , close,(subs.), an enclosed space, plot of ground, o.F. closet (dim. of clos),closet, a small enclosed space, Prov. clauson (Lat. clausion-em) , o.F.cloison, an enclosure, N.F. cloisonnée, divided into cells or compartments,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 243a term applied to Chinese and Japanese enamel work, in which thepattern is marked by thin wire soldered to the material which isto be enamelled, and the enamel of various shades and coloursis laid on in the spaces between the wires; Ital. dischiudere,Prov. desclaure, o.F. desclore (p. p. desclos), M.E. desclosen, todisclose; M.E. enclosen (similarly formed), to enclose; Ital. chiostro,claustro, Prov. claustra, O.F. cloistre, M.E. cloister, N.F. cloître (Lat.claustrum), a monastery, cloister, L. Lat. claustura, F. clôture, aclosing; O.F. forclorre (foris +claudere), to shut out, debar, p. p. forclos(foris clausum), debarred, foreclosed; L. Lat. exclusa, O.F. escluse, M.E.scluse, M. Du. sluys, N.E. sluice, a flood-gate.Teutonic, o. and N.H.G. kloster, a monastery, A.S. clustor, cluster, aprison, lock, M.E. clauster, a cloister (loan-word from L. Lat. claustrum,introduced by the early German missionaries) . For other derivativessee √SQLUD .Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. kljuciti, lock (vb. ), kljuci, door nail, bolt, Pol.klasztor, a cloister.Celtic, O. Ir. cloi, a nail, N. Ir. clo, a nail, stamp, print, clo-dhaim,Iprint, stamp; Gael. claoidh, Ir. claoidhim, O. Ir. cloim, to oppress,Wel. cluddio, to overcome (Stokes and Windisch) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, clavicle, -ular, conclave, a private apartment, spec. theroom in whichthe Cardinals are locked up until they have chosen a Pope,any packed assembly; exclude, exclusion, -ive, include, -sion, -sive,conclude, -sion, -sive, &c. , preclude, recluse, seclude, -sion, -sive,clause.L. Latin and Romance, clef (in music) , clavecin (obsolete), cloy,clove, close (vb. ), disclose, -ure, enclose, -ure, fore- close, -ure; close(adj . ) , close (subs. ) , a small field, the enclosed precincts of a cathedral,close-stool, a chamber utensil enclosed in a box, closet, cloisonnée,closure, cloister, cloistral: sluice, Helvoetsluys (Du. place name).Eur-Ar. √QEP-, with an older form √ (S)QEP-, to dig, and nasalisedform QEMP-.Greek, κηπ-, καπ-, in κῆπος, Dor. κάπos, a garden, κάπετος, αditch.Latin, camp-, in campus, a field, a plain, Campus Martius, Field ofMars, in Rome, where military games, contests, exercises were held.R 2244 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓QEP- It was probably this fact which gave the word and its various deriva-√(S)QEP- tives the sense of contest, fight, &c. Campestris, relating to a field,VQEMP plain, level ground, Campania, an Italian province, literally the lowcountry, the ' plains '; L. Lat. campio, -onis, a fighter (' campiones,gladiatores, pugnatores, ' Isidore) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. campo, Prov. camps, o . and N.F. champ,M.E. champ, a field, specially of duel, tournament, or battle, L. Lat.campaneus, relating to flat land, campanea (sc. terra), level country,Port. campanha, Ital. campagna, O.F. champagne, campagne, (literally):flat open country, but used as a proper name for the Campagna nearRome, for Campania in South Italy, for the French province Champagne, ' and for the wine grown there; campana, a bell, because saidto have been first used at Nola in Campania; L. Lat. campinio,Ital. campignuolo, o.F. champignon, a mushroom (from its belllike form); F. champêtre, relating to a field, fête champêtre,feast in the country, O.F. champart (Lat. campi pars) , part of afield, M.E. champartie, champertie; Ital. campione, Span. campion,Prov. campio, campion, o.F. champiun, M.E. champion, campion(all fr. O.H.G. chemphio) , a fighter, a fighter in behalf of another, or ofa cause, holder of the first place in a contest; Span. campar, to go intocamp, Ital. scampare ( = ex +campare) , o.F. escamper, to leave the campor field, to escape, run away, O. Du. schampen, schampelen, withsimilar sense, to run away, O.F. descamper, décamper, to decamp,(earlier) discamp, to leave the camp, make off, run away.Teutonic, O.H.G. champf, a duel, N.H.G. kampf, a fight, O.N. kapp(for kamp by assimilation of m: see Vigfusson, ad vb.) , eagerness,a contest, A.S. camp, cömp, a fight, O.H.G. champfan, chemfan, N.H.G.kampfen, A.S. campian, Dan. kæmpe, M.E. kempen, to fight, Scot.kemp, O.H.G. chemphio, chempho, O. Sax. kempio, O.N. kappi (forkampi), A.S. cempa, M.E. kempe, a combatant, champion. All theseare probably loan-words from Latin campus, used in its later specialsense of contest, combat, fight. Kluge in his Germ. Etym. Dict.'regards them as native Teutonic words, and connects them withthe Sans. jang ( = Eur-Ar. * qeng) , war; but the close similarityof the several forms of the Teutonic with those of the Later Latin andRomance is a very strong evidence of their being borrowed words.6In the sixteenth century the spelling campagne took the place of the older champagne in all its senses except as the name of the French province, and from thelater form the word ' campaign ' was introduced into England in the seventeenthcentury. At first it retained the general senses, but later was restricted to the specialmilitary sense, the continuance and operation of an army in the fieldfor a time moreor less prolonged.•EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 245Celtic, Q. Ir. cep, a piece of ground, N. Ir. ceapach, a cultivatedpiece ofground.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, campestral (botan. term), growing in afield.L. Latin and Romance, Champaign, campaign, -er, campanula, thename of a flower, the bell-shaped flower, campanile, bell tower,campanology, champignon, champerty, ' champion; scamper, scamp,decamp, encamp; compound (Anglo-Indian word), the ground abouta house (from Port. campanha); Beauchamp, Belcham, Beecham (surnames).2Teutonic (borrowed from Romance), camp, campstool, &c.; thesurname Kemp, literally a fighting man, Scot. kemp, to fight; Capp,Capper (surnames, from 0.N. kappi) .Celtic, Keppoch, a common place-name (Macbain) .Eur-Ar. √QES-, to cough.Sanscrit, kas-, in kasati, coughs.Balto-Slav. , Lith. koseti, cough, O. Slav. kašili , a cough.Teutonic, O.H.G. huosto, N.H.G. hüsten, to cough ( with loss of w) ,A.S. hwosta, to cough, M.E. hoost, host, a cough; O.H.G. heisi, N.H.G.heiser, A.S. hās, L.G. heisch, heersch, M.E. höse, hörse, N.E. hoarse.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, hoost, host (provincial), husky, -iness ,corrupted from husty, -iness (see Skeat, ad vb. ) , hoarse, -ness.Eur-Ar. * QNEIGH , to bend, drop, incline.Latin, niv- (by labialisation, or contraction for nigv-) , in conïvere(perf. co-nixi), to close the eyes, blink, wink, to shut the eyes to, connive,The earlier meaning of ' champerty ' was the share of the produce of land paidto the landlord; as a modern legal term it means the assistance by one person incarrying on at his own expense a suit maintained by another, with the understandingthat he should receive a share in the award of the suit in case of success.2 The name Campbell is usually referred to Lat. campus, as being a contraction of de campo bello, of the fair plain, and used as a surname. But there is no de Cambel 'in the earlier references, and, following the usual form, the name would have beenBelchamp (cp. Beauchamp, Belcham, Beecham) . De Campo- bello appears in a docu- ment of 1320 as the Latin form, and as the supposed etymology of the name. Butthe earlier form is Cambell ( 1266) , Cambel ( 1467), which, Macbain says, representsthe Gael, cambeul, wry- mouth ( cam, crooked, + beul , mouth) . The names Camoys, fromGael. camus, cross-eyed, Cameron, Gael. Camsroin ( cam- sron, crook-nose, fromcam +sron, nose), make this a probable derivation.=246 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.coniventia, connivance; nicere, to beckon, nictare (freq. ), to wink,blink.L. Latin and Romance, F. niquer, to shake the head.Teutonic, Goth. kneiwan, O.H.G. hnigan, N.H.G. neigen, O.N.hneigja, A.S. hnægan, to bend, bow down, incline; O.N. hniga, A.S.hnigan, to bow , incline (intrans.) , O.N. hnipa, A.S. hnipian, to be downcast, droop, sink, O.H.G. nicchen, N.H.G. nicken, to shake the head,Du. nikken, to nod, wink; a.s. hnappian, O.H.G. hnaffezen, M.H.G. nafzen,to slumber, doze, probably from the sinking or nodding of the headwhen drowsy.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, connive, connivance, nictate, nictitate.Teutonic, nick, a nod, a point of time, the right moment, nap, ashort sleep.Eur-Ar. *√QNİB-, √GNĬB-, to pinch, nip, pick.¹Balto-Slav. , Lith. knebti, gnybti, to nip, gnybis, a pinch.Teutonic, N.H.G. kneifen, kneipen from L.G. knipen, Goth.hniupan, to break (as from √kneyp-) , O.N. hneppa, A.S. * hnipan,

• cnipan, 2 M.E. nipen, to nip, pinch, lop, pick, Dan. knibe, Swed. knippe,

to pinch, nip, O.N. hnepper, neppr, pinched, scanty, a.s. nēp in nēpflod, neap-tide, O.N. kneif, a nipper or pincer, M.L.G. knip, M.H.G.gnippe, genippe, O.N. cnifr, (later) hnifr, a knife, dirk, a.s. cnif, M.E.knif, cnif, N.E. knife, from which F. canif, a pen-knife.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, nip, nibble, nipper, neap-tide, knife.Eur-Ar. √ÕNEK-, √GNEK´ (?) , imitative sound.Teutonic, O.N. gneggia, hneggia, A.S. hnægan, O. Du. negen, neyen,M.E. nezen, N.E. neigh, O. Du. negghe, negge, M.E. nagge, a smallhorse.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, neigh, (North dial. ) nicker, nag.Eur-Ar. * /KNEK- *√/KNOK-, an imitative sound.Teutonic, M.H.G. knacken, gnacken, to snap or crack the fingers, tomake a short sharp sound, A.S. cnucian, cnocian, M.E. kno-ken, N.E.' Perhaps an extension from ✔que-, to gnaw, bite.

• Not found, but to be inferred from M.E. nipen, A.8. cnif,

EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 247to knock, to beat, L.G. knikken (a weakened form of knack) , to snap,crack, make a slight noise.Celtic, Gael. cnac, Ir. cnag, Wel. cnec, a crack, sharp noise, Gael.cnag, to knock, rap, Wel. cnocio, to knock, beat, Ir. cnagaim, strike,knock, Gael. and Ir. cnag, a peg, a knob, hook.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, knack, ' knick-knack, knacker, knock, knocker, knockkneed.Celtic, knag, a peg, knob, knagged, knaggy, full of knots (Prov.) ,used by Burns.Eur-Ar. √KNEP , √KNEB-, an imitative sound of the noise of a suddenbreaking.Teutonic, L.G. and Du. knappen, to crack, crush, cut, L.G. knappsack, a bag, knapper, ( 1) hard gingerbread, (2) a lie, a cheat; Dan.kneppe, to snap the fingers, Swed. knep, a trick, M.E. (late) knap, tobreak (Ps. xlvi. 9, in Bible of 1551: knapped the speare in sonder ') ,to eat, munch (Shakespeare, ' as lying a gossip as ever knapped ginger '); "Dan. nappe, to catch, seize, Swed. nappa, L.G. knibbeln, nibbeln, tonibble.Celtic, Ir. cnapaim, I strike, Gael . cnamh, to munch, chew, Ir. cnam,a gnawing.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, or Celtic, knap, knapper, a stone breaker,knap-sack, a bag for necessaries (orig. perhaps for food on a journey,from L.G. knappen, to eat) , nap in kidnap, nab, to catch, nibble.Eur-Ar. KNEP KNOP , GNOP , aprojection, protuberance, button ,knob.Latin, nap- (for cnap-) , in napus, a turnip (a popular word).L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. napellus (dim. of napus) , o.F.

• navel, naveau, M.E. navew, naphew, the wild turnip, Ital. napo, Prov.

Dabet-z, F. navet, a turnip, navette, rape.Teutonic, o. and N.H.G. knopf, a button, pommel, L.G. knop, a knotin wood, a button, Du. knop, knoop (s.s.) , M.E. knop, a button , orfastening, a bud, L.G. knobbe, knubbe, M.E. knobbe, a bump, swelling,knot in a tree, N.E. knob, o.N. nabbi, A.S. cnæp, M.E. knap, the top ofSkeat thinks that the Teutonic words are borrowed from Celtic, on account ofthe initial k; this, however, may be due to their imitative character.2 See Skeat under ' knap.'248 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.a hill, O.N. knappr, a stud, knot, button, hillock, A.S. næp, a turnip(borrowed from Lat.: Skeat) , M.E. nepe, a turnip, M.E. nape, the smallknob on the back of the head, O.N. gnipa, a peak.Celtic, Ir. cnap, a button, knob, hillock, Ir. and Gael. cnoc, ¹ a hill,hillock, turnip (c for final p) , Ir. cnocan, a hillock, Wel. cnol, a hillock,a knoll, Ir. neap, neip, a turnip.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, navew.Teutonic, knob, -by, nob, -by, nobble; nepe, navew, nip in turnip(from Lat. thr. A.S. or Celtic) , nape (of the neck) , nab, the top of ahill, the Knipe, name of a hill in Ayrshire.Celtic, -knock in Ir. and Scot. place-names, with sense of hill, asKnock-bogle (cnoc buachail) , Shepherd's hill; knoll (Wel. ) .Eur-Ar. *√KNEL- *√GNEL¯ (?) , an imitative sound.Teutonic, M.H.G. er-knellen, to resound, N.H.G. knallen, to crack awhip, make a loud report, Swed. knalla, to make a noise, thunder, N.H.G.knall, a loud clap or report, O.N. knilla, beat with a blunt weapon, A.S.cnyllan, cnellan, M.E. cnullen, cnillen, to strike a bell, A.S. cnyl, M.E.cnull, cnel, N.E. knell, knoll (vb. and subs.) , sound as a bell.ENGLISH DERIV. knell, knoll.Eur-Ar. √QEL- √QUEL- √QUL-, with sense of bare, bald, perhapswith a by-form √/QHEL-.²Sanscrit, khal, kul-, in khalti, khalvāta, bald-headed, khalatya,baldness, kulvas, bald.Latin, cal-, in calvus, bald, calva, the hairless scalp, calvities, baldness, calvaria, place of a skull.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. calvo, Prov. calv, O.F. *chalve, chau,N.F. chauve, Calvinus, pr. n. (lit. bald), N.F. Chauvin, N.F. Chauvinisme,inordinate patriotism, said to be so called from a Nicholas Chauvin,who excited ridicule by his intense devotion to Napoleon; o.F. calvario,Calvary.Fick, Dict. ii . 96 (4th ed. ) , derives this from a pre-Celtic knog-nos, with sense .of protuberance, and connects with it Wel. cnyc, a lump, O.H.G. hnack, N.H.G. nacken, O.N. hnakki, A.S. hnecca, the neck; so also Kluge.2 This root is probably connected with qer and sqer-, to cut, shear, and'perhaps with sqel-, to split, cut; cp. Lat. scalpo, Eng. shell.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 249Teutonic, chal-, cal-, in O.H.G. chalo (gen. chalwer, N.H.G. kahl, Du.kaal, Swed. kal, A.S. calu, M.E. calew, calowe, bald, bare, unfledged.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, Calvus (a surname) , Calvin (same), Calvinism, -ist, -istic.L. Latin and Romance, Chauvinism, Calvary (thr. Lat.) .Teutonic, callow, -ness.Eur-Ar. QLEU BH- √QREU‍BH-, extensions of QLEU- √/QREU-,variants of √KLE KRE , to hide, of which √KLEP , to conceal, steal, is an extension (see p. 217) .Greek, κ(α)λυπ-, κ(α)λυβ- (for κλυπ-, κλυβ-) , κρυβ-, κρυφ-, inκαλύπτω, to hide, conceal, cover, καλύβη, a hut, ἀποκαλύπτω, touncover, reveal, åтoráλv↓is, a disclosing, revelation, ȧTOKAλVπTIKÓS,revealing; κρύπτω, 2 aor. ἔ-κρυβ-ον, perf. κέ-κρυφα) , to conceal,κρυπτός, hidden, secret, ἀποκρύπτω, to hide from, ἀπόκρυφος, hidden,ofunrecognised authority.Latin, crypta (Gk. loan-word), an underground vault or passage,apocryphus (Gk. loan-word), uncanonical, apocalypsis (Gk. loanword) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. cripta, critta, a vault beneath a churchused for burial, L. Lat. grupta, Ital. grotta, a cave, pit, excavation,Prov. crota, O.F. crote, M.E. crode, croud (obs. ) , N.F. grotte, a cave, subterranean building, grotto, Ital. grottesco, odd, strange, as the decorationand carving found in old excavated buildings, F. grotesque (s.s. ).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, compounds of crypto-, as cryptogram, cryptogamia, Apocrypha, -al (thr. Lat. loan-word); apocalypse, -tic.L. Latin and Romance, crypt, a vault, grot, grotto, grotesque.Eur-Ar. * √QĔNK- * √QNĚK-, gold, yellowish, tawny.Sanscrit, kan-, kanch-, in kanak, gold, name of several plants,kanchanas, golden.Greek, κνηκ-, κνάκ-, in κνηκός, Dor. κνακός, pale, yellow , tawny,Kvĥкos, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, Linn. ) , кvýkιov, marjoram.Latin, cnicus, cnecus, the Carthamus tinctorius (Gk. loan-word) ."250 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Teutonic, O.H.G. honang, honag, ' N.H.G. honig, O.N. hunang, A.S.huneg, M.E. huni, hony, N.E. honey, A.S. hunigkamb, honeycomb, * hunigsucle, M.E. honysucle.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, honey, honied, honey-comb, honey-suckle.Eur-Ar. √QER-Q¯ √QRE-Q¯ √QROQ , from an older √SQERQ-√ (S)QREQ-, with sense of oblique, sloping, aslant,' with variant√SQREG . (An imperfect reduplication of √QER-, to turn,bend. )Latin, cruc-, in crux, cruc-is, a gibbet or other wooden instrument forexecution or torture, a cross, cruciare, excruciare, to put to torture,crucifigere, -xi, -xum, to crucify, crucium, torture.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. križi³ (fr. Lat. cruci, thr. O.H.G. chruzi), N.Slav. kriz; Lith. križius, N. Slav. krustu, Lett. krusts, Russ. krestu(fr. Xplorós), the cross.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. croce, Prov. crotz, O.F. crois, N.F. croix,Span. and Port. cruz, M.E. crois, croys, croiz, creoiz (from O.F. ) , N.E.cross, O.F. croisier, M.E. croisien, to make the sign of the cross , O.F. andM.E. croiserie, a crusade, Prov. crozada, o.F. croizade, Span. cruzada,M.E. (early) croyzado, (later) crusade, so called because those who tookpart in it wore the cross as a badge; o.F. croc, a hook or crook (of Celticor Teutonic origin: see below), crochet (dim. ) , a small hook, a quaverin music (Cotgrave), now a crotchet; L. Lat. croccare, to hook on, O.F.crochier, crocher (s.s. ) , to knit with a hook, O.F. accrocher, to hook up,O.F. * encrocher, to hook on to, M.E. encroche, N.E. encroach, o.F. (North.dial. ) croquer, to catch, seize (by a hook), North. F. croquet (subs.= crochet, crook), hockey stick, a curl or roll of hair fastened by ahook, an architectural ornament, a crocket; L. Lat. croccus, croccia,Ital. croccia, Prov. crossa, o.F. croce, (later) crosse, the episcopalcrook, pastoral staff, L. Lat. crociarius, O.F. crocier, crossier, M.E.crocer, croser, croyser, the bearer of the episcopal crook; o.F. crochir,4' Prellwitz (Gk. Etym. Dict. ) gives this explanation of honey. Kluge doubtfullysuggests a possible connection with κóvis, dust, and the meaning of the word to be

• seed ' or ‘ grain- like.' Skeat suggests Sans. kana, grain, broken rice, as cognate, and,

like Kluge, regards honag, &c. , to be adjectival, with the sense of grain-like. Noone of these explanations can be regarded as established.2 Cp. M.H.G. schrege, across, slanting.•• Miklosich remarks that križi is now used for cross ' only by the Catholic Slaves,as an evidence of the German origin of their Christianity. The Slaves in communion with the Greek Church use kristi.• In the sixteenth century the crook or pastoral staff was commonly termed theorozier's staff, or crozier-staff, and later on simply the crozier.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 251QRE-Q-√QROQ-√SQERQ-√ (S) QREQSQREGto crook, used of crooking the shoulders, M.E. cruchen, croche, crowche, ' √QER-QN.E. crouch, to stoop down, bend; M.E. crouch (subs. ) , a cross, probablya later adaptation of a.s. and M.E. cruc, a cross (from crux), to theRomance form from Lat. cruci, as pronounced by Italians or French;M.E. crouched, from vb. crouchen, cruchen, to make the sign ofthe cross,to mark with a cross, (later) crutch, with p. p. crutched, the name givento a minor order of friars who originally carried a staff with a cross atthe top, but afterwards wore a red cross on the breast of their habit;O.F. crucifier, M.E. crucifien, N.E. crucify, F. cruciel, crucial.Teutonic, O.N. krokr, ² M.E. crōk, crōc, a hook, crook, N.E. crook (cp.O.H.G. chracho, O.N. kraki, a hook, a stake) , O.H.G. chruccha, N.H.G.krücke, L.G. krucke, a.s. crycc, M.E. crucche, crycche, crytch, N.E.crutch, a staff with a hook or crosspiece; ³ A.S. crecca, M.E. creke, abend, corner, inlet, cove, o.N. kriki, Dan. krik, N.E. creek, O.F. crique,a creek, M.E. crykke, a wrench or twist in the back or neck; L.G. krick,kricke, a hockey stick, O.F. criquet (s.s. ) , from which perhaps Eng.cricket: in the seventeenth century hockey sticks were used instead ofthe later cricket-bat; O.N. krossa, cross (adopted from O. Ir. cros¹ =Lat. cruci) , O.E. cros (s.s.) , now only found in local place-names innorth and east of England, as Crosby, o.N. crossa-by, cross-house orvillage, Crosthwaite, O.N. crossa-thveit, cross-field, Scot. kors (fromDan. kors, a cross) in place and proper names, as Corserig, Corstorphin; L.G. and Du. kruis, a cross, Du. kruisen, to cross, (sinceseventeenth century) to cross the sea, to sail to andfro, to cruise, F. croiser,to cross, croiser la mer, to sail up and down the sea (Miege, 1688 ), M.E.crossen, to crucify, cross, to pass over, Du. kruiser, a cruiser; O.H.G.chrūzi, M.H.G. kriuz, N.H.G. kreutz, a cross, Dan. korsa, to cross . "Celtic, O. Ir. cros, a cross, adopted from Lat. cruci, crosog, a smallcross, Ir. croc, a horn, a gallows, crochaim, to hang, crucify, Gael .croich, a cross, a gibbet, Wel. croy (s.s. ) , Gael. , crocan, a crook, a hook,Ir. cruc (s.s.).' See Murray's Hist. Dict. The word was first known in the end of thefourteenth century, and is of doubtful origin.Skeat explains the anomaly of initial k in Teutonic words derived from aEur- Ar. q, by regarding ✔qer- q as a later form of √ (s)чuerq-. Kluge thinks themgenuinely Teutonic, but assigns them to no root.• As from a Eur-Ar. ✔qreu-k- √qru-k-, to bend.• Irish missionaries were among the first preachers of Christianity in the northern countries of Europe.• Skeat suggests that A.S. cursian, corsian, M.E. cursen, corsen, to curse, may beformed on this Scandinavian form, with the special sense of an ecclesiastical sentenceor curse, accompanied by the sign of the cross. There is, however no historicalevidence of this.252 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, crucial (thr. F.) , crucify (thr. F.) , crucifix, -ion, excruciate,cruciform, cruciferous, and other compounds of cruci-.L. Latin and Romance, crusade, -er, crotchet, a whim, a smallhook, a musical symbol (so called from its shape), crotchety, encroach,encroachment, croquet, a crocket, crosier, pastoral staff, also a crossbearer, a pilgrim, whence Crosier (proper name); crouch, to bend,stoop; crutched in Crutched friars; crotch or crutch, a fork, forked restin a saddle, the fork of the human body, from o.F. croce (=Teutonickrok-r).Teutonic, crook, crooked, &c. , Scot. cruik in Cruikshanks, crutch,a staff, a crutch (A.S. crycca) , creek, crick, Crick-lade (A.S. Creccagelad,Creek lading-place) , Crayford (Creccanford, Creekford) , cricket (? fromDu. thr. F.); cross, across, recross, crosslet, crossing, crosswise, &c.;Cros-, Cors- in names local or personal, as Crosby, Crosthwaite,Corserig, Crosley, &c.; cruise, cruiser; perhaps curse, accurse (seep. 251 , n. 5) .Eur-Ar. √QSEUD √QSEUT , with variants √SQUED √/SQUET-√QUED QUET √QUD √QUT-, to shake, pound, shatter, breakto pieces.Sanscrit, kshud-, in kshudati, pound, shatter, kshudras ( adj. ) , small,minute, low, mean; Hindi, shudra, a man oflow caste.Latin, quat-, cut-, in quatere, quassus, to shake, shatter, in comp.-cutere, as con-cutere, to shake together, concussio, concussus, a concussion, decutere, to shake off, discutere, to shake apart, discuss , discussio, a discussion, percutere, to shake or strike through, percussio, astriking, percussion, recutere, to strike back, cause to rebound; quassare,cassare ' (freq. of quatere) , to shake violently.L. Latin and Romance, Prov. and o.F. cass, broken, O.F. quasser,N.F. casser, to break, Ital. squassare ( =Lat. ex +quassare), to break orshake to pieces, Spau. and Port. cascar, to break to pieces, split, burstopen, as ripe seed-pods (intrans.: as from L. Lat. * quassicare) , Ital .cascada, F. cascade, a waterfall, cascade; Ital . fracassare ( =frag- fromfrangere, to break + cassare) , Prov. frascar, F. (of sixteenth cent . )Not the same verb, though identical in form with Lat. cassare, to make void,annul, which is from cassus, empty, roid (see footnote to Eng. Der. from L. Lat. andRom. under qep-, to hold). For alternative derivation of casket, cask, casque, seeunder qep-, to hold, and ✔qe- qed-, to cover; of squash, see excoacticare (p. 226);EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 253fracasser, to shatter in pieces, F. fracas, a disturbance, quarrel; Ital.casco, Span. casco, casca, O.F. casque, M.E. caske, a helmet, N.E. cask,a barrel, Ital. caschetto, O.F. casquette, casket, casquet, Span. andItal. cascara with dimin. cascarilla, bark, rind.¹Teutonic forms are based on the form of the root with initial ´s, 'as N.H.G. schütteln, Eng. shoot, &c.Sanscrit, Sudra.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, concussion, discuss, -ion, percussion.L. Latin and Romance, quash, squash, cask, casque, casket, casquet,cascade, fracas, cascara, cascarilla, bark used as a medicine.Eur-Ar. QETI-N-OS, a dish, bowl ofearthenware.Sanscrit, kathina, a deep earthenware dish or vessel for serving upor cooking food.Greek (Sicilian), κατῖνον, a bowl, dish , κοτύλη, κότυλος, a cup,KOTVλýdwν, the seed-lobe of a plant.Latin, catinus, a dish, bowl, catillus (dim. ) , a small bowl or dish,cotyledon (loan-word from Gk. ) .Balto-Slav. , Lith. katilas, O. Slav. kotilu, Russ. kotëlu, a kettle(loan-word from Teutonic, according to Miklosisch) .Teutonic, O.H.G. chezzin, chezzi , a dish or bowl, A.S. cete, a cookingpot, O.N. kati, a small boat, Goth. katils, O.H.G. chezil, N.H.G. kessel,O.N. ketill, A.S. cetel, cytel, M.E. ketel, ketyl, kettyl, a kettle (loanwords from Lat. catinus and catellus: cp. O.H.G. scuzzila, N.H.G.schüssel, a dish, from Lat. scutellum); O.N. -kell, in personal andplace names with the sense of kettle (i.e. the holy cauldron used insacrifice) , as Ve-kell, the holy kettle, Askell , God's kettle, Thorkell,Thor's kettle, Kettleby, Kettle village (a town in Yorkshire), &c.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, cotyledon, dicotyledonous.Teutonic, kettle, kettle-drum, &c. Thurkell, Askell, Kettleby.' Skeat and the Century Dict. include Ital. casco, O.F. casque, Ital. caschetto,O.F. casquette, a helmet, head-piece, also M.E. caske, a helmet, a barrel for wine, andcite Span. casco, with the various meanings skull, potsherd, coat of an onion, helmet,cask, and connect them with Span. cascar, to split open, as given above. Of thethree explanations given for these words I incline to that under qe qed-, túcover, for cask, casket, casque, but I would refer cascara, cascarilla, bark, to Span.cascar= L. Lat. quassicare-also perhaps cascade.254 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √QHEIT √QHEID , from earlier √ (S)QHEIT √ (S) QHEID-,to cut, hew, split, sever, &c.Sanscrit, chhid-, chhind-, in chhin-admi, chhin-atti , to cut, sever,&c. , chhid, a cutting, chhidras, (adj . ) torn, lopped off, (subs.) hole,fissure.Zend, in çchiñdaya, to break in pieces.Latin, cæd- cid-, in cædere, cecidi, cæsum, to cut, strike, kill, cæduus(of trees) , fit for lopping, cælum (for cæs-lum) , a chisel, burin, cælare,to carve, engrave, cementum, rough unhewn stone, comenta (plur. ),stone or marble chippings, rubble, cisorium, a cutting instrument; compounds of cædere are fratri-cida, homicida, matricida, parricida, slayerof brother, &c. , fratri- matri-cidium, murder ofbrother, &c.; abscidere,to cut off, abscissio, concidere, to cut into pieces, to divide minutely,concisus, abridged, concise, decidere, to cut down or from, to decide adispute, decisio, excidere, to cut out, excisio, incidere, to cut into,incisio, occidere, to kill, præcidere, to cut short, abridge, præcisus,stated shortly and distinctly, præcisio, recidere, to cut back, retrench,succidere, to cut down.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. cesello, O.F. cisel, M.E. chisel, chysel,N.F. ciseau, a chisel, ' O.F. cisoires, M.E. cisoures, cissers , N.E. scissors²(Lat. cisorium); Ital. cimento, o.F. and M.E. ciment, cyment, ³ N.F. andN.E. cement, a strong kind of mortar (assumably made of marblechipping or limestone rubble); o.F. concise, abridged, O.F. decider, todecide, O.F. excision, F. inciser, to incise, incisif, incisive, O.F. precis,f. precise, precise, N.F. précis ( subs. ) , an abstract.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, fratri- homi- matri- parri- regi-cide, the killer or killing ofa brother, &c. , infanticide, the killing of infants; decision, -ive, excise,incision, incisor, precision, -ian.L. Latin and Romance, chisel, cement, concise, -ness, excision,decide, incise, incisive, precise, -ness, précis, an abstract.4' Diez otherwise, through Span. cincel, which he regards as from * silicellus (bychange of 1 to n) for *sicilicellus, a diminutive of Lat. sicilis (from secare) , a sickle.

• This is a learned or unlearned adaptation to Lat. scissores.

⚫ Cp. ' Cyng Alisaunder, ' in Metr. Romances, i . ( Edin. 1810):—' A clay they haveth verramentStrong so yren- ston or cyment.'L. Lat. cæmentare, to build, cæmentaria, masonry.Stokes and Bezzenberger refer the following Celtic words to ged. qend-, todivide, share, O. Ir. cuit, Gael. and N. Ir. cuid, Wel. and Corn. peth, Bret. pez, apart,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 255Eur-Ar. QESTÜR, a beaver, musk.Sanscrit, kastūri, musk.Greek, káστop, a beaver, κaσтópiov, castor, a secretion from thebeaver, once used medicinally: ' Castorium helpyth ayenst manysyknesses ' (Trevisa, in a translation of Bartholomæus' ' De proprietatibus rerum,' A.D. 1398) .Latin, castoreum (Gk. loan-word).ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, castor oil , extracted from the Ricinuscommunis or Palma Christi, so called from a supposed resemblance insmell or similarity of effect to castoreum; castor or caster, colloquialterm for a hat, either of beaver fur, or imitation.piece. To which may be added from Maxwell's Scottish Landnames, p. 212, thePictish word, pett, a piece ofland, as in pett-carn, the mill croft or field, pett-caisseal,the castle croft, pett-luacharach, the rush croft, now known as Pitcairn, Pitcastle,Pitlochrie. The change of the Gael. and Ir. c to the Wel. Corn. Bret. and Pictish pis due to the labialisation of the Eur- Ar. q in the latter ( cp. Gael. ceann, Ir. cenn, toWel. and Bret. peun). From these labialised forms are derived in the Romance,L. Lat. petium, petia, pecia, Ital. pezzo, pezza, O.F. piece, M.E. peece, N.F. pièce, apiece, (with verb) to piece, -er, -meal, -work, &c.; Lat. (ante-class. ) petilus, thin, O.Ital. pitetto, petitto, Prov. petitz, O.F. petet, O. and N.F. petit, M.E. petit, pettie, N.E.petty, small, minute, trifling, as in petty-cash, petticoat, pettifogger ( cp. Wel. pitw,minute, petty). The occurrence of L. Lat. pedica = pecia, a measure of land, a piece ofground (Du Cange, ad vb. ) , has given rise to the false etymology of pecia &c. frompes (ped is), afoot (cp. Lat. pedica, afetter, chain, and see under ✔ped-). Macbainis inclined to connect these Celtic and Romance words with the Eur-Ar. pronom.base qe- qo-, and Gael. cia, Wel. pa, who, what, and Bret. pet, how much (cp. Lat.quot), thus making Gael. and Ir. cuid =a quota, a proportionate part. This is attractive, and competes with the derivation here given of Stokes and Bezzenberger.Miklosich, however, connects Lith. kedeti, to split, burst (which they also, togetherwith O. Slav. cesti, apart, refer to qed-) with Eur-Ar. ✔sqid- (qid-) .256 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.K.Eur-Ar. √E (a pronominal demonstrative base) , here, this, he.Greek, Kε-, in kεî- vos , -Kεîvos, he, -xɛî, there, èxεîOεv, thence, &c.Latin, -ce, -c, an encl*tic , with a demonstrative sense and withintensive force, as in hic, hæc, hoc ( = hi-ce, hæ-ce, ho- or hod-ce, thishere), also in adverbs hi-c, here, hin-c, hence, hu-c, hither, O. Lat. e-ce( E,' pronom. base, + KE) , later ec-ce, this here, si-c, so, illi- c, illa-c ,illu-c, there, illin-c, thence, nun-c, now, ce-ve ( = ÊE + VE) , ceu, or,ci-s, citra ( =ÑE + -tera, comp. suffix), citerior, on this side, ceteri,the others ( =ÑE + -tera).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. cio (ecce + hoc) , Prov. aiso, so, ço, O.F.iço, ço, N.F. ce, this; Ital. (Lomb. ) , scia (ecce + hac) , Prov. sa, sai ,O.F. iça, ça, there, that; Ital. ci (ecce +hic) , Prov. aissi , o. and N.F.ici, ci, here; Prov. aicel, celh, cel ( ecce + ille) , O.F. icil , icel,cil, cel, N.F. ( sing. ) celui m. (ecce + * illui) , celle f. ( ecce + illa) ,(pl. m. ) iceux, ceux ( ecce + illos), (pl. f. ) icelles, celles (ecce+illas), this, these; Ital. (sing. ) colui , (pl. ) colei, Prov. (sing. ) celui,(pl. ) celli (ecce + * illui) , O.F. (sing. ) icelui , celui , (pl. ) icelei, celei ,that, those, N.F. celui, that; N.F. celui-là (ecce +illui +illac) , that there,N.F. celui-ci (ecce illui +ecce +hic) , this here, N.F. ceci ( ecce +hoc +ecce + hic) , this one, N.F. cela (ecce +hoc +illac); Prov. (sing. m. )cist, cest, (f. ) cesta, (pl. m. ) cestz, (f. ) cestas (ecce +iste, -a, -os, -as) ,O.F. (sing. m.) icist, cist, icest, cest, (f. ) iceste, ceste, (pl. ) icestes,cestes, cez, N.F. (sing. m. ) cet, (f. ) cette, (pl . ) ces, this, these; o.F.(sing. ) icestui, cestui (ecce + istui) , (pl. ) icestei , cestei (ecce + istei) ,these; O.F. oil (hoc +illud) , N.F. oui, yes; O.F. aveuc, avuec, N.F. avec,with (apud +hoc, at or with this) . Lat. apud acquired the sense ofwith, and is so used in Merovingian documents. In the colloquiallanguage it lost the final d, and in some documents was written apue.Ab is found for apud in a document ( 842 A.D.): Ab Ludher nul plaidnumquam prindrai, ' ' I will have no agreement with Lothaire '; apudSee under ✔oq- for a different derivation given by G. Curtius.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 257hoc thus became abhoc, and this shortened to aboc (see Brachet, advb.).Teutonic, he- (pronom. base), in Goth. himma (d. sing. m. ) , hina(acc. sing. m.), him, hita (acc. sing. n.) , it;A.S. nom. he, heo, hit, N.E. he, she, itgen.his, hire, his, "" his, her(s), its Sing.dat. him, hire, him, him, her, it ""acc. hine, hi, hit,him, her, itnom. and acc. hie, hie, heo, "" they,' all gendersPlu. gen. hira, M.F.N. "" their, ""dat. him, " "" them , ""O.N. hin-n, hin, hit (cp. kɛîvos) , he, she, it, O.H.G. hera, N.H.G. hier,O.N. and a.s. her, here; Goth. hidra, O.N. hedhra, A.S. hidher (cp. Lat.citra), hither, O.H.G. hin, A.S. hina, from here, away, O.H.G. hinnan,hinnana, N.H.G. hinnen, A.S. heonan, heonon, M.E. hennes, hence, fromhere, Goth. hin-dar, O.H.G. hintana, hintar, N.H.G. hintar, A.S. hintan,hindar, behind. The forms with -dar -tar, are old comparatives,retaining the Eur-Ar. termination of comp. -tera; Goth. hinduma,and A.S. hindemas, hindmost, are old superlatives with Eur. Ar. superl.term. -tamas; all from Teut. hin-; O.H.G. hendrian, N.H.G. hindern,O.N. hindra, A.S. hindrian, to keep behind or back, to hinder.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. ce, this.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, compounds of cis- as Cis-alpine, cis-pontine.L. Latin and Romance, cestui que trust, cestui que use ' (morefully ' cestui a que [al qui use] le trust est créé ' ) , the beneficiary undera trust (legal term); cestui is the o.F. acc. of cest, formed by analogyof le: lui.Teutonic, he, him, his, her, it, its, him- her- it-self, here, herein, -unto, &c. , hither, hither-to, -ward, hence, henceforth, &c. , hind,behind, hindmost, hindermost, hinder, hindrance.Eur-Ar. √ŘE √ÃO-, to sharpen, whet, incite.Sanscrit, ça-, to sharpen, whet, excite, in çi-ça-ti, p. p. çatas, tosharpen, &c. ça-nas, a whetstone.Greek, ko-, in kŵvos, a cone, the edible seed of the pine, kwvikós,For they, their, them, ' see under ✔TE-.S258 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.conic, kóvwy, a gnat, mosquito (lit. the sharp or pointed face), xwvwπεîοv, an Egyptian couch with a mosquito net.Latin, ca- co-, in catus, sharp, from which probably the namesCato, Catullus; cos, (gen. ) cotis, a whetstone (from * care, to sharpen:cp. dōs from dare), cuneus, a wedge, conus, a cone (Gk. loan-word),conicus; conifer, cone-bearing, conopeum, a net offine gauze.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. cote, Prov. cotz, O.F. queux, a whetstone, Ital. conio, Prov. cunhs, o.F. coing, coin, a wedge, N.F. coin, awedge, stamp, die, a corner, stamped metal, coin, M.E. coigne, coin, a coin, 'corner, Ital. canope, O.F. conopee, canape, covering over a couch, sofa,M.E. canape, canope, a canopy, orig. a covering offine gauze hangingsover a bed.Teutonic, O.N. hein, A.S. hōn, a hone.Celtic, O. Ir. cath, wise (cp. Lat. catus) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, cone, conic, -al (through Lat.).Latin, cuneiform, cuneate, coniferous.L. Latin and Romance, canopy, coin (subs. and vb. ) , coinage,recoin, coin (sometimes spelt coyn or coigne) , a corner, as in ' coyn[coigne] of vantage.'Teutonic, hone.Eur-Ar. √ŘEI- √ÑI-, variant of the above, with sense to incite, makeeager, set in motion, move (trans. and intrans. ).goes.Sanscrit, çi-, in çitas, excited, moved (cp. Lat. citus, quick), çi-yati,Zend, çi-, in açita, hasty, swift.Greek, kɩ-, in` kíw, to go, kivéw, to move, klvnois, movement,KIVηTIKós, relating to movement.Latin, ci-, in cio, cire, citum, cieo, -ĕre, citum, to cause to go, set inmotion, accire, to call, summon, accitus, summoned, citus, set in motion,rapid (cp. Sans. çitas) , solli-citus, wholly moved, anxious, sollicitudo ,anxiety, sollicitari, to trouble, make anxious, citare (freq. of ciere) , toexpedite, hasten, stir up, to summon (legal term), ex- in- re-citare,ex- in- re-cite, suscitare, to raise up, resuscitare, raise up again, incitatio, -amentum, recitatio, resuscitatio.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. citare, to cite, to appeal, F. citer, exin- ré-citer, ex- in- re-cite, Ital. recitativo.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 259Teutonic, A.S. *hig, M.E. hiz , hih, haste, A.S. higian, M.E. hizien,hien, to hasten, hie, Du. hijgen, Dan. hige, to be eager for, crave, Goth.haitan, O.H.G. heizan, N.H.G. heissen, O.N. heita, O. Sax. hetan, A.S.häten, M.E. haten, hetan, hizten, to order, call, name, with pass. sense,am called, named,' O.H.G. heiz, A.S. hæs, M.E. hæs, hes, hes-ne, hes- te,an order, command, promise (' the land of hest ' =the land ofpromise),O.N. heit, a vow, promise, O.H.G. biheiz, A.S. behæs, M.E. biheste,beheste, a promise, assurance, order.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, kinesis, kinetics.Latin, citate, -ion, -ory, excitation, -ble, incitation, recitation,resuscitate, -ion, solicit, -or, -ous, soli-citation, solicitude.L. Latin and Romance, cite, excite, -ment, incite, -ment, recite,-al, recitative.Teutonic, hie (go quickly) , hight (called), hest, behest.Eur-Ar. ŘE´SES, a hare,' or √ŘEÑES- from √ŘEء, to leap.Sanscrit, çaç-, in çaças, a hare, çaç-ati, leaps.Balto-Slav. , O. Pruss. sasn-is, a hare.Teutonic, O.H.G. haso, N.H.G. hase, O.N. heri, A.S. hara (by rhotacism),a hare, M.E. harier, a dog for hunting hares.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, hare, hare-bell, harefoot (names ofplants), hare-lip, harrier.Eur-Ar. √Ě, VEI , with extension VĚD, to fall.Sanscrit, çi-, çad-, cat-, in ciyati, falls, p. p. çaçāda, fallen, çādas,çanna, fall, decay, çataya, to drop (caus. ) 2; çanta, ceased.6The Sanscrit root çaç- in çaçati, leaps ,' points to a Eur-Ar. Kek, with thesame meaning, and perhaps to a Eur-Ar. Kekes, instead of Keses. This, however, wouldnot account for the Old Prussian and Teutonic s (r), which requires an original s.2 Fick and others refer to çataya (caus. of çi-) Lat catena, a chain, with Ital.catena, Prov. cadena, O.F. chaene, chaine, M.E. chaene, O.H.G. chetinna, chetina,M.H.G. keten, N.H.G. kette, O.N. kedhja, Wel. cadwen, a chain (all loan- words from Latin), O.F. chaignon, N.F. chignon, properly the nape of the neck, now the back hair.The English catenary is formed from Lat. catena, chain, from the French, and chignon is a French loan- word.8 2260 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.KEI√REDLatin, căd-, ced-, in cad-ere, cecidi, casum, to fall; in comp. -cid-, asin accidere, to happen, accidens (subs. ) , an accident, chance, decidere,to fall down, deciduus, falling down, excidere, to fall out, incidere,fall in, happen, occidere, to fall down, fall, set (of the sun) , occidentalis,western, occasio, opportunity, occasus, fall, setting of sun and constellations, recidere, to fall back, relapse, return, recidivus, returning, recurring, semina recidiva, ' said of falling seeds which spring up again;cadaver, afallen body or corpse ¹ (ср. πтŵµа, a corpse, from πíπτw, tofall), caducus, inclined to fall, weak, casus, a fall, an occurrence, chance,casualis, by chance; cassus, ² void, deprived of (Brugmann, ii. 417) ,cassare, to annul; cēdere, cessi, cessum, to go, be in motion, retire, yield,cessio, a yielding, abs-cedere, to depart, abs-cessus, an abscess (med.:Celsus) , ac-cedere, to approach, accessus , accessio , approach, arrival,addition, accessibilis , accessible, antecedere, to go before, antecessor, forerunner, concedere, to yield, comply with, grant, concessio, a grant,decedere, to depart, to die, decessus, departure, death, predecessor, discedere, to go apart, ex-cedere, to go out of or beyond, exceed, excessus,excess, incedere, to go on, advance, incessus, gait, pace, intercedere, togo between, intercessio, intercessor; præcedere, to go before (of time) ,præcessio, procedere, to go before (of space) , processio, processus,recedere, to go back, retire, recessio, a going back, recessus, retiring, aretired spot, suc-cedere, to come after, successus, a consequent result(gen. in good sense), successio, successor, succedaneus, following after,' supplying the place of '; cessare, -avi, -atum, freq. of cedere, to giveup, cease from, cessatio, ceasing, incessans, not ceasing.3 L. Latin and Romance, Ital. cadere, Prov. chazer, o.F. cheoir,(earlier) chaer, cader (from Lat. cadere), 3rd p. pres. chiet, p. p. cheut(from L. Lat. *cadutus, Ital. caduto), pr. p. cheans, N.F. choir (p. p.chu), to fall, O.F. cheoite, cheüte, N.F. chute, afall, a rapid in a river, aslide or trough for timber &c. from a high to a low level; Ital. cadenza6¹ See Brugmann, ii . 417, who refers both cadaver and cassus, void of, to √ked-.2 Diez derives Ital. carcassa, F. ( of the sixteenth century) carcasse, carcase, N.E.carcass, carcase, from Lat. car(ne) cassa, devoid offlesh; but there are earlier forms,carcois (Anglo- Fr. ), O.F. charcos , M.E. carkoys, carkays, which were used as theterms: (1) for the whole trunk of a slaughtered animal, as ( 1299 A.D.) ' Le carcois deboef,' (1314) ' carcois de moton '; ( 2) as the term for a dead body of man or beastas (1340) stinkand carcays, ' ( 1400 ) · carkeys , corpus cadaver.' This use ofthe wordsmakes Diez's derivation improbable even for carcassa, and it is untenable for theearlier form carcois, charcos. Another derivation is from L. Lat. tarcasius , loan-wordfrom Pers. tarkash, a quiver, from which Ital. turcasso and carcasso, Port. carcaz, aquiver, N.F. carquois (s.s.) , and some confusion betweenthe last-mentioned and preceding words may be suspected; but the derivation from tarkash is no more probablethan Diez's from car(ne) cassa, and the correct one has still to be found.C' The vulgar' Latin changed cadĕre to cadere.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 261(as from a L. Lat. * cadentia) , o.F. cheance, N.F. chance, M.E. cheance,chaunce, N.E. chance (lit. a falling) , O.F. mescheance, mishap, mescheant, unlucky, N.E. méchant, wicked (L. Lat. minus cadens, ill-falling) ,Ital. scadere (ex +late Lat. cadere), Prov. eschazer, O.F. escheoir,N.F. échoir, to fall out, lapse, as a legal term, to revert to the superiorlord, O.F. eschete, eschaete, escheoite, M.E. eschete, chete (cp. o.F.3rd pers. pres. chiet; it falls), property which lapses to the superiorlord, ' chete for the lord, caducum, confiscatorium, (in bad sense)booty, spoil, levying of contributions, O.F. eschetour, M.E. eschetour,chetour, one who looks after the king's escheats, (in bad sense) extortioner, deceiver, swindler, M.E. cheten, for escheten, to seize as an escheat,to confiscate, later (in 16th century) , to defraud; Ital. casso, void, null,in vain, Ital. cassare, O.F. casser, to bring to naught, from which N.H.G.cassiren, Du. casseren, N.E. cashier, to dismiss from service, withearlier spellings casseer, casseir, caszier, introduced from theDu. at the end of the sixteenth century; o.F. decaer, dechaoir (de+cadere), to fall down, M.E. decaie, N.E. decay, O.F. occasion, M.E.occasioun, N.E. occasion, F. occident, the west, N.F. récidive, secondoffence, O.F. cas, M.E. cas, N.E. case, O.F. exceder, M.E. exceden, N.E.exceed, o.F. excez, M.E. exces , O.F. deces, M.E. deces, N.E. decease,proceder, M.E. proceden, N.E. proceed, o.F. procedure, o.F. proces, M.E.proces, processe, N.E. process, O.F. precedent, o.F. succeder, M.E.succeden, N.E. succeed, O.F. succes, O.F. and M.E. successour, O.F. andM.E. ancessour, ancestre (Lat. antecessor), N.E. ancestor, O.F. cesser,M.E. cessen, cesen, ceasen, N.E. cease.Celtic , Wel. cwyddo, Corn. cothe, Bret. coezaff, to fall (Fick,4th ed.); Gael. casair, sea-drift, Ir. casair, a shower, Wel. cesair, hail ·(Macbain).KE√ŘEI-√KEDENGLISH DERIVATIVES .Latin, accident (thr. F.) , accidental, accidence, that part ofgrammar which treats of the accidentia (n. pl. Quintilian), i.e. the inflections of words, deciduous, decadent, -ce, incident, -ce, -al, coincident, -ce, occidental; cede, cession, abscess, antecedent, -ce, accede,access, -ible, -ion, -or, intercede, -cession , -cessor, predecessor, precedence,precession, procession, recede, recess, succession, -ve, succedaneous;cessation, incessant, casual, casuist, -ry, casualty, cadaverous.L. Latin and Romance, cadence, chance, escheat (vb. and subs. ) ,-or, cheat, -er; decay, -al, decease, occasion, -al, recidivist (N.F. loanword, an old offender); case (an occurrence) , ancestor, -ial, ancestry,262 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.exceed, excess, -ive, precedent, ' unprecedented, proceed, process, procedure, succeed, success, -or; cease, -less, unceasing.Eur-Ar. VEQ (perhaps an extension of VRE) , excrement.Sanscrit, çak-, in çak-an, çakṛt, s.s.Greek, kaк-, in kάккη, excrement, Kakáw, to relieve nature, κóπ-pos,dung (labiovelar q =π) .Latin, cac-, in cacca, cacare, s.s.Celtic, O. Ir. cacc, s.s.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, copro-lite (see p. 218 for alternative derivation).Celtic, cack.Eur-Ar. √ŘENK- √ŘEK-, to be in doubt, suspense, to hang.Sanscrit, çanç-, in çançati, is in sorrow, doubt, anxiety, swings.Latin, cunc-t-, in cunctari, to delay, Cunctator, ' the delayer,' a surname of Quintus Fabius.Teutonic, hah-, hang-, in Goth. and O.H.G. hahan (for hanh-an) , toleave in suspense, to hang, M.H.G. hahen (p. t . hieng, p. p. gehangen) ,N.H.G. hangen, O.N. hanga, A.S. hōn (p. t. heng, hangen) , M.E. hangen, tohang (in intrans. sense) , O.H.G. hangen, N.H.G. hängen, O.N. hengja, A.S.hangian, M.E. hongien, hongen, hangen, to hang (in trans. sense);L.G. henge, hänge, M.E. henge, N.E. hinge, O. Du. hengelen, Du.hunkeren, honkeren, to hanker after, M.E. hanken, to bind, fetter, M.E.hank, a loop, a skein of wool &c. fastened by a loop, in provincialEng. the fastening ofa gate.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, hang, hanger, hangman, hung, hinge,hank, hanker.Eur-Ar. √ŘĚT- KET- √ŘĚD, to be hostile, fight and prevail.Sanscrit, çat-, in çaçadus, destroy, çat-ru, an enemy.Zend, çad-, in çadra, pain, vexation.Greek, KOT-, in κóтOs , wrath, κîdos , Dor. xâdos, grief, care.The accent on the first syllable, instead of on the second, as in precédence,marks the French origin of précedent.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 263Teutonic, a.s. headhu, O.H.G. (in comp. ) hadu, war, Goth. hatis, ¹O.H.G. haz, N.H.G. hass, O.N. hadr, A.S. hete, hate, Goth. hatjan, O.H.G.hazzan, N.H.G. hassen, O.N. hata, A.S. hatian, to hate, A.S. hetelich,hateful (cp. N.H.G. hässlich, hateful, nasty, ugly) , A.S. * heteræden, M.E.hatereden, hatered, hatred (hete +suffix -ræd) .Celtic, O. Ir. cath, war, fighting, cath- charpat, war chariot, Catuin prop. names, meaning war, Lat. - Gall. Catu-riges, Catu-slogi,N. Ir. cath-fear, a soldier, Wel. cad, war, cadwr, a warrior, Corn.cadwur, a soldier, Ir. cais, hatred, enmity, Wel. cās, hatred, cadam,ruin, cadamach, ruinous.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.6 Latin, calamity (see note, and under √qel-, p. 190, ´ calamitas ') .Teutonic, hate, hateful, hatred.Celtic, several Welsh and Irish names compounded with Cad-,Cath-, as Cadwallader, Caturiges, Cassivellaunus, Latinised form ofCatuvellaun, Cadman, a soldier.Eur-Ar. VENK-E, a shell.Sanscrit, çankha, a muscle, a conch-shell.Greek, kóуxn, Kóyxos, a muscle, anything like a muscle shell,κογχύλιον (dim . ) , a co*ckle, κοχλίας, a snail with a spiral shell, κόχλος,a shellfish with a spiral shell, used for dying purple, sometimes as atrumpet, xoxλápiov, a spoon.Latin, coclea, cochlea, a snail, snail-shell; cochlear, coclear, cocleare,a spoon, spoonful; conchylium (Gk. loan-word) , a shellfish, concha(Gk. loan-word) , a shell, the Triton's trumpet, in form like a snailshell; congius, a liquid measure ( = } of an amphora).L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. cocca, coccus ( =concha) , Ital.conca, cocca, muscle; F. conque, a conch, F. coque, a shell, eggshell,¹ Bezzenberger (see Fick, fourth edition, vol. ii . p. 68) places Goth. hatis &c. , Ir. cais,Wel. cas, under a form kād-, and connects with the same Zend çadra, pain, vexation,Gr. kŷdos, Dor. kâdos, trouble, sorrow, Osc. cadeis (s.s. ) , Lat. calamitas (for older cadamitas), plague (cp. Ir. cadam, ruin, cadamach, ruinous, Wel. cawdd, offence, anger,coddio, to vex); but kóros he connects with Ket- . Kluge connects kóros, Goth. hatis,and the other Teutonic words for enmity with a Eur-Ar. √kōt- ✔Kod-, which mayfairly be regarded as a variant of √ket- √ked-, and not an entirely distinct root.If cadamitas is the original form, the derivation of calamitas from calamus is apopular etymology, and the Eng. calamity, belongs to this root and not to ✔qelThis explanation seems very probable when the not infrequent change of d to 1 inLat. is considered; cp. O. Lat. dacrima, dingua, to N. Lat. lacrima, lingua.264 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ŽĚNK-E nutshell, ' Sp. coca (Diez) , a muscle- or nut-shell, the skull (cp. Sard.conca, a skull), Port. coco, a skull ( Skeat, ' coco ') , a grinning face,²ugly mask, bugbear, Ital. cocca, Sp. coca, a boat; F. cocon (from coque),a cocoon (sixteenth century), the silky covering of the silkworm in thechrysalis state, L. Lat. cocchilia, Ital. cocchiglia, O.F. coquille, co*kille,M.E. co*kylle, co*ckel, orig. the shell of bivalve molluscs, later of theedible muscle, &c. , N.E. co*ckle-shell, co*ckle, a small shallow boat; O.F.coquioule, N.F. coquiol, coquiole, a wild barley, M.E. co*kul, co*ckole,co*ckyll , N.E. co*ckle, rye-grass, tares; F. coquiller (Cotgrave, 1611) , toform ' coquilles,' i.e. the little blisters formed during baking on the crustof a loaf, to bulge out so as to form an uneven surface on cloth or paper,to rumple the leaves of a book.Teutonic, a.s. coccel, coccul, tares, perhaps a loan-word from Lat.cocculus.Celtic, Wel. cwch, Corn. coc, Ir. coca, Bret. koked , a small boat,Ir. cochal, Gael. cochull, pod, husk, shell, Gael. cogal, tares, co*ckle.³ENGLISH DEIRVATIVES.Greek, conchology, -ist, conchoidal.Latin, cochleate, twisted like a snail shell, cochlea, the spiral cavityofthe internal ear.L. Latin and Romance, conch, conch-shell, ' eggs à la coque, ' eggs¹ Diez, who is followed by Skeat and Korting, is disposed to derive ' coach ' fromL. Lat. cocca, coccus, from a supposed resemblance of shape to a shell, but Murray(Hist. Dict. ) refers it to the Magyar word Kocsi, formerly written Kotsi. In full itshould be ' Kocsi szeker,' the cart of Coc, i.e. a cart made or used at the place calledCoc, south of Comorn, between Raab and Buda. The equivalents in other languageswere formed from this in the sixteenth century: Germ. kotschie, kutschie, Du. koets .It was rendered in L. Lat. cocius currus (1499) , kotsi currus (1526 ), Ungaricumcurrum quem cotsci vulgo vocant ' ( 1560); from the L. Lat. cocius, the Span. Port.and F. coche, with Ital. coccio, were formed. This seems to be the true explanation of coach.2 The Century Dict. refers the modern word cocoa to Gk. Koûki, the cocoa-nutpalm (Liddell and Scott) , Lat. cuci, a kind ofpalm ( Lewis and Short, Lat. Dict. ) connected with kóït, an Egyptian kind ofpalm (probably an Egyptian word) mentionedby Theophrastus. Lat. cuci is found in Pliny. It is uncertain whether these namesdenoted the cocoa- palm, but even if it were so, there is no evidence that they couldhave been known to the Portuguese. Murray derives cocoa from the Port. coco,which the Portuguese and Spanish writers of the sixteenth century agree inidentifying with cocar, to grin, make a grimace, and he denies any etymologicalconnection with concha, a shell. But if the verb cocar is derived from the nouncoco (as Lat. jocare from jocus) there seems to be no reason for disputing thederivation accepted by Diez and Skeat. The early writers from A.D. 545 to the endof the fifteenth century knew the cocoa- nut only as the Indian nut. Coquos is thespelling of the name first found in 1489 A.D.; in 1526 and onwards it is spelt coco,and referred to the Span, and Port. coco, a head, a mask, &c.• The Gaelic and Irish cogal is probably a loan-word from A.S. coccel, which, ifa loan-word from cocculus, must be referred to Gk. кóккos, grain; in this caseneither the A.S. , N.E., nor the Celtic words for tares belong to this root.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 2651in their shell; cocoa, cocoa-nut; co*ck-boat, co*ckswain (or fromCeltic), cocoon, co*ckle, a boat, co*ckle, an unevenness, rumpling in clothor paper, co*ckle (vb. ) , to rumple, pucker.Celtic, co*ckle, the weed (through A.S. loan-word?) .Eur-Ar. VKES-, to slay, cut to pieces.Sanscrit, ças-, in ças-ati, slay, cut to pieces, çastra, a sword, knife,dagger, viçastas, cut up.Greek, кɛσ-, in KEσтós, pricked, stitched, (subs. ) an embroideredgirdle, KÉστρos, a dart.Latin, cas-, in castrare, to castrate, cestus (Gk. loan-word) , cestrum,an engraving tool.2ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, cestus (thr. Latin) , a girdle, a boxing glove.Latin, castrate.Eur-Ar. √ŘEK-, to be able, prosperous, help.Sanscrit, çak-, in çakyati, to be able, prosperous, successful, çakras,strong, çakti, strength, power.Zend, çach-, in çachaiti, helps.Teutonic, hag-, in O. Sax. bihagon, N.H.G. behagen, A.S. onhagian, toplease, fit, satisfy, O.N. haga, to arrange, to suit, O.H.G. bihagan, N.H.G.behaglich, fresh, comfortable; o.N. hagr, M.E. hazer, hawer, clever,able.Eur-Ar. VRETH-, free from, loose, clean.Sanscrit, çith-, in çith-ira, çithila, loose.Greek, kao-, in xabaрós, open, clear, free from dirt or stain, clean,pure, kalaípw, to cleanse, purify, clear, кalaρTikós, cleansing,purgative.1 The marks of the lower end of the cocoa-nut were supposed (or else by help of afew strokes were made) to resemble a mask, and the Portuguese mariners gave itthe name coco. English sailors for a similar reason fancied a resemblance to amonkey, and called sucking a cocoanut ( previously filled with rum) ' sucking themonkey.' See Captain Marryat's Peter Simple. This resemblance was noted at anearlier date by the Portuguese: see Pigafetta, 1598, ' The Indian nuts called coecos,because they have within them [i.e. within their outer husk] a shell like an ape.'2 √Ŕes- is probably an extension of √ke-, to sharpen.266 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Teutonic, haid-, heid-, in O.N. heidh, clear sky (subs. ) , O.H.G. heitar,¹N.H.G. heiter, O.N. heithr, a.s. hādor, O. Sax. hedar, clear, cloudless (ofthe sky), bright, in good spirits, Goth. haithi , O.H.G. heida, N.H.G.heide, O.N. heidr , A.S. hædh, M.E. heth, hethe, open uncultivated land;Goth. haith-no (for ' Eλλnvís, a Grecian woman) , O.H.G. heidan, N.H.G.heide, O.N. heidhen, A.S. hædhen, non-Christian, i.e. the unconvertedpeople living in wild, open country districts: cp. Latin paganus frompagus, a country district. This word came into use in the last halfofthe fourth century, and Kruge conjectures that the correspondingGerman word haithno was first used among the Goths as a translationof Lat. paganus, and from them spread to the other German peopleswith the sense of heathen, gentiles. O. Du. heyden, N. Du. heiden(from O. Du. heyde, a heath), a gipsy, vagabond, N.E. hoyden, a romping girl, but orig. a rough uncouth man; M. and N.H.G. ketzer, aheretic, a dissolute man (from κaðapós, pure), a popular rendering ofCathari, the self-given name of a sect in the eleventh and twelfthcenturies, who were charged with the Manichæan heresy and grossimmorality, and accordingly persecuted; Gazari was the name givenby the Italians, also a perversion of Cathari.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, cathartic, Cathari, the pure, assumed as their sect-name bythe Novatians in the third and the Albigenses in the twelfth century;Catherine, Catharine, Kate, Kitty, Katrine, Kathleen.Teutonic, heath, heather, heathen, hoyden.Eur-Ar. √ŘED-, to excel, distinguish oneself.S. S.Sanscrit, çad-, in çaçadmahe, distinguished; cp. Gk. Kɛкad-μévos,Greek, kad-, in kάw ( = кad- w) , to excel, surpass, KɛKadμévos,part. , κɛkáσμɛla (Hom. ) , Kádµos,' the distinguished? (Fick) , kadµɛîa,kadµía (sc. yî, earth), calamine.' This explanation is uncertain. Kluge connects heitar &c. with get- , Sans.chit-, bright, shining. Brugmann refers kalapós to Sans. cithiras, and Liddell andScott connect kalapós and heiter.The origin of the Germanic words for heath, heathen, is also disputed. Klugeconnects them with the Sans. ' kshetram for sketram, ' but the root meaning of thatword is that of possessed and tilled land, and the modern Hindi ' khet ' means acultivated piece of ground, the very opposite to the sense of heath, wild untilledland (see p. 233) . Skeat connects heath with Sans. chit-- Eur-Ar. qet-.2 This must be considered doubtful. Liddell and Scott suggest a Hebrew origin,' qedem,' cast, which does not seem probable.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 267Latin, cad-, in castus ( = cadtus), pure, chaste, castitas, chastity,incestus, impure, incestuosus (late), incestuous; castigare, to chastise,castigatio, chastisem*nt.L. Latin and Romance, Port. casta, race, tribe, pure descent, breed,F. caste, race, O.F. caste, N.F. chaste, chaste, Ital. castigare, Prov.castejar, castiar, O.F. castier, castoier, chastier, chastoier, M.E. chastien,chasten, chastisen, formed later from chastien by adding -isen ( = Lat.term . -izare), N.E. chastise, O.F. chastiement, chastoiement, M.E. chastiement, chastisem*nt (from the later chastisen); L. Lat. calamina forcadamina (cp. dingua=lingua) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, cadmia, calamine, cadmium, a metal resembling tin, discovered by Stromeyer in 1817.Latin, incest, incestuous, castigate, castigation.L. Latin and Romance, caste, chaste, -ness, chastity, chasten,chastise, chastisem*nt, calamine, a name given by the old writers tothe native silicate of zinc.Eur-Ar. VKES- VKENS VINS , to praise, appraise, arrange, order.Sanscrit, ças-, çams-, in çamsati, praises, çasta, p. p. , praised,çastam, hymn ofpraise, çasman, a eulogium, çastra, a recitation.Zend, çanh-, in çanh-āmi, I recite, çasti, a word, order, fra-çasti ,praise.Greek, koσ- ( = Eur-Ar. kns) , in xóoμos (Brugmann, ii . 210) ,order, arrangement, the universe, kooμéw, to order, adorn, кooμnτIKÓS,adorning, κоoμikós, cosmical.Latin, cas-, cens-, in car-men =casmen: cp. Sans. çasman) , achant or song, Camena ( = Cas-mena), the Muse of song; censere, -ui,-um, to estimate, assess, think, census, an estimate, numbering, censor,a Roman magistrate, originally having charge of the Roman peopleand their property, in later time the regulator of public morals ,censura, the censorship, a severe judgment, recensere, to review; carminare (post-class. ) , to make songs, (later) to charm.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. charme, an incantation, charm (Lat.carmen), Ital. in-giarmare (fr. Milanese in-germà, contracted fromingermina, a charm , loan-word from O.H.G.) , O.F. charmer, to charm;N.F. cosmétique, decorative; Ital. sensale, F. censal , a broker.268 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Teutonic, Goth. hasjan, O.H.G. haren, ' to celebrate, praise; 0.H.G.garminon (loan-word fr. Lat. carminare), to charm.Celtic, -chas-, in Ir. senchas, seanchas, old tradition, Gael. seanachas,old stories, seana-chaidh, reciter of ancient things ( Fick, ' Dict.' ii. 69,fourth ed.) , Gael. cain, a tribute, Ir. cain, law, Ir. cais, affection, regard,Ir. caint, speech, language, ' whence cant ' (Fick, ' Dict. ')?Sanscrit, shastras.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Kosmos, cosmical, macro-cosm, micro-cosm, cosmo-gony,-graphy, -logy, -polite, -an, &c.Latin, census, censor, censure, censorial, -ous, recension.L. Latin and Romance, charm, -er, encharm, cosmetics.Celtic, cant (?).Eur-Ar. √ŘĒPE, √ROPE¯‚² a hoof.Sanscrit, çapha, a hoof.Zend, safa, hoof.Teutonic, O.H.G. huof, N.H.G. huf, O.N. hofr, A.S. hōf, M.E. hofe, huf,N.E. hoof.Balto-Slav. , kopyto, hoof, Russ. kopyto.ENGLISH DERIV. hoof, hoof-less.Eur-Ar. √ŽEN- √ŘENT , to stab, prick, pierce, injure, slay.Sanscrit, çnath-, in çnath-ati, strikes.Greek, kevт-, in kevтéw, to prick, goad, révтpov, a goad, any sharppoint, the stationary point of a pair of compasses, the centre of a circle;KOVTÓS, a punting pole.Latin, cent-, in centrum (Gk. loan-word) , centre, centralis, central,cento, a patchwork garment, a poem made up ofverses of various poems,a medley, percontari, to inquire, (literally) to try the depth by a pole (soFick, but it is generally regarded as a variant of percunctari).Celtic, Ir. cinteir, Bret. quentr, a spur (loan-words) , Wel. cethr, apoint, prick, nail.' Meyer derives N.H.G. herold, a herald, from O.H.G. haren, but Diez, who isfollowed by Kluge, from O.H.G. hariwaldo.

• Probably connected with ✔qep- √(8)qep-, to diy; cp. Russ. kopati, to dig. The

Sans.and Zend, however, indicate ✅Kep• .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 269ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, centre (thr. Lat. centrum, Fr. centre) , eccentric, -ity,concentric, helio-centric.Latin, central, centrical, centralise, -ation, decentralise; centri- incomp. as centrifugal.Eur-Ar. VKENE, hemp.¹Sanscrit, çanas, hemp.N. Pers. , kanab, hemp.Greek, kávvaßis, hemp, кavváßivos, made ofhemp.Latin, cannabis, hemp (Gk. loan-word).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. canape, Prov. caneba, cambre, o. andN.F. chanvre; Ital. canavaccio (from canape), Prov. canabas, F. canevas(introduced in the fifteenth century from Ital. canavaccio) , coarsehempen cloth, M.E. canevas, canvasse &c. , N.E. canvass, coarse cloth ofhemp orflax.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. konoplja, Lith. kanapes, hemp, Lith. kanapinis, hempen.Teutonic, Goth. " hanaps, O.H.G. hanaf, N.H.G. hanf, O.N. hampr,A.S. hænep, hemp.Celtic, Ir. cnaib, Gael. cainb, Bret. canap, hemp.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES .Latin, Cannabis indica, the botanical name of the plant.L. Latin and Romance, canvass (subs. ) , canvass (vb. ): see Murray's' Hist. Dict. ' for development of meaning to its present sense, to askfor votes.Teutonic, hemp, -en, hemp-seed, &c.' Schraderinfers from the close agreement of the European forms that the originalname passed into the several languages by borrowing, and this may be true withregard to the Greek, Latin, O. Slav. and Lithuanian; but, with regard to the Teutonic,Kluge considers that the regular change of consonants indicates that the Teutonicforms of the word are genuine German, as there is no loan-word from Greek or Latinthat has undergone the old regular German change of sound. The original form ,however, seen in Sans. çanas has no final b, which is against his view. O.H.G.hanaf is the etymological equivalent of the Pers. kanab, and all the European names,retaining the labial termination, p, b, must be regarded as starting from the Persian.The Greek name is first used by Herodotus (iv. 74), and corresponds so closelywith the Pers. kanab, itself probably an Old Pers. word, that we may suppose it to bea Pers. loan-word. The Scythians cultivated hemp and knew its narcotic qualities; itwas also freely grown in districts inhabited by Medo- Persian races, and Humboldtregards it as having been brought to Europe from Persia.270 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √ŽĒR √ĒṚ- √ŘĒL- √ĒĻˇ, to boil, heat, bake, cook.Sanscrit, çra- çrī-, in çrayati, boils, roasts, çrīnati (s.s.) , çṛtas,boiled, roasted.Greek, kep-, in κépaμos, potter's clay, a tile, κɛpaμikós, of or relating to pottery, knρós, wax, кnрwτń, a cerate (?) (see alternative explanation under √qer-, ker-, to mix, p. 199) .Latin, cre- cal-, in cremare, crematus, to burn, crematio, a burning,cremor, broth, car- bo (çra- +suffix -bhu, cp. superbus) , -onis, charcoal,carbunculus, a little coal, a precious stone of a bright red colour, a boilor carbuncle; cervisia, beer (of Celtic origin?); calēre, to be warm, tobe excited, calescere, to grow warm, calor, warmth, calidus, caldus, warm,calefacere, to make warm; cera, wax, ceratum, a cerate, cerussa, whitelead, ceruse.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. calere, to be warm, take interest in,matter, ' mi cale, ' it warms me, interests me, Prov. caler, o. and N.F.chaloir, (lit.) to be hot, to be important, with pres. p. chaland, interestedin, caring for, N.F. nonchaloir, to be indifferent about, nonchalance,indifference (Lat. non +*calentia); Span. calentar, to be hot, Sp.calentura, F. calenture, a fever incident to sailors within the tropics, inwhich it is said the patient fancies the sea to be green fields , andwishes to jump into it; O.F. chald, N.F. chaud, Ital. caldo, hot, warm,Ital. caleffare, to mock, make angry by mocking, Port. calfar, to heat(from * calfare, for calefacere) , O.F. chaufer, M.E. chaufen, N.F. chauffer,to heat, with comp échauffer, réchauffer; Ital. scaldare, O.F. escalder,N.F. échauder (ex +calidare) , to heat, M.E. scalden (p. p. yscalded) ,N.E. scald; Ital . calderone, O.F. and M.E. caldron, caudron, chaldron,chaudron, N.E. chaldron, caldron, a large kettle, a measure for coals;L. Lat. *caldellum (fr. caldus) , O.F. caudel, chaudel, N.F. chaudeau,M.E. chaudel, caudel, N.E. caudle, a warm drink; Span. carbonada,a grill, Ital. carbonaro, a charcoal burner, Carbonari, name of a secretsociety in Italy; Ital. carbonchio, O.F. carbuncle, a carbuncle; cire,wax, cirer, to smear with wax, cerement, a waxed cloth, cerat, a waxsalve; O.F. creme, cream, from a L. Lat. *crema, cream.¹Teutonic, O.H.G. herd, ground, hearth, N.H.G. herd, A.S. heorth, N.E.hearth, Goth. haurja (pl. ) , coals, a fire, O.N. hyrr, fire, from Teut. baseher, to heat. (See Kluge ad vb. )Celtic, Ir. coirm, Wel. cwrw, Gall. κoupμ , beer.Diez makes L. Lat. crema a corruption of Lat. cremor, broth, thick juice.Another explanation, referred to by Körting as improbable, connects O.F. cremewith O.F. chreme, chresme, the consecrated oil.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 271ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, ceramic.Latin, cremate, -ion, -orium, carbon, -ic, -ise, -aceous, -iferous &c. ,carbuncle, carbuncular (thr. o.F.) , caloric, calorific.L. Latin and Romance, non-chalant, -ce, calenture, chafe, to warmbyfriction, to rub, irritate, chaff, to mock, réchauffée, scald, chaldron,caldron, caudle, cream (?) , cerate, ceruse, cerement, cere-cloth; carbonari,carbonade, carbonado, (subs. ) a grill, (vb. ) to cut and slash as a grill.Teutonic, hearth.Eur-Ar. √ŘEŲ- √ŽU- √ÃỤE-, to swell, be pregnant, be strong, hollow,empty.Sanscrit, çav-, çu-, çva-, in çavas, strength, growth; çi-çu-s, a child,youth, çu-çu-vas, prevailing, çu-ras, strong, a hero, sva-çuras, futher-inlaw (sva +çuras, own lord) , çvayati , is strong, swells, çv-an, gen. çunas, a dog, çuni, a bitch, çunyas, swollen, hollow, empty.Zend, çu-, çav-, in çuras, strong, çu, to be swift, strong, çav-ayati(caus. ofçu), to make use of, çpan, çpā, gen. çunō, qasura, father-inlaw.•Armenian, skesrair, father-in-law, skesur, mother-in-law.Greek, kor-, και, afe-, in κοίλος (for κόιλος), hollow, κόλος,Kainos (dialectic forms), kola, the belly, Koln Eupla, Cole Syria,the valley between the Lebanon and Antilibanus; kúаlos, a cup, KúλIĘ,a cup, κóos, for KóFos, a hollow, Kúтos, a hollow, Kúσтis , a bladder,Kvéw, ków, to be or make pregnant, Eyrvos, pregnant, kúos, an embryo;kúwv, gen. kuvós, a dog (the often pregnant), κvviñós, dog-like, cynic,a name given to a philosophical sect, so called either because themembers met in the Cynos-arges gymnasium, or from their coarseway of living; κvváyêŋ, dog's-pain, the dog-quinsy, xvvós-ovpa, thedog's tail,' a name given to the constellation of Ursa Minor, which contains in its tail the Pole star, Kuvокépaλos, the dog-faced baboon;kûµa, kvµátɩov (dim. ) , a wave (' the swelling sea ') , a waved or ogeemoulding, cyma, a sprout of a plant, kúaµos, bean, ' the swelling ';Kūpos, lordship, supreme authority, Kupów, to ratify, make sure, kúpios(adj.), possessing lordship, kúpios (subs.) , lord, the Lord, kupiakóv (sc.δωμα) , κυριακή (sc. οἰκία) , the Lord's house, i.e. a church, κυριακή•1596: The cynosura of the purest thought.'-Fitzgeffray. The cynosure ofneighbouring eyes.'-Milton .272 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VREU (Sc. uépa), the Lord's Day (these titles came into use in the GreekChurch during the first half of the fourth century); škvpós, ékupá,father- mother-in-law (lit. ' own lord '); Kevós, keveós, for KFeveÓS,empty, Kevотádiov, an empty tomb, cenotaph, κévwois, an emptying.√KU-√RUELatin, cav-, cu-, in cavus, hollow (cp. Gk. κófos) , cavea, a hollow, apit, an enclosure for criminals, den or lair of beasts, a cage, caveola,dim. , a cage, caverna, a cavern, cavernosus; cavare, to hollow, excavare,to hollow out, concavus, concave; calix (Gk. loan-word) , a cup (gen.calicis), cælum, for cavi-lum (cp. Gk. κoîλos, for κófiλos) , the vault ofthe sky, the heaven, cælestis , heavenly, cæruleus (by dissimilation fromcæluleus: Brugmann) , heavenly blue, dark; inciens (for in-cui-ens),pregnant; queo, quivi, quire, quitum, to be able, nequeo, to be unable,nequam, worthless, nequitia, worthlessness; cu-mulus, a heap, cumulare,to heap up, accumulare, to accumulate; cymatium, the volute of anIonic pillar, a waved moulding, cyma, gen. -atis (from Gk. xûµa), ayoung sprout, a summit (' cyma est enim summitas arborum,' Isidorus);socer, a father-in-law, so-crus, socra, a mother-in-law; canis, a dog,caniculus (dim.) , caninus, dog-like, canicula, the dog-star, InsulaCanaria, the dog-island, said to be so called from its large dogs, theCanary Island (' Cent. Dict. ') ..L. Latin and Romance, Ital. cavo, hollow , Ital . cavea, the pit of atheatre, the cage of a wild beast, N. Prov. gavi, o.F. cave, caive, a cave,O.F. caige, N.F. cage, a cage, Ital. gabbia, gaggia, a cage, Venet.cabbia, a cage, a basket, Ital. gabione, o.F. gabion, a defence madeofbaskets filled with earth, a gabion, Ital. gabbiuola, gabbiola (cp.Lat. caveola) , O.F. jaiole, jaole, gaiole, gaole, M.E. gaiole, geole, gaole,a jail, prison. Besides this there is an O.F. jagele, gaol, jagelier,gaoler, from which the variant spelling jail, jailer, may have arisen.L. Lat. caveolare, O.F. cageoler, to sing as a bird in a cage, N.F. cajoler,to decoy, coax, N.E. cajole; Ital. cielo, 2 o. and N.F. ciel, heaven, the canopyor covering over a bed, M.E. ciel, seile, cyll, syle, to cover the inner roofofa room, M.E. celure, syllure, a canopy; ' ceelyn with syllure,' perhaps covering the rafters of the roof with cloth (still done in India);' Doubtful: perhaps connected with caesius, bluish grey, and for cæsuleus bychange of s to r; but cp. the Romance forms cier, cieruri, heaven, cieresc, heavenly.2 The derivation of the word ceiling, celure, is obscure, whether from celare, toconceal, cælare, to carve, engrave (from cælum, a chisel, instrumental noun of cædo,to cut) , or from cælum, heaven. There is no apparent doubt that the English ceilingis connected with Ital. cielo, F. ciel, in the sense of canopy, but there is an Ital.celata, a helmet, and an O.F. celee, cielee, a cover, which appear to come from cælare,to engrave, emboss, rather than from celare, to conceal, and to mean a carved covering.This word, the original meaning being forgotten, may have become confused withand changed its form to ciel, heaven. Murray connects celure, O.F. celeure, with cælatura or celature.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 273Ital. cumulo, O.F. comble, heap, Prov. comol, full, Ital. cumulare, o.F. √ŘEUcombler, to heap; Ital. ingombro, O.F. encombre, hindrance, Ital. √KUingombrare, o.F. encombrer, M.E. combren, to cumber, M.E. combrance, √KUEN.E. encumbrance; inciente, pregnant (but not enceinte, which is fromincincta, ungirt: see under Vken-k-); Ital. cane, Prov. can-s , O.F.chen, N.F. chien, a dog (Lat. canis), O.F. chenil; Norm. F. kenil, M.E.kenel, a kennel, Ital. canaglia, Fr. canaille, the rabble; N.F. chenille,Prov. canilha (Lat. canicula) , a hairy caterpillar, a kind of velvety cordused as a trimming for dresses, so called from its resemblance to acaterpillar (cp. Eng. catkins applied to the bioom of nut trees, &c. );Ital. schinancia, O.F. esquinancie, squinancie, M.E. squinzie, N.E. quinsy(Lat. cynanche); Span. cima, o.F. cyme, N.F. cime, a summit, mountaintop, Span. cimarron, (subs. ) a runaway negro who takes refuge in the hills ,(adj. ) wild, unruly (fr. cima, a mountain top) , Eng. obs. symaron, N.F.marron (with loss of ci-) , N.E. maroon, (subs . ) a runaway slave, asailor put on a desert shore or island, (as vb.) to punish by putting onshore in a desert place.Balto-Slav. , Lith. szeszuras, O. Slav. svekru, a father-in-law, O.Slav. svekry, mother-in- law, Lith. szu, a dog (gen. szuns), O. Pruss.sunis, a dog, O. Slav. suka, a bitch, O. Slav. criki (tenth century) ,cruky, (late) crucuve, circove, O. Pruss. kirkis, Russ. cerkov, achurch.Teutonic, Goth. swaihra, ' O.N. svara, O.H.G. swehur, A.S. sweor(*sweohor), father-in-law, M.H.G. swager, N.H.G. schwager, father-inlaw, son-in-law, O.H.G. Swigar, N.H.G. schwieger, A.S. sweger, O.N.sværa, mother-in-law; Goth. * kyreika, O.H.G. chirihha, N.H.G. kirche,O.N. kirkia, kyrkja, A.S. cirice, cyrice, M.E. chiriche, chirche, cherche,churche, North E. kirkke, kirke, kirk, all borrowed words from Gk.Kνρiакóν (sc. Sâμa) , and now meaning a church. Kluge says that upto 1000 A.D. the Gk. word kuρiaкń (sc. μépa) was always applied toSunday, and only from the eleventh century kupiaкóv was used inthe sense of Church. Walafrid Strabo, in the ninth century, ascribesthe German knowledge and use of the word to the German mercenaries who were engaged in military service under the Byzantine empire,¹ That the name given to the husband's father in every one of the Eur-Ar.languages is from the same root is considered by Schrader (Prehist. Antiq. ) to indicate that the notion of relation by marriage was developed in the earliest period ,before the division of the people, solely as between the wife and the husband's family.There are very many Eur-Aryan equations to mark the relations of the wife to thehusband's family, but few to denote the relationship of the husband to the wife'sfamily, and from this it would appear that the wife was identified by her marriagewith the husband's family, without a corresponding connection of the husband with the wife's relatives. (See Schrader, p. 375.)T274 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√ŘEU√KUand refers particularly to the Goths in the Greek provinces. O.N.kirkjuganga, Dan. kirkegang, the going to church, especially of awoman after childbirth, a.s. circe-iærd, M.E. chirche-zeard, churchyard,O.H.G. chirihwihi, N.H.G. kirchweih, O.N. kirkju-vigsla, the consecrationofa church and its anniversary, church-wake (?) , a.s. ciric-wæcce (s.s. ) ,ciric-weard, churchwarden; Goth. bunds, O.H.G. hunt, N.H.G. hund,O.N. hundr, A.S. hund, dog, N.E. hound, with special sense of dogs usedin hunting: as a generic name A.S. docge (dog) has usurped the placeof A.S. hund, but Chaucer still uses hound in houndfish for dog-fish.Celtic, Corn. hwegeren, Wel. chwegrwn, father- in-law, Corn.hweger, Wel. chwegr, mother-in-law; Ir. cumas, strength, Ir. cur, caur,Wel. cawr, a giant, Gael. curaidh, Ir. curadh, a champion; O. Ir. cu,Gael. cu (gen. coin) , a dog, Ir. cuileann, a whelp (?); cuas, a hollow,cuasach, concave, hollow, Wel. cum, Corn. cwm, a hollow , Ir. cumar, avalley; Wel. ceubal, a boat, a dugout, M.E. coble, N.E. cobble. PerhapsWel. cwd, a bag, pouch, husk; or from √qud-, to cover (see p. 236) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, celiac (koiλía), relating to the bowels, hydrocele and otherwords compounded with -cele ( = kolan) , Cole Syria, cyar, the orificeofthe inner ear, cyathus, a small liquid measure, cymatium (throughLat. loan-word) , cyme, cyto- in comp. as cytoblast, with sense of hollow,cynosure, cynocephalus, cynic, -al, -ism; cystis, the bladder, cyst, abladder, a vesicle, cystous, cystose, cysto- cysti-, with sense ofbladder;Kyrie, in the prayer ' Lord, have mercy on me ' (Kyrie, eleëison) ,cenotaph, kenōsis, an emptying (theological term).Latin, cavity, cavern, -ous , excavate, -ion, concave, celestial,cærulean (?), cumulate, accumulate, -ion, canine.L. Latin and Romance, cave, gabion, cage, encage, gaol, gaoler,jail, jailer, jail-bird , &c. , cajole, ceiling , ciel (vb.) , cumber, -some,cumbrous, encumber, incumbrance, kennel, canaille, chenille, quinsy,Canary Isles; maroon, subs. and vb.Teutonic, church (Gk. loan-word), churchgoing, church-wake,churchyard, hound, Houndsditch.Celtic, Combe, found in many place and personal names, as Woolacombe, Compton, Coombs, Combes, &c. , cobble, a boat, a skiff, collie, adog; cod, a bag or husk, the scrotum, as in peascod, bean-cod, codpiece from A.S. cod (loanword)?EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 275Eur-Ar. VŘEL √ , to cover, hide, shelter, with older form√√(S)ŘEL- √(S) ĒĻ¯, and variant √QEL-.Sanscrit, çal-, in çāla, a house, shed, hall, room.Greek, kaλ-, kuλ-, in kaλía, a hut, a barn, кaλiós, a cabin, hencoop, prison (Hesych.) , káλvę, a covering, seed- vessel, cup of a flower,Kaλ-úẞη, a hut, shelter, кaλ- úπ-тw,' to hide, Kaλvó, ' the hidden orhiding,' the goddess Calypso, ȧπokáλvyıs, unveiling, revelation (seeunder Vqrup-, Vqlup-); κύλον, eyelid, ἐπικύλια, ἐπικυλίδες, uppereyelids, kúλığ, a cup.Latin, cal-, cel-, cil- , cul-, in calyx (Gk. loan-word) , the seed-vessel,cup of a flower, calix, a cup, gen. calicis (Gk. kúλığ) , O. Lat. caltim,callim, Class. clam, secretly, clandestinus for clamdiestinus (Corssen) ,secret; cilium, eyelid, supercilium, eyebrow, superciliosus, disdainful(cilia, pl. of cilium, as a medical term, denotes the minute hair-likeorgans found on most animal tissues); celare, to conceal, concelare (s.s. ) ,cel-la, a store-room, cabinet, cell, cellula (dim. ) , cellarium, a larder,pantry, cellarius, (adj . ) relating to a pantry, (subs. ) a butler, cellararius,a butler; occulere, -ui, -tum, to hide, occultatio, a concealment,cucullus, cuculla, a cowl; color, colour.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. calice, chalice, a cup; F. conceler, toconceal, Prov. cella, O.F. and м.E. celle, a cell, Ital . cellario , O.F. celier,M.E. celer, N.F. cellier , cellar, Prov. cellarier, o.F. celerier, M.E. celerer,a cellarer, cellarman; Ital. cuculla, Prov. cogula, O.F. coule, M.E. couel,a cowl; Span. elmo, elmete, O.F. healmet, M.E. helmet (fr. O.H.G. hëlm);O.F. halebard, halberd, O.F. halebardier, a halberdier (from Teutonic) ,O.F. cale, a kind of cap, calotte, a skull-cap (from Celtic); o.F. hale,N.F. halle, from Teut. halle, a hall; O.F. and M.E. colur, colour, N.F.couleur, colour.Balto-Slav., O. Slav. šelmu, N. Slav. šlemu, a helmet, Lith. szalmas.(S.S.).Teutonic, Goth. hulan (in us-hulan), to hollow, huljan, cover, O.H.G.helan, N.H.G. hehlen, hüllen, O.N. hylja, A.S. helan, helian, to cover,hide, M.E. helen, hilen (s.s. ) , also to tile a roof, M.E. healer, hilier, atiler; N.H.G. halle (introduced by Luther) , O.N. höll, A.S. healle, a room,hall (cp . Sans. çāla); Goth. helms, O.H.G. hëlm, N.H.G. helm, O.N.hjalmr, A.S. helm, a helmet, M.H.G. helm-barte, 2 N.H.G. helle-barte(= helm + bart, an axe), a halberd; Goth. hulistra, O.N. hulstr,1 Cp. for similar formation in Latin voluptas from gel-, to will, choose.2 Helm- in this word may represent either M.H.G. helm, halm, a staff (in whichcase helmbarte = axe with a handle) , or helm, a helmet: its meaning would thenbe an axe to smash the helmet. Kluge prefers the latter (see Etym. Dict. ad vb.).T 2276 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√(S)ŘEL-√(S) ĒĻ¯VŘEL A.S. heolstor, a cover or case, a holster, formed with suff. -sterfrom adj . hol, hollow; Goth. * hula, O.H.G. hol, N.H.G. hohl, O.N. holr,A.S. hol, hohl, M.E. hohl, holgh, holw, holow, N.E. hollow, O.H.G. hole,N.H.G. höhle, a.s. hol, M.E. holh, a hollow place, a hole; Goth. halja,O.H.G. hella, ' N.H.G. hölle, O.N. hel, A.S. hel, hades, hell, A.S. hellefyr,helle-geat, helle-hund, helle-pina, O.N. Hel, the goddess of the dead; 'O.H.G. hulsa (for * huli-sa) , N.H.G. hulse, A.S. hulu, M.E. hoole, hul, ahull or shell of beans &c.; A.S. hulc, M.E. hulke, a hut or cottage,L.G. hölken, M.E. holken, Scot. howk, to dig out, M.E. hold (of aship) , from a.s. hol, a hole, hollow: cp. Du. ' het hol van een schip.'√/QEL 2Celtic, Gael. cill , ceall, O. Ir. ceall, a cell or chapel, found in manyCeltic place- names, as Kil-, with sense of church, N. Ir. ceal, a covering, ceal-airm, a hiding place, cealladh, custody, Wel. celu , to hide,celim, I hide; Ir. calla, O. Gael. call , a veil or hood, M.E. calle (fromCeltic), a netfor the hair, a caul, a membrane sometimes covering thehead of a newborn child, regarded as a sign of good fortune, also asa safeguard from drowning; Wel. celt, a covert, Wel. Celtiad, adweller in coverts, a Celt; Gael, ceil, to conceal, ceiltich, Celts, Gael.coilteach, a dweller in woods, a Celt.³ This explanation is not acceptedby Macbain, who connects Gael. coille, a wood, with qled-, to cut(see p. 204, Celtic ') .(ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, calyx (of a flower, thr. Lat. ) , Calypso, apocalypse, -tic.Latin, clandestine, cilia (scientific) , ciliary, supercilious, cellule,cellular, occult, occultation.L. Latin and Romance, chalice, cell, conceal, concealment, cellar,¹ Skeat suggests the derivation of harlequin from a L.G. * hierlekin, a corruptedform of an O.N. heljarkin, A.S. hellekin, hell's brood, through the O.F. form (ofthe thirteenth century) helle-kin, hellequin , hierlekin, herlekin, with sense of demon.The word appears in the phrase, ' li maisnie hierlekin, ' a troop of demons, who hauntedlonely places: cp. M.E. Hurlewayne's kynne or meyne (s.s. ). The other forms of theword are O.F. harlequin, Ital. arlecchino, Swed. harlekin, Du. harlekijn, and perhaps N.H.G. erl-könig.? This implies a belief among the German races in heathen times of an ' abode ofthe dead, ' which was known under the names given above. These were afterwardsadopted by the Christian missionaries to express hades, the place of departedspirits, or hell, the place of punishment." The origin of Celt, Celtic, is much disputed, Wh. Stokes, Dict. ii . 83, connectsit with Lat. cellere, p. p. celsus , Lith. keltas, exalted, from Eur- Ar. ✔qel-, go, rise,spring up, and meaning perhaps the swift, active, or exalted people. The Cent. Dict. isin favour of the explanation given in the text from Eur-Ar. Kel , to conceal. A thirdexplanation connects it with Gk. Kaλós, Goth. hails, A.S. hāl, sound, healthy, O. Slav.celu, complete, Ir. cel, a good augury, with perhaps the meaning of noble, fortunate,from Eur-Ar. qel-, good, fortunate.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 277cellarer, cellarman, cowl; helmet, halberd, halberdier, hall; colour,discolour, colourable, &c.Teutonic, helm, holster, hollow, -ness, Holland (the hollow or lowland ¹ ) , hole, hell, -ish, hell-fire , -gate, hell-hound, ' pains of hell, ' hull,howk, hold, hulks (?) , helyer, a tiler, now found as a surname,Hillier.Celtic, caul, Kil-patrick, Kil-kenny, Kilbride, Kilbirnie, Kilchrist,Icolmkil, the church of St. Patrick &c.; perhaps Celt, Celtic.Eur-Ar. VKER, with an older form √(S) KER- (?), ² and an extension✔KER-DH-, (as subs.) crowd, herd, army, (as verb) to be strong,defiant.Sanscrit, çardh-, in çardh-as (adj .) , strong, defiant, çardh-ati, isstrong, defiant, çardh-as, (subs. ) a crowd, troop, host, çardha-nīti, leading the host (of the Maruts).Zend, çaredha-s, a kind, species, group, O. Pers. kāra, an army.Balto-Slav. , Lith. karas, war (older meaning³ an army), Lith.karauna, to carry on war, O. Pruss. karjis, an army, O. Slav. kara,strife, O. Slav. čreda, a herd, Serv. kerd, a herd.Teutonic, Goth. harjis, acc. sing. hari, O.H.G. hari, heri, N.H.G.heer, O.N. herr, A.S. here, army, O.H.G. herion, to plunder, N.H.G.heeren in verheeren, to lay waste, O.N. herja, to make a plundering raid,A.S. herigan, hergian, M.E. herizen, herzien, herwen, N.E. harry, harrow,to make a raid, plunder, O.H.G. herizogo, N.H.G. herzog, O.N. hertoge,A.S. heretoga, leader of an army, A.S. here-geatu, military apparel andequipments, M.E. heriet, N.E. heriot¹; 0.H.G. hariberga, heriberga, military encampment, station , N.H.G. herberg, shelter , lodging, inn , O.N. herbergi, A.S. hereberga, M.E. hereberze, here-berwe, herbor, encampment,shelter for ships, an inn, N.E. harbour, aplace of safety (spec.) for ships,This is the general explanation, and it is followed by Skeat. The Cent. Diot. ,however, cites, on the authority of Wackernagel, an O. Sax. Holtland as the rightspelling of Holland, meaning woodland.2 Compare O.H.G. skara, a crowd, A.S. scealu, a shoal offish.The Balto-Slav. forms seem to be based on a double form of the root /qer-,as well as √KER-.The here-geatu were the military equipments of the vassal surrendered at hisdeath by his heir to the lord . Skeat quotes a will of the middle of the tenthcentury: And [I bequeath] to the king my heriots, viz. four swords and four spearsand four shields, and four torques four horses, and two silver vessels.' See Skeat,under heriot.'

T 3278 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓KER-√(S )ŘERKER- DHO.H.G. heribergen, N.H.G. herbergen, O.N. herbergja, A.S. herebirigan,M.E. herbergen, herberen, N.E. harbour, to grant shelter, protection, hospitality; O.H.G. haring, N.H.G. häring, A.S. hæring, M.E. hering, a herring(perhaps so-called from its coming in shoals), Goth. hairda, O.H.G.herta, N.H.G. herd, O.N. hjördh, A.S. heord, herd, hyrd, M.E. herd, aflock, herd, a lot of persons, Goth. haird-eis, o.H.G. hirti, N.H.G. hirt,O.N. hirdh-r, A.S. heorde, hyrde, hirde, M.E. hirde, herde, N.E. herd,O. Du. herdeman, M.E. herdeman, N.E. herdman, herdsman; O.H.G.hari enters into the composition of many personal names, as Hlodhari, glory of the army, Heri-, Hari-brecht, bright army, Hari-wald,Waldhari, ruler of the army, from which are formed N.H.G. Luther,Ital. Lothario, O.F. Lothair, N.H.G. Lothringen, N.F. Lorraine, N.H.G.Aribert, N.E. Herbert, L. Lat. Gualterius, o.F. Gualtier, N.F. Gautier,N.E. Walter, with its derivatives; o.F. harasser, to harass, perhapsformed from O.N. herja.L. Latin and Romance, O. Ital. alberja (for older arberja) , N. Ital.albergo, Prov. alberga, o.F. herberge, encampment, alberge, lodginghouse, N.F. auberge, Ital. albergare, Prov. albergar, arbergar, o.F.herbergier, albergier, to provide shelter and camping ground for troops,to afford hospitality, O.F. and M.E. herbergeour, an officer who goes inadvance to arrange quarters for troops or to prepare lodgings, also ahost, N.E. harbinger, a fore-runner.Celtic, O. Ir. cuire, a crowd.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, prop . name Herbert, Hereward, guardian of the army,Heriwald, ruler of the army, Harold, Walter, with (dim. ) Wat,Watkin, and various derivatives, as Walters, perhaps Waters (=sonof Walter) , Watts, Watson (son of Wat) , Watkins, perhaps Gwatkins(son ofWatkin: a Welsh form) , &c.; Luther, Lowder, Lauder; harbour,-age, heriot, harry, harrow (vb. ) , ' herd (flock) , herd (the caretaker ofaherd), herdsman, shepherd (used commonly as a surname), swine-herd,goat-herd, neat- herd, stot-herd (bullock- herd), now disused, but' Harrow, to distress, shock, is from M.E. harowen, to harrow a field, which isconnected probably with Dan. harv, O.N. herfi, a harrow, of unknown origin. O.F.herce, N.F. herse, N.E. hearse, is from Ital. erpice = Lat. irpice(m), a harrow, con- nected perhaps with Gk. äρreja, thorn- bush, the primitive harrow ( a derivative fromápráÇw, to snatch, seize, catch hold of). Neither harrow nor hearse are connected with Eng. harry, harrow, to plunder. The medieval hearse was a frame for holding candles with cross slips of wood which in appearance was like a harrow; later the frame on which the body was laid was so called, then the carriage which bore it to thegrave (see Skeat ad vb. ) .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 279remaining still in the surnames Stoddard, Stotherd, as Goatherd maybe found in Goddard, cowherd in the surname Coward.L. Latin and Romance (borrowed from Teutonic) , harbinger;Lothario, Lothair, Lorraine, harass.Eur-Ar. √ŽREI- √ĒRI- √ŘLEI- √KLĪ , to incline, slope, lean, lie.Sanscrit, çri-, in çra-yati, inclines, çrita, clinging to , Çrī, a name ofÇiva, the god, çrī- in comp. an honorific title, blessed, happy, favourable, as çri-manas, well-minded, well-disposed (cp. Lat. clemens, mild,gentle), çriya, welfare, bliss, çrī-s , beauty, magnificence, çreyams, çreshtha,comp. and superl. of çri.Zend, çri-, in çrīra, çrika, beautiful, çrī, beauty, çrayao, çraesta,comp. and superl. of cri.Greek, кρι-, κλ-, in κpɛíwv, ¹ a ruler, lord, in «λívw, lie, rest upon,kλívŋ, a couch, êλɩoía, a lying-down place, a temporary hut forshepherds or for soldiers, a camp, tent, kλīviкós , relating to a bed,κλινικοί, physicians who visit patients in bed, κλίμα, (gen. ) κλίματος,a slope, disposition as to latitude, heat, dryness, &c. , kλîµağ, a ladder,a rhetorical method, a climax, kλiμaктýp, the round of a ladder,(metaph. ) a critical time of life, ¿viavтòs kλiµaктnρikós, a climacteric year, every seventh year, èyíλITIKós, a word leaning its accent onone before.Latin, cli-, in *clinare, to lean, slope, rest upon, clivus, a hill, slope,clivius, unfavourable (of omens) , i.e. from the left hand, ac-clinare, tolean against, acclivis, -us, ascending, acclivitas , acclivity, declinare, toslope downwards, turn away from, (in gram. ) to inflect, declinatio,turning away from, inflection, declivis, sloping downwards, declivitas, declivity, inclinare, to turn or slope, bend in any direction(spec.) towards (trans. and intrans. ), to be favourably disposed to(intrans. ) , inclinatio, a sloping, bending, proclinare, to bend or slopeforwards, proclivis, -vus, bending forwards, disposed towards, proclivitas, tendency, reclinare, to lie back, tri-clinium, a Roman diningroom furnished with three couches, clivus, a hill; olima, climax,climactericus, clinicus, encl*ticus (Gk. loan-words); clemens (cp.Sans. çrīmanas) , mild, gentle, kind, (of places) having a gentle slope,clementia, clemency, Clemens, a proper name.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . clinare, Prov. clinar, o.F. cliner, M.E.clinen, clynen (now obs . ) , O.F. decliner, M.E. declinen, N.E. decline (vb.) ,¹ See Brugmann, ii . 404, and cp. with Sans. çre- yams (above), beautiful, splendid.280 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.KREI-√ĒRĪ-√ŘLEI-√ŘLÍO.F. and M.E. declin, a decline, O.F. and M.E. declinacion, declination,declension, O.F. encliner, incliner, M.E. en- in-clinen, incline, O.F. andM.E. inclinacion, inclination; O.F. and M.E. clement, O.F. and M.E.clemencie, N.E. clemency, O.F. climas (in fourteenth cent. ) , N.F. climat,M.E. (end of fourteenth cent. ) , climat, climate.Balto-Slav. , Lith. szlyti, incline towards , szlētī , lean upon, szlaitas,a slope, hill (cp. Gk. «λîтos).Teutonic, hli- in O.H.G. hlinen, linen (intrans. ) , hleinen, leinen(trans.) , N.H.G. lehnen, to lean, slope, bend, O.N. hleina (once found) , tofavour, A.S. hlinian, hleonian (intrans. ) , hlænen (trans .) , to lean, slope,bend, Goth. hlai-ns, O.N. hlein, a rockprojectinginto the sea, Goth. hlai-vs,a hill, barrow, A.S. hlaw(s.s.), O.N. and A.S. hlidh, a slope, hillside; O.H.G.hald, ' N.H.G. hold, O.N. hollr, A.S. hold, inclined towards, favouring,gracious, O.H.G. * hleitir, leitara, N.H.G. leiter, A.S. hlædder, hlædar,ladder, Goth. hleithra, O.N. hleidhr, a tent (cp. Gk. êλσía); 0.N. hle,A.S. hleow, hleo, M.E. leow, leo, lee, a sheltered spot (subs. ) , used (adj . )with sense of warm, sheltered, cp. o.H.G. hlao, lao, N.H.G. lau, O.N.hly-r, hlæ-r, warm, mild, prov. Eng. lew; perhaps A.S. hlidan, toshelter, cover , A.S. hlid, a covering, M.E. lide, lid, a lid, A.S. hlidgeat,O.N. hlidh, a gateway, Goth. hleiduma, left.Celtic, Ir. claon, prejudice, error, (as an adjective) partial, claonadh,a deviation, proclivity, claonta, bent, Wel. cleiniadd, lying at fulllength, O. Ir. cle, prejudiced, left, Gael. cli, Wel. cledd, left (cp. Lat.clivius, Goth. hleiduma) , Ir. cleith, cleath, a roof, Gael . cleith, astake, Bret. clet, a warm place, Wel. clyd, a shelter (Macbain).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, climate (thr. Fr.) , -tic, -ology (thr. Lat. Fr.) , acclima_tise, climax, climacteric, clinic, -al, encl*tic (thr. Lat. Fr.) .Latin, incline, decline, inclination, declination, declension (thr.F.); acclivity, -ous, declivity, -ous, proclivity, reclined; clement, thesurnames Clement, Clements, Clementson, clemency (thr. Fr.); triclinium .L. Latin and Romance, decline , incline (subs. ) .Teutonic, lean, -ing, heel, to lean to one side, lowe, a hill (Scot. ) ,1 Kluge suggests from an old Teutonic form of the root, ✔hal-, cp. O.N. hal-la, tolean forward, A.S. hyl-dan, hel-dan, M.E. hil-den, hel-den, to tilt, incline, N.E. heelover (with loss of d: cp. Palgrave, quoted by Skeat, ' the bote begynneth to hylde,'and Wyclif, Mark xiv. 3, ' she helde it [poured by tilting] on his head ' ). The d wasprobably dropped in modern English by its being regarded as marking the past tense,instead of being a radical letter.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 281law, a hill, ladder, lee, leeward , lew, luke, an unexplained variant oflew, lukewarm , lid, eyelid, Lidgate, Lidyatt, Lidgetter, Ludgeter,gatekeeper (surnames) .Eur-Ar. KLON IS, the buttock, haunch.Sanscrit, çrōnis (s.s.).Zend, çraonis (s.s.) .Armenian, srun-k, bone ofthe leg.Greek, kλóvis, the ' os sacrum.'Latin, clūnis (s.s.) , crus, cruris, a leg (?); perhaps lum-bus, a loin(for * clun-bus), lumbago, pain in the loins (by loss of initial c, andchange of n to m before b) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. lombo, Prov. lomb-s, O.F. logne, M.E.loyne, loine, Scot. lungie, lunyie, N.F. longe, a loin , O.F. surlogne.Balto- Slav. , Lith . szlaunis, O. Slav. led-vi , led-vija, the loin.Teutonic, O.N. hlaun (s.s.) , O.H.G. lenti, lentin, N.H.G. lende, O.N.lend, the loin, haunch, A.S. lenden, (pl. ) lend-enu, M.E. lendes, the loins.Celtic, O. Wel. clun (8.8. ) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, crural, lumbar, lumbago.L. Latin and Romance, loin, sirloin (for surloin) . 'Eur-Ar. √KREU VĒRU √ŘLEU- √ŘLU-, to hear, obey, be heard of,proclaim, &c.Sanscrit, çru-, in çru-no-ti, to hear, çrav-ayati, causes to hear,çrutas, heard, famous, çruti, hearing, rumour, çrushti, hearing,obedience, çrotra, the ear, çravas, sound, call, fame, glory, çravasya,(adj.) ambitious, (subs.) glory.' The connection of Latin lumbus, O.H.G. lenti, O, Slav. ledvija, is very problematic. The different vocalism is one objection; yet, notwithstanding this, Brugmannaccepts the identity of Gk. KλŎvis with Sans. çronis, Lat. clūnis. Another objectionis the variation of suffix; viz. the assumed base clon- takes in Latin the suffix -bus,and drops initial c; the O. Slav. omits the nasal, has lost the initial c, and uses thesuffix -vi; the O.H.G. loses the initial h ( = Eur- Ar. k) , and uses the suffix -ti.On the other hand, O.N. hlaunn retains the original h, and has the same vocalismas Sans. çronis, Lith. szlaunis. It is nevertheless possible to suppose later formsof the root without the initial consonant of the Eur-Ar. Klon and with varyingvocalism, as lōn-, lõn-, lùn-, lễn-, with different suffixes, and producing the formslum-bus, len-ti, len-de, and the unnasalised led-vi.282 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√ĪREUVKRU√ŘLEU-√KLUZend, çru-, in çrūidyai, to hear, çraota (subs. ) , hearing, çraothra,making hear, calling, çraoman, hearing, fame, çravanh, a word, çraosa,obedient, çrusti, hearing, obedience, cp. O.N. hlust, Sans. çruta, heard,famous.Armenian, lu- (for slu-) , in lu, audible, lur, hearing.Greek, κλυ-, κλεί-, in κλύω, to hear, κλυτός, celebrated, in κλέος(for kλéf-os), glory, -kλéŋs (Ion. ) , -xλîs (Att. ) , termination of manyGreek compound names with meaning of famous, as in Пɛpɩλîs,&c. , KλEIтós, celebrated, cl*tus, nom. pr. , Kλe , the Muse of History.Latin, clu-, clo-, clau- ( = clav-) , in cluere, to hear oneself called, benamed, praised, celebrated, cluens, (later) cliens (lit. one who hears), onewḥo obeys, an attendant, client, clientela, clientage; inclutus or incl*tus,celebrated, cluior (Isidorus) , more noble, Clu- Clo- Claud- ( =famed) , inRoman names, as Clu-ilius, Clodius, Claudius; laus (for claus: cp.Sans. çrav-as, Gk. kλéos for kλéfos) , praise, renown, laudare, avi,-atum (for [c]laudare) , to praise, laudator, laudabilis , collaudare, topraise exceedingly; gloria, glory, for glovosia ( = clovosia, cp. Sans.çravasya) , contracted to glōsia ( =gloria, by rhotacism, cp. Aurelii:Auselii), gloriari, to glory, glorificare, glorify, gloriosus, boastful.1L. Latin and Romance, Ital. laude, lode, praise, Prov. and L. Lat.lausa, Span. losa, a grave-stone on which the rank and titles of thedeceased were engraved, O.F. los , praise, also a diamond-shaped tile, aservice ofthe Roman Church, Lauds,' M.E. los, loos, lose, praise, fame(Lat. laus, laud-em); Ital. lodare, Prov. lauzar, L. Lat. lausare, O.F.aloser, Norm. F. loser, M.E. losen, alosen, N.F. louer, to praise, o.F.aloer ( = alo[s]er), 2 M.E. alouen, alowen, to approve, allow (Lat.adlaudare); Ital. lusinga, praise, flattery, coaxing, Prov. lauz-enga, O.F.and M.E. losenge, losange, flattery, deceit, N.F. louange, praise, O.F.losengeor, M.E. losengour, losenger, N.F. louangeur, a flatterer, deceiver,O.F. and M.E. losengerie, flattery, deceit, O.F. loange, praise, used alsoin the sense of payment made to the lord of a fief for his consent toits alienation, from L. Lat. laudemia (s.s.) , O.F. losenge, M.E. losinge,losenge, N.F. losange, ³ (1 ) a diamond-shaped field in a shield or coat ofarms, showing noble descent, rank, dignity (heraldic); (2) a diamondshaped confection ofsugar &c.; L. Lat. Ludovicus, Clovis, Ital. Ludovico,Prov. Aloys (m. ) , Aloyse, F. Louis , Louise, Héloïse, Alise, Elise, all from1•Körting disputes this derivation, and prefers that from a Hispano- Celtic laus, adiamond-shaped rhomboid, to which he also assigns losange, &c.2 In L. Lat. laudes ' was used to express the lord's consent to sales, and also thepayment which the tenant had to makefor the same; hence O.F. lods, the lord's dueson salesThis is the same word as O.F. and M.E. losenge, praise, flattery.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 283√KRUKLEU✔KLUTeutonic Hlodwig, Chlodwig, famed in war, Ital . Lothario, F. Lothaire, √ŽREUF. Lorraine (N.H.G. Lothringen) , from Teut. Hlod-hari , Clota- chari, famedClotilde from Chlothilde, the famous heroine '; N.F. clientèle, afollowing, a number ofdependents, Ital . gloria, O.F. and M.E. glorie, gloire,N.E. glory, O.F. glorier, M.E. glorien, to glory, Prov. glorificar, O.F.glorifier, M.E. glorifien, to glorify, o.F. glorios (Lat. gloriosus) , M. andN.E. glorious; L. Lat. slavus, sclavus, Ital . schiavo, ' Prov. escaus, O.F.esclo, esclave, a slave, from O.H.G. sklav, a term originally applied to theSlavonian prisoners of Charlemagne.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. slovo, a word, slava, fame, O. Slav. slyša,slysati, to hear, sluchu, hearing, Lith. klausa, obedient, Lith. slove,honour, Lett. and Russ. slava, glory, fame, O. Slav. sloveninu (N. Gr.corruption σxλaßývos), Slavonic, Slovenic, meaning ' the noble, famouspeople '; -slav (noble) is the termination of many Slavonic names, asWenceslav, Bogislav, Wratislav, Stanislav, &c.Teutonic, hlu-, in O.H.G. hlūt, lūt, N.H.G. laut, A.S. hlūd, M.E.lūd, loud (orig. p.p. of *hlu-an, to hear, * hlūda, *hluta: cp. Gk,«λvтós), heard, audible. There are traces of another Teutonic * hluda

• hloda, *chluda, *chloda, with a short vowel, having the sense offamous,

in the old German names Hlodwig, Chlodwig, Hlodhari, Chlothilde, Hloderich, rich in fame, and now Ludwig, Lothar, Luther, Clothilde, Lowry.Goth. hliuma, a sound, hearing, O.H.G. hliumunt, 2 liumunt, N.H.G. leumund (f. ), a cry, fame, rumour, o.N. hljomr, a.s. hleodhor, sound.O.N. hljodh has the double meaning of sound and silence; the originalsense is hearing, a hearing: the expression ' bidja hljodhs ' means ' tobeg a hearing,' i.e. request silence; O.N. hljodhna, to become silent, i.e. torrant a hearing, hljodha, dumb, silent, i.e. ready to hear. O.H.G. hlosen ,N.H.G. lauschen, A.S. hlosnian, hear, listen, O.N. hlust, ear, A.S. hlyst,hearing, A.S. hlystan, to listen, O.H.G. lustren; O.H.G. Hlod- in Hlodwig,Hlod-hari, N.H.G. Ludwig, Luther, Lothringen, O.H.G. Chlothilde, &c.Celtic, Ir. clos, hearing, cluisim, cloisim , I hear, cluiteach, famous,cluinsin, hearing, a report, clu, fame, Gael. cliu, fame, praise, cluinn, tohear, cluas, the ear, Wel. clyf, sense of hearing, clywed, to hear, clod,fame, praise, Ir. and Gael. cluas, Wel. clust, the ear; Ir. clot-rī, rich infame.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, names compounded with Cleo-, Clei- , Cle-, Cleobulus , Cleitus, Cleander, &c. , with -cl*tus, as Heracl*tus, with -λns, as Patro-cles,Themisto- cles, Peri-cles , &c.The Ital. Prov. and O.F. words had also the sense of a coarse frock worn bypilgrims; probably from its resemblance to the usual garment of a slave.2 The O.H.G. nominal suffix -munt corresponds to the Gk. -uaт- , Lat. -mento-.284 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Latin, client, -age, -ship, laud, Lauds, part of the nocturn office,laudation, laudable, laudatory, glorification. 'L. Latin and Romance, clientele, allow, -al, -ance, -able, disallow,lozenge, the medical confection, also a pane ofglass of a diamond shape,glory, glorious, glorify, Ludovico, Louis, Lewis, Louisa, Ludovic, Clovis,Aloys, Héloïse, Elise, Eliza, Alice, Alicia, Lothario, Lothaire, Lorraine,Clotilda.Balto- Slav. , slave, -er, -ery, -ish , enslave, Slavonic, Slavonian,Slovenia, Slovenic, recent formations from the O. Slav. slava, fame,Wratislaw, Wenceslaus, Stanislaus, recently Latinised forms ofWenceslav, Stanislav.Teutonic, loud, -ness, aloud, list, listen, the surnames Lutwich,Lowther, Lowder, Lauder, Loder, Lowry, Luther, -an, Lothringen(Lorraine).Eur-Ar. √ÃRU- √ÊLU-, to clean, flood.Sanscrit, çrav-, in çravayan, to flow (Fick, 4th ed . i. 48) .Greek, kλυ-, in kλú¿w (for kλú-d-¿w, to wash away, swill, cleanse,Katakλúšw, to flood, dash over, katakλvoµós, a deluge, inundation,κλύδων, a wave, κλυστήρ, α cluster.2Latin, clu-, in clu-ere, to clean, wash off, clo-aca, a sewer, Cloacina,Cluacina, the purifier, a title of Venus, said to be so called because theRomans after the Sabine war purified themselves near a statue of thegoddess with myrtle branches; cloacalis, relating to sewers, clyster(Gk. loan-word) .Balto-Slav. , Lith. szlu-ju, to clean, swill, sweep.Teutonic, Goth. hlutrs, O.H.G. hluttar, luttar, N.H.G. lauter, A.S.hluttor, clean.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, clyster, glyster, cataclysm.Latin, cloacal.Eur-Ar. VKERD √ṚD √RRED, heart, as seat of feeling andmental activity, and as an organ of the body.Laudanum is commonly explained as a contraction of Laudandum. Skeatrejects this and regards Laudanum as corrupted from Ladanum, a sweet- smelling gum,Gk. Ahdavov, Añdov, Pers. ludan. F. lait d'ânon is a popular etymology.2 Evρokλúdшv (N.T.) is a doubtful word of which there are various readings, themost probable being eυpakúλwv (from Eur-aquilo, north- east wind), which blowsviolently in the spring, a loan- word from Lat. and corrupted in the Gk, to evрoкλúdwv.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 285Sanscrit, brd, ' the heart, hṛdaya (s.8. ).Zend, zard-, in zaredya, the heart.ViKERD-√ŘṚD√KRED- Armenian, sirt, heart.Greek, καρδ-, κραδ-, in καρδία, κραδίη (Epic), κάρζα ( ol .),heart, κapdiaкós, relating to the heart, πɛρikáρdios , near, about theheart; Képdos, craft, gain, кepdoσúvn (s.s.) , Kɛpdú, the wily one, thief,a name ofthe fox.Latin, cord-, in cor, cord-is, heart, accordare, agree, concors, agreeing with, concordia, agreement, concordare, to agree with, concordatus,an agreeing, discors, disagreeing, discordia, discordare; misericors,pitiful, misericordia, pity; so-cors, dull, sluggish, so-cordia, sloth,ve-cors, insane, vecordia, madness; recordari, to remember, præcordia,the diaphragm, cordatus, prudent, wise, corculum, dim. of cor, a littleheart; cerdo, a handicraftsman, cp. Gk. Kɛpdwv, name of a slave.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. cuore, Prov. cors, O.F. cor, coer, N.F.cœur, heart, M.E. core, the core offruit, Ital. coraggio (as from L. Lat.coraticum), Prov. coratge, o.F. and M.E. corage, N.F. courage, courage,O.F. and M.E. corageus, N.F. courageux, courageous; Ital. accordare,Prov. accordar, O.F. acorder, M.E. acorden, N.F. accorder, to accord, O.F.and M.E. concorde, concord, O.F. concordance, M.E. concordaunce, agreement, concordance, F. (16th cent. ) concordat, an agreement, O.F. andM.E. discorde, descorde, discord, Ital. discordare, O.F. descorder, discorder,to disagree, pres . p. discordant; o.F. descourager, encourager, M.E.discourage, encourage, Ital. ricordare, o.F. recorder, M.E. recorden, torecord, Ital. ricordo, O.F. record, a record; O.F. and M.E. cordial, (adj . )hearty, (subs.) a cordial.Balto-Slav. , Lith. zird-is, O. Slav. sridice, heart.Teutonic, Goth. hairts, O.H.G. herz-a, N.H.G. herz, O.N. hartja, A.S.heorte, M.E. heorte, huerte, harte, heart, M.H.G. herzeliche, O.N.hjartaliga, M.E. heorteliche, heartily.Celtic, O. Ir. cride, N. Ir. cridhe, croidhe, Wel. craidd, Gael.cridhe, heart.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, cardiac, pericardium.Latin, corcule (a small seed), præcordia.L. Latin and Romance, core (offruit) , courage, -ous, discourage,-ment, encourage, -ment, accord, -ance, -ing, concord, -ant, -ance,' Phonetically the Sans. words cannot be assigned to Eur-Ar. √ĨṚD; they requirea Eur-Ar. √GHRD. It is difficult, however, to separate the Aryan words for heartfrom the European, and GHRD may have been a dialectic variant of √ĨṚD.286 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.concordat (fr. Lat. concordatum) , discord, -ant, -ance, record, -er,cordial, -ly.Teutonic, heart, -y, -ily, heart-ache, heartfelt, &c. , hearten, dishearten, hardhearted , &c.Eur-Ar. VKRED-DH- =√ÊRED + √DHË ) , to be defiant, haveconfidence, trust, believe in; probably a variant of KER√KER- DH , to be strong, defiant (see p. 277) .Sanscrit, çrad-dhā-, ' in çrad-da-dhā-ti , trust, believe in, çrad-dhā,(adj.) trustful, faithful, (subs. ) fidelity, çrad-dhi-va, credible.Latin, crēd-, in crēd- ere, -idi , -itum (for crěd-dere), to believe,credibilis, creditor, a creditor, creditare (intens. ) , to believe firmly,credulus, easy of belief, credulitas; discredere, to be incredulous towards,incredulus, not believing, accredere, to yield belief to.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. credere (p. p. creduto), Prov. creire(p. p. crezut), o.F. creire (p. p. crut) , N.F. croire (p. p. cru), to believe,Ital. credenza, Prov. creansa, O.F. credence, creance, M.E. credence,creaunce, faith, a buffet, a side-table (see note); Credo, as a nameforthe Apostles' Creed, from its first word ' Credo ' (I believe) , is common toall the Romance languages; Ital. credito, F. crédit (fifteenth cent. ) ,faith, trust, repute, Fr. créditer , to give credence or credit to, with compounds accréditer (s.s.) , discréditer, to refuse credit, formed from Lat.creditare, or from Fr. crédit; o.F. creanter, craanter, cranter, also greanter, graanter, granter, M.E. granter, graunten, to grant, either fromL. Lat. credentare, or from O.F. créant, surety, bail (L. Lat. credentum),M.E. creaunt; all these are based upon credens, pres. p. of credere;Ital. miscredente, F. mescréant, miscréant, M.E. miscreant, an unbeliever,heathen, Ital. ricredente, orig. going back to a false faith, afterwardslosing faith, courage, cp. Prov. and O.F. se recreire, to be faint-hearted,O.F. recréant, M.E. recreant, an apostate, faint-hearted ( =Lat. minus-¹ Eur-Ar. kred-dhe-, Sans. çrad-dha-, Lat. cred-ere, are all compounds formedfrom dhe-, to place, +kred-, trust, to place confidence in, believe. It is one of thecomparatively few compounds that can be traced with certainty to the originallanguage.2 In M.E. credence meant also the tasting or assaying offood in royal and noblehouses, to guard against poisoning, and then, the table on which the food was placedbefore it was served. The name is now given to a table on which the bread andwine to be used in the Lord's Supper are placed before consecration. The officer incharge of the tasting table was called in L. Lat. credentiarius, Ital. credenziere,F. crédencier. Cp. a passage cited by Murray ( Hist. Dict.) circ. 1460 A.D.: ' Credenceis used and tastynge for drede of poysonynge."EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 287credens, re-credens) , O.F. croidible, crédible, o.F. and M.E. creditour(fifteenth cent. ) , creditor, o.F. credule, credulité (twelfth cent. ) .Teutonic, A.S. creda, M.E. crede, the Creed.Celtic, O. Ir. cretim, N. Ir. creidim, I believe, N. Ir. creatair,faithful, creidteor, a believer, Gael. creud, Ir. creidh, Wel. credo, theCreed.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, Credo, the Apostles' Creed.L. Latin and Romance, credence (in all its senses), credential,credit, creditor, credible, creditable, credulous, -ity, &c.; grant, -or,grantee, miscreant, recreant, accredit, discredit, -able.Teutonic, creed (fr. A.S. loan-word) .Eur-Ar. VKER , with varying suffix, KERS , KR-S-, KERN , KERU ,KER‍T , horn, head, projecting point, peak, probably fr. √ŽER-,hard, a by-form of QER- (see p. 202) .Sanscrit, çer-, çrs-, çr-n-, in çir-as, çir-shan, head, çṛn-ga, horn ,tu-k, syringe, çrn-ga-vant, horned, peaked, çṛngayate, to butt with thehorns, crn-ga-vera, ginger (antler-shaped) , çṛ-gāla, a jackal (also, butrarely, sr-gāla, s.s.) .Zend, çara, N. Pers. sar, sir, head, ruler, Zend çr-va, N. Pers . çuru,horn, N. Pers. zanjabīl, ginger, shaghāl, a jackal.1Greek, καρ-, κρα-, κερ-, κορ-, with varying nominal suffix, in κάρα(Ion. κάρη) , for κάρασα, head (gen. καράατος, καρήατος) , κάρανον,for κάρασνον (from a base καρασν-), head, summit, καρωτόν (fromKápa), the vegetable with a head or knob (cp. Gk. κɛpaλwτós, headed,and N.H.G. knoblauch); kópoŋ, one of the temples, κpás, head, acc. pl .κράτα, heads (for κράσατα) , κρήνη, Dor. κράνη, Lesb. κράννα, forxρáo-va, a spring, the fountain-head, крávιov (for кpáσ-viov), skull,ἡμικράνιον, ραίν on one side of the head or face; κέρας, gen. κέρατος(base κɛρaт-) , a horn, kɛpáτiov, little horn, the bean of the xɛpaтéa,the carob or locust tree, a weight = } of an obol (cp. Lat. siliqua, ɑbean= of a scruple), kɛpaós (for repafós), horned (cp. Lat. cervus),Kɛρáεis (= KEρáfeis, for *kepáƑevts, cp. Sans. çrn-ga-vant), horned;μovókeρws, unicorn, pivóκepws, rhinoceros, repáστns, a horned serpent,κɛpáµßvέ, a horned beetle; кpiós, a ram (the horned), кpá- vos , helmet,Kápā serves sometimes as periphrasis for a person, as Oidíπov kápa ( = Œdipus).288 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.KER- κράνον, κράνεια , the cornel tree, κερασός, κερασία, cherry tree,KER´S KEρáσιov, a cherry, from its hard stone; Sıyyißɛpıs, ginger (Pers.KR-SKER-NKER UKER Tloan-word) .Latin, car-, cer-, cor-, with varying nominal suffix, in cara, prob.Gk. loan-word from xápa, withthe sense of face, found in Corippus, anAfrican poet of the sixth century: ' postquam venere verendamCæsaris ante caram ' (' De Laude Justini '); cerebrum (for cer-es-rum2) ,brain, cerebellum (dim. of cerebrum) , crabro, gen. -onis, for cras-ro,a hornet, so called from its antennæ (cras- =Gk. κρás, a horn,antenna), Lat. carota, a carrot (Gk. loan-word); cernuare, for cersnuare, to throw down or fall headlong, cernuus (cers-nuus) , with theface downwards, cer-vus, a stag (cp. Gk. kɛpaós, for xɛpafós , horned),cervinus, relating to a deer or stag, cer-vix, the neck (cers-- Sans.çiras, +vincio? to bind); cornu ( = Eur-Ar. ker +nom. suffix -nu) , ahorn, angle, point, wing of a place, corneolus, horny, cornutus, horned,unicornis, unicorn, cornum, the cornel cherry, cornu-copiæ, horn ofplenty; hemicranium, or -a, a pain on one side of the head or face,cerasum, a cherry (loan-word from Gk. ); zingiber , ginger (Gk. loanword) .L. Latin and Romance, O.F. chiere, face (a meaning still retainedtill the sixteenth century), friendly or unfriendly look and manner,reception, entertainment, hospitality, feast; Ital. cera, ciera (accordingto Diez borrowed from O.F. ) , Span. and Port. cara, M.E. chere, chiere,N.E. cheer, face, countenance, expression of countenance, state of mind,feeling, M.E. cheren, to cheer, comfort; Ital. cervello, O.F. cervel, N.F.cerveau, brain, Ital. cervellata, F. (sixteenth cent.) cervelat, N.F. cervelas,sausage (orig. of brains) , O.F. carote, N.F. carotte, a carrot; O.F. corn,later cor, a corn on the foot, also a horn, L. Lat. corna, F. corne, hornof a beast, a projecting corner, Ital . cornetta, a standard (orig.) with twopoints or horns, a troop ofhorse, O.F. cornette (dim. of corne), lit. a littlehorn, a ladies' head-dress with lappets at each side, the head-dress ofSisters of Charity, also a pennon, flag, or standard, a company ofcavalry under a flag, the officer carrying the flag, Ital . cornetto, O.F.cornet, a little horn, cornet à piston, a cornopean, introduced into England about 1833; L. Lat. cornerium, O.F. cornier, M.E. cornyer, cornere,corner, a corner, angle, L. Lat. Cornubia, Cornwall, from original' Curtius rejects the usual derivation (accepted from Pliny), from the town ofCerasus in Pontus, and connects it with this root. In this he is followed by Liddell and Scott, Kluge, Skeat, and Mätzner.2 Cp. funebris for funes-ris, crabro for cras- ro, membrum for mens-rum , tenebræfor temes ræ (= Sans. tamisra, dark).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 289KER- SKR-SKER-NKER- UKER-TCeltic; * Cornovjos, -ja (cp. Kopvaúio , Ptol. , Lat. Cornovii, used of √ŘERBritish tribes, though not in Cornwall); Ital. emigrania, magrana, Span.migrana, F. migraine, M.E. migrene, migreym, migrim, N.E. megrim(Latin hemicrania); Ital. corniolo, -a, O.F. cornouille, cornoille,cornille, M.E. corneille, cornoille, cornel (appearing first in herbalists ofthe sixteenth century, and as a translation of the German kornel,O.H.G. cornul from L. Lat. cornolium) , L. Lat. cornelius (corrupt formof corneolus) , Ital. cornalina, O.F. and M.E. corneline (other M.E. formswere corniolin, cornelion, N.E. cornelian¹); Ital . carato (through Arab.qirāt, quirrāt, from Gk. Kɛpáτiov, the bean of the carob tree) , F. carat,now a weight= 34 grains; L. Lat. * ceresea, Ital . ciriegia, Prov. cerisca,O.F. cerise, a cherry; Ital . zenzevero, zenzero, gengero, Span. gengibre,gengivre, O.F. gengibre, M.E. gyngevere, gingiver, gyngere, gynger,N.E. ginger; Ital. sciacal , Span. chacal, Port. chacal, jacal, O.F. jakal,jackal, fr . Sans. thr. Pers. and Turk. forms.Balto- Slav. , Lith. szvisz-u, O. Slav. srusa, a wasp, Lith. szirsz-one,O. Slav. sruseni , O. Pruss. sirsilis , a hornet, Lith. karve, O. Slav.krava,² a cow, O. Pruss. kurvis, ox (cp. Lat. cervus) , O. Slav. čresinja,Serv. krijesa, a cherry.Teutonic, O.H.G. hirni, N.H.G. hirn, O.N. hjarne, A.S. hærne, M.E.harnes, harns, brain, Dutch hersen, brains, hersen-pan, brain-pan,skull, M.H.G. hersenien, cap worn under the helmet, indicate an originalTeutonic base herzn-, hersn- ( = Eur-Ar. Kersṇ-) , from which came thelater forms O.H.G. hirni, &c.; in O.H.G. hornuz, N.H.G. hornisse, a.s.hyrnet, Du. horzel, a hornet, the analogy of Lat. crabro (for originalcras-ro) , Lith. szirsz-one, O. Slav. srus-eni, points to an originalTeutonic base horz-, hors- ( =Eur-Ar. Kers-); Goth. haurn, o. andN.H.G., O.N. and A.S. horn, O.H.G. hrind, rind, A.S. hryther, M.E. rother,³an ox, neat (the horned); O.H.G. hiruz, hirz, N.H.G. hirsch, o.N. hjörtr,A.S. heorot, heort, M.E. heort, hert, hart, a hart, deer, stag, from anoriginal *herut (for * herw- ut, * herw-ot) , thehorned; o.H.G. cornul, N.H.G.kornel, cornel-cherry (L. Lat. loan-word); A.S. hyrne, M.E. hurne, huirn,a corner, angle, now obsolete, Alem. chriesi, O.H.G. chirsa, N.H.G.kirsche, O. Du. kerse, A.S. cyrs, a cherry, M.E. cheri , chiri, N.E. acherry(a corruption according to Skeat from cheris, chiris, the s beingregarded as a plur. termination), A.S. cyrs- treow, M.E. cheritre,There is a M.E. carneol for corneol (Lat. corneolus). The change of spelling isfrom a supposed connection with caro, carnis, flesh. Cornelian is sometimes spelt carnelian from the same error.2 The k in these two words implies the velar form QER¯ rather than the palatal KER-.• Kluge doubts the connection of rind, &c. , with this roctť290 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.chiritre, N.E. cherry-tree; A.S. gingiber, L.G. gingiber, from a Romanceform, as also the M.E. gingiver, ginger.Celtic , Wel. carw, Corn. carow, Bret. caru, a hart, stag, Ir. cearn,a corner, cearnan, angle, horn-work, Gael. ceard-dubhan, ceard-aman,hornet, dung-beetle, Ir. cearnabhan, hornet, Wel. Kernow, Cernyw, Bret.Kerneo, Kerne, the district of Cornuailles in Armorica, cp. A.S. Cornweallas, the foreign corner, from a Celtic corn or cearn, a corner, headland, +a.s. weallas, foreign; Ir. ceart, rock, pebble, Gael. Ir. Wel.carn, a heap ofstones , from √ker, or √qer-, hard, Gael. carraig, O. Ir.carric, Wel. careg, O. Wel. carrecc, Bret. karrek ( =* kersekki ), arock.2ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Zend, sirdar (thr. N. Pers. ) , chief, head-man.Greek, cerastes, cerambyx, rhinoceros, cranium (thr. Lat. ) , craniology.Latin, cerebral, -ation, cerebro- in comp. , as in cerebro-spinal,cernuous (of flowers, drooping downwards), cervine, cervical, cornute,unicorn, cornucopia.L. Latin and Romance, cheer, cheerful, cheery, cheerless, cervelas,a kind ofsausage, carrot, corn (on the foot) , cornet, the officer carryingthe colours in the cavalry, corner, corner-wise, &c. , cornet, a horn,cornet à piston, cornopean, megrim, cornel-tree, cornelian, ginger,jackal (from Sans. thr. Pers. and Romance).Teutonic, harns (dial. ) , hornet, hart, hartshorn, horn, horny,horned, horn-beam, -blend, -book, -pipe, horn-work, projecting defences,Rother-hithe, landing place for cattle, Rother-field , Rotherham, placenames, cherry (from A.S. loan-word) .Celtic, Corn- in Cornwall (-wall is an A.S. word meaning Celtic,foreign), Chert, rocky, stony ground, Cherts-ey, ' stony isle,' Carrickfergus, Cairn, Carnac, Carne (pr. n. ).Eur- Ar. *KEM , of uncertain meaning, perhaps to cover, and identicalwith VREM--, to curve, vault.Sanscrit, çam- in çāmulya, a woollen shirt.The cherry, plum, peach and pear were introduced into Germany from Italysome time before the seventh century, and were known under names borrowed fromthe Latin of that period.2 These words are cited also under qer- (see p. 202); etymologically they maybe placed under either form of the root.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 291"Latin, camisia, loan-word from O.H.G. hemidi , a linen under-garment,adopted in the beginning of the fifth century, and found in Isidor.' Orig.' xix. 22, 29: Camisias vocari quod in his dormimus, in camis,id est, stratis nostris. ' Its meaning was probably a night-dress, usedby soldiers in camp.<L. Latin and Romance, camicia, camiscia (with dim. camisciola),Prov. camisa, O.F. chemise (with dim. chemisette) , a linen under-garment,A.S. cemes, M.E. kemes, kemse, a shirt, under-garment (borrowed directlyfrom Ital. or Lat. ) , see Rob. Br. 122, 14, Withouten kirtele or kemse.'Span. camisa (with dim. camisola), Ital. camice, O.F. canse, cainse,chainse, a vest, waistcoat, jacket; F. camisade, a night attack, F. Camisard, 'Prov. camsil (dim.) , o.F. chainsil, a short surplice for choristers (L. Lat.camisillum) .Teutonic, ham-, in Goth. ana-hamon, to cover, to clothe oneself,O.H.G. *hamo (a lost noun) , covering, shape, but retained still in O.N.hams for hamis, a snake's slough, A.S. homa, hama, o.N. hamr, a covering, and in the compounds O.H.G. lih-ham, M.H.G. lich-hame, N.H.G.leichnam, A.S. lik-homa, the body, the covering offlesh (cp. a.s. flæschoma, the fleshly covering), the body, O.H.G. hemidi, M.H.G. and L.G.hemde, N.H.G. hemd (dim. of O.H.G. *hamo) , a shirt.Celtic, Wel. hefis, a woman's garment (loan-word from Teut. ) ,O. Ir. caimmse, a garment, prob. a surplice (loan-word fromRomance).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, chemise, chemisette, camisole, camisade,camisard (fr. Teutonic).Teutonic, hamer-cloth (sixteenth cent. ), now hammer-cloth .Eur-Ar. VREM, to labour, toil, undergo fatigue, be quiet, cease, beextinguished, with transitive sense to allay, extinguish, kill,harm.Sanscrit, çam-, in çam-yati, to labour, fatigue oneself, çamayati,destroys, çamnoti, harms.Greek, καμ-, in κάμνω (second aor. ἔ-καμ-ον) , to labour, καμόντες,those who have done their work (defuncti) , the dead, κáµvovтes, the sick,κάμαρος, aconite.Latin, cammaron, aconite (Gk. loan-word).' The Camisards were Protestants of the Cevennes, who took up arms to defendtheir liberties, and were so called from their smock- frocks.U 2292 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Teutonic, hem-, in O.N. hemja, N.H.G. hemmen, to restrain, holdback, keep in bounds, A.S. hemm, a border, boundary,¹ O.H.G. hemera,N.H.G. hemern (dial . ) , hellebore, A.S. hem-lic, M.E. hem-lok, N.E. hemlock.Balto- Slav. , Lith. kemerai (pl.) , 9. Slav. čemerika, hellebore,čemeri, poison.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, hem, a border, especially of a garment,hem (vb. ) , to bind by sewing, make a border, hem, to obstruct, hemlock,hamper, to hinder (see note) , hamble.Eur-Ar. ŽEL- √ĒĻL- √ŘER¯, to freeze.Sanscrit, çir-, in çi-çir-as, frost, cold.Teutonic, O.N. hel-, in hela, hoar-frost.Balto- Slav. , Lith. szalu szalti, to freeze, O. Slav. slota, winter.Eur-Ar. ✔KERM- √ÃREM-, to be weary, torment oneself.Sanscrit, çram-, in çram-ati, be weary, take pains, çrama, weariness,exhaustion, toil.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. sramu, shame (Miklosich) .Teutonic, O.H.G. haram, harm, blame, abuse, offence, O.N. harmr,A.S. hearm, injury, hurt, (as adj . ) bitter , ill-doing, hurting, a.s. hearmian,to harm, hurt.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, harm, -ful, -less.Eur-Ar. VKUEI- VKUŤ , to kindle, give light, shine.Sanscrit, çvi-, in çvitas, white, çvitras, whitish, çvetati, be white,çvaitya, whiteness, çvas, to-morrow (cp. Gk. a❞piov, dawn and morrow,N.H.G. morgen, morning and morrow), çvindati, is light.Kluge suggests another derivation of O.N. hemja, from O.N. höm, the shank, N.E.ham, cp. hemill, a leg-tether, hemingr, the skin ofthe shank of the hide. This was usedin the ceremony of adoption. The adopted son and his nearest heirs put their feet in ashoe made from the skin of the right leg of a three-year-old ox. Hemingr, pr. n. ,probably denoting an adopted son. This explains the English surname, Hemming,The Century Dict. connects with O.N. hemja, O. Fris. hemma, to stop, hinder, O.H.G.hamalon, M.H.G. hameln, O.N. hamla, A.S. hamelian, M.E. hamelen, N.E. hamble, tomutilate, lame, also M.E. hamperen, to hinder, obstruct, O.H.G. hamal, N.H.G.hammel, a wether, O. Scot. hummel, a cow without horns.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 293Greek, kaf-, in kalw (for κáƑ-¿w), to light, kindle, burn (fut.κаúσw), каûμa, burning heat, the heat of the day, κavois, a burning,KavσTIKÓS, capable of burning, corrosive, eykavoTikós, burning in,ἐγκαυστός, burnt in, καυτήριον, a burning-iron.Latin, cauterium, cauterizare (loan-words from Gk.).L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. encaustum, the purple ink used bythe later Roman emperors; Ital, inchiostro, O.F. enque, M.E. enke, N.F.encre, N.E. ink; cauma, heat ofthe sun, hottest part ofthe day (Jerome,Isidore) , Languedoc, caumas, mid-day heat, Prov. chaume, time ofrestfor cattle during the heat of the day, o.F. chomer, to rest from work;Ital. , Span., Port. , calma, ¹ F. calme, cessation of wind, calm, Ital.calmare, F. calmer, to calm down, quiet; O.F. encaustique, burnt in.Balto-Slav. , Lith. zvaititi, O. Slav. svitati, to whiten, O. Slav.svetu, (adj. ) white, (subs. ) light, Lith. zvintu, to dawn, Lith. kvetejs,wheat, loan-word from Teutonic.Teutonic, Goth. hweits, O.H.G. hwiz, wiz, N.H.G. weiss, O.N. hvitr,A.S. hwit, white, Goth. hwaiteis, O.H.G. weizzi, weizi (earlier *hweizi),N.H.G. Weizen, O.N. hveite, A.S. hwate, wheat.Celtic, Gallic (Latinised) Vindus, Venta, Vindo-, prop. names,with the meaning white, as in Vindus, Vindo-bonus, Venta Belgarum,Winchester (venti castra); (). Ir. find, white, N. Ir. finne, whiteness,fionn, white, pale, Finn-geinte, the white people; Wel. gwynn, white,fair, happy, Corn. guyn, Bret. guenn, white, Wel. gwynaeth, happiness,Ir. Fionn-uisg, the white water, corrupted to Phoenix, in ' PhoenixPark,' fionnag, a white trout; Gueniver, Guiniver, female name, ' thewhite wave,' Gwynn hwfar; Macbain, ' Gael. Dict. ,' derives Vindus,find, &c. , from √uid-, to see.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, caustic, cautery, -ise, encaustic (thr. F.), ēremacausis(ǹpéµa, slow, +kavois), slow combustion, digestion.L. Latin and Romance, calm, becalm, calm-ness; ink, inky, inkstand, &c.Teutonic, white, whiten, whiting, whiteness, whitesmith, &c.;Whitsunday, wheat, wheaten, wheat- bread, &c.2' The irregular change from au to al is probably due to a supposed connectionwith Lat. calere, to be hot. An O.F. chaume, a shed covered with straw or reeds, hasbeen connected with xavμa, but it is derived from Lat. calamus, straw, by regularchange of al to au.•2 White Sunday, Dominica in albis, so-called from the admission of catechumens clothed in white robes to the sacrament of baptism on the eve of thisfestival.' In the Western Church repeated efforts were made to confine the administration of baptism to the two seasons of Easter and Pentecost. At the end of the√KUEI-√KUI294 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Celtic, Winchester, Winton, Gwinneth, Gwendoline, Guinever,Jennifer (prop. names of women), Gwynn, Gwynnet (names of men);Phinn, M'Phinn, Fin-, in several names of Celtic origin, as in Fingal,Finlay, Findon, Phoenix (Park), finnack (Scot), a white trout, perhapsalso in Finland.Eur-Ar. KUES-, to sob, sigh, lament.Sanscrit, çvas-. in çvas-imi, breathe heavily, sigh.Latin, ques-, in quer-or, questus, queri (r changed to s betweenvowels), to complain, quer-ela, a complaint, querulus, complaining,querimonia, complaint.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. querela, F. querele, M.E. querele,quarel, N.F. querelle, complaint, quarrel.6fourth century Siricius, Bishop of Rome, wrote that all Churches agreed with thatof Rome in the exclusive administration of baptism at Easter and Pentecost '; buterroneously, as many Churches baptised on the festival of Epiphany. A capitulary ofCharlemagne, 804 A.D., directs ut nullus baptizare præsumat nisi in Pascha etPentecosten.' The objections to this explanation are: (1 ) that the Dominica in albiswas not Whit- Sunday, but the Sunday after Easter; ( 2) that the real word is notWhit- Sunday, but Whitsun-day, as shown by the old name for the two followingdays, Whitsun Monday and Tuesday; there is also a mention of Whitsun farthings(Pentecostal offerings) . Dr. Neale therefore considers Whitsun a corruption from theGerman Pfingsten, itself corrupted from the Gk. Pentecost. Others, again, connectWhit-Sunday with the Welsh ' wyth, ' eight, Whit- Sunday being the eighth Sunday,i.e. the fiftieth day, after Easter. The objection to this lies in the composition of aCeltic with a Teutonic word. The true explanation seems to be that of Vigfusson.White was closely associated in the minds of the Scandivanian Christians with theirnew faith. Candidates for baptism were dressed in white garments and called by thename ' hvit-vad- ungr,' one dressed in white clothes. Hvita Kristr, the White Christ,became the favourite name of our Lord , and churches at their consecration weredressed out with white. When Christianity was introduced into Norway, Yule,Easter, and Pentecost, but especially the two last, were the great seasons forbaptism, Easter being preferred; hence the Octave of Easter was called Dominicain albis. But in Norway, owing to the greater cold of Easter, Pentecost seems tohave been the appointed season, and the festival week was called ‘ hvita-dagar,' thewhite days, Hvitadaga-vika, White-day week, while the day of Pentecost had thename of Hvit-Drottinsdagr, the White Lord's- day, i.e. Whit- Sunday. The name that at last prevailed was Hvita-sunna-dagr, Whit- Sunday, i.e. White- sun-day. WhitSunday itself was called Hvita-sunna-dagr, White + Sun-day, the day of the WhiteSun, or the White Sunday, and the week Hvita-sunna-dags-vika, Whitesunday's-week.The Norse name was probably adopted from the A.S. Hvita-sunnandæg, WhiteSunday, M.E. hwite-sunedei, which, in naming the season and the week, wasshortened for convenience sake to Whitsun-, as in Whitsun-tide, Whitsun-week, andlater to Whit-, as in Whit- Monday for Whitsun-Monday. This contraction set in atan early date, as we find in Layamon ' whitesune-tide ' and even ' whitesune- dei .' Itmay therefore be considered established that Whit- Sunday is derived from A.S.hwit, and means the White Sunday, and that Whitsun- and Whit- now in generaluse are only contracted forms of Whitsunday.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 295Teutonic, A.S. hweos-an, to wheeze, O.H.G. hwispalon, M.H.G. wispeln,N.H.G. wispern (orig. L.G. ) , A.S. hwisprian, N.E. whisper, a.s. hwistlung,whistling, from *hwistlian, Dan. hvisle, to whistle, hiss , O.H.G. weisunt(for older * hweisunt?) , A.S. wasend, M.E. wesande (original pres. p.) ,'the wheezing,' the wind-pipe, M.E. whist, to keep or enjoin silence by ahissing sound, whist (interj . ), hist, huishte, a sound enjoining silence.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, querulous, querimonious.L. Latin and Romance, quarrel, quarrelsome.Teutonic, wheeze, whisper, whistle, weasand, whist, the game ofcards, hist, hush.KUES296 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.G.Eur-Ar. GEM , GM, VGA, to walk, step, go, come.Sanscrit, gam-, ga-, in ji-ga-ti , gam-yate, go, move, come, gach-chhati(inceptive) , go (cp. Gk. Báoxw) , gatas, gone, gatis, a going, gantus, away, course, gamas, going to, cohabitation, adhi-gam-ati, takes to wife,marries.Zend, jam-, in jam-çati , goes, jaçaiti (s.s. inceptive).Greek, βαν-, βα-, in βαίνω ( =βάνω, βάμιω) , go (fut. βήσομαι,aor. ἔ-βα, βή), Epic βέομαι (p . p. βεβαώς, Att. contr. βεβώς, fut.Bnow, with causative sense, I will make to go), Barós, passable,Bádos, a walk, Bádŋv, step by step , Báois, going, stepping, a step, a foundation, base, ȧváßaois, an ascent, expedition; ẞaoi-λeús, leader of thepeople ' (Bao- with causative sense, as in Bow, + λaós [? ] , the people,cp. N.H.G. herzog), Baoiλikń (sc. oixía, house), a palace, Baoiλíoros,dim. of Baσiλeús, name given to a kind of serpent, Baoiλikóv, royal,applied to a particular ointment or plaster, basilicon, also to a herb, thebasil; Bôµa, a raised platform to speak from, a tribunal, ẞwpós, analtar, àµpíoẞaiva, a fabulous serpent that goes backwards or forwards,ἀμφισβητέω, to disagree, dispute, βά-κ-τρον, βακτήριον, a staff,walking-stick, Badí¿w, to go, Bi-ßálw, to lift up, to mount (trans.) ,βαθμός, βασμός, a step; γάμος, marriage, γαμέω, to marry.23Latin, bæ-, be-, bi-, ven- (for ben-) , in bætere, betere, bitere, to go,come, ar-biter ³ (ar =ad +biter) , one who approaches, a witness, spectator, umpire, arbitrium, decision, arbitrari, to decide, arbitrator, ar-' Prellwitz suggests also a connection with ✔gen- with change of the labiovelarg to B, and cites Zend jaiti, house, family, Lith. gimtis, race, O.H.G. chuning, king,head ofthefamily or clan; but this explanation does not account for the termination -λεύς.2 Prellwitz connects yaµéw with gen-, and compares Sans. jāmi, Zend zāmi,relationship, of which he gives gāmi- as the equivalent Eur-Ar. form. The same formwith ǎ is found in yaµßpós, son- or brother- in-law, Sans. jāmātṛ (s. s.) . Bezzenbergermakes Sans. jāra = Eur-Ar. gō-ra, a lover, friend, to which he refers Lat. gener,son-in- law. This explanation is not established. Fick gives a base gēma, akin, withwhich he connects yáµos, yaµßpós, L. Lat. geminus, gemellus, twin, Gemini, the Twins,i.e. Castor and Pollux.

• Ar is an old Ital. form of ad which crept into the vernacular Latin.

EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 297bitratio, arbitrarius; baculum, -us, a staff, walking-stick, bacillus(dim.), a rod, wand; venio (= * benio, Bávw: cp. Umb. ben-urent=venerint, Osc. cumben-ed con-ven-it), venire, ventum, to come,advenire, arrive, advena, stranger, adventus, arrival, adventicius, circumvenire, convenire, come together, conventus, conveniens, -tia,conventiculum, conventio, contio ( = coventio) , an assembly, contionari,to address an assembly, evenire, to come out, issue, eventus, an event,invenire, to come upon, find, inventio, or, intervenire, intervene,interventio, pervenire, to come through, arrive at, prævenire, to comebefore, revenire, to come back, subvenire, to succour, subventio, supervenire, to come upon; basis, a base (Gk. loan-word), Basilius (pr. n. )(Gk. loan-word).L. Latin and Romance, O.F. arbitre, arbitrator, arbitration, M.E.arbitre, decision, arbitration, M.E. arbitrour, N.E. arbitrator, O.F. arbitrement, arbitrament, F. (fifteenth cent. ) arbitraire, arbitrary; Prov.baclar (*baculare, from baculus, with sense of wooden bar or bolt), F.(seventeenth cent. ) bâcler, to bar the door or window, to shut, close,bring to an end, F. débâcle, the break up (specially of ice), then in ageneral sense; O.F. and M.E. bail, baile, a bar or pole to separate horses inthe stable, a cross bar on two stakes, the cricket bail of the last century.The plural M.E. bailes, is an outer fortification or barrier of stakes, thewall ofthe outer courts ofa feudal castle; M.E. bailey is applied to eitherof the outer courts between the outer and the inner circuits surroundingthe keep, perhaps from Lat. baculum, a stick, pole, or stake, becauseoriginally a palisade, though there is no historical evidence in favourof such derivation. Ital . vengo, venuto, venire, O.F. veindre, venir (p.p.venut), N.F. venir (p.p. venu), to come, N.F. venue, an arrival, N.F. avenue,an approach; o. and N.F. aventure, M.E. aventure, N.E. adventure(cp. Lat. adventura), O.F. and M.E. mesaventure, N.E. misadventure,Ital. avventurino, F. aventurine, a kind of Italian glass of lightbrown colour interspersed with small grains of gold¹; Ital .convento (Lat. conventum), an agreement, meeting, convent, O.F.covent, convent, N.F. convent, M.E. and Anglo-Fr. covent, couvent,cuvent: the Latinised spelling was introduced about 1550, and became the rule by 1650, the old spelling was, however, retained inCovent Garden, Coventry; o.F. and M.E. covenable, N.F. convenable,suitable, convenient, consistent, O.F. covenir, N.F. convenir, to convene,assemble, L. Lat. conventualis, relating to a convent; o.F. and M.E.covenant, N.F. convenant (subs. and adj . ) , an agreement, L. Lat. convenium, O.F. and M.E. covin, couvin (m. ), covine, couvine (f. ), a conSo called because it was a chance discovery.√GEM-√GM-√GA-298 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.GEM-√GM-√GAfederacy, private agreement, generally used in a bad sense, secret orfraudulent contrivance; F. intervenir , intervene, F. intervention, O. andN.F. inventer, to invent, O.F. and M.E. inventour, F. invention, o.F. prevention, anticipation, F. parvenu, one who has arrived, one promoted,not born to rank, F. revenant, returning, a ghost, F. subvention; O.F.base, from Lat. basis, o.F. basile, the herb.Balto-Slav. , Lett. gu-ju, went.Teutonic, Goth. qiman, O.H.G. queman, M.H.G. komen, N.H.G. kommen, O.N. koma, A.S. cuman, to come, Goth. ga-qumths, O.H.G. kumft,kunft, N.H.G. kunft, coming, ankunft, arrival, zukunft, the future,künftig, future (adj .) , O.H.G. quimi, quemi, O.N. kvama, koma, A.S.cyme, cime, M.E. cume, come, arrival, coming; A.S. cymlic, M.H.G.komelih, komlich, comely, stately, fit (cp. Lat. conveniens); Goth.biqiman, O.H.G. biqueman, N.H.G. bekommen, a.s. becuman, to become,O.H.G. biquāmi, N.H.G. bequem, A.S. gecwême, M.E. icwême, cweme(obs.), suitable, pleasant.Celtic, O. Ir. beim, I go, from *ben, to go, Gael. and Ir. bothar, alane, street, from ba, to go (Macbain, ' Gael. Dict. ' p. 39) , Gael. andO. Ir. bachall, shepherd's crook, a staff (gen. bacla) , Wel. bagl, a crutch(loan-words from Lat. baculum), Gael. and Ir. balla, a wall, orig. apalisade, from L. Lat. ballium (s.s.) thr. M.E. bailly. Perhaps alsoGael. and Ir. baile, a town, township, a house, enclosure; but Macbain,'Gael. Dict.' derives this from bhey, to be.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, base, foundation (not base low), basal (thr. Lat. and F.) ,bacteria, rod-shaped microbes, basilica, a royal palace, basilicon, a kindof ointment, basilisk, a serpent, so called, according to Pliny, from itshaving a spot on its head like a crown, basil, the herb (thr. o.F. ) ,Basil, pr. n. (thr. Lat. F.) , amphisbæna; monogamy, bigamy, polygamy,-ous, crypto-gamic, &c.Latin, arbitrate, -or, -ation, advent, adventitious, convenient, -ce,conventicle, convention, -al, concionate, event, eventful, eventual, -ate,intervene, -tion, inventory, prevent, preventive, preventative (subs. ) ,subvention, basis, bacilli.L. Latin and Romance, arbiter, arbitrary, -ment, débâcle, bail,bailey, in Old Bailey, ' venue, the place at which a court of justice isheld, avenue, adventure, -ous, venture, -some, misadventure, aventurine;convent, conventual, Covent (Garden), Coventry (covent, convent,+ tre, a town) , convenable, convene, -er, convention, covenant, covin;Cp. bajulus under ✔GES (p. 300, n. 2) .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 299intervene, intervention, invent, -or, -ion, prevention, -ive, parvenu,one who has recently attained wealth or rank, revenant, subvention,base, basal, basil.Teutonic, come, comely, comeliness, become, becoming.Celtic, Bally-, in many names of Irish towns, as Ballymena, &c.Eur-Ar. √GADH (GA+ DH), to step.Sanscrit, gadh-, in gadh-ati, has firm ground, gādh-am, aford.Greek, Bað-, in ẞálpov, a step, stair, yép-ūpa (?) , a bridge, perhaps orig. stepping stones.¹Latin, vad-, in vad-um, a ford, shallows, vadare, to ford, vad- ere,vasi, to go, walk, stride along, evadere, to go out, escape, invadere, goin, invade, pervadere, to go through (v- for gv-) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. vado, guado, a ford, Prov. gua, o. andN.F. gue, a ford, Ital . guadare, to ford (Lat. vadum, vadare) , but thespelling ' gu ' for 'v' is due to the influence of O.H.G. watan, towade.Teutonic, O.H.G. watan, N.H.G. waten, to go, step, wade, O.N. vadha,to wade, press forward, A.S. wadan, to wade, O.N. vadh, ford, from theO.N. verb, not borrowed from Lat.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, invade, -sion, -der, evade, -sion, -sive, pervade.Teutonic, wade, wader, waddle (freq. of wade) .Eur-Ar. GES , to go, cause to go, lift up, carry, bear.Zend, jah-, janh-, in jahaiti, goes, comes.Greek, Bao-T-, in Baoráçw, later Baoτákw, to carry, bear, bring,lift, BaσTaкTýs, a porter, Báoтayµa, a burden, BaoTayń, the carriageofgoods.Latin, ges-, bast-,2 in gerere (for gesere), ges-si, gestum, bear,bring; ag-gerere, to bring to, heap up, ag-ger, mound, ditch, aggerare,to accumulate, exaggerare, -avi, -atum, to exaggerate; congerere, to¹ Prellwitz derives yépūpa (dial. Bépupa) from a Eur- Ar. ✔gnaer-, to swing, shake(cp. Sans. ghurnati, swings, trembles), and regards it as an imperfect reduplication= ge-ghur- ia. This derivation would apply to primitive plank-, tree- or rope- bridges.2 Kōrting traces to this root many Romance words and some vernacular and lateLatin; see below.300 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VGES- bring together, congeries, a mass, heap, congestio, crowding together,heaping up; digerere, to carry apart, distribute, digest, digestio,arrangement, digestion, -ivus, -ibilis, digesta, collection of writingsarranged under heads, indigestus, crude, ill-arranged; sug-gerere, tolay or carry under, suggest, suggestio; gestus, bearing, gesture, gesta,acts, deeds, gestare, to bear, carry, gestatio, bearing, carrying, gestamen,anything carried, a litter, gestire, to make passionate gestures, gesticulari,to gesticulate; gerundium, a gerund, armi-ger, armour-bearer, belliger,waging war, scuti-ger, shield-bearer; basterna, a litter carried on poles,bastum, a staff or pole, from the base bast- (cp. Baorá(w); bastaga,carriage of goods, is a Gk. loan-word, from which bastagarius isformed.¹L. Latin and Romance, Ital. and Prov. gesta, o.F. geste (Lat. gesta,sc. res gesta, a thing carried on or recorded), a fact, deed, history, tale,M.E. geste (s.s.), gestour, a story-teller, N.E. jester, L. Lat. gestura,a gesture, O.F. gestation, a bearing, L. Lat. registrum (for regestum),from regerere, to record, Ital . registro, O.F. and M.E. registre, a register,record; Ital. basto, a cross-pole or pack-saddle for beasts of burden towhich the baggage was fastened, Prov. bastar, o.F. bâter, to saddle, Ital.bastardo, Prov. bastartz, O.F. bastard, bâtarde, literally son of a packsaddle, used as a reproach-name for children born out of wedlock (cp. theanalogous phrase in English, ' son of a gun,' also ' baggage woman,'used for one of light conversation, and F. ' fils de char '); Ital. bastone,O.F. baston, N.F. bâton, M.E. batton, batoon, baston, a staff, pole, cudgel,N.E. batten, a transverse bar fastening boards together, scantling ofwood to support laths, &c. , Ital . and Span. basto, the ace of clubs, inquadrille and ombre, Span. bastonada, a beating, Ital. bastire, Prov.and O.F. bastir, N.F. bâtir, to build, build up (originally perhaps toraise, support), Ital. bastione, a bulwark, O.F. bastille, bâtille, a fortifiedplace, M.E. batylment, a parapet for defence, cp . O.F. mur bastille, afortified wall.Teutonic, O.N. kas-ta, M.E. casten, to cast, to throw on a heap, cp.Lat. aggerere; Goth. kas, an earthen vessel (cp. kasja, a potter) , O.H.G.chasto, N.H.G. kasten, a box, are referred to this root by Prellwitz,¹ Bajulare, to carry a burden, bajulus, a porter, carrier, in sense correspond withBaorále and gerere, but no regular etymological connection can be traced justifying their reference to ges-. From bajulare, to carry, also in later Lat. to have thecharge of a child, to exercise supervision (cp. bajulus = raidaywyós), are derived Ital.bajulo, balivo, balio, Prov. bailieu-s, O.F. baillif, bailli, an official, L. Lat. ballium,jurisdiction, O.F. baillie, the office of a bailli, M.E. baillife, baillie, baile, N.E. bailiff(as from L. Lat. bajulivus), Prov. bailir, to take charge of, O.F. baillier, bailler, totake in hand, have jurisdiction, custody, guard, hand over, M.E. baile, N.E. bail, to besurety for one charged with a legal offence.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 301also by Feist ( Goth. Etym. ') , though doubtfully; Kluge gives noderivation of these words.Celtic, Gael. giulan, to carry (from a base *gesulo, Macbain) ,giulla, a servant, Ir. giolla (s.s. ) , Ir. giolla-airm, armour-bearer, Ir.giolla-copain, cup-bearer; found also as an element in Scotch and Irishpersonal names, as Gill-Josa, servant of Jesus, Gillies, Gille-Criost,servant of Christ, Gilchrist, Gilleasbaig, bishop's servant, Gillespie,Gille-Mhoire, servant of Mary, Gilmour, Gille-naoimh, servant of thesaint, Gilnew, Gille-Anndrais, servant of Andrew, Gillanders.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, gerund, exaggerate, -ion, congeries, congest (Shakespeare) ,-ion, -ive, digest (vb.) , -ion, -ive, -ible, digest (subs . ) , suggest, gesture,gestation, gesticulate, vice-gerent (Lat. vicem +gerens), belligerent,armiger, one entitled to a coat of arms (legal).L. Latin and Romance, jest, jester, register, -try, -trar, -tration;baton, batten (subs. and vb.) , bastard, basto, bastinado, bastion,bastille, battlement, bail, bailiff, baillie (Scot. ) , used also as a surnamewith numerous forms of spelling (? see p. 300 note) .Teutonic, cast, down- cast, fore- re- out- cast, ' cast-away, castor,(earlier) caster, a pepper or flour sprinkler, caster, a horse rejected formilitary use.Celtic, Gillie, a servant, attendant; Gillies, Gilchrist, Gillespie,Gilmour, Gilnew, Gillanders, &c.Eur-Ar. GE, to sing, intone, sound, with extension GED .Sanscrit, gā-, in ga-yati, sings, gāthas, gāthā, a song, hymn, gātus,gātṛ, a singer, gad-ati, speaks, recites.Zend, gā, in gāthā, a religious song.Balto-Slav. , Lith. gēdmi, I sing, gaid-us, singer, a co*ck, gesnus, asinger.Teutonic, Goth. qithan, O.H.G. quedan, O.N. kvetha, A.S. cwethan, tospeak, a.s. bi- be-cwethan, M.E. bequethen, to bequeath.Celtic, Ir. gadan, a sound, noise, Gael. geadh, Ir. ge, ged, geadh,Wel. gwydd, for *geg-da, a goose, from reduplicated form Ngeg- (seeFick, ii . 109, and Macbain, p. 171).' Outcast (as subs. ) is sometimes spelt outcaste, from a confusion between cast(to throw), and caste (race, from Port. casta , pure).302 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Zend, Gāthās, the hymns of the Zendavesta.Teutonic, quoth, quotha, ' said he,' bequeath, bequest.Eur-Ar. √GE G , by partial reduplication from GE-GE-, ' nasalised form√GENG , to keep up a continuous sound or cry.Sanscrit, ganj-, in ganj-ana, mocking.Greek, yayy-, in yayyaívw, yayyavɛów, to mock by laughing,laugh at.Balto-Slav , O. Slav. ga-gnaja, to mutter, Lith. gagonas, goose-like,Russ. gagara, the silver diver.Teutonic, O.N. gagl, a wild-goose, Swed. kakla, to giggle, M.E.gagelen, to cackle, N.E. (prov.) gaggle, O. Du. ghichelen, to giggle (cp.O.H.G. chahhazzen, chihhazzen , to laugh, N.H.G. kichern, and Gk.KakáÇw, KayKáÇw, to laugh); O.H.G. chaha, A.S. ceo (for * ceoh), M.E. cheo,chough, a crow , Swed. kikhasta, O. Du. kukhoest, N. Du. kink-hoest,hooping-cough, M.H.G. kuchen, O. Du. kugchen, to cough.Celtic, Gael. gagach (also gag) , stuttering, impediment in the speech,Ir. gaggan, to cackle, gagganach, cackling; also Ir. ge, ged, &c. , ifFick and Macbain are followed; see preceding root.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, cackle, giggle, chough, chin- cough,cough.Eur-Ar. GER , with variant VGEL, to make a noise, utter a sound,cry, call, chant, praise, honour.Sanscrit, gr-, gir- , jar-, in girate, to sing, praise, &c . , gir ( subs. ) ,singing, singer, praise, gr-no-ti , praises, honours, garas (subs. ) , honour,dignity; jarate (Ved. ) , to sound, sing, recite, jara, roaring, calling, greeting, jaranyu (adj . ) , calling aloud, jaritṛ, singer, reciter, worshipper;gurtas, praised, honoured (p. p. of gr-noti) , gurti, praise, guru,² anyvenerable person, teacher, gurdhayati , praises, honours: cp. Celt. gradh,love.Zend, gar-, in garaǹh, praise, honour, reverence, gar, dignity.' Originally onomatopoetic, and with variants qa-qa, gha- gha-; cp. gar-gar, barbar, &c. In such imitative words the phonetic laws have less force; see under√QE- √QU¯.2 Etymologically nearer to guru, heavy, from Eur-Ar. ger-, heavy: cp. Goth.kaurus (s. s ) , but the sense draws it closer to ger-, with sense of honour, recite,chant.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 303Greeks, γηρ-, γερ-, γρυ-, in γήρυς, voice, γηρύω, to cry, shout, γέρας, GERprize, honour, yέpavos, cp. Sans. jaranyu, a crane (the bird, and thelifting machine) , yepáviov, name ofaflower, crane's- bill, ¹ ypû, a sound,a grunt, ypúçw, to grunt, growl, mutter, ypûλos, (later) ypúλλos, a pig,a grasshopper.Latin, gar-, ger-, gru-, gur-, gal-, gra-, in gar-rire (for gar-sire) ,to chatter, garrulus, garrulitas, gru-s, a crane (cp. Gk. ypû), gruare, tomake a noise as a crane (see Isaiah xxxviii. 14, ‘ like a crane or aswallow, so did I chatter '), gryllus, grillus, a grasshopper, cricket,grunnire, to grunt, mutter, grumble; gratus, pleasing, agreeable, grateful (Sans. gurtas, approved, pleasing, welcome, cp . Osc. bratom, ² a vow,thanks), grates (plur. ), thanks , gratis (for gratiis) , byfavour, freely, fornothing, gratia, favour with another, affection, liking, favour to another,a courtesy, kindness, ingratus, unthankful, gratiosus, gratulari, to congratulate, gratulatio, gratuitus, gratificari, to gratify, gallus, a co*ck,gallina, hen, gallinaceus; augur (earlier auger, Priscian: avi +gur =ger), an interpreter or declarer of the flight of birds, augurium, omen.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. grua, f. , a crane, Ital . grue, Prov.grua, F. grue (s. s. ) , instrument for lifting, Ital. grillo, F. grillon, acricket; Ital. grugnare, -ire, Prov. gronhir, o.F. groigner, grogner, M.E.groignen, to grunt, mutter, F. grognard, a grumbler, F. gournard, M.E.gurnard, gurnet; Cotgrave has also the forms gournauld ( =gournard),grougnaud, the latter is a Languedoc word ( =F. grognard).³ Skeatconsiders that F. gournauld, gournard, M.E. gurnard, gurnet, are onlytransposed spellings of grougnard , grognard; gurnet, therefore, meansthe grunting fish, and is so called from the noise it is said to makewhen taken out of the water; cp. the N H.G. name knurrhahn, themuttering fish. L. Lat. groussare (A.D. 1358, Du Cange) , to murmur,complain, O.F. grousser, groucer, grocer, grouchier, Scot. gruch (allfr. Celt. , cp. Gael. gruig, Ir. gruc) , M.E. grocen, gruchen, gruggen,to mutter, grumble, N.E. grudge, orig. to murmur, complain, now to beunwilling (cp. James v. 9, ' Grudge not one against another,' in oldversion; changed in the revised version to ' murmur not, ' &c. ); Ital .Cp. pelargonium, from weλapyós, a stork.-2 B from Eur-Ar. g by labialisation (Brugmann); cp. a similar change from g tob, in Ir. bran, a raven, from ✔ger-, to cry. The connection of gratus with Oscanbratom is stated by Fick (fourth edit. i. 34) as - Lat. gratum; but Von Planta(Osc. and Umbr. Dial. pp. 303 and 430) thinks that bratom mratom Lat. meritum, desert (cp. gnatus = genitus, born). Another explanation of gratus is fromEur-Ar. gher-, to will, like (from which Gk. xápis). Brugmann ( i . 238) connectsxápis with O. Lat. horior, Osc. herest, Umbr. heriest ( fut. ) , ' will wish.'

• The Ir. guirnead, if not borrowed, is a far simpler origin, both for the Fr. and

Eng. names of the fish.GEL-304 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✔GER-✓GELgrazia, Prov. gracia, O.F. grasce, grace, N.F. grâce, O.F. disgrace, adisgrace, ill-luck, Ital . grazioso, F. gracieux, gracious, Ital. grado, grato,Prov. grat, o.F. grat, gret, gré, N.F. gré (Lat. gratum), will, inclination, M.E. gre, gree (s.s.); Ital . malgrado (malum gratum) , Prov.malgrat, o.F. malgret, malgre, maulgre, M.E. maugre, ill-will, (as anadv.) in spite of, against your will (for ' a malgre '); Ital. aggrad-ire,-are (ad + L. Lat. grat-ire, -are) , Prov. agradar, agreiar, O.F. agreer,M.E. agreen, N.E. agree, Ital. aggradevole, Prov. agradable, o.F.agreable; N.F. gratifier, to gratify, N.F. gratitude, F. ingrat, ungrateful,agur (from L. Lat. agurium, augurium) in the phrases of the Rhætianpatois, ' catar d'agur,' to observe, far agur, to consider, Prov. and o.F.aür, O.F. eur in bon-eur, mal-eur, N.F. bonheur, malheur ( = bono, maloaugurio); the initial h is from a mistaken connection with heure;heureux (=*agurosus), fortunate, Prov. and o.F. retained also ahuratand euré ( =aguratus, p. p. of *agurare); Port. gallinha, a hen.Balto-Slav. , Lith. giriu, giriti, praise, celebrate, Lith. gar-s-as ,noise, cry, Lith. girtas, praised, Lith. gerwe, O. Slav. gerawi (for geravi) , a crane.Teutonic, cal-, cla- , car-, cra-, in O.H.G. callon, O.N. calla, A.S.ceallian, to call, A.S. cle-p-ian, to call, name (an extension from Vcle+-p); O.H.G. chara, lamentation, sorrow, N.H.G. Kar-freitag, Good Friday,Friday oflamentation; A.S. cearu, sorrow, care, O.H.G. queran, cherran,O.N. kaera, A.S. ceorran, to murmur, cearian, to lament, sorrow, care,Du. kirren, to coo, moan, Dan. kurre, to coo, chirr, ' A.S. cearig, careful,M.E. chari, N.E. chary, careful; O.H.G. chrāia, chrāwa, chra, N.H.G.krähe, A.S. crawe, a crow, O.H.G. chraen, N.H.G. krähen, a.s. crawan,to crow as a co*ck; O.H.G. chranuh, chranih, N.H.G. kranich, A.S. cran, acrane, N.H.G. krahn, the mechanical crane.Celtic, O. Ir. and Gael. gair, Wel. gawr, a cry, Ir. gairim, goirim,I shout, call, gairm, a title, cry, Bret. and Corn. garm, clamour, Gael.and Ir. garlach, a screaming child, a humorous term of abuse, ' littlevillain, ' Wel. garan, a crane 2; Ir. guirnead, a gurnard, Wel. galw, Bret.galu, to call (cp. o.N. kalla, Gael. and Ir. gearan, a complaint), Wel.gerain, to cry, Ir. and Gael. gnomh for gromh (Macbain) , u grunt,Gael. gruig, churlish, grumbling, Ir. gruc, (subs. ) anger, a grudge,(adj. ) sulky, Gael. and Ir. gradh, love, affection.Greek, geranium.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, garrulous, garrulity, gratis, gratulation, congratulate, -ion,The chirring grasshopper.'-Herrick. Not a cricket chirred.'-Tennyson,2 Macbain ( Gael. Dict.) derives Ir. and Bret. bran, Wel. brān , a raven, from gerby change of the labiovclar g to b.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 305-ory, gratuitous, gratuity, gratification, ingratiate, augur, -y, -al,inaugurate, -ion; gallinaceous.L. Latin and Romance, gurnard, gurnet (perhaps from the Celtic),grudge, begrudge (fr . Celtic) , grace, -ious, graceful, -ness, disgrace,-ful, -ness, maugre, grateful (full of goodwill) , ungrateful, ingrate,agree, -ment, agreeable, -ness, disagree, -ment, disagreeable, gratify;gallina, a name once given to the guinea-fowl, now rarely used, probablyfrom Port. gallinha, because it was first introduced from the Coast ofGuinea by Portuguese traders, and known by the Portuguese name.Teutonic, call, recall, roll-call, miscall, y-clept, clept, care, careless, careful, -ness, chary, -iness, crow (vb. ) , crow (subs. ), crane, cranberry, to crane (stretch out the neck), chirr, chirrup, chirp, chirm.¹Eur-Ar. √GER-G- 2 GELG, by imperfect reduplication fromGER-GER , GEL-GEL-, and by transposition √GRE G , √GLEG¯,√GLG , to scream, shout, threaten, complain; an imitative root.Sanscrit, garj-, in garjati , roar, growl, thunder, chatter as birds,gargaras, a musical instrument, garhate, to complain, reproach.Zend, gerzaiti, complains, entreats.Armenian, krunk, a crane.Greek, yopy-, in yopy-ós,3 violent, fearful, Topy , the gorgon,yiyy-pas, a small Phoenicianflute.Latin, ging-, grac-, in gingrire, to cackle, quack as a goose, chatter,graculus, ajackdaw, gloc-ire, to cluck.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. gracculo, Prov. gralha, O.F. graille,magpie; F. craquer, to crack, criquer, to creak (fr . Teut. ) , O.F. clacquer,to clap, O.F. cliquer, to click , clack (L.G. klikken).Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. glagolu (for gol-golu) , sound, noise, glagolati,talks.¹ The following words, if regarded solely as imitative, may be referred to ✔gerthrough its variant ✔gru-: M.H.G. grüllen, to mock, scoff, M. Du. and N.H.G.grollen, M.E. growlen, O.F. grouiller, to growl, rumble, A.S. gryllan, to gnash theteeth, snarl, N.E. growl; L.G. grumen, grummeln, O.F. grumeler, grommeler, tofretoneself, scold, mutter, N.E. grumble; O. and N.H.G. grunzen, Dan. grynte, A.S.grunnien, M.E. grunnien, grynten, grunten, N.E. grunt. Etymologically treatedthey must be referred to ✔qreu-, a variant of ✔qer-, to call, or ✔ghreum-, a variantof ghrem-, to make a noise; but Kluge regards them as imitative, and connectedwith the Gk. ypû; Murray also takes the same view of such imitative sounds (seenote to M.E. clasche, p . 305) .2 With variant gerg- ✔gergh-.' See for alternative explanation under gher-, to scratch.X306 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√GER G√GEL GGRE-G√GLE- G-√GLGTeutonic, Goth. * krak-ōn, O.H.G. chhrahhōn, N.H.G. krachen, a.s.cracian, M.E. craken, cracken, to crack, make a sharp noise, M.E.crakenelle, a kind ofbiscuit, cracknel, A.S. cearc, ¹ care, M.E. cark (s. 8. ) ,A.S. cearcian, to care, to cark, in the phrase ' carking care,' O.N. krāka, acrow, M.E. craken, to scream, make a harsh noise, crake, a kind ofbird, the corncrake, A.S. cræcetung, croaking, Du. krieken, M.E. creken,to creak, M.E. craschen, N.E. crash, to make a noise, to fall with a noise,break to pieces (trans. and intrans.) , M.E. crasen, to break (trans. andintr. ) , cp. Swed. krasa, to crackle, N.H.G. krächzen, to croak, groan,all related to crack; Du. klakken, M.E. clacken, to clack, O.N. klaka, tochatter, M.E. clasche, clash, noise of sudden collision; O.N. krefja (forkrabjan), to crave, O.N. krafa, craving, A.S. crafian, M.E. crauen,, to crave,demand (perhaps from √greg- by labialisation of final g) , M.E. (early)crauant, (later) crauand, cravant, craven, confessing defeat, defeated,now cowardly; O.H.G. chlagu, N H.G. klage, a sorrowful cry, complaint,O.H.G. chlochōn, M.H.G. clocken, to knock, M.E. klokken (perhaps fromA.S. * cloccan); O.H.G. chlopfon, N.H.G. klopfen, to knock, O.H.G. claphōn,N.H.G. klappen, klaff, a noise, A.S. clappian, to clap, may also be connected with this root gleg- glegh-, by labialisation of g to p; 0.H.G.chlanch, M.H.G. klanc, N.E. clank (introduced in the seventeenth century) , L.G. klinken, to clink.Celtic, Ir. gorg, gearg, garg, rough, terrible (see p. 305, n. 3) , Ir.glag, boasting, glagaire, a babbler, Ir. glafar, chattering, Ir. giugrann ,a goose, gragaoille, the clucking of a hen, the cawing ofa crow.Greek, Gorgon.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, clique, an exclusive set, coterie (Germ. thr.¹ So Mätzner, in Altengl. Wörterbuch; but Murray calls A.S. cearc, with its derivatives, ' a baseless figment,' and derives the Eng. cark from a L. Lat. carcare, variantof caricare, O.F. carkier, to load, with (subs. ) carke, cark, a load; ' carking carewould therefore mean burdensome care, a fitter epithet than noisy sounding care(see under qer-, p. 193) . This latter derivation is now generally accepted.•2 Murray observes of such variants as crack, crash; clack, clash; smack, smash,&c. , that they originate from the instinctive attempt to imitate variations of thesound indicated by an original word, and cannot be regarded as subject to phoneticrules. Probably, however, clash, crash, smash, are originally inceptive forms ofclack, crack, smack; -sh represents the Eur-Ar. -sk.• The etymology of this word, cravand, is obscure. It has been identified withO.F. cravanté, orevanté, crushed, beaten (p. p. ), from O.F. cravanter, Prov. crebantar,L. Lat. *crepantare (from crepant[ em] , pr. p. of crepare, to rattle, also to break);but the want of the final é in cravand is against this view (see Murray's Hist. Dict.ad vb. ). Skeat regards cravand as the regular Northumbrian form of pr. p. of M.E.crauan, but used in the place of the O.F. creant, M.E. creaunt, to which the sense ofrecreant was sometimes oddly attached (see Skeat ad vb. ).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 307Fr.), originally denoting a party engaged to applaud a favourite actor=claque, a band of claqueurs; cliquish, -ism, -y.Teutonic, crack, creak, croak, corncrake, cracker, cracknel,crackling, crackle, croaker, crash; clack, click, clank, clink, cluck,clash, crave, craven (?); clap (vb. ), clapper, tongue of a bell, clapdish, a wooden dish with a lid carried by leprous beggars from the lazarhouses to give warning of their approach, and to receive alms: cp.Holinshed, 1577, ' The poor Lazer sicke people of the Magdalen,whose custom was with a clap-dish on everie Market daie to resort& come to the markets, and there to beg.' This mode of warningoff too near an approach to infection has given the vulgar name tosyphilis.Eur-Ar. GER , to draw together, approach, assemble, with partialreduplication in GERG , GREG-.Sansorit, jar-, in jarate, to approach, draw near, jāra, lover, friend,paramour, grāmā, a crowd, village-community.Greek, yɛp-, in a-yelp- w (for ȧ-yép- tw) , to call together, assemble,ȧyopá, assembly, market, ȧyopáw, to frequent the ȧyopá, to buy in themarket, ȧyopɛów, to address an assembly; åλλnyopέw, to speakfiguratively or by a parable, ἀλληγορία, ἀλληγορικός, κατηγορέω, τοcharge publicly, (in logic) to predicate, kaтnyopía, a charge, a predicate, head of predicates, каτηyoрirós, categorical, affirmative; πaρηyopέw, to exhort, sooth, πapnyopikós, soothing; Tavýyvpis (πâs +ǎyvpis), a general assembly, πavnyvpikós (adj . ), fit for a generalassembly, λóyos πavпyvρikós, a festival oration, such as those spokenat the Olympic games, a eulogy, panegyric, πavnyvplw, to deliver apanegyric.Latin, greg- (the partially reduplicated form of the root), in grex,gregis, a flock, herd, gregarius, gregalis, relating to a herd, gregare, tocollect into a flock, ag-gregare, to add to aflock, congregare, to assembleas a flock, segregare, to separate from the flock, isolate; egregius,excellent, out ofthe ordinary run.'Balto-Slav. , gra-, gre-, in Lith. gratas, gretas, near, close together,O. Slav. gramada, a heap, N. Slav. gromada, a public assembly.Teutonic, kar-, ker-, in O.H.G. kara-l , ' M.H.G. karl, husband, lover,¹ Skeat derives harlot from the O.H.G. karl, through Romance forms, Ital.arlotto, a glutton, Prov. arlot, a vagabond, O.F. arlot, herlot, *harlot, M.E. harlotx 2308 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√GER-✔GERG-✓GREGN.H.G. kerl, a common man, fellow, O.N. karl, husband, a man (asopposed to woman), an old man, one of the common people (as opposedto a nobleman) , a serf, o.N. karlinna, a woman, A.S. ceorl, a husband(cp. ceorlian, to take a husband) , a yeoman (as opposed to eorl) , M.E.cheorl, a peasant, serf, a rough, coarse fellow, N.E. churl (s.s.); o. andN.H.G. Karl, a personal name, from which Latinised Carolus, Caroline,and F. Charles, Charlotte; perhaps also O.N. krua, to swarm, kru(subs.) , a crowd, A.S. creodan, to crowd, M.E. crouden, A.S. croda, a crowd,throng, may be traced to this root.Celtic, Ir. ad-gaur, ' to come together, Gael. greigh, groigh, graig,a herd, flock, stud of horses, Wel. gre, stud of mares, Wel. greawd,crowd, Wel. grealu, to aggregate; Gael. gaire, Ir. gar, near (cp. Sans.jarate, to approach).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, proper names compounded with agora, as Pythagoras,Aristagoras, Agora-critus, allegory, -ise, -ical, category, -ical, paregoric(a soothing medicine), panegyric, -ise.Latin, gregarious, aggregate, -ion, congregate, -ion, -ional,-ionalism, egregious, segregate, -ion.Teutonic, churl, -ish , Carl, carlin (Scot. ) , an old woman, Charles,Caroline, Carry, Charlotte (thr. F. ), Charles's Wain (for the Churl'swain ') , the peasant's waggon; perhaps crew, crowd.2( =karl +-ot, dim. suff.) , a fellow, vagabond, buffoon, varlet: cp. Chaucer, ' He was agentil harlot and a kynde.' N.E. harlot has now only the sense of prostitute. Wel.herlod, a lad, Corn. harlot, a rogue, are borrowed from M.E. Foxe, Book ofMartyrs,still uses ' harlots ' of men ( sixteenth century) , but the Authorised Version, 1611 , ofprostitutes. The Century Dict. regards Skeat's explanation as unlikely. Körtingsuggests a possible connection with hariolus, soothsayer, the transition of this meaning to ' a vagabond ' being easy, Ital. arlotto = ariolotto. This is doubtful, and thecorrect explanation of the word is still wanting.1 Fick (fourth edition, ii. 106) gives a double sense to ad-gaur, ' convenio ' and' fascino.' Ad-gaur, in the first sense, may be placed under ✔ger-, to approach,assemble, but in the sense of ' fascino,' to enchant, bewitch, fascinate, as givenby Lewisand Short, it comes nearer to preceding ✔ger-, to chant &c. ( cp. Lat. incantare, toenchant). Corssen connects fascino with Baokalvw, to slander, use spells, bewitch,which is commonly regarded as from Eur-Ar. bhē- ( = pŋ- in oîμɩ, I say, Lat. fa- infari, to speak). Curtius, however, rejects the irregular change of Eur-Ar. bh- to 8before vowels, and Corssen's explanation seems therefore uncertain, as Prellwitz also admits.2 What makes this derivation doubtful is ( 1 ) the irregular change of vowel:creodan would give, regularly, 3rd sing. pres. t. crydeth, p. t. cread, with 3rd. pl.crudon, and p. p. croden; (2) that the primary meaning of A.S. creodan seems to beto press, push on, drive.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 309Eur-Ar. VGER GRE, to rouse, awake.Sanscrit, gar-, gra-, in jā-gar-ti , jā-gra-ti, awakes, is watchful,jā-gar-ayati, causes to wake.Zend, gar-, in fra-ghrata, awakened.Greek, γερ-, in ἐγείρω for ἐγέρμω - is either prothetic, or theremains of an earlier reduplication) , to awake, ¿-ypń-yopa, 2nd perf. ,am awake, ypnyopéw, to wake, watch; Tpnyópios, pr. n. , Gregory (thewatcher).Latin (not found).Balto-Slav. (not found).Teutonic, O.N. karskr, brisk, N.H.G. (dial. ) karsch, hale, active (seePrellwitz, ' ¿yɛípw,' and Vigfusson, ‘ karskr ’ ) .Celtic, Gael. Griogair, Griogarach (Gregorius), M'Griogair,McGregor.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, Gregory, Gregorian; surnames, Gregg,Gregson (abbreviation from Gregory), M'Gregor (thr. Gael.) .Eur-Ar. √GER , to swallow, devour, with partial reduplicate √GER G¯,GER- GER (s.s.).Sanscrit, gar-, gra-, gal-, gil-, in Vedic girati, gilati, swallows(perf. ja-gār-a, aor. garat), girna, p. p. , -gara in comp. (with sense ofdevouring) , as aja-gara, the goat-swallower, a large snake (cp. similaruse of-Bopos in Gk. , -vorus in Lat. ); grasāmi, I eat, swallow, grasan,grāsas, a swallowing, mouthful, food, an eclipse, ¹ gar-gara, throat,whirlpool; gala, the throat, neck, galla, the cheek; gulyas, sweetness(see Curtius, i. p. 433, Eng. Trans.) .Greek, γερ-, γαρ-, γορ-, γρα-, γλα-, γλυ-, βαρ , βρο-, in γέργερος,the throat, γέργυρα, γόργυρα, α sewer, γαργαρεών, the uvula, γαργαρίζω, to gargle, γράω, γραίνω, to gnaw, γάγγραινα, a grawing sore,Ypá-o-Tis, green fodder, grass, yλeûkos, sweet unfermented wine, sweetness, γλυκύς, γλυκερός, sweet, γλυκύρριζα, liquorice; βορά, fodder,food, -Bopos in comp. , devouring, as Snμoßópos, devourer of the people,βιβρώσκω, to feed on, βρώσις, feeding, βρῶμα, food, βρόμος, oats;βρόγχος, the trachea, a gulp, βρογχοκήλη, a tumour in the throat,βρόγχια, the bronchial tubes, βράγκια, the gills offishes, βράγκος, sorethroat causing hoarseness; γάλα (gen. γαλακτος, as from γαλαγ(yλay-) , milk, has been referred to this root by Brunnhofer, whom' The traditional Hindu belief is that eclipses are caused by a god devouring the sun or moon.310 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✔GER- Curtius is inclined to follow, but see under √mlegh-, and cp. Gk.✔GER- G- ȧuéλyw, Lat. mulgere, to milk, Goth. miluks, O. Slay. mleko, Lith.GER- GER- melzu, milk, Ir. bligim, I milk, Gael. blioch.Latin, gur-, gul-, glu-, gra-, dul- (for dlu-, =glu-) , vor- (forgvor-), gurges, whirlpool, gurgitare, to engulph, gurgulio, the gullet;gula, the throat, gulosus, gluttonous, singul-tus, ' a sob, hiccup, singultare, to sob, hiccup; glutire, to swallow, gluto, glutto, -onis, a glutton,glutus, the swallow , throat, deglutire, to swallow down, ingluvies, thecrop; gramen (for gras-men), grass, gramineus, grassy; dulcis, sweet,dulcedo, -inis, sweetness; vorare, to devour, vorax, voracious, devorare,devour; -vorus in compounds, carnivorus, &c.; bronchie, bronchialtubes, branchiæ, gills; gargarizare, to gargle (Gk. loan-word).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. gorgo, gorga, O.F. gore, gort, N.F.gorge, a whirlpool, Ital. gorgia, F. gorge, the throat, O.F. gorger, M.E.gorgen, N.E. gorge, to eat to excess, Ital. gorgiera, O.F. gorgiere, M.E.gorgere, armourfor the neck, O.F. gorgerette, a kind of neck-cloth; o.F.gorgias, (subs.) a gorget, (adj. ) gorgeous, o.F. des-gorger, to disgorge,give up prey,2 F. rengorger, to bridle up, hold the head high, se gorgiaser,to flaunt, Ital. gorgogliare, to gurgle, Prov. gorgolhs, the throat, gullet;Span. garganta, the gullet, Span. gargola, ³ s.s. , also a spout, O.F. gargouille, the gullet, mouth of a spout, gargoyle, M.E. gargulie, gargyll,N.E. gargoyle, a spout, O.F. gargouiller, to gargle; Ital . gola (Lat.gula) , O.F. gole, goule, with dim. golet, M.E. golet, gullet, a narrowstream (later spelling gully) , N.F. goulotte, gullet, goulée, neck ofa bottle;N.F. gueule, the mouth, O.F. and M.E. goules, N.F. gueules, Lat. gulæ(pl.), the heraldic name for red (probably, as Skeat suggests, from thered colour with which the open mouths of heraldic animals werepainted) , M.E. gulchen, glucchen, to belch, gulch; L. Lat. glutus, gluttus(glutire), Ital. ghiotto, Prov. glotz, O.F. glot, glout, M.E. glut, N.E. glut,a glutton, O.F. gloton, glouton, M.E. glotoun, glotun, glutun, N.E. glutton,O.F. glotonie, M.E. glutonie, gluttonie, M.E. glotonous, gluttonous; L. Lat.liquoritia (an adaptation of Gk. yλvkúppiča), Ital . legorizia, O.F.

• licorice (not found) , M.E. licoris, licorice, N.E. (early) lickorice, as if

from to lick, (later) licorice, liquorice; Ital. dolce, Prov. dolz, dous, O.F.dolce, dulce, o. and N.F. doux, douce (f. ) , sweet, Ital . dolciore, sweeter, N.E.douceur, a present, Lat.-Gk. dulce-melos, sweet song or tune, Span. dulce-¹ Perhaps a compound of sin-, one ( = sim- in simplex), + gul- , with sense of asingle gulp.2 Lit. to empty the throat or craw; cp. Span. gorga, a whirlpool, also the food oftame falcons.The change of u to a in these Romance words is due to confusion with Lat.gargarizare.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 311mele, O.F. doulcemer, a musical instrument, dulcimer, O. Ital . dolcetto,anything sweet, O.F. * dolcet, doucet, Eng. dulcet; Ital. devorare, Prov.devorar, O.F. devorer, M.E. devouren, to devour.Balto- Slav. , Lith. gogiloto, cp. Sans. gilati, O. Slav. poglutiti,swallows, Lith. gar-gal-uju, rattle in the throat, Lith. geriu, gerti, todrink.Teutonic, O.H.G. querechela, quercha, a reduplicated form, gullet,O.N. kverk, the angle below the chin, kverkr (pl. ) , the throat; o. andN.H.G. gurgel, gullet (early loan-word from Lat. gurgul-io) , N.H.G.gurgeln, to gargle, gurgle; O.H.G. chela (cp. Sans. gala), N.H.G. kehle,A.S. ceol, a.s. ceole, the throat (obsolete in Eng. ) , O.H.G. *chrago, M.H.G.krage, N.H.G. kragen, neck, collar, M.E. crawe, N.E. craw, craye, thecrop of a bird, Dial. (North) crag- in crag-bone, the neck-bone, cragend, the neck-end, now perverted to scrag-end, the neck-end ofa ' neck 'ofmutton, with the cervical vertebræ only, Scot. craig, the neck.Celtic, Gael. braghad, Ir. braighid, O. Bret. brehant, neck, throat(cp. Gk. Bpóyxos, wind-pipe, Вρáyños, sore throat, ßpáyкia, gills offishes), Gael. gloc, swallow greedily, (as subs. ) the clucking of a hen, Ir.glochar, hard or stertorous breathing; imitative words, or perhapsborrowed from similar words in Teutonic or from Lat. glocire; Gael.glut, Wel. glwth, Bret. gloat, gluttony: perhaps Latin loan-wordsfrom glutire (Macbain, ' Gael. Dict. ') .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, gangrene, glycerine, hyper-brosis (over-nourishment, med. ),broma, in theobroma, a preparation ofchocolate, brome, in brome-grass,bronchiæ, -al, -itis, &c. , branchia (both thr. the Latin loan-words).Latin, deglutition, graminivorous, voracious, carnivorous, omnivorous, &c.L. Latin and Romance, gorge (subs. and vb.), disgorge, gorget,gorgeous, gargoyle, gargle, gullet, gully, gules (heraldic) , gulch (vb.) ,gulch (subs. ), a gorge, glut (subs. and vb. ) , glutton, -y, -ous, gulp;licorice; dulcet, dulcimer, Scot. douce, billet-doux, dolce far niente,douceur, devour; Gargantua, the name given by Rabelais to the heroof his satire to denote his power ofswallowing.Teutonic, gurgle (from Lat. loan-word), Scot. craig, craw or crayofa bird, crag, ' in ( s)crag-end.GER-√GER GGER-GER-' The explanation given in the text of Gk. yλukús, Lat. dulcis, is not established ,and their English derivatives must therefore be regarded as doubtful.2 See ' cragges of veele & moton, ' quoted by Murray ( Hist. Dict. ), 1469 A.D.;312 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √GER GRR-, heavy.Sanscrit, gar-, gur-, in *gru, heavy (found in a-gru, not heavy, notpregnant), garyams comp. , heavier, guru-s, heavy, guruta, weight, heaviness, gur-vinī, a pregnant woman.Zend, gur-, in gouru, resisting, a-grou, a maid.Greek, Bap-, ẞpv- (for ypv-), in Bapús, heavy, Bapúτns, heaviness,Bápos, weight, ẞapúтovos, deep-sounding, ẞpílw, to weigh down,Bpów, to swell, teem with, ẞpúov, a blossom, µßpvov, an embryo.Latin, gra- (for gar-) , bru-, in gravis (for garvis) , heavy, gravitas,heaviness, gravidus, pregnant, gravare, to load, oppress, gravari, to bevexed, incommoded, gravamen, a grievance, aggravare, to aggravate;bru-tus, heavy, dull, stupid (cp. Sans. gru-, in a-gru, and Gr. ẞpí-0w,to weigh down), brutalis, brutal, brutalitas, brutality. 'L. Latin and Romance, Ital. and F. grave, heavy, (of character)thoughtful, grave, Ital . gravare, graviare, to trouble, incommode, O.F.grever, gregier, to afflict, M.E. greven,3 gregen, greggen (s.s.), N.E.grieve (trans. and intrans. ) , O.F. gref, grief, N.E. grief, O.F. agrever,M.E. agreven, to aggrieve, Ital . gravità, o.F. gravite, M.E. gravitie;Ital. bruto, rough, unfeeling, O.F. brut, raw, uncultivated, M.E. brute,originally only used as an adj . , as in ' the brute beasts ': when the substantival use came in, the adj . brutal, also brutall, -ell, was introduced(in the fifteenth cent. ) , probably from o.F. brutal, brutel; Ital. baritono,N.F. baryton (Gk. loan-word).Teutonic, Goth. kaurus, heavy, kauritha, heaviness, a load, O.H.G.krut, N.H.G. kraut, a vegetable, spec. cabbage.Celtic, Gael. gurrach, a huge, stupid fellow (?) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, barytone (thr. Fr.) , baritone (Mus. thr. Ital . ) , barytes, socalled from its weight; embryo.Latin, grave, gravity (thr. Fr.) , gravamen, gravitate, -ion, gravid,aggravate, -ion.L. Latin and Romance, grieve, grief, grievance, aggrieve; brute,-al, -ality, -alise, brutish; chou-croute.Teutonic, sour-kraut.Eur-Ar. GERIS, GORIS, a mountain.Sanscrit, giri (Ved. ) , a mountain.also ' How shall I separate the crags from off the chines? ' 1767. Soragseems to be arecent corruption of crag.¹ See alternative explanation under ✔ghreud-. The one given in the text is supported by Prellwitz, p. 45.2 Greven had also the impersonal use, ' it greveth hym, ' and through this theoriginal transitive use became also intransitive, I grieve, i.e. I am sorry.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 313Zend, gairi, a mountain.Greek, Bop- (by labialisation), in Bopέas, ¹ the north wind, i.e.the mountain wind, Trepẞópeo , the Hyperboreans, Prellwitz.hill.Latin, Boreas, Hyperborei (Gk. loan-words).Balto-Slav. , Lith. gira, gire, wood, forest, O. Slav. gora, mountain,ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, Nilgheries, a range in Southern India, the bluemountains.'Greek (thr. Lat. ), Boreas, Hyperborean, Borealis.Eur-Ar. √GEL- √GER , (intrans. ) to fall, drop, trickle, drip, vanish,pass away, (trans.) drop, throw .Sansorit, gla-, jal-, in glati, drips, glitas, p. p.; causative, gālayati,cause to fall, drop; jala, water, jaluka, a leech, because found inwater.Armenian, kalin, (gen.) kalnoy, an acorn.Greek, Baλ-, in ẞáλλw, for Báλ-¿w, to throw (perf. Bé-Bλn-xa),Bɛßóλnuai, am stricken (Ep. ) , Báλavos, an acorn (the fallen or shedfruit) , an iron peg or bolt passed through the inside bar of a door toprevent entrance, Baλavɛîov, a bath-room (from its being so bolted) ,βαλαύστιον (?) , the flower of the wild pomegranate; βέλος, βέλεμνον,dart, javelin, Boλń, a stroke or wound from a missile, Bóλos, a throwwith a cast-net, -Boλos, in comp. with sense of throwing, Baλλí(w, tothrow the legs about, jump, dance, Baλλioµós, a dancing (both theseare terms used in Sicily and Magna Græcia); diaßáλλw, to accuse,Siáßolos, a slanderer, accuser, the devil (N.T.), the slanderer ';¿µẞáλλw, to throw in, put into its place, insert, qµßλnµa, inlaidwork, insertion, µßoxioµós, intercalation of days; πapaßáλλw, toplace by the side of, πapaßoλń, a comparison, illustration, parable(N.T.) , aparabola in mathematics, Tapaßoλikós, figurative; πρoßáλλw,to throw forward, πρóßλŋµa, something thrown forward, an excuse, (ingeometry) a problem proposed as an exercise, πроßλпμaтiкós, of thenature of a problem; væερßoλń, rhetorical exaggeration, σúμµßoλov,watchword, creed, symbol; кaßáλλns, -ov, a nag (špуáτηs íππos,Cp. Ital. tramontana. The Rhipæan range, which trends northwards of thesteppes of Southern Russia, is supposed to be the mountains referred to. On thehypothesis that the original home of the Eur-Aryan race was in this part of the world,the north wind would blow off the Rhipæan mountains, and might obtain the name of the ' mountain wind. This would also account for the name Hyperboreans, i.e. the dwellers over the mountains.314 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓GELGERHesych. ), perhaps from κaтaßáλλw, to throw, carry down¹ (cp.κάββαλε for κατέβαλε) , καβαλλάριος, a horseman; οβελός (Dor.ỏ8erós) , a spit (ỏ is prothetic) , ỏßeriakos, an obelisk , ỏßorós (sameword as oßeλós), a small coin or weight (see Brugmann, i. 318):Plutarch says, ' so called because stamped with a small spit or nail,'and adds that in early times nails (oßeλol) were used as money, sixof which made a handful (Spaɣuń), and that the name was changedto ὀβολός; δέλεαρ (Att. ) , βλῆρ ( Hol.) , a bait.Latin, gla-, vol- (for gvol-) , gru-, in glans, an acorn, glandula (dim. ) ,the glands ofthe throat, glandium, akernel or glandule in meat; balneum(for balineum) , a bath (Gk. loan-word from Baλavɛîov), balaustium,flower of the wild pomegranate (Gk. loan-word), ballista, ballistra,military engine for hurling stones, formed from ẞáλλw; emblema, anornament, mosaic work, problema, problem (Gk. loan-words) , ballistia,songs accompanied by dancing (from Baλλięw), parabola ( Gk. loanword), caballus (Gk. loan-word, xaßáλλŋs) , diabolus, the devil (Gk.loan-word); ballare, to dance (Augustin's sermons) , ballator, a dancer( Inscript. Orellii '); volare, to fly, devolare, to fly down, involare, to flyupon, seize, take possession of, carry off, volitare, to fly to and fro,volātus, -us, a flying, flight, volucer, flying (adj . ) , a bird (subs.), volatilis, flying, fleeting, changing from one part to another (adj. ) , volatile(subs. ), afowl (pl. volatilia); * -gruere, to fall, rush, in in-gruere, torush in, congruere, to coincide, congruus, coinciding, agreeing (Corss.' Beitr.' p. 457, cited by Vaniček, but doubtful).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. glande, ghiande, Prov. glans, O.F.glande, F. gland, an acorn, glande, a gland, Ital. ghiandola, F. glandule,a gland, Span. and Port. lande, an acorn (1 for gl, from glande: cp.Prov. glire, Span. liron, a dormouse) , O.F. * glandre, N.F. landre, glanders,a disease ofthe glands in horses (cp. Lat. glandarius, of or relating toacorns 2); Ital. bagno,³ Span. baño, a bath, the galleys, Prov. banh,' More probably a Greek loan-word from a foreign and hitherto untraced source:κaßáλλns is found in Plutarch and caballus in Juvenal, Horace, &c.; in Ir. capall, Wel.ceffyl. These last may be loan-words from the Latin, or both Latin and Celtic andGreek also may be foreign loan-words.2 Applied as a medical term to the disease of the glands (?).3 Körting (Romance Dict. ) suggests that this name was given to the galleysbecause they were, in fact, the prisons of those condemned to them; more probablybagno was the name originally given to the bolted cells in which the galley-slaveswere shut at night ( cp. Gk. Baλaveîov, Lat. balneum, lit. a room secured by a bolt):Hackluyt (1599) writes: ' This Banio is the prison wheras all the captives lay atnight.' Morgan ( 1728): ' He sent him to his bagnio among the rest of his slaves. 'Later bagnio and galleys were used as almost synonymous terms. See Disraeli, Tancred ( 1847): To be sent to the Bagnio or the galleys.' When in Francecriminals were no longer sent to the galleys as a punishment, the prisons to whichthey were sent retained the name bagnes.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 315O.F. bain, a bath, F. (16th cent. ) bagne, a prison for galley-slaves, afterwards the galleys themselves, L. Lat. balneare, Ital . bagnare, O.F.baigner, M.E. baynen, to bathe; Ital . balaustro, o.F. balastre, M.E.balustre, small pillar at the edge of a staircase, with the head carvedas a pomegranate (cp. Lat. balaustium) , Ital. balustrata, o.F. balustrade,a set ofsuch pillars, a balustrade; o.F. embleme, an emblem, probleme,a problem; L. Lat. arcubalista, Prov. arbalesta, O.F. arbaleste, M.E.arblest, arblast, arwe-blast, ' a machine for hurling stones or otherheavy missiles, O.F. arblestier, M.E. arblaster, one who works an arblast;L. Lat. chadabula (from Gk. Kaтaßóλn), a throwing down, Prov.calabre (for cadable), O.F. chaable, caable (for chadable, cadable), anengine for hurling stones, O. Ital . calabrino (dim. of calabre), o.F.calabrin, Ital. carabina, N.F. carabine, a firearm (sixteenth cent. ) , E.carabine (1605) , a short musket, carbine, Span. carabinero, F. carabinier, a carbineer; Ital. parabola, conic section made by a plane parallelto the surface of a cone, O. Ital . paravola, paraula, O. Span. paraula,N. Span. palabra, Port. palavra, a narration, story, talk, discussion,O.F. and M.E. parabole, parable, O.F. parole, a speech, L. Lat. parabolare,O. Ital. paraulare, N. Ital. parlare, Prov. paraular, O.F. paroler, N.F.parler, to converse, talk, O.F. parlement, a discussion, a chief court (L. Lat.parlamentum, parliamentum) , F. parloir, a conversation room (specially)ofa convent, aparlour, parlance, talk, way ofspeaking, M.E. parle (subs.) ,a parley, pour-parler; Ital. cavallo (Lat. caballus), Prov. cavalh-s, o.and N.F. cheval, a horse, Span. caballo, Port. cavallo (s.s.) , N.F. chevalet, a raised stand, L. Lat. caballarius, cavallarius, a horseman, acourier, Ital. cavaliere, F. cavalier (sixteenth cent. ) , a horseman,O. Span. cavallero, Port. cavaleiro (s.s.) , Ital. cavalleria, O.F. chevalerie,cavalerie, cavalry, O.F. chevaler, chivaler, a horseman (spec. a mountedsoldier), knight, M.E. chivaler, chevelere, N.F. chevalier, originally acadet of the French noblesse serving in the army; L. Lat. cabalcata,obligation ofa vassal to his lord to serve with man and horse in thefield, a company or procession ofhorsem*n, Ital. cavalcata, F. cavalcade(sixteenth cent.), a troop of horsem*n, F. cheval 2 or chevaux defrise, a construction of spikes and nails to hinder cavalry charges andstop breaches, employed by the Frisians in their struggles for freedomtoward the end of the seventeenth cent. (cp. Du. ' Vriesse Ruyters,'Frisian horsem*n, and the expression horse de Freeze,' seventeenthcent. ); Ital. balzare, to jump, spring (cp. Baλλiew ) , ballare, to dance,This is a corrupted form from a supposed connection with A.S. arewe, M.E. arwe,arowe, an arrow.2 All these words are printed as though from Gk. karα- Báλλw, which is by nomeans certain.GELGER-316 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√GEL-✓GER6O.F. baler ( s. s . ) , F. bal, a ball, dancing-party, Ital. ballata, a dance-song,Prov. ballad, F. ballade (s.s.), F. ballet, a dance, F. baladin, a dancer,mountebank; Ital. volare, Prov. volar, F. voler, to fly (since the end ofthe sixteenth cent. the F. voler has acquired the sense of steal '), F. vol,theft, voleur, a thief, ' Ital . volata, O.F. volée, a flight of birds, a generaldischarge of shot, F. vole, a term in a game of cards, F. vol-au-vent,(lit. ' a flight in the wind ') , a kind of light raised pasty, Ital. volatile, F.volaille (Lat. volatilia), fowl, F. volant, flying (heraldic); Ital . diavolo,F. diable, the devil, diablerie, devilry; Ital. congruente, F. congruent.Balto-Slav. , Lith. gilé, O. Pruss. gile; O. Slav. zeladi, an acorn,O. Slav. kladeri, a spring; Lith. gelti , to pierce, prick (gelia, it pains),gela, pain, O. Slav. zali, pain , O. Pruss. golis, death, O. Slav. dijavolu,the devil.Teutonic, O.H.G. quëllan, N.H.G. quellen, to spring from, to soak,N H.G. quelle, a spring, O.N. kelda (s.s.) , O.H.G. quelan, ² to suffer painor torture, a.s. cwelan, to suffer, die, O.H.G. qualm, A.S. cvealm, cvelm,M.E. qualm, quelm, death, pestilence, mortal sickness, O.H.G. queljan,quellen, A.S. cwellan, to put to death, O.H.G. quala, torture, martyrdom, pain, A.S. cwalu, a violent death; Goth. diaboulos, O. Sax.diubhal, O.H.G. tiuval, tioval, N.H.G. teufel, A.S. deofol, o.N. djöfull,diel, M.E. deofel, deovel, devel, divel, devil, the devil (loan-words,Greek through Gothic); O.N. kapul , a nag (fr . Celtic).Celtic, Ir. galar, disease, distemper, sickness, galruighim, I punish,sicken, Gael. goil, Ir. gailim, to seethe, boil (Macbain); Ir. capall ,Wel. ceffyl, horse (probably loan-words).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, belemnite, diabolic, -al, emblematic, embolism, parabola,parabolic, problematic, -al, symbol, -ic, -ical, hyperbole, -ic, -ical;obelisk, obolus (a small coin) .Latin, glandular, volatile, -ity, -ise, sal volatile; congrue, -ous,-ity, -ent (thr. F.) , incongruous, -ity (?) .L. Latin and Romance, gland, glandule, glanders; bagnio, bainmarie, baluster, banister (modern corruption) , balustrade, emblem,problem, arblast, arbalest, carbine, carbineer; parable, parole, parley,-our, -iament, parlance, pour-parler, palaver (Span. ); cavalier, cavalry,cavalcade, chevalier, chivalry, -ous, chevaux de frise , cheval-glass, a=Another explanation is from Lat. vola, the hollow of the hand: voler to carryoffinthe hand.2 Quellan &c. are connected with ✔gel-, and carry its sense of dropping or trickling downward; quelan, to torment &c. , carries the sense of throwing, striking, wounding, causingpain; also found in Gk. Béλos, a missile, a dart, òßeλós, a spit, nail.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 317mirror resting on a raised stand (cp. F. chevalet); ball, ballet, ballad,volley, vol-au-vent, diablerie.Teutonic, quail (vb.) , to sink with fear, qualm, quell, (probably)kill (cp. M.H.G. kellen); devil, -ry, -ish (from Gk. thr. Goth. loanword), deil (Scot. , thr. O.N. diel) .Eur-Ar. GEL-, cold, frost.Sanscrit, jal-, in jaḍa (for jalda) , cold, stiff, rigid, stupid, Hind.jaḍta (for jardta) , coldness, from jaḍa, cold, chilly.Greek, not found.Latin, gel-, gla-, in gelu, frost (cp. Osc. yeλav, hoar-frost), gelare,to congeal, cause to freeze (p. p. gelatus, frozen) , gelidus, cold, frosty,congelare, to congeal (trans. and intrans. ), gla- c-ies , ice, glacialis, icy,glacio, -are, to freeze, congeal.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. gelare, Prov. gelar, o.F. geler, tofreeze, congeal, Ital. gelo, Prov. gels, frost, O.F. gel, gelée (cp. Ital.gelata), frost, ajelly, M.E. gele, gelle, gelli , jeli, a jelly, congealed juiceof meat or fruit, F. gelatine (a modern and coined word) , O.F. congeler,to congeal, O.F. glace (from a L. Lat. glacia) , ice, F. glacer, to ice, congeal, glacier, a glacier, glacis, the sloping ground in front of a fortification (lit. a slope slippery like ice) , N.F. glacial, icy.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. gol-otu , gol-oti, ice.Teutonic, kal-, kol- , in Goth. kal-ds, O. and N.H.G. kalt, O.N. kal-dr,A.S. ceald, cal-d , M.E. cald, cold (these are participial forms of aTeutonic verb, kala, to freeze: cp. O.N. cala, A.S. calan, to freeze, makecold), O.H.G. chuol, N.H.G. kühl, A.S. col, M.E. col, cole, coole, N.E. cool,A.S. colian, M.E. colen, to cool, A.S. celi , cyle, M.E. chil, N.E. a chill, A.S.celan, to make cold, to chill; N.H.G. gletscher, a glacier (a loan-wordfrom F. glacier).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, gelid, congelation, glacial.L. Latin and Romance, jelly, gelatine, gelatinous, congeal, glacier,glacis.Teutonic, cold, coldness, &c.; cool (subs. and vb.) , coolness, acooler, &c.; chill, chilly, chilliness.318 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. *√GEL- * √GOL¯ GOL ,, toto will will,, wish wish,, purpose, counsel.Sanscrit, not found.Greek, βελ-, βολ-, in Thess. βέλλομαι, Boot. βείλομαι, Arcad.βόλομαι, Lesb. βόλλομαι, Att. βούλομαι, to will, wish, design, βουλή,will, counsel, advice, ɛüßovλos, well-advised, prudent, Bovλɛúw, tocounsel, deliberate; *BEλ-TOs, wished for, desirable, good (a participialform from βέλ-λομαι: cp. φέρτερος, as from * φερτός: φέρω) , βέλτερος, βέλ-τατος, βελ-τ-ίων, βέλτιστος, better, best.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, Eubulus, Eubule, prop. names with termination -bulus, as Aristobulus, Cleobulus, &c.Eur-Ar. GLE GLEI GLI , to be sticky, cleave, hold fast.Sanscrit (wanting); Hindi gil, clay, earth, gillawa, prepared clay,gili, earthen; ' gil dar gil,' ' earth to earth,' is used at the burial of thedead when earth is thrown immediately upon the corpse. The Latinsepelio (se-, apart, -pel-io [for *gelio] , to consign to earth) may possiblybe connected with this root through Eur-Ar. equivalent of theHindi gil (cp. Modern Eng. inter, to bury).Greek, γλι-, γλοι-, in γλία, γλίνη, glue, γλίσχρος, glutinous, sticky,yλolós for yλot-fós (subs. ) , any slippery or glutinous substance, spec.oil lees, yλorós (adj . ) , slippery, yλl- xoµai, cling to, long after, yλáµwv,yλaμvpós, blear-eyed.Latin, gle-, glu- (for gloi-) , in gle-ba, glæba, ' a clod of earth, land,soil, glu-s, glu-tis, glue, glu-ere, to draw together, gluten, glue, glutinare,to glue together, glutus, tenacious, glis (gen. glitis), ‘ humus tenax,'Isidorus.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. glitea, thick clay (found in amediæval glossary, and formed on gli-tem, thick clay) , Prov. gleza, O.F.glaise, loam, clay, Prov. glut, o. and N.F. glue, M.E. glu, glew, gliu(Lat. glus, glu-tis), glue, M.E. gluen, glewen.Balto-Slav. , Lith. gliwe, slime (cp. yλo -fós), Lith. glitus, slippery,O. Slav. glina, clay, glenu, slime, mucus (cp. yλívn, glue).Teutonic, A.S. clæg, O. Fris. klai, Du. klei , N.H.G. klei, M.E. clai,clei, N.E. clay, O.H.G. chlei-man, O.N. kleima, A. clæ-man, to daub,plaster, fashion from clay, A.S. clām, potter's clay, earth, M.E. clome,N.E. cloam, earthenware, Du. and L.G. clam (adj . ) , sticky, viscous, damp;A.S. clingan, to draw together, shrink, M.E. clingen, to stickfast to, hold1 -ba is a nominal suffix to the root, as -bus in super-bus, mor-bus, glo-bus, &c. , orgleba may be transferred to the next root glebh-.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 319tight (a nasalised base of pr. t. with partial reduplication = Eur-Ar.√gli-gh-) , O.H.G. chlencan, klenkan, A.S. clenc(e) an, to makefast, holdtight to, M.E. clenchen, N.E. clench.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. glaodh, glue, glaodhan, pith of wood, Wel.gludio, to stick (perhaps Lat. loan-word) , Wel. glynu, to stick, Gael.glong, a slimy substance (cp. Gk. yλívŋ, O. Slav. glenu); Stokes connects with this root Ir. glenn, glend, Wel. glan, Bret. glann, brink,shore, river bank, Gael. gleann, a glen.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, gluten, glutinous, glutinate, -ion, -ive, agglutinate, -ion,-ive.L. Latin and Romance, glue, gluey, -iness.Teutonic, clay, clayey, &c. , cloam, cleam (provincial) , clam, clammy,-iness, clam, the shell-fish (either from the valves closing so tightly orfrom adhering to rocks, &c.) , cling, clink, clinkers, vitrified bricksadhering in a mass, clinch, clench.Eur-Ar. √GLE-BH- √GLEB , to stick fast to, cling.Latin, gleb-, in gleba, a clod of earth, land, soil.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. glèbe, soil, glebe.Teutonic, klib-, klip-, with nasalised klemb-, klemp-, in O.H.G.chleb-an, N.H.G. kleben, A.S. cleofian, cliofian, to stick, adhere, M.E.cleve, cleeve, N.E. cleave (to stick) . This was a weak vb. with p. t.clifode, but from the fourteenth cent. the strong p. t. clave wasused occasionally, and is found in the Authorised Version of the Bible,1611. O.H.G. chliban, M.H.G. kliben, to stick, adhere, O.N. clifa, toclimb (i.e. to hold fast to), also to repeat (i.e. to stick to somethingalready said), A.S. clifian, to stick, cleave to, O.H.G. kleb, O. Sax. klib,O.N. klif, A.S. clif, M.E. cliffe, clif (pl. clives) , N.E. cliff, originallya place to climb, O.H.G. chlimban, N.H. and L.G. klimmen, A.S. climban,clamb, clomben, to climb, to raise oneself by clinging to; O.H.G.chlamma, M.H.G. klamme, firm grasp, clutch, O.H.G. bi-chlemman(= *bichlemban), clutch, squeeze, Du. beklemmen, to pinch, distress,M. and N.H.G. klemmen, to pinch, cramp, N.E. (Prov.) clem, clam,pinch with hunger; O.N. klāmbra, to clamp or pinch together, M.E. clambren, to squeeze together, clutch, climb by catching hold with handsor feet, N.E. clamber, M.H.G. klampfe, Du. and L.G. klampe, klamp, M.E.(from fourteenth or fifteenth cent. ) , clamp, a clasp or brace of metal320 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.for fastening tightly, (later) a piled up heap of bricks, peat, potatoes, &c. ,Du. klampen, Germ. (dial. ) klampfen, to clamp together, to patchtogether (of clothes) .Celtic, Ir. glib, (adj .) slippery, (subs.) sleet, Corn. gleb, wet, moist(? ) . ¹ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, glebe, glebeland, the land attached to anecclesiastical benefice.Teutonic, cleave (to adhere) , cliff, -cliff, in comp. , as Clifton, Undercliff &c . , climb, clamber, clem, clam, to starve, be starved, clamp,clammy, -iness .Celtic, glib, -ness (?) .Eur-Ar. √/GLEU-, √GLU, to be round, to ball, coagulate, grasp, squeeze.Sanscrit, glau-, in glau-s, a round lump offlesh of the sacrificialvictim.Latin, glo-, in glo-bus , a globe, sphere, globulus (dim.) , globosus,spherical, globare, conglobare, to make round; glomus, a ball or clew ofyarn, glomerare, to wind or form into a ball, agglomerare, conglomerare, to press together.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. globo, O.F. glob, globe, M.E. glob, glub,glubbe, a ball, globe.Balto-Slav. , glu-, in Lith. glo-b-ti, to embrace, O. Slav. glu-beti,be grasped, Lith. glu-dus, cohering, glausti, to join closely.Teutonic, klu-, klau-, in the O. Teut. bases * kluko- * klu-to-,

• klu-do, *klu-t-tro, * klu-po-, * klu-bo-, O.H.G. chliuwa, chliwa, A.S.

cleowe, clwye, M.E. cleewe, N.E. clew, clue, O.H.G. chliuwelin, M.H.G.cluwelin, cluwel, N.H.G. (by dissimilation) knäuel (dim. forms), a clewor hank; O.H.G. chlaw-a, chloa, O.N. klo, A.S. cla, clea, cleo (pl. clawe) ,M.E. clee, clau, clow, N.E. claw, A.S. cluc, cluce, not found, but evidenced in M.E. cluke, cloke, clooch, cloutch, cleche, the claw ofa beast orbird ofprey, N.E. clutch, grip, grasp, (pl. ) clutches, claws, M.E. clucchen,clechen, to seize, clutch, from an A.S. *clyccian; M.E. clogge, a block orclump ofwood, especially when attached to the leg or neck to impede¹ Machain connects Wel. gylyb, moist, Corn. gleb, moist, gliber, moisture, Bret.gloeb, net, with Eur- Ar. ✔uelg , and Eng. welk, damp, weak, fading. A.S. wiloc,weoluc, (later) welwe, M.E. wilk, wylke, welk, N.E. whelk, so called from its spiralshell, are derived from Eur-Ar. ✔uel-, to roll, cp. Lat. vol-vere , A.S. wealwian, to roll.See velg. (p. 142) and ✔uel- ( p. 133).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 321motion, a wooden-soled overshoe, a square block of wood notched orcarved and used as a calendar (see quotations ad vb. § 7 in Murray'sDict.); O.H.G. chloz, N.H.G. kloss, a lump, wedge, klotz, a clot, o.n.klot, a ball, knob on the sword-hilt, pommel, a.s. clott, clot, M.E. clotte,clut, clute, clote, N.E. clot, a lump or mass formed by cohesion or coagulation, A.S. clod, a lump of earth, soil, found in clod-hamer, the fieldfare, M.E. clodde, N.E. clod; M.E. cloderen, cloteren, later clutter, tocoagulate, run into clots, to cause confusion, make a confused noise, M.E.clutter (subs. ), a clotted mass, confused crowd, confusion, noise; a.s.cluster, clyster, L.G. kluster, a collection of things of the same kind,especially of flowers and fruit; A.S. clut, Swed. klut, Dan. klud, apatch, piece of cloth used in mending, a rag, ' A.S. * clutian (p.p.geclutod: cp. Lith. gludus) , to mend by putting on a patch, to sew together; M.E. clutien, N.E. clout, M.E. cleet, clote, from an A.S. * cleat, aclump, ball or block of wood wedged in a socket, afastening in general;A.S. clud, a mass of rock, M.E. clude, rock or hill, a consolidated mass ofearth or clay, ' cludes of stane, ' masses of stone, (from the end of thetwelfth cent. ) clouds; O.H.G. chluppa, tongs, a clamp, O.N. klypa,to pinch, clip, A.S. clyppan, to clasp with the arms, embrace, clutch, M.E.clappen, cleppen, clippen, to clip, hold tight, 2 M.E. claspen, clospen, clapsen(fourteenth cent. ) , N.E. clasp (an extended form of M.E. clappen); O.H.G.cholbo, N.H.G. kolben, a club, O.N. kolfr, a kind of bolt (shotfrom a bow) ,the tongue ofa bell, bulb of a plant, O.N. klubba, klumba, a club, Dan.klub, a club, klump, a clump, M.E. clubbe, clobbe, N.E. club, O.N. klumbufotr, club-footed, O.N. klumsa, (adj . ) lock-jawed, (vb.) to render motionless, M.E. clumsen, clomsen, to be pinched or stiffened by cold: ' P.Plow.''whan thow clomsest for colde '; Wycl. Bible, Jer. xlvii. 3, ' Fathersbehelden not sones with clumsid hands ' (i.e. with hands stiffened orweak from cold); Swed. klumsig, benumbed with cold, M.E. clumbsie,clumsie ( 1600 , Holland's Livy Transl. clumsie and cold ' ' torpentesgelu ' ) , N.E. clumsy, with sense of stupid, awkward,3 Mod. Icel . klunni,Du. kloem, Fris. klönne, a clumsy boorish fellow, a clown, N.E. (early)cloune, (later) clown.•=' The radical meaning is probably something stuck upon or fastened to another.'2 The difference of meaning makes it doubtful whether clip, to shear, may beconnected with this root. Skeat considers that it may, and that it refers to thedrawing together of the shears in the act of cutting. Murray, in the Hist. Diot. ,speaks of it as ' possibly related. '3 Murray suggests a L.G. * klunda, a nasalised variant of clut, clud, a log, stump,block, as the base of these words, and cites L.G. klunt, Du. klont, a log, lump, towhich he refers the obsolete or dial. Eng. clunch, (adj . ) lumpy, lumpish, (subs. ) innorthern Eng. a clod- hopper, boorish fellow, also found locally as a name for stiff clayor lime.Y√GLEUGLU-322 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, globate, conglobate, globose, globule, globular, glomerate,-ion, ag- con- glomerate, -ion.L. Latin and Romance, globe.Teutonic, clew, clue, clewline, &c. , claw, clutch, clog, Scot. clag,cloggy, claggy, clot, clotted or clouted (of cream), clod, clodhopper,clod-poll, &c.; clutter, cluster, clout, cleat, cloud, cloudy, clip, clasp;club, club-room, -house, -foot, &c. , clump, clumper, clumsy, -iness,clown, -ish, clunch, clunch-fist .Eur-Ar. GLEBH , with older form (S)GLEBH-, to scrape off or out, tohollow out.Greek, yλap-, in yλápw, to scrape off, hollow, yλapvpós, hollow,polished.Latin, glab-, in glaber, smooth, polished.Balto-Slav. , N. Slav. golbati, Serv. glabati, to gnaw.Celtic, Ir. gilb, a chisel, Corn. gilb, a borer, Wel. gylyf, a sickle,Wel. gylf, a beak, O. Ir. gulban (s.s.) , Gael. guilbneach, Ir. guilneach,the curlew (i.o. the beaked one; or from the following √ghlub-) .ENG. DERIV. Latin, glabrous.Eur-Ar. √GLEUBH √GHLUB with an older (S)GLEỤBH , withsense of cleaving, splitting, carving, engraving.Greek, yλup-, in yλúpw, to carve, engrave, yλvπtós, carved,γλυπτήρ, α chisel, ἱερογλυφικόs, hieroglyphic.Latin, glub-, in glubere, to take off the bark or peel, glūma (forglub-ma) , husk.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. glome, o.F. glome, husk, chaff, N.F.(learned) glume (s. s. ).Teutonic, klub-, in O.H.G. chliuban, N.H.G. klauben, klieben, O.N.kljufa, A.S. cliofun, cliofan, M.E. cleowen, clēven, N.E. cleave, p. t. clove,p. p. cloven, O.H.G. chlobo, N.H.G. kloben, anything cloven, a shackle,rail, a cleft stick, used in snaring birds, O.N. clof, the ' fork ' between thelegs, klofi, a cleft or rift in a hill, the groove in which a door slides,Du. kloof, a ravine, A.S. * klufa (found in plu. klufe) , L.G. klöve, M.E.clough, a cleft, gorge, clowe, anything split off, especially the small bulbsEUR-ARYAN ROOTS, 323which form the compound bulb of the garlic, ' a clove of garlic, ' ¹ O.H.G.chlobolouh, N.H.G. (by dissimilation: cp. knäuel: klaue) , knoblauch (thebulb-leek), garlic (the spear-leek), A.S. cluf-wyrt, clove-wort (dial. ) ,buttercup, the bulb-plant, O.H.G. chluft, N.H.G. kluft, o.N. and Du. kluft,A.S. *clyft, M.E. clyft, cleft, a split, crevice, cleft.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, hieroglyph, -ic, glyphic, glyptic, glyptodon.L. Latin and Romance, glume, the chaff or husk of seeds, the calyxor husk offlowers, glumaceous.Teutonic, cleave, -er, -age, cloven, clove (of garlic: not the spice,which is from O.F. clou, Lat. clavus, a nail) , cleft, (perhaps) clover,kloof (Du. loan-word) , Clough, Cluff (surname) .Eur-Ar. GRPH , with older form √(S)GRPH, to scratch, notch, &c.Greek, γλαφ-, γραφ-, in γράφω γράψω, γέγραφα, γέγραμμαι) ,to write, draw (orig. to scratch with a stylus) , ypaþń, a drawing, writing, ypapeîov, a stylus, writing-pen, ypapirós, descriptive; πapaypapń,a marginal note, paragraph, yew-ypap- ía , description of the earth,καλλιγραφία, good writing, ὀρθογραφία, correct writing, &c.; γράμμα,a letter, anything written, also a weight, one-twenty-fourth of an ounce,γραμματικός, skilled in writing, ἀναγραμματίζω, to transpose theletters ofwords, so as to form other words, Siáypaµµa, a figure markedout by line, riypaμμa, an epigram, πрóураµµа, a public notice, advertisem*nt, (Doric) ypów, to grub up the earth as a pig, (Hesych. )ypoµpás, an old sow (cp. Lat. scrofa, s.s. , from the older form √sgreph-.Latin, graphium, a stylus, graphiarius, relating to a stylus, graphicus,descriptive (Gk. loan-word), gramma, a weight of two oboli , grammatica,grammar, grammaticalis, grammatical (all loan-words from Gk. ).L. Latin and Romance, Prov. graphi-s, a pencil, O.F. grafe,graffe, writing material or room, N.F. greffe, a record, a slip or graft,from its resemblance to a stylus, M.E. graffe, a graft (cp. L. Lat. graffiolum, s. s. ) , O.F. graffer, M.E. graffen, N.F. greffer, to graft, L. Lat.The etymology of clover, a plant of the genus Trifolium, is doubtful. TheO.H.G. chleo, chlē (gen. chlēwes), N.H.G. klee, are, according to Kluge, from a baseklaiw-, of which he thinks A.S. clafre, clæfre, L.G. clever, Dan. klöver, Swed. klöfver,are unexplained compounds. Skeat considers connection with A.S. cleofan probable,from its thrice-cleft leaf (cp. N.H.G. kleeblatt), but not established. Murray (Hist.Dict.) regards chlai -bhron as the old Teutonic type of the compound names, of which bhron is a worn-down form of some unidentified word.Y 2324 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.graphiarius, a clerk to a court, F. greffier (s . s .) , L. Lat. *grammaria,Port. gramairia, O.F. gramaire, M.E. grameri, gramaire, gramer, N.E.grammar, o.F. and M.E. gramarien, N.E. grammarian, N.F. gramme, aweight, N.F. and N.E. programme, M.E. glamery, glaumery, glomery,variants of grameri; glomery, found in the medieval records of Cambridge University, with the same sense as grameri, grammar. Therewas a school of glomery attached to the University, of which thepupils were called glomerels, and regarded as distinct from thescholars of the University. Scot. glamour, glamer, a corruption ofM.E. grameri, gramer, with sense of enchantment.Teutonic, kerf-, in O.N. kyrfa, to carve, A.S. ceorfan (p. t. cearf) , M.E.koruen, keruen, kerve, (later) ceruen, carven (p. p. corven), to cut,carve wood or stone, sculpture, carve meat, M. and N.H.G. kerben, tonotch, indent.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, graphic, paragraph, geography, calligraphy, orthography,topography, grammatic, anagram, diagram, epigram, with other compounds of graph, -graphy, and -gram, as telegraph, heliograph,phonograph, photograph; hagio-graphy, palæography, telegram, &c. ,geographical, &c.Latin, grammatical.L. Latin and Romance, graft ' (subs. and vb.) , engraft, grammar,-ian, gramme, kilogramme, programme; glomery, -el, glamour.Teutonic, carve, carver, carving.Eur-Ar. √GERBH √GRBH √GREBH , to grasp, seize, hold, contain, to compress, curve; cp. VÕHER BH- extended from √GHER-.Sanscrit, grbh-, garbh-, in gṛbh-nati , holds, grasps, garbh-as, thewomb, sa-garbhyas of the same womb.Zend, garw-, in garewa, the womb.Greek, βρεφ-, βελφ-, δελφ-, χρειφ-, in βρέφος, embryo, βελφίς(Æolic), deλpís, -îvos (Att. ) , a dolphin (i.e. the belly-fish), deλþús, thewomb, ἀδελφός ( = ἅμα + δελφύς) , brother by the same mother (of thesame womb) , Þiλádeλpos (pr. n.) , loving his brother, piλadeλpía,brotherly love, ȧypɛîpva, a rake, ypîp-os, a net, fishing basket, ypîños,a haul or take offish, yρvπós, curved, ypúy, a griffin, a fabulous animalso named from the crooked beak or talons.' Graft is a p. p. ( = graffed); the true word is graff.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 325Latin, greb- gerb-, in gremium (for greb-mium) , the lap, bosom,germen, -inis (for gerb-men), offshoot, bud, germ, germinare, -atio, togerminate, germanus, a full brother, germanitas, the relation betweenbrothers and sisters, delphinus, a dolphin (Gk. loan-word), gryphus (Gk.loan-word), a griffin.L. Latin and Romance, gremiale, a bishop's apron, N.F. germe, a budor shoot, O. Span. germano, N. Span. hermano, Port. irmão, a brother,Ital. germano, a true brother, Prov. german, girman, O.F. germain (adj . ) ,having the samefather and mother (of brothers and of their children) ,M.E. germayn(cp. Chaucer, ' Ye have no bretheren ne cosins germayns ') ,N.F. germain, a cousin-german; Ital. delfino, Prov. dalfin-s, o.F. dalphin,daulphin, N.F. dauphin (as from a L. Lat. dalphinus), M.E. daulphin,dolphyn, a dolphin, and since 1349 the title of the eldest son ofthe KingofFrance '; Dauphiné, one of the old French provinces in the southeast of France; L. Lat. griffus , O.F. and M.E. griffone, griffin; 0.F.grappe, a bunch ofgrapes; O.F. croupe, the rump (see below) .Balto-Slav. , Lith. grebiu, grebti, grasps , O. Slav. grab-iti (s.s. ) .Teutonic, Goth. kalbo (f. ) , a female calf, O.H.G. chalb, a calf (m. ) ,chalba (f. ) , a year-old calf, that has not yet calved, N.H.G. kalb, a calf(m. and f. ) , O.N. kalfr, A.S. cealf, a calf, O.H.G. chilburra, N.H.G. (dial. )kilber, a young wether, A.S. cilfor-lomb, a ewe- or breeding-lamb, M.E.chilfer, N.E. chilver; O.N. kelfa, A.S. cealfian, Du. and M.E. calven, tocalve. Dan. kalve, Fris. kalfen, in in-kalfen, have both the senses tocalve and to become separated from, the latter used especially of ice-¹ Originally attached to certain seigneuries-Vienne and Auvergne. Littré saysthe title Dauphin was a proper name, Delphinus, the same word as used for the fish .Humbert III. , the last lord of the Dauphiné, on ceding the province to Philip ofValois in 1349 stipulated that the eldest son of the King of France should bear thetitle Dauphin.=2 O.N. kālf, the calf of the leg (the fleshy protuberance behind the shin- bone),may perhaps be referred to this root as originating in the fanciful comparison of acalf lying close to the cow; cp. Swed. ben-kalf, the calf, (lit. ) the bone- or leg-calf, andO.N. hindar-kalfr, afawn, i e. the hind's calf, also O.N. Manar-kalfr, the Calf ofMan,Rastar-kalfr, the Calf ofthe island Rost: the names given to two small islands lyingclose to larger islands. Macbain derives Gael. and Ir. calpa, the calfofthe leg, fromO.N. kalfi, from which also he derives the Eng. calf, with s. s. MacAlpine in his Gael.-Eng. Dict. gives Gael. calpa na coise - Eng. calf of the leg. Cormac's Glossary hascalp-dae =' bonus pes, ' and O'Reilly's Irish Dict. gives calbtha, calfofthe leg, calbthas,buskin, colpa, colbtha, the shank, the calf of the leg, and colbthach, a cow or calf. Itseems improbable that all these words can be derived from O.N. calfi , as they allappear connected with each other, and yet, unless borrowed from O.N., the Celticand Teutonic words, having both the dental tenuis k c, cannot be from the sameroot, whether ✔gherbh- or any other, although showing the same variety of meaning,calf, the young ofthe cow, and calf ofthe leg. Their origin, therefore, must be regarded as uncertain. Stokes and Bezzenberger, however, regard the Celtic words as loanwords from Teutonic. The double sense of the Dan. and Fris. words seems to favouran identity of origin for calf of the cow and calf of the leg, unless they are transposed forms of one or other of the Teutonic words expressing a cleaving or splitting off.√GERBH-√GRBHGREBH-326 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.GERBH bergs breaking off from a glacier, or of a portion of a rock or cuttingGRBH- falling in. In the Eastern and Midland counties, Derby and YorkGREBH shire, to calve or cauve in is the vernacular form of the nowusual to cave in.''O.H.G. chrampfo, N.H.G. krampf, O. Sax. cramp,Du. kramp (subs. ), cramp, spasmodic contraction of the muscles, O.H.G.chrampf, O.N. krapp-r (adj . ) , contracted, bent in, O.H.G. chramph, N.H.G.krampe, a hook, O.N. krapti, ' a bar, the rib ofa ship, O.N. kraptr, s.s. ,also power, strength (cp. O.H.G. chraft, N.H.G. kraft, s.s. ); L.G. krampe,a hook, grappling-iron, N.E. cramp, a bar of iron bent at both ends forholding masonry or timber firmly together, O.N. kreppa, to clench, clamp,pinch, O.H.G. chrapfo, a hook, bent claw, N.H.G. krapfen, a hook (cp.the nasalised chrampf above); Ital. grappa, a clamp, hook, grappo,grappolo, a bunch ofgrapes, a hand-grasp, grappare, to seize, grasp,Prov. grapa, clamp, claw, Prov. claps, the clenched hand, a grasp, O.F.crape, N.F. grappe, grape, O.F. grapin, *grapinel, M.E. grapenel, agrappling-iron; 2 o. and N.H.G. kropf, a wen or swelling on the neck, thecraw of birds, O.N. kroppr, the rump, a humpback, a hump or protuberance on the body, A.S. cropp, craw of a bird, the young shoots of trees, theswelling ears ofcorn, N.E. crop, (subs. ) the topmost growth, (as vb. ) totake offor reap the crop, to swell out, to show above the surface, to cropout (cp. Lat. cyma, a young sprout, = Gk. кûµa, a swelling, protuberance, wave); the general Teutonic base would be *krup, cognate withGk. Yруπ-, curved, bent. From the O.H.G. kropf are derived Ital.gruppo, groppo, a lump, knot, heap, group, o.F. groupe, a group, collection; Ital. groppa, the kind quarters of a horse, Prov. cropa, o.F. crope,croupe, M.E. croupe (s.s.) , O.F. cropiere, M.E. cropere, N.E. crupper; N.F.croupier (lit. the sitter on the crupper) , one who rides behind, companion,partner in a game; O.H.G. chorp, N.H.G. korb, a basket, O.F. corbel,³ O.H.G.chrippa (for chripja), N.H.G. krippe, O.N. krubba, O. Sax. kribbia, A.S.crybb, cribb, a crib, Ital. greppia (O.H.G. chripja), Prov. crupia,crepcha, O.F. crêche (for crepche) , a manger, crib (holding food) , latera cradle, M.E. (obs. ) cratch, a rack, manger; O.N. krjupa, A.S. creopan,O. Sax. kriupan, M.E. creopen, crepen, to creep (the primary notionIt is doubtful whether O.H.G. chraft, N.H.G. kraft (fem.), power, strength , is connected with this root, though both in form and meaning it comes so near the O.N.kraptr. The A.S. cræft (masc. ) adds to the O.H.G. meaning of power, strength, that oart, skill, and the M. and N.E. craft adds to these meanings that of cunning, deceit,A.S. craftig, powerful, skilful, M.E. crafti, crefti, clever, artistic, cunning, N.E. crafty,cunning.2 This group of Romance words is from the Teutonic, either O.H.G. chrapfo or O.N. krappr.› For alternative derivation see under ✔qerp- ✔qrep-; if N.H.G. korb, &c. , arenot borrowed from Latin corbis, they can be referred to this root, with the sense of 'holders.'EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 327was perhaps that of drawing the limbs together, or of bending thebody to be close with the ground), A.S. cryppel, O.N. kryppell, M.H.G.krüppel, Du. kreupel, a cripple (perhaps first applied to thosewho dragged themselves on hands and feet with the aid ofhand crutches); O.H.G. chriohhan, ' N.H.G. kriechen, to creep (cp.[dial. ], krüpfen, to bend oneself, crouch), O.H.G. chrumb, chrumph,krumpf, N.H.G. krumm, A.S. crump, crumb, curved, crooked,, O.H.G.chrumbian, N.H.G. krümmen, O. Sax. crumban, to bend, curve,Du. krumpfen, to shrivel, crumple up (trans. and intrans.) , M.E. cromp,to crumble, in ' crompid,' p.p. crumpled (cp. Wycl. Exod. xxi. 23,crompid cake ') , N.E. a crumpet, M.E. cromple, crompyll, to crumple;O.H.G. chrimphan, Du. and E. Fris. krimpen, to contract, shrink,wrinkle, Dan. krympe, to crimp, wrinkle.6aCeltic, Gall. (Latinised) Galba, fat-belly, nickname given by Gallicsoldiers to a Roman emperor; Gael. and Ir. crom, Wel. crwm, Bret.krom, krum, bent, curved.²ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Adelphi, name of a quarter in London built by somebrothers, by whose Christian names the several streets were called:Adam Street, &c.; Philadelphia (brotherly love) , name of an Americanstate and city founded and named by William Penn.Latin, germinate, -ion, Germinal, the name given to a month (thebudding month) at the beginning of the French Revolution; germane.L. Latin and Romance, gremial, germ, -german, in cousin-german,dolphin, Dauphin, Dauphiné, Delphin, name of an edition of Latinauthors published for the use of the Dauphin of France, with a LatinInterpretatio ' to the poets printed by the side of the Latin original.Griffin, grape, -ry, -shot, grapnel, grapple (Rom. through O.H.G.chripfo); crêche, cratch (Rom. through O.H.G. chrippa); group, croup,croupier, crupper (Rom. through o.N. kroppr); corbel (Rom. throughN.H.G. corb), a basket filled with earth used in fortification (see p. 326,note 3).1 Kluge suggests that the O.H.G. base kreuk in chriohhan, and the L.G. kreup-, inkrüpfen, A.S. creopen, &c. , may both be referred to a Eur-Ar. GREU-G , the imperfectly reduplicated form of GREU GRU¯found in GREU-BH; the originalguttural being retained in O.H.G., but changed to the labial equivalent in L.G. If so,the following words of Teutonic origin may be placed under ✔GRUG¯: —O.N. kroh-r,O. Du. croke, M.E. crok, N.E. crook, O. Du. croken, N. Du. kreuken, to bend, crook,M.E. crok, crooke (s. s. ) , A.S. cringan, crincan (intrans. ), to contract the limbstogether, cringe, M.E. crengen, crenchen , from A.S. *crencgean, *crencean (trans.).N.E. cringe, M.E. krynkle, krenkle, freq. of A.S. crincan, to make short, bond, ortwist, to crinkle. Eng. derivatives from GRU-G are crook, crooked, -ness, &c.cringe, crinkle. (But see under ✔kru-k-, for alternative derivation. )2 Stokes and Kruge think that these were borrowed fromthe Teutonic, probably A.S.GERBH-√GRBH-✓GREBH-328 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Teutonic, calf, calve, calf (of the leg, see p. 325, note 2) , chilverlamb, calve, cave in; cramp, crop (of a bird) , crop (ofhay, &c. ) , crop inthe phrase ' neck and crop,' crop (vb. ), crib (subs. ) , receptaclefor fodder,crib, the cards thrown out at cribbage, belonging to the dealer, crib (vb.) ,to shut up, as in a crib (cp. ' cabined, cribbed, confined,' Shakespeare),to pilfer, purloin; creep, creeper, cripple, crump, crumple, crumpet,crimp.Eur-Ar. GEDH , to dip, sink in.Sanscrit, gāḍh-, in gadhati, to immerse, dip, sink, gāhas, thedepth.Greek, Bal-, ßvl-, ßɛv0- ( =Eur-Ar. √gndh-, nasal form), inβαθύς, deep, βάθος, βένθος, depth (cp. πάθος: πένθος, sufering) ,βυθός, depth, bottom, βυσσός, (older form , s.s.) ἄβυθος, ἄβυσσοςbottomless (as subs . f.) , the deep sea, bottomless pit.Latin, abyssus (subs. f. ) , bottomless pit, hell.Celtic, Gael. bath, Ir. bathaim, Wel. boddi, Bret. beuzi, to drown,sink.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, bathos, a ludicrous descent to the commonplace in speaking or writing, bathometer, -metric, abyss, abysmal (thr.Lat. loan-word) .Eur-Ar. GEBH , to dip, sink in, immerse.Sanscrit, gabh-, gah-, in gabhira, gambhira, deep, gahate, to sink,dip; Hindi gahera, gaihra, deep.Zend, gaf-, in gaf-ya, depth, pit.Greek, βαπ-, βαφ-, βεφ-, γεφ-, in βάπτω, βαφῆναι (aor.) , to dip,Bapń, a dipping, Baþɛús, a dyer, Baπτíšw, to dip, baptise (N.T.) ,βαπτιστής, βαπτισμός, βαπτιστήριον, γέφυρα, (Boot.) βέφυρα, αdam, a bridge.¹Latin, baptizare, to baptise, baptista, baptisterium (Gk. loanwords) .L. Latin and Romance, o.F. baptiser, to baptise, M.E. baptizen, O.F.baptesme, bapteme, M.E. baptesme, bapteme, N.E. baptism, O.F.' Perhaps the first ' bridges ' were the so- called ' Irish bridges, ' paved roads, in shallow fords, over which the water flows, rather than the arched bridges built overthe stream (but see alternative derivation, p. 299, √gadh-).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 329baptiste, batiste, baptist (also as prop. n. ) , N.F. batiste, cambric (fromthe name of its maker, a linen-weaver of Cambrai, or from its use asa napkin to wipe the infaut's head at baptism) , F. baptistère,baptistery.Teutonic, O.N. kefja, older form kvefja, to dip, plunge into water,quench, O.N. kaf, a plunge or dive, land covered with water, (in poetry)the deep.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek (thr. Lat.-Fr.) , baptise, baptist, baptism,-al, baptistery, Pædo-baptism, baptism of infants, Anabaptist, one whobaptises again, ¹ batiste.Eur-Ar. √GEI-, √GI-, √GIE-, √GI-U-, to live.Sanscrit, ji-, ji-v-, in jira, lively, ji-v-ati, lives, ji-noti, jin-vati(s.s.), jí-v-as, alive, ji-v-anas, causing to live, (as subs. ) life, existence.Zend, ji-, jiv-, in jira-, lively, O. Pers. jivas, life, jivya, living,jy-aiti, lives, daregho-jiti, long living; N. Pers. zinda, live, zindagi,life.Greek, Bi-, ( -1-, die-, in Blos, life, subsistence , BioTos, food,àµpißios, living on land and in water, Bɛíoμai, Béoµai ( Hom.) , Ishall live,2 Biów, to live, pass one's life; Láw, to live, fut. (now , inf.Sv (Epic. and Ion . ) , (wń, life, Ców, to live, (Gortyn. ) Saw, (wós,(Boot.) Swós, living, (@ov, Cŵov, a living creature, animal, Çádiov(or ζφίδιον, dim. of ζώον) , ζῳδιακὸς (sc. κύκλος) , the zodiac; ζωόφυτον,an animal-plant; Síaira, order or regimen of life, diet, arbitration,Stairáw, to diet, live by rule, establish or observe a certain course of life,to regulate, be an arbiter or umpire.Latin, vi- (for gvi-) , in vivere,3 vixi, vic-tum, to live, vita, life,vitalis, vital, vitalitas; vivus, alive (cp. Osc. biv-us, s.s. ) , vivificus ,life-giving, vivificare, to vivify, victus, food, mode of living, victualis,relating to food, viviparus, bringing forth alive, vipera, a viper (becausesupposed to be the only viviparous snake) , vivax, vivacious , vivacitas,vivacity, vivarium, a preserve, vividus, lively, vivid; revivere, to live¹ The Anabaptists, a sect of the sixteenth century, who regarded ' dipping ' asessential to baptism, and rebaptised those who had been baptised by sprinkling.2 May not the Lat. bestia be derived from some corresponding form (nowobsolete) derived from the base of Beloμai, Béoμai; together with its derivatives Ital.Span. Port. bestia, O.F. beste ( as from * besta) , N.F. bête, M.E. beste, L.G. beest, andM.E. beeste, N.E. beast, Gael. beist, N. Ir. biast, Wel. bwyst, with the root meaning of living, endowed with life (cp. Gk. Sŵov, an animal, from (áw, to live)!• The guttural in past t. and supine marks vivo as an imperfectly reduplicated formof the root (g)vi-g- (for gvi-gvi-) , vixi = vic-si (for *gvig-si), vic-tum (for gvig-tum).330 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√GEI-√GI-√GIE√GI- Uagain, revive, convivere, to live or eat with, conviva, a guest, convivium,a feast, convivalis, convivialis, festive, super-vivere, to outlive; diæta(with accessory forms zaeta, zēta¹ ), diet, an assembly; vireo, to befresh, lively (cp. Sans. ji-ra, lively, fresh, active, Brugmann, ii. 172),viridis, green, lively, fresh.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. vivere, vissi , vissuto, Prov. viure,visquiei, vescut, O.F. viure, vesqui, vecut, N.F. vivre, vécu, to live,Ital. vita, Prov. vita, vida, O.F. vie, life, Ital. vivanda, Prov. vianda,O.F. viande, food (Lat. vivenda), N.F. vivandière, a provider offood;L. Lat. victualia, articles offood, O.F. vitaille (corrected in sixteenthcent. to N.F. victuaille) , M.E. vitaille, vitayle (whence, vulgarly, vittles),N.E. victual, O.F. vipere, a viper, F. vivifier, to enliven, F. vivacité, liveliness, F. convive, a guest, F. revivre, to revive, survivre, to survive;Ital. verde (Lat. viridis) , O.F. verd, N.F. vert, green, Ital. verdura, N.F.verdure, greenness, N.F. verdant, O.F. verderis ( = Lat. viride æris) , thegreen rust ofbrass or copper, also vert-grez (lit. ' green grit,' probably apopular etymology of the thirteenth cent. ) , N.F. vert-de-gris, N.E.verdigris; F. verjus ( = vert jus, Lat. viride jus) , green juice, the juiceof unripe grapes, verjuice; Span. verduga (as from L. Lat. * viriduca),a green sprig or withy, Span. verdugado, a framework of hoops made ofpliable rods, O.F. vertugadin, vertugalle, verdugalle, M.E. vardingale,fardingale, farthingale, a hooped petticoat, the equivalent of the latercrinoline; F. diète, an assembly, zoophyte (from Gk. ).Balto-Slav. , Lith. gy-vas, O. Slav. živu, O. Pruss. gy-wan, life.Teutonic, Goth. qius (base qiwa-, cp. Sans. jiva, Lith. gy-vas),O.H.G. quec, chec, N.H.G. queck, keck, fresh, lively, active, O.N. kvikr,kykr, A.S. cwic, cwyc, cwicu, cucu, M.E. quik, N.E. quick, living, lively,active, A.S. cwician, O.N. kvikna, to give life to, M.E. quiken, quiknen,N.E. quicken, A.S. cvic-seolfor, M. and N.H.G. quecsilber, quicksilver, A.S.cwice, Du. kweek, couch- or quitch-grass ( = A.S . cwice- cuce-græs),a strong, coarse grass, i.e. hard to destroy.Celtic, O. Ir. beo, biu, O. Wel. byw, N. Wel. bywyd, life, Ir. bi,'the living,' biadh, food, Wel. bwyd, food, victuals, bioth, life, the world,Gael. uisge-beatha, water of life , ' eau de vie,' whiskey; bith-chim,quicksilver.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, compounds with bio-, as biogenesis, biography, biology,&c.; amphibious, zodiac, -al, compounds with zoo-, as zoology, zoophyte (through F. loan-word) , zoedone ( =zoe +hedone), the pleasure' Found in Lampridius (obiit cir. 300 A.D.) , and probably from contemporaneous Greek forms.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 331of life), the trade name of an effervescent beverage; azote (å neg.+(@TOS, that cannot be lived in), a name given to nitrogen gas, asdestructive to life; diet, dietary, dietetic (through Lat. and Fr.) , Diet,an assembly, as the German Diet.Latin, vital, -ity, victuals (' vittles ') , viviparous, vivific, vivacious,vivid, revive, -al, convivial, -ity, virid, viridity.L. Latin and Romance, vivandière, viands, vittles (vulg.) , survive,-or, -al, vivacity, viper, verdure, verdant, verdigris, verjuice, farthingale.Teutonic, quick, quicksilver, quick-set, a hedge made of livingbranches, quick-sand, sand full of water and easily yielding, quicken ,couch-grass; quick in the phrases ' cut to the quick,' ' quick and dead 'has the older meaning of alive, so also in quickset and the vb. quicken,but in ordinary use quick now means speedy, fast.Celtic, whiskey.Eur-Ar. √GEI- √GI- √GIE-, to overpower, compel, conquer.Sanscrit, ji-, jay-ati, conquers, jya, victory.Zend, ji, jay-aiti, conquers.Greek, Bi-, in ẞía, force, violence, Biáw, Biáłw, to force, overpower,is, (gen. ) ivós, strength, a sinew (for Fis) , ipɩ, mightily, "p0iμos, mighty(Hom.), (see p. 111 , note 2) .Latin, vis-, in vis, vim, vi, plu . vires, strength, violens, violent,violentia, violare, to offer violence, attack, violatio, -abilis , -ator, inviolatus, inviolate.ENGLISH DERIV. Latin, ' vi, ' as in ' vi termini , ' by force of, violent,-ce, violate, -ion, -or, -ble, -bility, inviolate, -able.Eur-Ar. √GEI GI- √GIE, a bowstring, bow.Sanscrit, ji, in jia, a bowstring.Zend, jya, a bowstring.Greek, Bi-, in Biós, a bowstring, bow.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. giga, o.F. gige, gigue, M.E. gigge, afiddle.' Brugmann, by his method of dividing Sans. vi-ras, Lat. vi-r (gen. vi-ri-) , Lith.vy-ras, Goth. wai-r, O. Ir. fe-r, a man, hero, vi-rere, to be fresh, strong, green, seemsto connect these words with vi- in Lat. vis (see Comp. Gram. ii . 170, 172; alsopp. 127, 330 of this work). The explanation here given is from Fick.332 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Balto- Slav. , Lith. gije, O. Slav. žica, a thread.¹Teutonic, O.N. gigja, M.H.G. gige, N.H.G. geige, a fiddle.ENGLISH DERIV. gig, whirligig, jig.Eur-Ar. √GEU- √GU √GOU-, an imitative root.Sanscrit, gev-, gov-, in gav-ati, shouts, jo-guv-e, cry aloud.Greek, yoƑ, Bof, in yóos (perhaps for yo-yos, imperfect redupl. , oryóf-os), a cry, yoy-yúšw, to murmur, mutter, complain, yoáw (for yofáw, to cry, lament, yóns, (gen. -Nтos) , a mourner, a juggler or magician,sorcerer, so called from his noisy incantations, Boáw, to cry aloud, Boń(for Bof-n), a loud cry, especially battle-cry, Boŋléw (Bon + léw, to run),to come to help, lit. ' run to a cry,' Bonbóos, hasting to the battle-shout,Bontós, an auxiliary.Latin, bov-, vov- (for g"ov-) , in boare, to cry aloud, roar (for bovare); vov-ēre, vovi, votum, to vow (see Brugmann, i. 319) , votum, avow, votivus, votive; devovere, to dedicate, consecrate, (in a bad sense)to execrate, curse, devotus, p. p. devoted, dedicated, (later) attached,faithful, in Christian writers pious, devout, devotio, devotion, devotare,to dedicate, devote, bewitch, invoke.L. Latin and Romance, Prov. votz. O.F. vou, N.F. vœu, M.E. vou, N.E.vow (subs.), Prov. votar (as from Lat. *votare) , O.F. vouer, to vow, O.F.avouer,² avoer, to promise or vow, solemnly affirm, M.E. avouen, to makea vow, avou (subs. ) , a vow, O.F. devouer, to devote, p. p. devoué, devoted,devot, pious, devout (Lat. devotus) .Balto-Slav. , Lith . gau-ju, gau-ti, to roar, O. Slav. gov-oru, noise.Celtic, Gael. buir, buirich, Ir. buraim, Wel. bu-guno, to roar, Wel.bugad, confused noise.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Boethius, the name of a Roman writer of the fifth cent.after Christ.' Kluge regards O.N. gigja, M.H.G. gige, N.H.G. geige, as genuinely Teutonic,and the Ital. giga, O.F. gige, gigue, M.E. gigge, a fiddle, N.E. gig, anything quicklyand easily moved, a top, a light cart, N.E. jig, a quick dance, to be derived from them;but he doubts the connection of the Teutonic with the Lith. gije, zika, and thinks itto be formed upon a pre- Germanic base, ghika.2 Diez refers this to ' advocare ' (see under дeq- √uoq-, p. 119) , from whichO.F. avoué, an advocate, is derived; but Körting to a L. Lat. *advotare. This is theopinion also of Littré and Murray.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 333Latin, vote, voter, votary, votive, devote, devotee, -ion, -ional.L. Latin and Romance, vow (vb. and subs.) , avow, avowal, devout.Eur-Ar. GOUS, an ox, cow (formed from the preceding) .Sanscrit, gaus, gō, (m. ) ox, (f. ) cow, go-pa-s, cowherd,¹ go-pālas(s.s.), gawri, female buffalo, go-tama, gautama, the biggest ox, also aproper name, gav-ala, a buffalo, gavyas, relating to cows.Zend, gao (m. f. ), ox, cow, gavya, relating to cows, Gaotema (pr. n. ).Armenian, kov, gen. kovu, cow.Greek, Boûs, m. and f. ( = ßóf-os), ox, cow, bull, Вóσπopos, nameof several straits , especially the Hellespont, from the myth of Europaand the Bull, Boúßaλis, Boúßaλos, an antelope, of a large ox-likeform, perhaps the eland (Herod. iv. 192) , later sense the buffalo;Bouyλwooos, the bugloss, ox-tongue, Bovrépaλos, bull-headed, BovKóλos, herdsman, Вovkoλikós, relating to oxen, Bovλipía, ravenoushunger, Bovλurós, evening, the time of unyoking oxen, ВоúπρησTIS(from Boûs +πρýłw, to swell up), a poisonous beetle , which if eaten bycattle causes them to swell up and die; Bovorpoøndóv, turning likeoxen in ploughing, applied to the early mode of writing Greek, alternately from left to right and right to left; Boúrupov, butter (lit. cowcheese 2); Éкaтóμ-ẞn, sacrifice of a hundred oxen, Bowτns, the ploughman, name given to the star Arcturus.Latin, bos,³ bov-is , an ox, bull, or cow, bovarius, relating to oxen,bovinus, bovine, boa, bova, a large Italian serpent (derived for variousreasons by Latin writers from bos, bovis), bovile, stall for oxen, bubile(s.s. ), bubalus, a kind of African deer, later buffalo, butyrum, butter,buculus, bullock, young ox; bulimia, bucolicus (Gk. loan-words) .L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. boverius, o.F. bouvier, a cow-herd,L. Lat. bufalus, Span. bufalo, o.F. bufle, N.F. buffle, M.E. buffe, buffle,A Sanscrit verb was formed from gopas, gupate, gapati , to herd cows, guard,protect, from which came probably Chandragupta ( the name of several kings),literally, shining protector, Grecised into Sandracottus.2 Schrader considers rūpós as a Turanian word in use among the Tataric tribes,turak, Magyar turo (which also found its way into Slavonic tvaroga ') , milk coagu- lated and dried in the sun in the form of small round cakes. The milk used wasprobably that of mares, and when this method of preserving milk became known toand was adopted by the Greeks, the product was called Boúrupov, being made ofcow's-milk: cp. the O.H.G. chuo- smero (literally cow-smear or cow's fat), butter.• Brugmann doubts whether the change of Eur-Ar. g to Lat. b is legitimate, andis inclined to consider the words in which this change occurs as adopted fromOscan: cp. Umb. bu, an ox.334 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√GOU S N.E. buffalo (from Span. but with the ff of M.H.G. büffel) , O.F. bugle,M.E. bugel, bugle, a wild ox, M.E. bugel-horn, a short bugle, a huntinghorn, a drinking vessel of horn; Ital. bove (f. Lat. bove[m]) , Prov. bov,bou, o.F. bof, boef, buef, N.F. bœuf, ox, M.E. boef, beof, befe, ox, cow,(pl. ) beeves, beaves, N.E. beef; Ital. butirro, burro, o.F. burre, N.F.beurre, butter.Balto-Slav. , Lett. guvis (f. ) , cow , O. Slav. govedo, ox.Teutonic, O.H.G. chuo (pl. cuawi) , cow, O.N. ky-r, (dat. and acc.ku), A.S. cu (pl. ky), a cow, O.N. kussa (dim. ), cow; O.H.G. (late), butera,N.H.G. butter, A.S. butera, butor, M.E. botera, butere, buttere, N.E.butter '; M. and N.H.G. büffel (fr. F. bufle) , buffalo.Celtic, O. Ir. bo (f. ) , cow, Wel. buwch, buw (s.s. ) , O. Ir. and Gael.buachail, Wel. bugail, Corn. and Bret. bugel, cowherd, buacar, cowdung, Gael. and Ir. buaile, a fold, place for milking cows, Ir. buailidh,a boolie (Spenser).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, Gautama, a name of Buddhu, Chandra-gupta, Sandracottus.Greek, Bosphorus, bugloss, Bucephalus, bucolic, bulimia, buprestis,butter (thr. Lat. and A.S. loan-words) , Böotes, hecatomb.Latin, bovine, boa, in boa-constrictor, boa, a long warmfur for theneck, from its resemblance to the serpent so named.L. Latin and Romance, Bouverie (surname, [lit.] cowherd= Lat.Bovarius; buffalo (Lat. thr. Span. bufalo), buff, now short for buffleather, a kind of leather made from ox-hide dressed with oil, alightgreyish yellow (the colour of the leather); in the sixteenth century' buff ' was used as the name of the animal '; bugle, bugler, beef,beefeater, beeves.These later names for butter are loan-words from Greek thr. Romance; theywere introduced (see Kluge, Etym. Dict. ) probably in the tenth century, and supplantedthe Old Teutonic words ancho, O.H.G. (from Eur-Ar. √ang- √ong-, to anoint) , andchuo- smero ( O.H.G.: lit. cow-grease) , which imply that butter was originally usedfor anointing, not for feeding. Kluge suggests that the new butter from Italy orFrance was better made, and coming into general use was known by the Romancename. Although the process of churning was known before the tenth century, asindicated by the Old Teutonic name for the churn, O.N. kirna, A.S. cyrnan, to churn,yet the butter so made may have been clarified and used more as an ointment, or incooking, than as an article of food, as ghee in India, and the introduction of the newname marked also the spread of the new use (see note p. 158).2 Cp. Cotgrave: ' the buffe, buffle, bugle, or wild ox.'• The derivation from a F. buffetier cannot be maintained. ' Eaters ' is used byBen Jonson for ' servants,' i.e. those whom their master fed: cp. A.S. hlaf- æta, a loafor bread-eater, a servant; also ' powder- beef lubbers,' used of men-servants: cp.Chaloner's Translation of Prayse of Follie,' 1577, ' having confidence of suchEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 335Teutonic, cow, kine, Scot. kye, cowshed, cowslip, &c. , ' North. dial.cush (fr. O.N.kussa).Eur-Ar. * √/GET´, hollow, to curve, round: cp. V√REU , with similarmeaning.Sanscrit, gu-, in gu- la, gola, round, a ball, a pill, a round jar,gu-da (for gulda, s.s.) , gu-ha, cave, pit, gu- hati, to hide, cover.Zend, gao-, in gâo, pl. gavo, the hollow ofthe hand, the palm.Greek, yu-, yau-, in yû-pos, yupów, to turn round, round, yúaλov,a hollow , γυάλας, γυάλη, a cup, γύης, the curved part of the plough towhich the ploughshare was fixed, yavλós, round water-jar, yaûλos, around built Phoenician merchant ship; iπó-yvios, vπó-yvos, under thehand, nigh at hand, ¿yyvaλíčw, to put into the palm (hollow) of thehand, ¿yyún, a pledge, put into one's hand, ¿yyváw, to pledge, ¿yyús,nigh at hand, near; perhaps Bovßáv, a swelling in the groin.Latin, vol-, bur- ( = g"ol-, g"ur-) , in vol-a, the hollow of the hand,buris, the part of the plough in which the share is fixed, bubo (Gk. loanword); gaulus (Gk. loan-word) , a round merchant ship, gyrus, a circle,gyrare, to turn round in a circle.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . girare, Prov. girar, o. and N.F. girer,to go round in circles; L. Lat. gyrofalco, Ital. girifalco, ² girfalco,gerfalco, Prov. gerfalc, o.F. girfalc, gerfault, M.E. gerfaucon, N.E.gerfalcon; o.F. girouette, lit. a turning wheel (rouette, dim. of roue) ,the vane of a weather-co*ck; Ital . girandola, O.F. girandole, a wheel offire or light; Ital. girasole, a sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke. L. Lat.garlanda, Ital. ghirlanda, Prov. and o.F. garlanda, gerlanda, N.F.guirlande, M.E. gyrland, gerlond, garland, a crown offlowers, may beconnected with Ital. girare, but Skeat and Körting prefer to connectit with O.H.G. wiara, an ornament of twisted thread or wire, N.H.G.powder-beef lubbers as he fedde ' (Skeat). Powder- beef is the same as corned beef,from powder (vb. ) , used in the sense of powdering or sprinkling with salt or otherseasoning.¹ Cowitch is generally connected with cow; but it is a curious adaptation of aforeign word to an entirely unconnected English meaning. It is from Hindikavanch, kivanch, a stinging plant (Mucuna pruriens), formerly used as a remedy inworm-cases-introduced into English in the seventeenth century, and spelt couhage,cowage, cowitch. See Parkinson, A.D. 1640, Theat. Botan. 1056, ' The hairy kidneybean, called in Zurrate [ Surat ] , where it grows, Couhage '; also R. Hooke, 1665,Microgr. 145, Cowage, called commonly, though very improperly, Cow-itch.' (SeeMurray, Hist. Dict.)2 The derivation from girare is approved by Diez and Skeat, but Kluge prefersthat from O.H.G. gir, the vulture, i.e. ‘ the greedy,' fr. ✔ğher-, to desire.336 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.wieren, to adorn (see under √uer-, to turn, twist); neither explanationis satisfactory.Teutonic, O.H.G. chiol, a large ship, N.H.G. kiel, a ship's keel, O.N.kjoll, ' a ship, A.S. ceol, a ship, Northern Eng. keel, a coal-barge.²Brugmann doubts and Kluge rejects any near connection of O.N.kjölr, a keel, Dan. kjöl, Swed. köl (s.s.) , with the preceding. Itis most probable, however, that O.N. kjoll, a ship, kjölr, a keel,though not immediately connected, may be traced to a common root√gen-, to curve, hollow.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, bubo (thr. Lat. loan-word) .Latin, gyrate, -ion, -ory.L. Latin and Romance, gerfalcon, girandole, Jerusalem (artichoke) .Teutonic, keel, Chelsea ( = A.S . ceoles-ig, keel- , or boat-, island) , keelhaul, &c.Eur-Ar. * GEL , to be strong, vigorous.Latin, val-, in valere, to be well, strong, validus, strong, invalidus,weak, valde (for valide) , very, valetudo, health, ill-health, valetudinarius(adj. ) , subject to ill-health, prævalēre, to exceed in strength, convalescere,to grow strong, recover health, vale, be well, farewell, valedicere, to bidfarewell, valor, -oris, value, price. Valere enters into many personaland place names, as Valerius, Valens, Valentinus, Valentia, &c.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. valere (p. p. valuto) , Prov. valer(p. p. valgut) , o.F. valer (p. p. valut) , N.F. valoir (p. p. valu) , to bestrong, to be worth, N.F. vaillant, strong, brave, O.F. valour, N.F. valeur,N.E. valour, worthiness, bravery, worth, O. and N.F. value (from p. p.valu) , value, N.F. invalide, (adj . ) infirm, (subs. ) an infirm person,M.E. availen, to avail, availe (subs .) , avail (from O.F. a +valer, valeir) ,O.F. contrevaloir , M.E. contrevailen, O.F. prevaloir, M.E. prevailen, M.E.vailen, vaylen (for availen or fr. o.F. valer, to be worth, M.E. Vaile) , aprofit, perquisite; Valence, name of a town.Balto-Slav., Lith. galu, galeti, to be able.' The old Scandinavian and German ships were the hollowed trunks of trees.2 See J. R. Green ( Making of England), ' In three keels ... the Jutes landed at Ebbsfleet in the Isle of Thanet.'EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 337Celtic, Gael. gal, valour, war, Ir. and Bret. gal, power, Wel. galu,to be able, O. Ir. galach, (subs.) valour, (adj . ) valiant, Wel, gallad, able,Bret. galloud, strength; Gallus, the Latinised form of the name bywhich the Celtic inhabitants of France were known to the Romans,from gal, valour, strength, Gallia, Galatia, O.F. Gaule, N.E. Gaul, one ofGallic race; so Macbain, who thinks that this was the native namegiven to the people by themselves. The Gael. and Ir. gall now meansa stranger, lowlander, which Stokes drives from Eur-Ar. ✔ghes , theroot of Lat. hostis , an enemy; but Macbain thinks it is derived directlyfrom Gallus, the Gauls being the first strangers to visit or be visitedby the Irish.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, valid, invalid, validity, valetudinarian, convalescent, -ce,prevalent, -ce, valediction, valedictory, equivalent, -ce, Valentine,Valerius (pr. n.) , valerian, name of a herb, Valencia, name ofa town inSpain.2L. Latin and Romance, valiant, valour, valorous, value, -able,-ation, invalid (subs.) , avail (vb. and subs.) , available, unavailing,countervail, prevail, vail, ' a gift to servants, Valence ² (near Lyons) ,valance, afringe ofdrapery, so called because made there.Celtic, Gallic, Gaul, Galatia.Eur-Ar. √GEN- √GN , with variant VõEN- VÕŅ, to beget, bringforth children, produce, &c .Sanscrit, gan-, jan-, in gnã, the wife of a god, Ved. guna, gina (s.s.) ,jáni, jánī, wife, janyate, jāyate, to bring forth, beget, jan-as, race,jan-us, birth, janitar, jan-itri , father, mother, jan-tu, a child, jāta-s , ason, jatis , family, race, tribe, jātyas, noble, genuine, jaṭhara (for janthara), the belly, the womb, jatharin (for jantharin) , pregnant, ja-gan-ti=gignit (Zehetmayr).Zend, ghen-, zan-, in Ghena, the wife of Ormuzd, jeni, a woman,zanaite, bring forth, beget, zantu, afamily, clan.Greek, γυν-, γεν-, γνε-, γιον-, γα (βα), in γυνή (gen.) γυναικός,wife, woman, yvvaikɛîov, the woman's apartment, pioo-yúvns, womanhater, βανά (Baotian), a woman, queen, μνάομαι ( = βνάομαι) , το' Now generally spelt vale, perhaps from a supposed connection with vale,farewell.་2 See quotation by Skeat from Chaucer, ' a little kerchef of Valence.'Z338 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.GENVGN-√ÕEN-√ON66seek a wife, woo, μνηστήρ, a suitor (Homeric) , γιγνο-μαι, γίνομαι(reduplicated form) , to become, to be born , produced, &c. , ¿-yɛv-óµnv,yέ-yov-a, yé-ya-a (as from ya- =gn) , I am born, p. yɛ-yaús (fem.ye-ya-avîa), born, ye-yá-aσı (third plu. ) , they are born, yi-yās (gen.yi-yavτos), mostly used in plur. ofa savage race of men destroyed bythe gods (see Hom. Od. vii . 206, Κύκλωπές τε καὶ ἄγρια φύλα ΓιγάνTwv: Hesiod calls them sons of Gaia (the earth) ¹; &-ßáln (Hesych.),was born ' (as from Ba- = ya, cp. Bavá), yɛvý, race, family, yévos, ageneration, offspring, yéveois, birth, origin, yevétns, yεVÉTwp, father, producer; -yɛvns (in composition), with sense of descendingfrom,' ' son of,as εvyεvýs, well-born, ynyɛvýs, earth-born, applied to the primeval men(=avtox0wv); yev-vaîos, natural, after the kind, genuine, noble, yevɛá,origin, kind, generation, yóvos, yový, birth, descent, offspring, yoveús,parent, yvýoios, genuine, yɛvɛaλóyos , genealogist; yaorńp, the womb,belly (yevra, Hesych, s.s.) , yaσтρovoµía, a title given to a treatise oneating, πiyάorpiov, the higher part of the abdomen; yî (Att.), yaîa(Epic), yâ (Doric) , 【â (Cyprian) , An- in Anµýtne (Att.) , ▲áµateρ(voc. Doric), the Greek name ofCeres, the Goddess of the Earth, as theproducer ofits fruits: she is the same as the goddess known amongthe Latins as Ops ( plenty) , Ceres (the producer) , Maia (the mother),names indicating the productive power of the earth; yewpyós, husbandman, γεω-γραφία, description of the earth, γεωγραφικός, γεωSaloía, land-dividing, geodesy, yew-μETpía, land measurement, geometry,γεωμετρικός, Δημήτριος, Demetrius (pr. n.) .Latin, gen-, gne-, gna- (na-) , g"en (ven-), in gi-gnere, genui, genitum, reduplicated form of Old Lat. *genere, to be born, found ingenunt, &c.; genitor, father, genitrix, mother, progenitor, ancestor,progenies, offspring, genitalis, relating to birth or generation, congenitalis, born with, genitalia, generative organs, genus, generis, offspring, race, kind, gender, genitivus, the case of production, genitive;generosus, of good family, generositas, genuinus, innate, natural,The first syllable of yiyās is a simple reduplication (cp. Sans. ja-gan-ti, Gk.yl-yv-eral, Lat. gi-gn- it, and see Brugmann, Comp. Gram. ii. 13), and ylyās mayrepresent a p. p. yey's, with the sense the born, ' or more probably the contractedform of pr. p. ylyavs (gen. ylyavтos) with an active sense, the progenitors, i.e. of mankind. It was as such that they seem to have been regarded by Homer, who tells oftheir destruction by the gods for their insolence. Hesiod considers them as divinebeings who sprang from the blood of Uranus ( the God of Heaven) which fell upon theearth when he was wounded by the Titans, so that Gaia (the Earth Goddess) wastheir mother. Their battle with the Olympian gods seems to be a confusion withthe revolt of the Titans. There are curious points of resemblance between the Greeklegends and the account given in the Book of Enoch, how the fallen angels (inGenesis called the sons of God) married the daughters of men and became thefathers of giants 300 cubits high, who filled the earth with wickedness.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 339genuine, genialis, relating to birth or generation, genial, congenialis, √GENgenialitas, generalis, belonging to a genus or kind, general, genealogus GN-(Gk. loan-word); genius, the tutelar deity or genius of a person, wit, √ĞENtalent, ingenium, inborn disposition, natural ability, ingeniosus , clever, √ĢṆingenuus, native, freeborn, noble, ingenuitas, condition ofafreeman,nobility ofmind or birth; gens, nation, family, clan, gentilis, belongingto a clan, (eccles. ) Gentile, gentilitas, the relationship between membersofa gens, generare, to generate, generatio, generation, degenerare, todegenerate, ingenerare, to engender, regenerare, to reproduce; benignus, ofa kind nature, mali-gnus, ill-natured, indigena, a native of thecountry; nascor (for gnascor), natus, to be born, nascens (pres. p.) ,natalis, relating to birth, nativus, natural, native, natura, nature, natio,nation, naturalis, natural; cognatus, akin, cognate, agnatus, related onthe father's side, agnatio, relationship through the male line, innatus,innate, prægnare, to be pregnant, prægnans (pres. p.: præ +nascor) ,renascor, to be born again, renatus, renascens, renascentia; venter(= *g"enter) (cp. Sans. janthar-as -Eur-Ar. *gen-ter) , the belly,ventriculus (dim. ), ventriloquus, ventriloquist, gigas, -antis, giant(Gk. loan-word), geographia, geometria, &c. (Gk. loan-words) , Lat.Georgica (pl. n.) , the Georgics, for Georgica carmina, poems onhusbandry.6L. Latin and Romance, Ital. genere, o.F. gendre, N.F. genre, gender,O.F. gendrer (Lat. generare), M.E. gendren, N.E. gender (vb. ) , O.F. ongendrer, M.E. engendren, N.E. engender, O.F. generacion, M.E. generacioun,N.E. generation, Ital. gente, O.F. gent (subs. ) , a nation, F. gens (plu. ) ,people, persons, gens d'armes, men at arms, gendarmes, O.F. gent (Lat.genitus), of noble birth (lit. born), fair, pretty, gracious, M.E. gent(adj.) , s.s., (as subst. ) people, O.F. and M.E. gentil, jentil, (adj . ) of goodfamily, gentle blood,' (subst. ) a man of good family, still retained inthe old-fashioned gentles ' (for gentlemen), M.E. janty, a corruptspelling of O.F. gentil, to imitate the pronunciation, N.E. jaunty (theoriginal sense was probably genteel, afterwards sprightly); O.F. gentilhomme, M.E. (translated) gentil-, jentil-man, M.E. gentrie, genterie,noble descent, N.E. collective name for the gentlemen of a district, thegentry, O.F. and M.E. genealogie; Ital. ingegno, Prov. engenh-s, engeins, O.F. engin, M.E. engin, gin, gyn (Lat. ingenium), cunning, skill, amachine, Ital. ingegnere, O.F. engignier, engineer, M.E. ginour; Ital .benigno, O.F. benigne, M.E. benign, O.F. maligne, malign; Ital. nascere,nato (p. p.) , Prov. naisser, natz (p. p. ) , o.F. naistre, N.F. naître (p. p.né), to be born, naissance, birth, O.F. renaître, to be born again (p. p.rené), René (pr. n. ), born again, renaissance, revival, ọ.F. ains-né (anteaz 2340 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✔GEN-√GN✓GENVGNnatus), N.F. aîné, eldest (born before) , O.F. pois-né (post natus), N.f.puisné, M.E. puisne, punie, younger, junior, N.E. puny, small, weak,Ital. natale, Prov. nadal, O.F. natal, noël, (adj . ) relating to birth, (subs. )birthday, noël, Christmas, Noel, Christian name, orig. of children bornon Christmas Day, Ital . nazione (Lat. natione[m]) , F. nation, nation,Ital. nativo, O.F. naïf, naïve, f. , (as adj .) natural, simple, (subs.) anative of a district, with a doublet in N.F. natif (adj . and subs. ) , native,Ital. gigante, Prov. jayans, O.F. jaiant, gyant, geant, M.E. jeant,geaunt, geant, N.E. giant (Lat. gigante[m]) , F. géographie, -désie,-métrie, &c.Balto-Slav. , Lith. gemu, gimti, to be born, O. Pruss. gemton, tobring forth, Lith. gentis, kinsman, O. Pruss. gan-na, O. Slav. gena, awife, woman, O. Slav. kunegu, kunezi, prince, Lith. kuningas, Lord,priest, O. Slav. cedo, a child (Teut. loan-words).Teutonic, kun-, kyn-, kin-, kno-, kne-, ki-, in Goth. qino, qwens,qweins, O.H.G. quena, chena, O.N. kona, kvan, kvæn, kven, a.s. cwēn,cwene (gen. ), wife, woman, queen, M.E. cwen, cwene, quen, quene, N.E.queen, quean; Goth. kuni, O.H.G. chunni, O.N. kynni, A.S. cin, cinn, M.E.cun, kin, family, race, relationship, A.S. cyne-, a king, in cyne-rice, O.H.G.chuni-richi, kingdom, a.s. cyne-dōm (s.s.) , A.S. cyne-helm, royal helmet,A.S. cyne-stol , throne; O.H.G. chunig, chuning, N.H.G. könig, O.N.konungr, A.S. cyning, cyng, cing, M. and N.E. king, O.H.G. kikunt, A.S.gecynde, M.E. cunde, kinde (subs . ) , nature, kind, sort, A.S. cynde, gecynde (adj . ) , M.E. cunde, kinde, natural, kindly, freeborn, M.E. cundel,kindel, a brood, litter, M.E. cundlon, kindlen, to bring forth young,O.H.G. chind, N.H.G. kind, a child, kindchen (dim. ), O.N. kundr, a son (cp.Sans. jantu, a child); O.H.G. chneht, N.H.G. knecht, A.S. cniht, cneoht, O.Fries. kniucht, a servant, a man in military service, M.E. cniht, N.E. ɑknight (cp. Gk. Taîs, boy and servant), A.S. cniht-bærn, a male child;O.H.G. chnabo, chnappo, N.H.G. knabe, O.N. knape, A.S. cnapa, cnafa, M.E.knape, knave, cnafe, a male child, a young man, a servant, M.E. knavebarn, knave-child, a male child; A.S. cydh, M.E. kidh, home, nativeplace, countryman, kith, in the phrase ' kith and kin '; Goth. qwithus, 'O.N. kvidr, the womb, a.s. cwid (s.s.), Prov. Eng. kite, kyte, the belly,M.E. kid-nere, the kidneys, Goth. kilthei, belly, womb, O.N. kilting, askirt, kjalta, lap, kilt; A.S. cild, M. and N.E. child, A.S. cildhād, childhood, A.S. cildiung, M.E. childing, birth, childbearing, Du. kindeken, a=The relation of Goth. qwithus and kiltheis to gen- is obscure; Brugmann andRezzenberger compare kilthei with Sans. jaṭhara as *jalthara, but Lat. venter demands Eur-Ar. genter - Sans. *jantharas, while the Gk. yaoтhp represents aEur-Ar. gister. Goth. qwithus may be compared with Sans. jaṭharas, but it is difficult to explain the relation between qwithus, kilthei, and venter.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 341little child, the eighth part of a vat, Eng. ( 1570) kylderkin, a measureof four gallons (corrupted from Du. ); O.N. kid, O.H.G. kizzi, ¹ N.H.G.kitze, M.E. kid, the young of a goat, but also applied to the young of afox, as kid-fox, and to children, in kid-nap.Celtic, Gael. gin, O. Ir. gein, birth, geinim, generate, geineadh,generation, geineog, a gem, Gael. gineal, offspring, ginealach, a generation, O. Ir. ben, N. Ir. ban, Gael. bean, Wel. bun, benyw, Corn. benen,a wife, a woman, bandia, a goddess (cp . Bavá) , N. Ir. bean- in comp. ,female, she, as bean-tighe, mistress, N. Ir. bainfheis, wedding-feast.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, misogynist, gyneceum, genesis, genetic, -gen in oxygen,hydrogen, &c. , -genous in endogenous, exogenous, heterogeneous,&c. , genealogy, -ist, -ical (thr. Lat. and Fr.) , Eugenia, genethliac,gonorrhoea, gastric, -itis , -onomy, epigastrium, epigastric, hypogastric,gigantic, geography, -er, -ical, geodesy, -tic, geometry, -ic, -ical, geology, -ist, -ise, -ical (Gk. thr. F. and Lat. loan-words), Georgics (thr.Lat. ) , George, Georgiana, Demetrius.Latin, genitor, progenitor, progeny, philoprogenitive, genital,congenital, genus, generic, genitive, generous , -sity, genuine, -ness,genial, -ity, congenial, -ity, general, genius, ingenious , -ness,ingenuous, -ity, -ness, disingenuous, general, -ity, Gentile, gentility,generate, -ion, -or, congener, congenerate, degenerate, -ion, regenerate,-ion, indigenous; nascent, natal, Natal, province in South Africa (socalled from its discovery on Christmas Day), native, -ity, nature, -al,nation, -al, -ality, -ise, cognate, agnate, innate, pregnant, -cy,impregnate, -ion; renascent; ventral, ventricle, ventriloquist, -sm,&c.L. Latin and Romance, gender (subs. and vb. ) , engender, gendarme, genteel, jaunty, gentle, -ness, gentleman, -ly, gent, -ish (vulg. ) ,gentry, engine, -eer, gin (a snare) , benign, malign, -ant, Eugene(pr. n. from Gk. thr. Fr.) , née Lat. nata, René, pr. n., perhapsalso Rennie, renaissance, puisne, puny; Noel, Nowell, perhaps Newall,pr. n., naïf (simple), giant.=Teutonic, queen, quean; kin, kinship, kinsman, kindred, king, -ly,-dom, -ship, -craft, Kenelm, pr. n. (A.S. cyne-helm) , kind (subs. ) ,kind (adj.) , kindly, -ness, kindle (bring forth young) , kindergarten,kinchin (vulg.) , knight, -ly, knave, -ish, -ery; kith, kidneys (from A.S.' Kluge connects O.H.G. kizzi, with O.H.G. geiz, a goat, but does not quite satisfactorily account for the change of g to k. He assumes for O.N. kid ( from whichEng. kid is derived) a Goth. * kidi; it is not improbable that this denoted a ' young one' in a general sense, as in kid- fox, kid-nap.GENVGN-✓GEN-342 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.cwid, belly, +neren, kidney) , kilt (the Highland skirt), child, -ish,-hood; kilderkin, kid, kid-fox, kidnap, -per.Celtic, perhaps beanfeast, from Ir. beän-fheis.Eur-Ar. GLEGH-OS, wager, contest.Sanscrit, glahas, a game at dice, bet, stake, prize, glahatē, to playwith dice, glahanam, playing with dice.Teutonic, O.H.G. pflegan, M.H.G. pflegen, to guarantee, pledge, besecurity for, N.H.G. pflegen, to care for, cherish, to be accustomed to do,protect, Du. plegen, to pledge, execute , O. Sax. plegan, to pledge, promise, A.S. plegan, plægian, M.E. pleien, playen, move briskly, exercise,strive, play, A.S. plega, M.E. plaze, pleye, play ( subs. ) , ' O. Fris. plega,pliga, custom, brisk motion, game, sport, a battle, fight, A.S. plihtan, tostake, incur risk, pledge, M.E. plighten, pledge, cp. M.L.G. plichten,M.H.G. pflihten, N.H.G. verpflichten, pledge, engage by promise; O.H.G.phliht, N.H.G. pflicht, friendly care, service, duty, A.S. pliht, danger,risk of loss, responsibility, O. Fris. plicht, danger, care for, concern.¹L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. plegium, Ital. pieggio, pieggieria,Prov. plieu, pleya, o.F. plege, pleige, M.E. plegge (all from one of theTeutonic forms), N.E. a pledge (subs.), L. Lat. plegiare, plegire, o.F.pleiger, M.E. pleggen, to pledge , with variants, L. Lat. plevire, O.F.plevir (which Körting derives from a Goth. *plaïhvan), to give as apledge, o.F. plevine, plevin, a pledge, warrant, O.F. replevir, to givebail, O.F. replevin, security given, N.E. replevin, security given beforeinstituting a suit for recovery of goods wrongfully seized or detained,N.E. replevy, to recover possession by such a suit.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, play, -er, -mate, -ful , &c . , Scot. ploy.L. Latin and Romance, pledge, plevin, 2 replevin, replevy.The Century Dict. gives a rare A.S. *pleon, plion (p. t. pleah, plēh), to risk,expose to danger, with (subs. ) pleoh, plioh, contracted to pleo, plio ( = 0. Fris.ple, pli ), danger, risk. This has an etymological connection with A.S. plihtan,plegan, and is probably from the same root, and originally with the same or similarmeanings, risk, danger, a stake, pledge, obligation, duty; but in common use theseveral meanings were in time distributed between the variant forms, and Englishplay retains the meaning of competition in a game or contest; plight combines the twomeanings of danger, ' in woeful plight, ' and troth given, pledge of an engagement,promise; while the N.H.G. pflegen has the sense of caring for, being used to, pflicht,of obligation, duty, &c. , and verpflichten, of pledging and giving solemn promise.2 Diez derives O.F. plevir from Lat. præbere, to bestow, with a change of r to 1 asin temples, the temples of the head, from Lat. tempora; and rejects the derivationEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 343Eur-Ar. √GHED GHEND√GHET GHENT, to hold fast, seize.Sanscrit, hastas, the hand (?) .Greek, χαδ-, χανδ-, in χανδάνω (aor. ἔχαδον, fut. χείσομαι) , tolay hold of, grasp, yévтo, he grasped ( Homer) , cp. Albanian, gendem,' isfound.'Latin, hed-, hend-, in * hendere, pre-hendere (prendere) , prehensus,to take hold of, to understand, prehensio; præda ( = præhed-a), prey,booty, prædium ( =præhed-ium), a farm, a holding of land, prædialis,relating to farms, prædo, præhedo, a robber, prædatorius, predatory,deprædari, to depredate, rob, spoil, deprædator, a spoiler; prehensare,prensare, to grasp, to solicit for an office, prensorium, a trap; apprehendere, arrest, to understand, apprehensio, -ibilis, comprehendere, tograsp, include, understand, comprehensio, -ibilis, -ivus, reprehendere,to hold back, blame, reprehensio, -ibilis.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. prendere (p. p. preso), Prov. prendre(p. p. pres, pris) , O. and N.F. prendre (p. p. pris) , O.F. prise, a hold,grasp, taking, Ital. empresa, Prov. empreza, O.F. emprise, M.E.emprise, an undertaking, Ital. impresario, undertaker, stage manager;Ital. prigione (Lat. prensione[m]) , Prov. preison, o . and N.F. prison, ɑprison, Ital. prigioniere (L. Lat. * prisionarius), Prov. presonier-s , O.F.prisonier, a prisoner; Ital. preda (Lat. præda) , O.F. preie, praie,M.E. preie, N.E. prey; O.F. aprendre, apris (p. p.) , to seize, to learn,O.F. aprentis, M.E. aprentys, N.E. apprentice, prentice, (lit. ) a learner,one who is being taught; F. comprendre (compris, p. p.) , to understand,include, comprise, o.F. mesprendre (p. p. mespris), to misunderstand,O.F. mesprison, a misunderstanding, error, neglect (in L. Lat. writtenmisprisio) , M.E. misprision (wrongly for misprison: see Skeat ad vb. );O.F. reprendre (p. p. repris) , to take back, O.F. represaille, a takingback, reprisal, O.F. entreprendre, to undertake, o.F. entreprise, undertaking, N.E. enterprise, Ital. sorprendere, O.F. sor- sur-prendre, to takeunawares, surprise, with subs. sor- sur-prise, a surprise.Balto-Slav. , gad-ati (to conjecture) , O. Pruss. sengydi, receive,obtain.Teutonic, Goth. gitan, O.H.G. gezan, O.N. geta, A.S. gitan, M.E.geten, to get, O.N. giska (for git-ska =git +desiderative suffix), todesire or begin to get, to guess, M.E. gessen, N.E. guess, A.S. bigitan, M.E.bigeten, begetten, to acquire, to beget, A.S. forgitan, M.E. forgeten, toforget; Goth. handus, O.H.G. hant (pl. henti) , N.H.G. hand, O.N. höndfrom the Teutonic on account of Prov. plieu, and O.F. (pres. t. ) plen. Kruge, on theother hand, thinks the Teutonic origin of all the words here considered correct, andtraces the Romance plevir, plieu, to an O.H.G. or O. Sax, form ( cp. A.S. pleo, plio). ·´344 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.(pl. hendr), A.S. and M.E. hand, hond, the hand, O.H.G. hantalon, N.H.G.handeln, O.N. höndla, A.S. handlian, to handle, deal with, O.N. hand-sal,a‘hand-sale,' a sale, a bargain confirmed by shaking hands (cp. thephrase ' shake hands upon it ' ) , the earnest money given as a pledge forfulfilment of a bargain, N.E. handsel, Scot. hansel, O.N. handsala, tomake a bargain by shaking hands; O.H.G. hantsam, O. Du. handsam ,M.E. handsum, from A.S. *handsum (cp. A.S. wyn-sum: winsom), N.E.handsome, (lit. ) dexterous, handy, convenient, comely, a ‘ handsome present,' a useful, acceptable present '; Goth. *hinthan, to seize, in frahinthan, to take, capture, frahunths, captivity, A.S. huntian, to hunt,catch, take captive, M.E. hunten, honten, to hunt.6Celtic, O. Ir. gātaim, Gael. goid, Ir. goidim, to steal.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, prehension, prehensile, predacious (as from *prædaceus, acoined word), predatory, predial, depredate, -ion, -or; apprehend,apprehension, -ible, -ive, misapprehend, -sion, comprehend, comprehension, -ible, -ive, reprehend, reprehension, -ible, -ive, incomprehensible, irreprehensible.L. Latin and Romance, prize, prise, to get a hold, to force open,prey (subs. and vb.) , prison, -er, imprison, -ment, misprision, apprise,-al, apprentice, prentice (subs. and vb. ) , -ship, comprise, enterprise,-ing, reprisal, surprise, -al, épris,' attached to, taken with.Teutonic, get, got, gotten, guess, beget, -gat, -gotten, misbegotten,forget, got, -gotten, forgetful, -ness; hand, handle, handsel, hansel,handsome, handy, -iness, -craft, -work, hand-cuff, -ful , -maid, &c.;hunt, -er, huntsman.Eur-Ar. √GHEDH , to wish, beseech, pray.¹Zend, jaidh-, in jaidhyemi, I pray.Greek, OɛT-, in Oéooaolai, to pray (for OÉTтaolai).Balto-Slav. , Lith . geid-ziu, desire, O. Slav. zid-ati, expects.Teutonic, M.H.G. gitsen, N.H.G. geiz, earnest desire , greediness, A.S.gitsian, to long for, covet.Fick connects Goth. bidjan, O.H.G bitten (for bitjan) , N.H.G. bitten, A.S. biddan,to ask, pray, with this root, but they more probably fall under bheidh-, with Goth.biudan, O.H.G. biotan, A.S. beoden, M.E. beode, bede, N.E. bead, Scot. bedesman, allwhich are referred by Kluge to bheidh-.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 345Celtic, O. Ir. guidhe, a prayer, guidhim, pray, Gael. guidh, topray, Gael. geas, Ir. geis, a spell, charm.EEur-Ar. GHEN , to strike, cut, wound, kill, with extensionGHEN-DH-.Sanscrit, ghan-, han-, in hanti, strikes, 3rd p. pl . ghn-anti, (perf.ja-ghāna [ =Eur-Ar. ghe-ghon-e], hatás, p. p. , struck) , hantar, a striker,hātis, a blow (Eur- Ar. ghn-tis) , hatya, slaying, gha-tas, a slaughter,ghātis, a wound, ghan-as, slaying, gandhāyate, to hurt.Zend, jan-, in jan-aiti, he strikes.Greek, φεν-, θεν-, in * φείνω (for φένω) , to hill, aor. ἔπε-φν-ον,póvos, murder (cp. Sans. ghan-as), *þaτós, slain (cp. Sans. hatas),θείνω (for θένω) , to strike, θνήσκω (incep . ), aor. ἔθανον, perf.τέθνηκα, to die, θνητός, mortal, θάνατος, death, ἀ-θάνατος,immortal, àlavaola, immortality.Latin, fen-, in *fendere, fendi, fensum ( = fen- [Eur-Ar. ghen-] +dere [ =Eur-Ar. dhe] ) , to strike, defendere, to defend, ward off, defensio,-or, offendere, to offend, strike, push against, offensa, -io, -or, infestus(= infenstus), made hostile, infested, infestare, to infest, manifestus,tangible, that can be pushed or struck by the hand, confestim, hurriedly,pushing or struggling on, fēnum, hay ( = fend-snum, that which is mown:cp. O. Slav. zęti, to mow) , feniculum (dim. of fenum) , fennel, fustis,a club (for fund-tis, fond-tis), fustigare, to beat with clubs.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. defendre, M.E. defenden, N.E. defend,O.F. defense, defence, O.F. offendre, M.E. offenden, N.E. offend, O.F.offense, offence, F. infester, to infest; Ital. atanasia, O.F. athanasie,tanasie, M.E. tansaye, N.E. tansy, a herb used in medicine; Ital .finocchio, O.F. fenoil, N.F. fenouil (Lat. feniculum), N.E. fennel; Ital.gonfalone, Prov. gonfanons, O.F. gonfanon, N.F. gonfalon, battle-flag(from O.H.G. gundfano), Gon- (as a component of names) , meaningwar, battle, Gonsalvez, Gonzalo, &c.; Ital. Ildefonso, Alphonso; Ital.fusto, O.F. fuite, fuste, fuist, a stick, stock, a cask, O.F. fuste, smellingof the cask, mouldy, M.E. fense, fence (subs. ) , fensen, fencen (vb. ) , N.E.fence (subs. and vb. ) , M.E. fenden, protect, ward off, abbreviations ofdefense, defend, fencer, fender.Balto-Slav. , Lith. ginc-zia, strife, ap-gintis, defence, O. Slav.zinja, zęti, to mow, reap, Lith. gen-a, ginti, to cut off branches fromthe trees, Lith. gendu, be hurt.Teutonic, O.H.G. gundea, gund, cund, O.N. gudhr, (later) gunnr, war,346 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.battle, gund-, gunn-, sometimes -funs, all meaning war, in names, asGunnbjorn, Gunnhildr, Gundomar, Hildegund, Hildefuns, O.H.G.Gundahari, N.H.G. Günther, Goth. Gunderic; A.S. fenol, finul, M.E.fenel, fenil (Latin loan-word, from feniculum thr. o.F. fenoil) , M.E.fenecel, fenkel, O.H.G. fenachal, fenichel, N.H.G. fenchel (loan- wordsfrom feniculum); Goth. banja, a wound, O.H.G. bana, murder, O.N.bani, death, a slayer, bane, a.s. bana (s.s. ) , O.H.G. bano, executioner,M.H.G. ban, destruction, death (gh to b by labialisation): the originalmeaning is probably that which kills,' whether personal or impersonal."Celtic, O. Ir. ben-im, I strike, N. Ir. bean-aim, I reap, mow, shear,cut; Ir. guin, gen. gona, a wound, guin, an enemy, guin-im, 1wound.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Athanasius (prop. n. ) , tansy (thr. F. tanasie).Latin, defensive, -ble, offensive, manifest, -ation; fustigate, -ion(obsolete except in playful use) .L. Latin and Romance, fence, -er, fend, -er, defend, -ce, -dant, offend, -ce, -der; infest, -ed; fusty; gonfalon, Gondomar, Gonsalvez,Gutierez, Gontard, Alphonso, ' &c .; fennel (thr. A.S. fenol or o.F. fenoil) .Teutonic, Gunhilda, Gunston, Gunning (prop. names), &c.;Guthrie (Gudh-ric), Cunliffe (Gundleif, fond of war), Gulliver (Gudhleif-r, fond of war), Gullick, Gully (O.N. Gudh-leih, war-sport), Gunter(Gund-hari) , Gundry (Gund-ric).Eur-Ar. GHER , warm, hot, to heat; also VGHOR-.Sanscrit, ghar-, in ghar-mas, warmth, ghr-nas (s.s), ghramsa,solar heat, ghri, ² butter clarified by heat, Hindi ghi (by loss of r) .Zend, gar-, in gar-ema, warm.Armenian, jer-, in jer-m, warm.Greek, Oɛp-, in Oɛpµós, warmth (cp. Sans. ghar-mas, Lat. formus) ,Oép-os, summer, Oεpμaσтpís, tongs for taking hold of hot metal,Oερμо-πúλaι, Hot-gates, a narrow pass from Thessaly to Locris, inwhich were hot springs.Latin, for-, in for-mus, warm , for-nus, fur-nus, an oven, fornax,oven, furnace, kiln, fornix, a vault, arch (from its resemblance to anoven), a brothel (Hor. ' Sat.' I. ii . 30, 31 ) , fornicari, fornicatio, -or,The Visigoths introduced these German names into Spain.2 Or from ✔ğhri-, to rub, smear.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 347forceps (=formi-ceps) , tongs for taking up heated metal, with variantforms for-fex, forpex, shears, scissors, tongs.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . fornace, Prov. fornatz, fornas,, O.f.fornaise, forneise, M.E. fornais, forneis, furnasse, N.E. furnace (from Lat.fornax), Ital . forno, Prov. forn-s, O.F. forn, for, N.F. four, an oven (Lat.fornus), Ital. fornerina, bakeress, O.F. fornicacion, M.E. fornicacioun,N.E. fornication, Ital. forbice, forfici, Prov. forsa, O.F. force, N.F. forces,shears (Lat. forfice[m]).Balto- Slav. , O. Pruss. gorme, warmth, O. Slav. gor-eti , to burn,Russ. gornu, hearth, oven.Teutonic, Goth. varm-s, o. and N.H.G. warm, O.N. warmr, A.S.wearm, N.E. warm.¹Celtic, O. Ir. goraim, I heat, warm, gor, heat, light, gur, pus, produced by inflammation, Wel. gōr, matter, pus, O. Ir. grian, the sun,grionrach, the warmth of the sun, Ir. gris, fire, embers; Wel. gwres,warmth, O. Ir. grea-d-aim, I roast, parch, greadadh, a roasting,griudal, a grid-iron, Gael. greadan, parched corn , Wel. greidia, toscorch, parch, gredyll, greidel, a griddle.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit (thr. Hindi), ghee (Anglo-Indian) .Greek, thermal, -ic, thermometer, thermantidote (remedy againstheat), a machine for cooling a house used in India, isotherm, the lineofequal annual heat, isotheral, the line of equal summer heat, Thermopylæ, pr. n.Latin, forceps, fornicator.L. Latin and Romance, furnace, fornication.Teutonic, warm, warmth, foot-warmer, warming-pan, &c. (?) .Celtic, griddle, grid-, in gridiron, perhaps also grill (thr. O.F. greïl,grail, from Wel. gre[d]yll 2) .Eur-Ar. VGHERD GHRED , to declare, tell, indicate.Greek, opad-, in opáčw (for opádɩw) , to show, declare, tell, ¿páois,a speech, way ofspeaking, wapappáw, to say the same thing in otherwords, παράφρασις, α paraphrase, περιφράζομαι, to say in a roundaboutway, πɛpippaσis, a circumlocution, TEρiþρaσTIKós, periphrastic.a' Brugmann connects these with ✔GHER , but Kluge and Fick with a √UER-,to be warm. Kluge connects O. Slav. varu, heat, O. Slav. vreti, Lith. virti, to boil.2 Another derivation is from qert- (see p. 209) .348 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Balto-Slav. , gird-, in Lith. gird-eti , to understand, hear, O. Pruss.gerd-aut, to say.Celtic , Wel. brawdio, to give judgment, brawddeg, sentence, Ir. bard,Wel. bardd, Corn. bardh, a poet (by labialisation) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, phrase, phraseology, paraphrase, periphrastic.Celtic, bard.Eur-Ar. √GHREDHpursue,GHRDH , strive for, reach towards, approach,be eager for, desire.Sanscrit, grdh-, in grdh-yati, to be desirous of, grdh-nus, eager,grdhya, desirable.Latin, grad-, in grad-ior, gressus, to step, gradus, a step, grallæ(for gradulæ, dim. of gradus) , stilts, grallator, a walker on stilts,gradatim, by steps, gradatio, an ascending scale; aggredior, to approach,attack, aggressus, -io, congredior, to meet with, congressus, -io, digredior, to step apart, go aside, digressus, -io, -ivus, egredior, to go out,egressus, -io, ingredior, to go in, ingressus, ingrediens, progredior, togo forward, progressus, -io, regredior, to go back, return, regressus, -io,retrogredior, to go backward, retrogressus, -io, transgredior, to go beyond, transgressus, -io; grassor, to march, ravage (freq. of gradior) ,grassator, a robber.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . grado, Prov. grat, O.F. gra, gre, M.E.gre, gree, degree, rank, step, N.F. grade, a grade, L. Lat. graduare,gradare, to place by steps or degrees, to grade, L. Lat. gradualis, F.graduel, gradual, L. Lat. and Ital . graduale, gradale, ' o.F. grael, greel,M.E. graiel, grayel, grayle, the chant sung between the Epistle andGospel as the priest goes to the altar steps, the book containing the same,O.F. degrader, M E. degraden, N.E. degrade, Prov. degrat, degra (as from

• degradus, with sense only of gradus), o.F. degret, degre, M.E. degre,

N.E. degree.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. gręda, approach, come.Teutonic, Goth. gridis, a step, Goth. gredus, hunger, O.N. gradhr,A.S. græd, M.E. gred , N.E. greed, Goth. gredags, O.H.G. gratag, O.N.gradhigr, A.S. grædig, M.E. grediz, gredi, N.E. greedy.¹ L. Lat. gradale (a corruption of cratella, a small bowl), Prov. grazal, O.F. andM.E. graal, greal, in O.F. saint greal, M.E. Holy greal-, the chalice used by our Lordat the Last Supper, are derived from qer- √ker-, to mix ( see p. 199) . Saint grealwas corrupted to Sang Real, (lit.) the royal blood, but translated ' sanguis realis, ' the real blood.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 349Celtic, O. Ir. ingrennim, I pursue, Gael. greas, M. Ir. gressim,step, go, N. Ir. greasaim, greasuighim, hasten, urge, Gael. greis, Ir.gress, a space oftime, O. Ir. do-gres, N. Ir. do-ghreas, always.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, gradient, gradation, grallatory, aggress, aggressor, -ion,-ive, congress, a meeting, digress , -or, -ion, -ive, egress, ingress, ingredient, progress, -ion, -ive, regress, retrogress , -ion, -ive, transgress,-or, -ion, -ive.L. Latin and Romance, graduate, -ion, grade, degrade, degradation,degree, gradual .Teutonic, greed, greedy, -ily, -iness.Eur-Ar. * GHREUD- GHREUD * √GHRUD-, large, coarse, rough, as vb. tostamp, pound (cp. Lith. grusti, below).Greek, Xpu- (for xpūd-), in xpūσós, ' gold, from its being found asgrains in the sandy beds of rivers, Xpvoaλλís, a chrysalis.6Latin, raud-, rud-, rod- ( = hraud-, hrud-, hrod-) , *grod-, in raudus,-eris (n.), anything in the mass, unwrought, a piece of brass or bronzewhether unwrought, or stamped as a weight. Rodus vel raudus significat rem rudem et imperfectam, nam saxum quoque " raudus " appellantpoetæ ' (Festus); ' Æs raudus dictum ' (Varro). Rudus, -eris (neut . ) ,stones broken small and mingled with lime, rubble, also brass or bronzein the lump in æstimatione censoria æs infectum rudus appellatur '(Fest, ibid. ); rudis, rough, unwrought, coarse, rudimentum, erudire,to free from roughness, polish, instruct; (late) grossus (= grodtus) ,thick, coarse.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. gruzzo, a heap or collection of anything,Prov. gruts, o.r. gru, groats, O.F. gruel, M.E. gruwel, N.F. gruau, N.E.gruel, all from O.H.G. gruzzi; Ital. greto, Prov. greza, O.F. gres, coarsepebbly sand, O.F. gresle, grêle, hail (all from M.H.G. griez, gravel), Ital.grava, O.F. grave, dim. gravelle, M. and N.E. gravel (from Celtic grou ,,grau?) , Ital. grosso, O.F. gros, thick, fat, coarse, O.F. grossier, a wholesale trader who sells in the gross, M.E. grosser, N.E. grocer (as fromL. Lat.This is doubtful, although there is scarcely any doubt that it was river goldwhich first attracted the attention of man. The ancient Egyptian inscriptionsrecognise two forms of gold, nub-en- set, gold ofthe cliffs, and nub- en-mu, river-gold;but the old symbol for gold represents a kind of sack, with grains of gold inside orfalling from it, with water trickling out. Nub was the Egyptian name of gold(whence Nubia, the land of gold). The Hebrew name was chāruz, from which it isthought xpuσds may be borrowed. The Assyrian is hurāsu.350 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.

• grossarius), O.F. grossoyer, to write out in large letters, make afair

copy, engross (en gros), O.F. gros-grain, a rough kind of cloth, M.E.grogeran, N.E. grogram, grog, a mixture of rum and water, so calledafter the nickname, ' Old Grog,' given to Admiral Vernon (from hiswearing trousers of grogram) , who first introduced the practice ofadding water to the allowance of rum served out to British sailors.Balto-Slav. , Lith. grudas, grain, grusti, pound, stamp, O. Slav.gruda, a clod, lump, rubble, Lith. gruiti, to fall into ruins (Prellwitz) .Teutonic, O.H.G. gruzzi, N.H.G. grütze, husked grain, O.N. grautr,groats, porridge, A.S. grut, coarse meal, groats, M.E. grotes (s.s.), M.E.grout, growte, grains, malt, beer made from the same, wort, N.E. grouts,grain that has been used in brewing, dregs, O.H.G. grioz, N.H.G. griess,O.N. grjot, A.S. greot, M.E. greet, N.E. grit, gravel, pebbles, sand; O.H.G.groz, N.H.G. gross, Du. groot, A.S. great, L.G. grote, large, big; M.E.grote (from L.G. grote), a coin of Bremen, so called from its beinglarger than the small copper coins in previous use, M.H.G. gros, N.H.G.gröschen, N.E. groat, a small silver coin ( =4d.) .Celtic , Wel. gro, pebbles, Corn. grou, growyn, Bret. grouannen,greannan, sand, Ir. grothal, coarse sand, Gael. and Ir. grothlach,gravelly, (subs.) a gravel pit, Ir. gruid, malt, Gael. gruid, lees, Gael.grudair, Ir. grudaire, a brewer, O. Ir. gruad, Wel. grudd, Corn. grud,thejaw, i.e. the pounder, grinder, Gael. and Ir. gruaidh, the cheek.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, compounds of chryso-, chrysa-, as chrysalis, chrysanthemum,gold-flower, chrysoberil, chrysolite (gold stone) , chryso-prase, a greenvariety ofchalcedony (chryso +πрáoov, a leek); Chryso-stom, goldenmouth.Latin, rude, -ness, rudiment, -al, -ary, erudite, -ion.L. Latin and Romance, gruel, gravel, grocer, gross, engross, grogram, grog.Teutonic, groats, grouts, grit, groat (the coin), gröschen, great,-ness, &c., Grote, Greathead (surnames).Eur-Ar. GHREB √GHREBH , variants of GREBH √GRBH ,to seize, hold, clutch.Teutonic, Goth. greipan, O.H.G. grifan, N.H.G. greifen, O.N. gripa,A.S. gripan, to grasp, clutch, gripe, ¹ grip, O.H.G. grifjan, M.H.G. gripfen,¹ Gripe is the genuine Teutonic word; grip is from F. gripper.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 351to grip, A.S. gripe, L.G. grep, M.E. grip, a grip, gripe, Swed. grabba, toseize, grab (a vulgar word), A.S. grāp, the grip of the hand, A.S. grāpian,to seize, M.E. grapen, gropen, to catch hold of, M.E. graspen (for grapsen) ,to grasp, feel one's way by the hand, to grope; O.H.G. garba, N.H.G.garbe, O. Sax. garbha, Du. garf, garve, M.E. gerbe, (lit.) a handful, asheaf, N.E. (obs. except in heraldry) garb, a sheaf of wheat or othergrain, and in the archaic expressions a garb of arrows (i.e. twentyfour arrows), a garb of steel (i.e. thirty blocks or ingots).L. Latin and Romance, O.F. gripper (from Teuton. base gripa-) , toseize, grip, N.F. grippe, the influenza; L. Lat. garba, Prov. garba, O.F.garbe, M.E. garb, M.L. garbagium, a tax paid in sheaves, O.F. garbage,gerbage (s.s. ) . ¹ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, gripe, grab, land-grabber, grope, grasp, grabble.L. Latin and Romance, grip, hand-grip, garb (in heraldry) .Eur-Ar. GHREM , to make a noise, growl.2Greek, χρεμ-, in χρεμέθω, χρεμ- ίζω, to neigh, χρέμ-πτομαι, makea noise in the throat, xpóµados, a crashing sound.Latin, frem-, fren-, in fremere, to make a low roaring sound, growl,mutter, fremitus, a growl, humming, fren-dere, to gnash with the teeth.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. gromu, thunder, gremeti, make a noise.Teutonic, O. and N.H.G. gram, angry, unfriendly, o.N. gramr, A.S.gram, M.E. grame, grom (s . s .), A.S. grama, O.N. gremi, M.E. grame,grome, greme, anger, Goth. and O.H.G. gramjan, A.S. gramian, gremian,O.N. gremja, M.E. gramien, gremien, to enrage, vex, trouble, O.H.G. andA.S. grim, O.N. grimr, fierce, angry, terrible, grim, A.S. grima, a spectre,a mask, O.N. grima, a hood, cowl, disguise, mask, M.E. grīm, N.E. grime(cp. Du. grim, grijm) , lampblack, soot, O.H.G. *gremizon, to distort theface, look fierce, O.H.G. grimmiza, wrinkled, distorted face . Connectedwith the above by change of m to n may be 0.H.G. grīnan, N.H.G.greinen, to grin, growl, A.S. grennian, to grin, grānian, to groan, O.N.grenja, to howl, Du. grijnsen (cp. M.H.G. grinsen, to gnash the teeth),to grin, grumble.The Century Dict. compares this with M.E. garbage, garbish, the entrails offowls andfish. Skeat explains garbage as for garbleage, from the verb to garble,to pick or sort out (cp. garble, the refuse of goods); but neither explanation is satisfactory.• Probably an extension of gher- ✔ghr-, variant of ✔ger-, to ory, make a noise.352 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.L. Latin and Romance, Span. grimazo, F. grimace (from a.s. grima,a mask, or O.H.G. grimizza) , Ital . grimo, wrinkled, F. grime, a dotard,grimaud, an urchin (from the same source as the preceding words), F.grincer, to gnash with the teeth .man.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Chremes, a common name in Latin comedy for an oldL. Latin and Romance, grimace, Grimaldi (surname, thr. Teutonic).Teutonic, grim, grime, grin, groan, grumpy, grumble (?) .Eur-Ar. √GHER- √GHR‍ √GHREI √GHRI , to touch, graze, smear,rub, sprinkle, moisten, smell.Sanscrit, ghr-, ghra-, in ji-ghar-ti, sprinkle, smear, ghr-tas, clarifiedbutter, fat, ghee, ' from Hindi ghĩ by loss of r (cp. Sans. pri-yam=Hindi pi-yar, beloved; Sans. ni-dra = Hindi nind, sleep) , ghrāti, jighra-ti , smells.Greek, Xpt-, Xpa-, in xpíw, to touch the surface of a body lightly, toanoint with scented oil or unguents, to wound on the surface, graze,puncture, χρίσις, an anointing, χρίσμα, χρίμα, an unguent, χριστός,(adj.) to be rubbed on as an ointment, (when used of persons) anointed,Χριστός, Christ, Χριστοφόρος (pr. n.), the Christ-bearer, Χριστιανός,a Christian, χράω, χραύω, χραίνω, to touch the surface, tinge, colour,χροιά, χρόα, χρώς (gen. χρωτός, χρο-ός Ion.), the surface of a body,specially ofthe human body, the skin, complexion, colour, xpâµa (gen.XpóμaTos), the skin, complexion, colour, character or style when appliedto rhetoric or music, xpwμaτikós, relating to colour, ofan elaborate style,(in rhetoric or music).Latin, fra-, gra-, in fragrare, 2 to smell, be fragrant, Christus, chrisma,Christianus, Christophorus, chroma, chromaticus (all Gk. loan-words).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. Cristiano, Prov. Chrestian-s, O.F.Chrestien, N.F. Chrétien, Christian, Ital . cretino, a cretin, Prov. crestias,a term used ofthe Cagots in the south ofFrance, F. crétin, an idiotic anddeformed person.Teutonic, A.S. crisma, M.E. crisme, crisom, crysome, the oil or vesture¹ See alternative explanation under gher-, to warm.2 Fra-gra- is a reduplication, for gra-gra (cp. Sans. ghra-, to smell) , with labialisation of g in the first syllable.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 353used at baptism, A.S. Christes-mæsse, M.E. Crist-masse, N.E. Christmas,A.S. cristnian, M.E. cristnen, N.E. christen, A.S. Cristendom.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. Criosd, Christ, Gael. geir, tallow, Wel. gwer,gired, grease.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, ghee (thr. Hindi), clarified butter, used by the natives ofIndia to anoint their body and hair.1Greek, Christ, -ian, -ise, &c. , chrism, the baptismal oil (thr. Lat.and A.S. loan-words), crisom (archaic) , a baptismal robe, crisom-child,one who died within a month from its baptism, Christology; chrome,-ate, -ide, chromium, chromatic, comp. of chromo- or, chroma-, aschromoscope, &c.Latin, fragrant, fragrance, Christopher (fr. Gk. Christophoros).L. Latin and Romance, cretin, cretinism.2Teutonic, christen, Christmas, Christmas-box, Christendom.Celtic, Gilchrist, a surname ( =giolla Criosd, servant of Christ) .Eur-Ar. √GHER GHR √GHRI, with extensions GHR- S√GHRE-ND-, and senses to rub, pound, grind.Sanscrit, ghrsh-, in ghrshati, strokes, rubs, pounds, grinds, ghṛshvis,³ the boar, perhaps from the habit of grinding his tusks againsttrees, &c.Greek, xoîpos, a young pig, from its turning up the ground insearch of roots.Latin, fri-, in friare, to rub, crumble, friabilis, easily crumbled,friable, fricare, -avi, -atum, and fricui, frictum, fricatio, frictio, arubbing, frivolus (adj . ) , empty, trifling, frivola (pl. neut. used as subs.),worn out and damaged furniture, paltry things, dentifricium, powderforrubbing the teeth, effricare, to rub out.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. fregare, Prov. fregar, o.r. frayer, tomark out a road, to rub or wear away, to fray, F. fricasser, to cut upIn the event of the child's death within a month from baptism it was used as ashroud; otherwise it, or its value, was given as an offering at the mother's purification. A chrisom- child was one buried in its chrisom.2 Money collected by apprentices &c. , and placed in a closed box through a slot;when full the box was broken and its contents shared. (See quotations in Murray'sHist. Dict.)For this and xoîpos, see also under ✔ğher-, to scratch.A A354 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.meat into small pieces or pound it down, fricassée, fricandeau, a dish soprepared.¹Teutonic, Goth. qairn-us, o.N. kvern, A.S. cwirn, M.E. quern, ahand-mill, A.S. grindan, M.E. grinden, to grind, pound, rub to bits, a.s.grist, a grinding, N.E. grist, corn to be ground, (Dial. ) the miller'sfee (inkind) for grinding; A.S. gristbatian, to grind the teeth, O. Sax. gristgrimmo, gnashing the teeth, Eng. (Somerset) grisbet, a wry face,(Gloucester) grizbite, gnashing the teeth, A.S. griste, O.F. gristel, M.E.gristel, cartilage, from its coarse granular structure (cp. Gk. xóvdpos,groats, and gristle) , O.N. griss,² M.E. grise, Scot. gris, gryce, a youngpig, griskin, (orig. dim. of grise, now) the chine of a hog (cp. San.grsh-vis).Celtic, O. Ir. bro, a hand-mill (cp. bran, a raven, from Eur-Ar.✔ger-, to cry), Ir. grian, Gael . grinneal, bottom of the sea, gravel,sand.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, friable, friction, dentifrice, fricative, frivolous, frivolity.L. Latin and Romance, fray, of cloth worn at the edges, fricassee,fricandeau.3Teutonic, grind, grinders (the molar teeth) , grist, grind-stone,gristle, gristly, gryce (Scot. ) , griskin.¹Eur-Ar. √GHEL¯, with extension GHEL-DH-, to owe, be liable to pay,to pay, recompense.Greek, þɛλ-, pλ-, in ỏ- pɛíλw ( = ỏ-péλ-¿w, to owe), be liable for,ỏ-péλλw, to increase, enlarge, opɛλos, profit, ¿péλiµos, profitable,¹ See Skeat, ad vb. , who quotes in support Sir Thos. Elyot's Castel ofHelth, ii. 32,fricasyes or rubbings. Körting (Lat. and Romance Dict.) is inclined to this explanation, and imagines that the words may have been coined from the Latin in amonastery kitchen in the forms of fricandellus, fricassata, by the monks, either fromchopping the meat small, or preparing it with bread- crumbs.2 An alternative derivation is from the variant gher-, with palatal gh (whichsee). The two forms with their derivatives might have been bracketed but forthe multitude and variety of their derivatives.› Fry, to roast, parch, is from Eur- Ar. bhreg-. Fry, the spawn offish, is fromGoth. fraiw, O.N. fræ, seed, sem*n , of uncertain origin, unless it be a loan- word fromCeltic: cp. Gael. fras, Ir. frass, a shower, seed, small shot, Ir. frasach, showery,fruitful,from Eur-At. ✔uers-, p. 143; cp. Sans. vṛsha, a bull.• There seem to have been four dialectic forms of this root: ✔gher-, attested byLat. fricare; ğher-, to scratch ( xapdoow), Teutonic grindan; ✔ger-, to which Goth.qairnus, O.N. kvern, a mill, may be referred, and ✔ğer- ( with palatal ğ), fromwhich Zend zaurva, age, yépwv, Lat. granum, Teut. korn are derived: probably alsoTeut. kernan, to churn, &c.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 355ο-φλ-έω, ο-φλισκάνω, to be liable to pay, τέλος, τέλος, in sense oftax (?), by labialising gh- and a transposition or loss ofaspirate by whichEur-Ar. *ghel-tos became Gk. Oλ-TOs, (by transposed aspirate)τέλ-θος, of which τέλος may be a doublet.Balto-Slav. , Lith. gel-iuti, pay, O. Slav. žleda, to pay as afine.Teutonic, Goth. gildan, to pay (in fra-gildan, to pay, us-gildan, torestore), O.H.G. geltan, N.H.G. gelten, to pay, O.N. gjalda, to pay astribute, fine, A.S. gelden, gildan, geilden, to pay, M.E. 3ilden, zeilden,to pay, recompense, make a return, N.E. yield, to give up, make a return;Goth. gild, tribute, O.H.G. gëlt, payment, recompense, N.H.G. geld,money, O.N. gjald, tribute, tax, gildi , payment, a sacrifice, feast atthe sacrifice, a company or association of merchants or handicraftsmen,first instituted in Norway by King Olave (1066–1093) , a.s. gild,gield, gyld, payment, sacrifice, M.E. 3ilde, gilde, gylde, payment, recompense, trading association, N.E. guild, also yield (subs. ) produce, crop,return for cultivation, A.S. gylt, M.E. gult, gilt, N.E. guilt, a crime,something to be paid for, M.E. were-gild, paymenttoward cost of awar.Celtic, Ir. geall,' a vow, promise, pledge, mortgage, geallaim, I promise, pledge.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Ophelia, personal name.Teutonic, yield, guild, (or) gild, guild-hall, guild-mote, &c. , guilt,guilty, guiltless, guiltiness.2Eur-Ar. √GHES , to strike, perhaps a by-form of an older √GHENS ,√GHN'S: see √GHEN , to strike.Greek, çɛv-, in έvos, Ion. ¿eîvos , Æol. ¿évvos (for ¿évfos, derivedfrom a lost present ¿évfw, and corresponding to Eur-Ar. *ghsen- uos) ,³strange, foreign, hostile (as subs. ) , a foreigner, stranger, guest, §ɛvów, tomake one's guest, πρóževos, protector ofstrangers.Latin, hos- (earlier), fos- ( =Eur- Ar. ghos-) , in hostis (older formfostis), anenemy, aforeigner, astranger (cp. Cic. ' De Off.' i. 12, 37: ' Hostis¹ Macbain makes this the same word as Gael. and Ir. giall, a hostage, and thelatter Stokes connects with Teutonic geisel, a hostage, geall, a von, &c.; geall shouldtherefore be placed under ✔ghes-, if it is the same word as giall, for the otherCeltic words for hostage are plainly connected with geisel.2 If the prothetic ỏ of opeíλw represents an earlier σ, the Greek form of the rootwould be opeλ- Eur- Ar. sqel-, sqhel- (by labialisation of qh to 4), from which are derived Lat. scelus, crime, N.H.G. schuld,fault, debt, N.E. shall , should.=

• See Indo- Germ. Forsch. p. 172-4, Brugmann and Streitberg.

AA 2356 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.GHES- enim apud majores nostros is dicebatur, quem nunc peregrinumdicimus ') , hostire, to recompense, return like for like, requite, punish,also to strike, hostia (O. Lat. fostia) , an animal sacrifice, a victim (seePaul. ex Fest. p. 102 , Müller, ‘ Hostia dicta est ab eo quod est hostireferire ') , hostilis , -itas, hostile, -ity; hospes, -itis, and hospita, a host, alsoa guest, stranger ( = hostis + pets, potis, from pa-, to protect, feed,&c. , protector of strangers) , hospitium, hospitality, (later) a place forentertaining strangers, a lodging-house, inn, hospitalis , hospitalitas,hospitable, hospitality, hospitalia (n. pl. subs. ) , guest chambers.L. Latin and Romance, Span. hueste, O. Span. hoste, Port. hoste,Ital. hoste, oste, O.F. host, ost, M.E. host, ost, enemy (fr. Lat. hostis),(later, in all languages) an army, M.E. host, ost, hoost, oost, a victim, theHoly Sacrament (Lat. hostia); Span. huespeda, Port. hospede, Ital. oste,O.F. and Prov. hoste, oste, M.E. host, ost, N.F. hôte, a host, landlord ofan inn (Lat. hospit[em]), also in M.E. an inn, place of entertainment(Lat. hospit[ium]: in N.E. this last sense is lost); Ital. ospitale,ospedale, spedale, O.F. and Prov. hospital, M.E. hospitalle, ' spital, spitel ,retained in Spitalfields (i.e. hospital fields) and Spittel, a suburb ofWindsor, N.E. hospital; L. Lat. hospitalarius, O.F. hospitalier, M.E. hospitaler, a Knight Hospitaller, of the order of St. John; Ital. ostale,ostello, an inn, lodging-house, the latter form borrowed from O.F. hostel,ostel, M.E. hostel , ostel, N.F. and E. hôtel, hotel, Prov. hostalier,ostalier ( L. Lat. hostalarius), O.F. hostelier, M.E. hosteler, osteler,originally innkeeper, N.E. ostler, the inn stableman, O.F. hostelerie, M.E.hostelrie, hostelry, L. Lat. * hostaticus, 2 Ital . ostaggio, staggio, Span.hostaje, Prov. ostatge, O.F. and M.E. hostage, ostage, N.F. otage, N.E.hostage, one detained as a security. Originally hostage had the sense ofabode, dwelling, then of the person to whom this was assigned, then ofthe reason, that he was held as security (cp. Lat. obses, a hostage orpledge, from obsidere, to remain in a place).Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. gosti, a guest, gospodi, master of the house,Russ. goste, a guest.' Hostel is also in modern use as a house for students at a university.2 Hostaticus is given by Du Cange. Skeat and the Century Dict. follow Diez inregarding this as a contraction of L. Lat. *obsidaticum (fr. Class. Lat. obsidatus, thecondition ofa hostage) , but distorted to hostaticus from a supposed connection withhostis. Körting considers L. Lat. *hospitaticum (from hospes) the original of theRomance forms ostaggio, &c. , with the sense of hospitable treatment, then of theperson so treated. Du Cange does not give the form obsidaticus, and translateshostaticus by obses, without any reference to an etymological connection betweenthe two words, and there is nothing in the Romance forms to indicate that obsidaticus was the original. I believe, therefore, that ostaggio, &c. , are bona fide, althoughperhaps mistaken, derivatives from hostis.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 357Teutonic, Goth. gastis, o. and N.H.G. gast, O.N. gestr, A.S. gast,gæst, gest (pl. geste) , N.E. guest, O.H.G. gīsal, N.H.G. geisel , O.N. gîsl,A.S. gisel (for gist-el), a hostage, security, Gisel-bert, pr. n. , brighthostage.Bret.Celtic, Gael. geall, a pledge, Ir. giall, gioll , Wel. gwystl,goestl, Corn. guistel, hostage, pledge, Gael. fear-gill, a hostage, (lit. )a man-pledge, Gall. Cagestlos (pr . n. ), Gael. and Ir. gath (for gasth) ,a missile.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, hostile, -ity, hospitality, hospitable.L. Latin and Romance, host, an army (hostis) , host, ' the consecratedbread of the Lord's Supper (hostia) , host, the master of the house,hostess (hospes), hospital, spital, in Spitalfields, &c. , Hospitaller,Knight of St. John of Malta, hostel, hotel, hostler, ostler, hostelry,hostage.Teutonic, guest, Gilbert, contracted from Giselbert, Gibbs, fr. M.E.Gibbe (a shortened form of Gilbert) , Gibbon, Gibbins, Gibson.Eur-Ar. √GHLE- √GHLEI- √GHLI- √GHLEU , to be smooth,polished, bright, slippery, to shine, look at (probably a by-formof √GLE √GLEI √GLEU ) , with extensions by D, DH, ´M,-S, and with nasalised forms.Greek, yλav-, in yλav-rós, gleaming, silvery (applied to the sea),light blue (of the eye), yλavкŵπis , with gleaming eyes, yλavoow ( foryλaúkw), to shine, glitter, yλaúğ, an owl ( from its glaring eyes),yλaúκwμa, opacity of the crystalline lens, from the dull grey gleam ofan eye affected by it; xλɛún, a jest, joke (cp. a.s. gleo) .Latin, glesum, glæsum, amber (a loan-word from the Teutonicglæs-, gler-, used by Tacitus and Pliny, instead of electrum (Gk.λεктρOV) , which had been generally used by the Romans, before theamber from the shores of the Baltic was known to them.Balto-Slav. , gled-, in O. Slav. ględiti, to glance, glad-uku, smooth ,Russ. glad-kij , smooth, polished, gladite, to smoothen, Russ. glumu,ajest, Lith. zleda, morning or evening twilight.¹ A.S. husel, O.N. husl, Goth. hunsl, a sacrifice, M.E. housel, the holy Sacrament,are derived by Brugmann from Eur-Ar. √kuen-, to slay, sacrifice, which is also theoriginal root of Zend spenta, Lith. szuentas, O. Slav. svetu, O. Pruss. svints, holy.Shakespeare uses unhousel'd with the sense of deprived of the sacrament, together with unanel'd (without extreme unction) .358 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.4√GHLE- Teutonic, gle-, gli-, glo-, gliu-, with forms extended by -t, -d, -m,✔GHLEI -s, and nasal glint-, in O.N. gljā, M.E. glizen, glien, to shine, look at,√GHLI- squint, (North. Eng. ) glye, gley, shine; O.N. gly, gladness, glyja, to√GHLEỤ- make merry, glyjari, a jester, A.S. gleov, gleo, gliv, M.E. gleo, gleu,glie, gle, glee, mirth, gladness, music, song, a.s. gleoman, M.E. gleyman,gleman, gleeman, a jester or musician; Q.H.G. gluoen, ' N.H.G. glühen,O.N. gloa, A.S. glowan, M.E. glowen, to glow, O.H.G. gluot, N.H.G. glūt,O.N. glödh, A.S. gled, Northumbr. gloed, M.E. glede, gleede, N.E. (archaic)gleed, a glowing coal, a flame; Goth. glit- munjan, O.H.G. glizzan, N.H.G.gleissen, O.N. glita, to glitter, A.S. glisian, M.E. glisien , to shine, M.E.glissen, to glance, O.H.G. glizu, O. Sax. glitu, o.N. glit, lustre, O.H.G.glizzinon, A.S. glisnian, M.E. glisnen, glistnen, N.E. glisten, M.H.G.glitzern, O.N. glitra, M.E. gliteren, N.E. glitter; Du. glei-pot, a potmade ofglazed ware, a gallipot; O.H.G. gleimo, M.H.G. gleime, a glowworm, glim, a spark, O. Sax. gli-mo, A.S. glæm, gliomo, *glimu, brightness, M.E. glem, a beam, gleam, O.N. glamr, poetic namefor the moon,²M.H.G. glimen, glimmen, to give light, M.E. glemen, gleamen, to gleam,M.H.G. glimeren, Swed. glimra, M.E. glemeren, glimeren, to glimmer,M.E. glimse, N.E. glimpse; A.S. glōm,3 twilight, gloom (cp. gliomo,glimu, brightness) , glomung, twilight, the gloaming, M.E. glomen, glommen, to look gloomy, to frown, L.G. glumm, glum, glumpy; 0. and N.H.G.glas, O.N. gler, O. Sax. gles, a.s. glæs , glass, A.S. glær, amber (all fromglæs- [in glæs-um] , O.N. gler, A.S. glær, having changed s to r); o.n.glæsa, to polish, make to shine, M.H.G. glasen, M.E. glasen, to furnishwith glass, to polish, cover pottery with a vitreous coating, L.G. andM.H.G. glaren, to glitter, O.N. glær (adj . glaring) , M.E. glären, gloren,4' The initial g in these words requires a Eur-Ar. gh- or ĝh-, and is against an immediate connection with either the Teutonic or Celtic names for coal found under✔ğuel, to set on fire, but if a variant ✔ğhuel be admitted, as regards their sense thewords glow, gleed , would more fitly fall under it.2 Glamour, a delusion , has been derived from O.N. glamr, but it is a corruption ofM.E. gramere, grammery, used with the sense of magic, enchantment.The contradiction of the two senses is apparent rather than real: as comparedwith the darkness of the night, A.S. glom means the dawn of the light, but when compared with the full light of the day it means a darkening. In modern Englishgloom is generally used only in the latter sense.' Skeat derives ‘ gloss , ' a shiny appearance, from an O.N. glossi, a blaze ( not givenin Cleasby and Vigfusson), which he connects with Swed. gloa, to glow. ' Gloat,' tolook eagerly, admiringly, he derives from O.N. glotta, to grin, smile scornfully, whichhe compares with Swed. ( Dial. ) , glotta, glutta, to peep, and quotes Beaumont andFletcher, ' He glotes [ stares] and grins and bites, ' and Chapman's Translation ofHomer, Gloating [peeping] round her rock.' The Century Dict. derives Eng. glossand gloze from L. Lat. glossare, to explain, Ital. glosare, Prov. glozar, O.F. gloser,glosser, M.E. glosen ( s. s. ) , formed upon L. Lat. glossa (cp. Gk. yλŵtta, yλwooa, thetongue, a language) , and quotes from Chaucer, ' I cannot glose: I am a rude man,'and from Chapman's All Fools, A doting mother glozes over her children'simperfections.'EUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 359N.E. glare, to stare; O.H.G. glanz (adj . ) , shining, N.H.G. glanz (subs. ),brightness, splendour, O. Swed. glans, lustre, O.H.G. glenzen, N.H.G.glänzen, O. Swed. glänsa, Dan. glindse, M.H.G. glinzen, M.E. glenten,glinten, to shine, glance; 0.H.G. glat, shining, merry, N.H.G. glatt,polished, smooth, O.N. glad-r, Swed. and Dan. glad, merry, bright,O. Sax. glad-mōd, in merry humour, O. Fris. gled, smooth, a.s. glæd,bright, joyful, M.E. glad, gled, smooth, glad, N.E. glad, merry, N.E. glade,a smooth open place in a wood; O.N. gledja, A.S. gladian, to gladden ,O.H.G. glitan, N.H.G. gleiten, O. Sax. and A.S. glidan, O. Fris. glida,to move smoothly, to glide, slip, A.S. glida, O.N. gledha, M.E. glede, ɑkite (perhaps so called from its gliding flight without any movementof the wings?); Gledstane, a rock frequented by kites (Scot.) , O. Du.glitsen, glissen, to slide, M.L.G. glitschen (s.s.) .L. Latin and Romance, o.F. glichier, N.F. glisser, to slide, N.F.glissade, a sliding, a slide.Celtic . Macbain refers to the same root as Eng. gleam, glance,&c. , Gael. and Ir. glinn, pretty, with O. Ir. gle, Wel. gloew, bright,Gael. and N. Ir. gleus, O. Ir. gles, neatness (for these see under√ğel-); either root may be accepted, as regards both form and meaning, for the Celtic, but ghlē is required for the Teutonic words,glow, glee, glitter, &c.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, glaucoma, a kind ofcataract, glaucous, greyish blue.Teutonic, glee (joy, a song), glee-man, glee-singer, glow, glowworm, gleed, glitter, gallipot, glisten, glim, ' gleam, glimmer, glimpse,gloom, gloomy, -iness, glum, glumpy, gloaming; glass, glassy, -iness,glaze, glazier, glare, glower, gloss (?) , gloat (?) , glance, glint, glad,-ness, -den, glide, gled (a kite) , Gledstane, Gladstone (prop. n. ).L. Latin and Romance, glissade.Eur-Ar. √GHED √GHEDH , to be eager or busy, strive after, succeed,to be suitable, fit, bring together.Sanscrit, ghad-, in ghad-ate, to be employed upon, strive after,succeed, meet, suit, ghad-ayati (caus. , p. p. ghad-itas), to collect, unite,effect; ghadā, a multitude, ghadana, union with.Greek, ya0-, in ȧ- yalós² (with prothetic ȧ-), good (originally of1 Cp. the once common expression ' dowse the glim ' for ' put out the light.'2 This is by no means established; Kluge regards it as doubtful. Prellwitz(Gk. Etym. Dict. ) accepts it. The combination aya- js found in ǎyav, very, very much,360 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.GHEDGHEDHgood family, well-born) , useful, serviceable, found in the first memberofthe composition of personal names, as ’Aya¤o-xλĤs, &c.Balto-Slav. , god-, in O. Slav. godu, fit time, Russ. godno, suitable,O. Slav. goditi, to suit, please, Lith. gadnus, profitable, Lith. gadas,uniting.Teutonic, Goth. gōds, O.H.G. guot, N.H.G. gut, O.N. godr, A.s. gōd,good, A.S. gōdnes, goodness, M.E. gode-man, goodman, house-master,M.H.G. gate, gegate, O. Sax. gigado, A.S. gada, gegata, companion,fellow, equal, N.H.G. gatte, Du. gade, husband, consort, Goth. gadiliggs, cousin, O.H.G. gatulinc, gatilinc, O. Sax. gaduling, kinsman,companion, A.S. gædeling, M.E. gadeling, gadling, one of the samefamily or tribe, a fellow, comrade, O. Sax. gador, A.S. geador, gædre,to-gædre, M.E. gader, geder, to-geder, N.E. together; A.S. gador-ian,gadrian, gædrian, M.H.G. gateren, L.G. gadern, M.E. gaderen, gederen,to gather, collect, L.G. vergadern, to foregather.Celtic, Gael. gasda, excellent, Ir. gasda, clever, ingenious.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Agatha, Agatho- cles, &c.Teutonic, good-ness, goodman, goody (perhaps an abbreviation ofgood-wife), goodly, -iness; gather, together, forgather, gathering, Gatling (surname).aya-0ís, a ball ofthread, a quantity, ayd- λλw, make glorious, ȧyd-Coµai, to honour, adore,ἄγαμαι, ἀγάσομαι, to admire, wonder at. Brugmann connects ἀγα- in ἄγαμαι, ἄγαν withμeya- great, and regards it as corresponding to Eur-Ar. mge (cp. Lat. emo =nmofrom Eur-Ar. veµ-; byapai, åɣáλ^w, &c. , would mean to regard as great, to honour, andàyalós, great, honourable (from ¿ya, or µeya, + -Bos, a suffix form from ✔dhe-).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 361Ğ.Eur-Ar. √õE- VÕEȚ-, be bright, shining, cheerful.Sanscrit, gau-, in gau-ras, white, light yellow, brilliant.Greek, ya-, yaF-, in yavós, brightness, ya- vów, to make bright,yávvμai, to be glad, yalw (for yafiw), to rejoice, ynéw (for yaF-ε0éw) ,to be glad, yaûpos, proud.Latin, gau-, gav-, in gau-dere (for gavidere), p. p. gavīsus (forgavid-sus), to rejoice (cp. yn0éw for yaƑ-ɛ0éw), gaudium, joy, gaudialis(post-class. ), Gaude, imp. of gaudere, ' rejoice thou,' gaude, or gaudyday, a college feast, a festival.1L. Latin and Romance, Ital. godere, Prov. gaudir, gauzir, jauzir, o.F.goir, joir, M.E. joen, joien, joye, N.E.joy (vb. ) , N.F. jouir (Lat. gaudere) ,Prov. es-gauzir, o.F. es-joir, M.E. enjoien, to make joyful, o.F. res-joir(=re-es-joir), pr. p. rejoissant, M.E. rejoissen, N.E. rejoice; Ital . gioia,Prov. joi, o.F. and M.E. joie, joye, N.E. joy, Span. and Port. joya, joia ¹(from Lat. gaudium); Ital. gioiello, Prov. joyel, joel, O.F. joiel, joel,jouel, M.E. jowel, juelle, juwel, N.E. jewel (L. Lat. *gaudiellum 2) ,M.E. gaude, gaudi (Scot. gowdy, gaude) , a jewel, beads on a rosary, fr.L. Lat. gaudia (pl . ) , the Ave Maria beads on a rosary, sometimes madeof precious stone or highly ornamented. In the cheaper rosaries theAve Maria beads were made of showy colours; gaud (subs. ) and' The Spanish and Portuguese words mean exclusively jewels, ornaments; Italianand Provençal, both jewel and joy; French and English, exclusivelyjoy.2 This is the derivation preferred by Diez and Scheler. Brachet gives ' jocale '(a late Lat. word found in Gregory of Tours, with sense of ' jewel ') as the equivalentof Prov. joyel, Fr. joyel, Ital. gioiella, with the sense of jewel,' and in this view he issupported by Körting. Phonetically it seems preferable to refer these words togaudium, *gaudiellum, as Lat. focale, which so closely corresponds with jocale, givesO.F. fouaille, fuel, fouaillier, a woodyard, also feu; cp. also F. jouir = gaudēre, jou- er=jocare, jeu=jocus.3 Cp. extract from a will, 1415 A.D.: Lego avunculo meo unum par de Paternoster [i.e. one pair of rosaries] de curallo [ coral] cum gaudiis [the Ave Mariabeads] de ambre [amber] , et unum par de Paternoster de auro cum gaudiis de curallo. 'Also Chaucer, ' a pair of bedes gauded al with grene,' perhaps adorned with greenAve Maria beads, or all ornamented with green.362 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.gaudy (adj . ) thus became applied to cheap splendour and showycolours.Teutonic, O.H.G. jubel, juwel (loan-words from o.f.) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, Gaude, gaudy, college feast.L. Latin and Romance, joy, -ful , -ous, -less, enjoy, -ment, -able,rejoice, jewel, jeweller, jewelry, gaud, gaudy, -iness. 'Eur-Ar. VGEUS , to be pleased with, prefer, choose, resolve upon.Sanscrit, josh-, in jōsh-ate, likes, chooses, joshtas, approved, acceptable, jush-ti, favour, choice, jōsh-ayate (caus. ) , like, love, choose, joshtar,friendly.Zend, zaosh-, in zaosha, pleasure, approval, O. Pers. dausta, N.Pers. dost, a friend (by change of z to d).Greek, yɛʊ-, yɛvo-, in yɛú-w, to give a taste of, yɛúoμai, to taste,make trial of, relish, yeûois, the sense of taste, yɛvotós, to be tasted.Latin, gus-, in gus-tare, 2 to taste, relish, enjoy, gustus, a relish,gustatio, a tasting, degustare, to taste, lick, touch lightly, test.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. gustare, Prov. gostar, o.F. goster,gouster, N.F. goûter, to taste , Ital. gusto, Prov. gost, o.F. gost, goust,N.F. goût, taste (subs. ) , M.E. and N.E. (early) gust, taste, now displacedby Ital. gusto; o.F. desgouster, N.F. dégoûter, to have or cause a distaste, N.F. ragoûter (=re +agoûter =Lat. re +ad +gustare), to refreshthe appetite, ragoût, an appetising dish, O. Ital. ciausire, Prov. causir,chausir, O.F. coisir, choisir, to choose (from Goth. kausjan, to prove, test),O.F. chois, M.E. chois, choys, N.F. choix, N.E. choice.Teutonic, kius-, kus-, in Goth. kiusan, O.H.G. chiosan, N.H.G. kiesen,O.N. kjosa, A.S. ceosan, M.E. cheosen, chiesen, chesen, chusen, N.E. choose.In the older Teutonic forms the change from sto r (rhotacism) occursin the p. t. and p. p.: e.g. o.н.G. kōs (p. t. ) , kuri (2nd sing.) , kur-um(pl. ) , koran (p. p.), A.S. ceas (p. t. ) , cure (2nd sing.) , curom (pl. ) ,coren (p. p.) , M.E. cheas, chēs (p. t. ) , cure (2nd sing.) , curen (pl. ) ,¹ Gay, merry, bright ( Ital. gajo, Prov. and O.F. gai, with s. s., has been connected with Lat. gaudere (see Trench); but Kluge and Diez refer it to O.H.G. gāhi,N.H.G. jäh, gähe, rash, hasty, sudden. Skeat seems to connect gahi with O.H.G.gan, to go, which Kluge rejects as impossible.² Probably a frequentative form of an older *gus- ere. Festus cites a degūnere,to taste (for de- gus- nere) .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 363coren (p. p. )."These forms in r, although retained in S.W. dialects, as corn, core, so late as the 15th cent. passed over in Englishto the s forms, and ' cure, corn,' became chose, chosen, ' through intermediate ' chure, choren.' O.H.G. churi, N.H.G. chur, kur, O.N. kör, keyr,A.S. cyre, M.E. kire, küre, choice, election; M.H.G. kurvürste, N.H.G. kurfürst, an electoral prince; Goth. kausjan, to prove, test (from kaus, p. t.of kiusan) , Goth. kustus, gakustis, O.H.G. chost, N.H.G. kost, O.N. kostr,A.S. and M.E. cost, (orig.) choice, proof, trial, (later) opportunity, availableway, condition (cp. A.s. an ænigum coste, at any cost,' now equivalentto at any price, but earlier sense on any condition, ' by every available means.' O.H.G. choston, N.H.G. kosten, A.S. costian, to maketrial of; O.N. val-kyrja (fr. kjosa, to choose) . A.S. wæl-cyrie, N.H.G.walküre, choosers of the slain, a name given to the handmaidens ofOdin who were supposed to mark out those who should fall in battle(see p. 152, note 2).6 66Celtic, Ir. gu-, gus, in to-gu, I choose, ad-gussim, I wish, Ir. to-gu ,choice (Fick), Gael. gusair, keen, strong, from gus, force: root gu-, tochoose (Macbain).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, gust (thr. o.F.) , a relish, gustatory.L. Latin and Romance, gusto, disgust, ragout, choice (adj . andsubs.).Teutonic, choose, chosen, cost, ' in the expression at any cost '; perhaps Eng. cheese in the phrase ' that's the cheese.' 2Eur-Ar. VGEN- VGNO , to know, understand, be able.Sanscrit, jan-, jnā-, in jan- ati , he knows, jan-ta, jnāta, known.Zend, zan-, in ā-zainti, knowledge, zan-ta, known.Armenian, can-, in can-eay, I knew.Greek, γνο-, γνω-, in γι- γνώ-σκω (fut. γνώ-σομαι, aor. ἔ-γνω-ν),to know, γνωτός, known, γνῶσις, knowledge, γνωστικός, scientific,yvá-pwv, the index of a sundial, yvóμn, a maxim, opinion, used by' Cost (vb. ) , meaning price, is from O.F. coster = Ital. costare, Lat. constare.2 The ordinary derivation of this word is from Hindustani chiz, a thing, used instead of Eng. thing, in the phrase ' that's the thing, ' and spelt cheese. As this expression seems to date only from the beginning of the nineteenth century, this is veryprobable; but the word chese, cheese, may be an English doublet, from A.S. cheosan,of the M.E. chois, from O.F. chois, and the expression that's the thing ' beequivalent to ' that's the choice ' (?).364 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√GEN-✔GNOParacelsus as the spirit or intelligence underlying the forces ofnature;Siáyvwois, discernment, πρóуvwσis, foresight, πрoyvwoτikós, portending, foreshowing, ä-yvota, ignorance, åyvwotikós, not knowing; vóos,voûs (=[y]vóos) , the mind, peravoéw, to perceive afterwards, changethe mind, μɛtávoia, repentance, voúμɛvov, the object of thought, in contrast with the pawóμɛvov, the object of sensation.Latin, gno- gna-, in noscere ( = [g] noscere), nõvi, nōtum, to know,nōtus (p.p.) , known, ignotus, unknown, nota, a mark, notare, to note,notatio, a noting, notarius, a shorthand writer, secretary, notio, amaking oneself acquainted with, examination, an idea, notion, notitia, abeing known, celebrity , notabilis, remarkable, nobilis, noble, ignobilis,ignoble, notorius (making known, notoria, a notice) , notificare, tomake known; nōmen (= [g]nomen), a name, nominare, to name,nominatio, a naming, nominalis , of or relating to a name, nominativus,(adj .) s.s. , (subs. ) the nominative case, nomenclator, a name-caller, aslave who accompanied his master when canvassing to tell him thenames of the persons he met; pronomen, pronoun (substitute for thenoun); prænomen, cognomen, agnomen; agnoscere, to know well,acknowledge, agnitio, an admission, cognoscere, to understand, examine,cognitus, known, cognitio, the acquiring knowledge, incognitus, unknown,ignoscere, to overlook, pardon, recognoscere, to recognise, recognitus, -io;annotare, to remark upon, annotatio, a making notes, denotare, to designate, denote, denominare, to specify, denominate, ignominia, disgrace ,ignominiosus, disgraced, ignorare, not to know, ignore, ignorans, -tia;gnā-rus, knowing, ignarus, ignorant, narrare ( = *gnarare, or contractedfrom gnarigare: cp. gnarigavit, Paul. ex Fest. p. 95 , Müller) , to relate,narrator, -io, nuncupare ( =*nomencapere) , to call by name; gnomon,gnosticus, Gk. loan-words.21L. Latin and Romance, F. gnome, an earth-spirit, supposed to workin and guard over mines, quarries, &c.; F. note, notice, notaire, notable,notifier (Lat. notificare) , Ital. nobile, Prov. o.F. and M.E. noble, Ital .ignobile, Prov. O.F. and M.E.ignoble, O. Span. nomne, N. Span. nombre,Ital. nome, Prov. nom, o.F. non, noun, N.F. nom, a name, noun, O.F.' These, together with the nomen, make up the four kinds of Roman names. The prænomen (fore name) is equivalent to the modern Christian name, as Caius, Marcus,&c. The nomenis the name of the gens, equivalent to the modern surname, as Julius,Cornelius, &c. The cognomen is added to the nomen as a distinctive personal name,afterwards continued as a family name, as Cato, Scipio, &c. The agnomen is anaddition to the cognomen, given for some special reason, often as an honour, as Africanus, Numantius , &c. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus is an instance in full of the four kinds of name.2 Norma, a carpenter's square, a rule, pattern, is held by some to be a Greek loanword = yvúpua, but doubtfully.EUR- ARYAN ROOTS. 365renon, renoun, later renom, M.E. renoun, renown, fame; F. and M.E. VGENnominatif, L. Lat. form *cognoscentia, as from cognoscens, Ital. √GNOconoscenza, Prov. conoissenza, O.F. conoissance (from conoissant, pr. p .ofconoistre, to know) , M.E. conoissaunce, conisaunce, N.E. cognisance,knowledge, (as legal term) the right of trying a cause, jurisdiction,(heraldic) a device by which a person is distinguished, a coat of arms,crest, N.F. connaissance, knowledge, O.F. and M.E. connoisseur, N.F. connaisseur, one who knows, a connoisseur, O.F. reconnoistre, reconnoitre,N.F. reconnoitre, to take a survey (military term only in N.E.) , Ital.conto (Dante, contract. form of cognito) , known, aware of, skilled,Prov. cointe, coinde, acquainted with, also skilfully wrought, O.F. cointe,M.E. cointe, coynt, cwoint, queint, N.E. quaint, clever, skilful, cleverlydone, neat, comely, fanciful, Prov. coindar, O.F. cointier (as from *cognitare), to make known to, M.E. cointen, quainten, teach, make aware of,O.F. acoentier, acointier, acuintier, acointer, M.E. acointen, aquainten,to make oneself known to, to become acquainted, N.F. s'accointer, tobecome intimate with (from adcognitare ¹ ); F. ignominie, denoter,ignorer, Ital. ignoranza, Prov. ignoransa, O.F. and M.E. ignorance.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. znati, to known, Lith. žin-oti, to know, Lith.žen-klas, a sign, mark, žin-tis, knowledge, O. Slav. zname, a sign,mark.Teutonic, kan-, knā-, in Goth. kunnan, O.H.G. chunnan, N.H.G.können, O.N. kunna, A.S. cunnan, M.E. cunnan, connen; in all these thepres. t. is ' kann ' or ' can, ' with senses to understand, be able; used as anindependent verb in M.E. and A.S. the meaning is know: as an auxiliary,can. The p. p. is, Goth. kunths, O.H.G. chund, O.N. kunnað, A.S.cudh, O. Sax. kudh and kund, M.E. cuth, couth, cowd, known, able,M.E. coud, coude, could. Goth. kannjan, A.S. cennan, to make known,O.H.G. chennen, N.H.G. kennen, to know, O.N. kenna, to make knownand to know, O.H.G. chnaan (in ir-chnāan) , A.S. cnawan, p. t. cneow,knāwen, M.E. knawen, cnawen, N.E. to know, O.N. (knega) , pr. kna,Iknow how to do, can; O.H.G. chuoni, N.H.G. kühn, O.N. koenn, A.S.cene, bold, ready, sharp, wary, M.E. knawliche, knawleche ( = p. p.·Found in a Capitulary of Charles the Bald, A.D. 856: Et habet ... fideles suosconvocatos ut . . . nostram qui fideles illius sumus ... devotionem accognitet '; cp.Hincmar, Opuscula, A.D. 848: Quarum exemplar Dominationi vestræ transmitto, ut... ad aliquem diem jubeatis fideles vestros ... dicentes quia eis adcognitare vultis. 'Accogn(i)tare contracted to accogn'tare = acointer. But although quaint andacquaint are undoubtedly derived from cognitare, adcognitare, yet quaint = O.F. coint may have acquired its second sense of neat, nice, ' from a confusion with Lat.comptus.2 The 1 in N.E. could is not radical, but inserted on the analogy of would, should ,in both of which the 1 is radical .366 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.knaw[en] +O.N. leiki, leikr, or a.s. lāc, M.E. lake, play, a game), n.e.knowledge, M.E. cnawlechen, knowlechen, to knowledge, acknowledge;o. and N.H.G. kunst, O. Sax. cunsti, knowledge, cleverness, art, a.s.cunning, M.E. cunninge, pres. p. of cunnen (lit. knowing) , ability, skill,shrewdness; A.S. uncuth, M.E. uncuth, uncothe, unketh, unknown,strange, N.E. unked, lonely, dreary.Celtic, Ir. gnath, Wel. gnawd, a custom, Ir. gnathus, experience,gnia, knowledge, O. Ir. ad-gein (perf.) , knew, Gael. and Ir. gniomh, adeed, Gael. and Ir. gnothach, business.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Gnostics, an early sect of heretics, Agnostic, a modern sect,holding that God is unknown and unknowable, gnomon, gnome (thr. F.) ,diagnosis, prognostic, -icate; nous, good sense, noumenon.Latin, notation, -ble, notorious, -iety, nominate, -ion, denominate,-ion, -or, nominal, notion, nomenclature; cognition, cognise (a madeword), cogniseable, recognise, ¹ recognition, cognosce (Scot. law term);annotate, -ion, -or, connotation; ignominious, ignorant, -ce, ignoramus;narrate, -ion, -ive, -or; nuncupative, -ory, notification; pronominal;nob (contracted form of nobilis) , nobly.L. Latin and Romance, note, annote, denote, connote, notice, -able,notary, notify, noble, -ity, ignoble, -ity, ennoble, nobleman, -ness;noun, pronoun, renoun; ignominy, ignore; cognisant, -ce, connoisseur,reconnoitre, recognisance; quaint, -ness, acquaint, -ance.Teutonic, cunning, con, to know, Canning (surname), could, couthly,uncouth (unknown, strange, unskilful), unked, dial . (wild, desolate);ken, canny (Scot. ) , keen, -ness, Conrad , pers. n. (keen in counsel) , know,knowledge, acknowledge, -ment.Eur-Ar. GENU- GNŲ-, knee.Sanscrit, jānu, knee, pra-jnu, with the knees forward, kneeling, jnubadh, bending the knee.Zend, zanva (acc. pl. ghnum), fra-shnu, kneeling.Armenian, cunr, the knee.Albanian, gu (guri, guni) , the knee.Greek, γόνυ (gen. γόνατος, Ion. γούνατος =γόνα-τος), the knee,Or formed as from F. cognisance.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 367the joint in grasses, yvúğ, with bended knee, yvÚTETOS, falling on theknees.Latin, genu, the knee, knee-joint, knot or joint in a plant, geniculum (dim.) , knee, joint of a plant, geniculare, to kneel, geniculatio,kneeling, geniculatus, knotted, ofa plant (post-class. ), genuflexio, bendingthe knee.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. ginocchio, Prov. genolh-s, o.F.genouil, N.F. genou, knee (as from a L. Lat. genuculum -geniculum) .Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. gneta, to knead, press, O. Pruss. gnode, Russ.gnetu, a kneading-trough.Teutonic, Goth. kniu (gen. kniuis), O.H.G. chniu, chneo (gen.chnewes, chniwes), N.H.G. knie, O.N. knē, a.s. cneo (gen. cneowes) ,M.E. cneo, cne, N.E. knee, Dan. knæle, L.G. knelen, M.E. cneolen,cnelen, A.S. cneovian, O.H.G. kniujan, M.H.G. kniewen, N.H.G. knien,Goth. knussjan, A.S. cnyssan, to kneel, O.H.G. chnetan, N.H.G. kneten,O.N. knodan, knyja, A.S. knedan, M.E. kneden, N.E. knead.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. glun, Wel. and Bret. glin, the knee, perhapsfor gnun, by dissimilation of the liquids (Macbain) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, genuflexion, genuflection (thr. N.F.) , geniculate.Teutonic, knee, kneel, knead.¹Eur-Ar. √GEN- √ÕEN-U´, chin, jaw.Sanscrit, han-, in han-u-, the jawbone.Greek, yév-, in yévvs, lower jaw, the edge of an axe, yévɛɩov, the chin,the beard, (in Aristotle) the lower jaw.Latin, gen-, genu-, in gena, cheek, genuinus, in ' genuini dentes,'the back (i.e. the cheek) teeth, gin-givæ ( = gin-genvæ) , the gums.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. gan-ascia, F. ganache, the lower jawof a horse, then dunce.2Teutonic, kin-, kinn- (for kinv-) , in Goth. kinnus , O.H.G. chinni,N.H.G. kinn, chin, O.N. kinn, cheek, A.S. cin, chin, O.H.G. chinni-baccho,jawbone, A.S. cin-ban, chin-bone.It is uncertain whether N.H.G. knocken, bone, knöchel, A.S. cnucl, ME. knokel,ajoint, knuckle, may be connected with GNU ( extended by -G-). If so, the originalsense must have been special (the knee- bone or knee-joint).2 So Diez and Brachet, but W. Meyer refers it to the same origin as yvábos (secfollowing root).368 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Celtic, gin-, in Ir. gin, mouth, a gum (gen. geno, acc. pl. ginu) ,Wel. gen, chin, Corn. genau, mouth, Bret. guen, cheek.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, chin, chin-bone, chin-cough.Eur-Ar. √GEN-D- √ĞEN-DH-, cheek, cheek-bone, a knot, a knob, withvariant √ĞNE-D- √ỠNOD-.Sanscrit, gand-, in gandas, a cheek, a knot.Greek, yva- (for yave-, by transposition of the nasal), in yváðos,poet. yvaðµós, a jaw, the point or edge of a wedge, Tváłwv, Gnatho,the name ofa parasite in Greek and Latin comedy.Latin, nod- ( =gnod-) , in nodus, a knot, a knob, nodulus (dim. ), anodule, nodosus, knotty.Balto-Slav. , Lith. gand-as, jaw, Russ. knutu, a knot, knotted lash.Teutonic, knod-, knot-, in O.H.G. chnod-o, chnot-o, N.H.G. knoten,L.G. cnudde, cnu*tte, O.N. knutr, A.S. cnotta, M.E. cnotte, N.E. knot, O.N.knuta (f. ), knuckle-bone, A.S. cnyttan, L.G. knütten, O.N. knyta, to knit,knot.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, pro-gnathous, with projecting jaw, compounds of gnatho-,Gnatho, a comic name.Latin, node, nodule, nodose, nodulate, -ion.Balto-Slav. , knout.Teutonic, knot, knotty, -iness, knot-grass, knit, well-knit, knead.Eur-Ar. VõEBH- √GEMBH , to snap at, seize withthe mouth, bite,devour.Sanscrit, jabh-, jambh-, in jambhati, to bite, seize with the mouth,destroy, tear to pieces, &c. , jambhayate, crush, devour, jambhas, atooth, jambhyas, a molar tooth (cp. Gk. yoµpíos) , jabh-asti, a fork,pole.Zend, zaf-, in zafan, mouth, jaws.Greek, yoµp-, in yóµpos, plug or nail (orig. perhaps a back tooth),youpíos, a molar tooth, edge of an axe, tooth of a key, yoμpíaois,toothache, gnashing of teeth, yaµpaí, yaµpŋλaí, the jaws.Balto-Slav. , Lith. žamba, mouth (of a beast), Lith. žeboti, to control by bit or bridle, O. Slav. zabu, tooth, O. Slav. zobati, to eat.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 369Teutonic, O.H.G. chamb, N.H.G. kamm, O.N. kambr, A.S. comb, M.E. √GEBHcamb, comb, N.E. comb; o.H.G. chemben, N.H.G. kämmen, O.N. kemba, GEMBHA.S. Cemban, to comb; o.N. kjaptr, kjoptr, Dan. kämsa, to chew, M.E.champe; M.E. chaft, chafts, N.E. chaps, chops; A.S. ceafl, Du. kevel ,M.H.G. kiver, N.H.G. kiefer, ² jaw ( spec. of a beast) , M.E. chavel, chaul,choul, N.E. chaul, jowl, jaw, cheek, O.H.G. chevar, M.H.G. kever, N.H.G.käfer, A.S. ceafor, ceafar, a beetle, M.E. chafer, chaffer (now only usedin co*ckchafer, rosechafer) , lit. the gnawer, from an old Teutonic verbalform , with sense of gnaw (cp . M.H.G. kifen, kiffen, to gnaw); A.S. ceaf,M.E. chaf, chaff, caf, Du. and M.H.G. kaf, chaff, the husks threshed fromthe grain, cut straw; O.H.G. gabala, N.H.G. gabel, A.S. geaful (rare) , M.E.gabele, gabel, O.N. gaffel, a fork, M.H.G. gabilōt, a spear (borrowedfrom Celtic).3Celtic, Gael. gobhar, O. Ir. gabor, N. Ir. gabhar, Wel. gafr, Bret.gabr, a goat, the gnawer¹ (?) , O. Ir. gabul, N. Ir. gabhal, Wel. gafl, afork, a branch, the groin, Ir. gaf, gafa, a hook, Gael. and Ir. gab, gob,the mouth, the beak of a bird. Gael. gobha, gobhain, O. Ir. goba, N. Ir.gobha, O. Wel. gob, N. Wel. and Corn. gof, Bret. go, a smith, arereferred to this root by Windisch (see Marbain, p. 180); anotherderivation of these words is from faber, as from a root gheb-, or ghob-:but faber is generally referred to dhe-. Wel. gaflach, a.s. gafeluc,M.E. gavelock, a spear.L. Latin and Romance (from Celtic thr. Teutonic), F. gable, thegable of a house, O.F. gaffe, an iron hook, O.F. gob, a gulp, mouthful,O.F. gobet, goubet (dim. ) , M.E. gobbet, gobet, a mouthful, a lump, o.F.gober, to take large mouthfuls (all from Celtic gob); Ital. giavelotto,from M.H.G. gabilot, O.F. javelot, javelin.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, comb, -comb in honey-comb, cox-comb (from A.S.); champ(of horses biting the bit), chafer, in co*ck-chafer, chaul, jowl (A.S.),chaps, chops (O.N. kjaptr), chaff, chaffinch (the ' chaff-bird, ' that picksthe grain from the chaff at the door of the barn) , gable (Celtic loanword); kempt, unkempt (fr. A.S. cemban) .The primary meaning of the Teutonic word is ' an instrument with teeth.' SeeKluge, Etym. Dict. under Kamm.'2 N.H.G. kiefer, a pine-tree, is from another source, and probably a shortenedform of kien-föhre, a pine-fir, of which in the Bohemian dialect an intermediateform kim-fer is found. (See Kluge under 2 Kiefer. )•' Kluge seems to favour this explanation (see his Dict. under Gabel '); foranother derivation of the Celtic words, see under ✔qhebh-, p. 178, note 2.• Macbain derives this from gabh-, to take, as caper, capra from capio, but with aquery. Stokes connects with geamradh, winter, i.e. a year- old goat. The derivation,therefore, of these words must be regarded as doubtful.BB370 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Celtic, gaff (thr. O.F.) , gable, gavelock, javelin, perhaps gab, thegift of the gab, or from O.N. gabba, to mock, jest '; gob, gobbet, a mouthful, gobble; the surname Gow, Gowan, Gower (from Gael. gobha, orWel. and Corn. gof) .Eur-Ar. VER, to wear away, rub, grind, decay, shrivel, grow old.Sanscrit, jar-, in jar-ati , wears out, withers , jarant-as (pr. p.) ,brittle, decaying, growing old, (as subs. ) an old man (cp. Gk. yépwv,yépovt- os, an old man) , jar-as, old age, jar-jar-as, shrivelled, jar-ayati(caus.), wears away, consumes, jarayas , slough of a snake.Zend, zaur-, in zaurva, old age.Armenian, cer, an old man.Greek, γερ-, γηρ-, in γέρων, -οντος, an old man, γεργέρ-ιμος, shrivelling, said of ripening olives (cp. Sans. jar-jar-as), ynрáσкw, to growold, yĥpas, old age, the old cast skin ofa serpent, ypaûs, an old woman,the film or cream that forms on milk (cp . o.N. kjarne, cream), ȧyýpaTOs, undecaying, ȧyýpatov, an aromatic plant, yûpıs, fine flour.Latin, gra-, in gra-num, grain, seed, granulum (dim. ), a granule,granarium, a granary, also granaria (pl. used in sing. sense) , granatus,full ofgrains.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. grano, grain, grana, cochineal, Prov.gran-s, grain, grana, cochineal, O.F. grain, grein, grain, graine, cochineal,M.E. grain, grein, grain, graine, greine, .scarlet colour, the cochineal dye(' scarlet ingreyne ' = ' dyed scarlet '), L. Lat. granica, granea, Prov.granja, O.F. grange, M.E. graunge, grange, a barn, threshing floor, N.E.grange, afarm house, orig. used of the farm-building of a monastery;Ital. granaro, granajo, Prov. granier, O.F. grenier, gernier, M.E. grenier,gernier, gerner, N.E. garner, L. Lat. granicarius, grangiarius, grangerius, o.F. grangier, the servant or monk in charge of the grange, N.E.Grainger (surname); Ital. granato, O.F. granat, granet (Lat. granatum),M.E. grenat, gernet, N.E. garnet, a precious stone (so-called from itsresemblance to a pomegranate seed) , O.F. pome-grenate, M.E. pomegarnet, N.E. pomegranate (Lat. pomum granatum); Ital . granatella,Span. granadilla, the edible fruit of the passion-flower (so called fromits many seeds) , Ital. granire, to granulate, Ital . granito, granulated,granite, O.F. granit, granite (from its looking as though composed ofThe connection of O.N. gabba, to jest, Ital. gabbo, ajoke, with Celtic gab, gob,the mouth, is not established. Lat. gobius, gobio, O. Ital. gobione, O.F. and M.E. gojon,N.F. goujon, N.E. gudgeon, might perhaps be referred to Celtic gob, but for GreekKwẞiós, a gudgeon or tench.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 371grains), Span. granado, O.F. grenade, a missilefilled with shot and gunpowder, and fitted with afuse, thrown by hand or dischargedfrom a gun,Ital. granatiere, O.F. grenadier, the soldier who discharged the grenade.The tallest and strongest men of the regiment were chosen for theduty, and called the grenadier company.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. zre-ja, to ripen, zrino, zruno, grain, Lith.žirnis, pease, Russ. zerno, grain.Teutonic, O.H.G. kërno, N.H.G. kern, O.N. kjarne, A.S. cyrnal (dim. ) ,a kernel, O.N. kirna, Du. kern, carn, A.S. *cyrne (not found, but cyrnan,to churn), M.E. chirne, kirne, N.E. churn (cp. M.H.G. kerne, Dial . kern;O.N. kjarne denotes the best of anything, (of milk) the cream; ¹ Goth.kaurn, O.H.G. chorn, N.H.G. korn, O.N. korn, A.S. and N.E. corn,a single grain, grain, M.E. cornmudgin, a corn merchant (usedby Holinshed as translation of Lat. ' frumentarius,' corn dealer) ,a compound word =corn + *mudge, *muche, an obsolete verb, butfound in subs. muchares, skulking thieves, and derived from an O.F.muchier, mucher, muscer, explained by Cotgrave as ' to hide, conceal,hoard up;' Wedgewood quotes the o.F. version of Prov. xi. 26, 'Cilqe musce 2 les furmens,' he that withholdeth the corn. See Skeat under' curmudgeon,' which he considers a corruption of corn-mudgin, andto mean ' a withholder of corn,' from M.E. muchen, obs. but micher,miching, are found in Shakespear with sense of truant, playing thetruant.Celtic, Ir. gran, Wel. grawn (pl. ), sing. gronyn, Corn. gronen,Bret. greun-enn, a grain, a corn, O. Ir. grainne, a little grain, Ir.grainseach, grange, farm, grainseoir, an overseer, a granger (perhapsloan-words), grainthe, hoariness; Gael. grinneal, bottom ofthe sea, gravel,Ir. grinniol, bed of the sea, sea-bottom, sand ofthe sea.³ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, ageratum, name ofa flower.Latin, granule, -ate, -ation, granary.L. Latin and Romance, grain (in all its senses), engrain, grange,¹ Kluge suggests as probable a Teutonic base * kerno- = cream, for the O.N. kirna,A.S. cyrnan, to churn, i.e. to extract butter from the milk.2 /men-, to close the lips or eyes, cp. Gk. µów, μvorhρiov, mystery, μvwπla, shortsight, Lat mutus, mute, Eng. mutter, &c..✔gh-, to grind, and ✔ğer-, to rub, grind, wear away, grow old, are probably connected as dialectic variants, and the derivatives, as far as their meaning is concerned ,may be referred to either root, but etymologically it is necessary to place some ofthem under one form, some under the other: e.g. Lat. fricare tounder ✔ğer-. Lat. granus, Celt. gran, &c. , can be referred togrindan and Eng. grind can only be referred to ghr-.ghr-; Teut. corneither, but A.S.√ĞERBB 2372 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Granger, Grainger (surnames) , garner, garnet, granite, pomegranate,granadilla, grenade, grenadier, curmudgeon (for corn-mudgin).Teutonic, corn, peppercorn, &c. , corned (beef), i.e. covered withgrains of salt, churn .Eur-Ar. √ÕEL, to be bright, cheerful, shine, laugh,Armenian, cal-r, laughter.6Greek, γελ-, in γελάω ( for γελάσω), to laugh, γελεῖν, to be bright ,shine (Hesych. ) , yếλws, laughter, yéλaoµa, a laugh (cp. Æsch. ' Pr.' 90:Kνμáтwν ȧvýρilμov yéλaoμa, and Lucretius ridentibus undis, ' ofthe ripples of the sea sparkling in the sun's rays) , yλývn, the pupil ofthe eye, yaλývŋ, a calm, bright weather, yλñvos, anything bright, anornament.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. zle-gu, day-dawn.Teutonic, O.H.G. chleini, bright, shining, clean, fine, small, M.H.G.kleine, neat, clean, small, N.H.G. klein, little, M.H.G. kleinōt, N.H.G.kleinōd, anything fine or smart, an ornament, jewel, A.S. clæne , L.G.and O.N. klen, M.E. clæne, cleane, N.E. clean, A.S. clænsian, M.E. clensien,clensen, N.E. cleanse.Celtic , O. Ir. gle, Wel. gloew, bright, Gael. and N. Ir. gleus, O.Ir. gles, order, neatness, O. Ir. glan, (adj . ) clean, pure, (subs. ) a laugh,glanaim, ' I clean, brighten, glanas, purity, brightness, Wel. glain, ajewel.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, clean, cleanse, cleanly, -iness, cleanness, unclean.Eur-Ar. VĞUEL or GUEL , with variants VGEUL- VGEUL-, to kindle,blaze, glow, shine.Sanscrit, jval-, in jval-ati , to burn, jvālayati , to set on fire, Hindijalna, to burn, jalāna, to kindle, light up.Teutonic, O.H.G. cholo , N.H.G. kohle, O.N. kol, A.S. col, M.E. cole, N.E.coal, Dan. cul, orig. a burning coal, now coal whether burning or not,O.N. kylna, A.S. cyln, cylne, M.E. kylne, kulna, Dan. kölle, a kiln, a1 Prov. glenar, grenar, O.F. glener, N.F. glaner, M.E. glenen, N.E. glean, to pickup the ears of wheat left in the field, have been traced to the Ir. glan, clean, glanaim,Iclean, as though ' to glean ' meant primarily the cleaning up of the field after being reaped. Skeat derives glean from a L. Lat. glena , which he explains as · fasciculusspicarum derelictarum.' Neither explanation is satisfactory.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 373drying-house, Dan. kylla, to heat a stove, M.H.G. coläre, M.E. colier,colyer, N.E. collier.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. gual, Wel. glo, Bret. glou, coal, Wel. gloya,a burning coal, Wel. globwll, pwllglo, a coal pit.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, coal, kiln, collier, Collyer (surname),char-coal, for chark-coal (fr. A.S. cearcian, to crackle, + coal) , so calledfrom the crackling noise made in the process of charring, or whenburnt (cp. ' Cent. Dict.' ' chark,' and see Defoe, ' Robinson Crusoe ':' I contrived to burn wood till it became chark or dry coal.' What isnow called char- coal was originally called coal, and received its newname when pit-coal became known and generally used.Eur-Ar. * VÕIŲ- VÕIUU-, to chew.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. zivetu, to chew, Russ. jevati, to chew.Teutonic, O.H.G. chiuw-an, N.H.G. kauen, O. Du. kouwen, Du.kauw-en, A.S. ceowan, M.E. cheowen, chewen, N.E. chew, dial. chaw,chow, M.E. chaws, the jaws (fr. A.S. cheowan, to chew), N.E. jaws¹ (cp.O. Du. kouwe, the cavity of the mouth, from kouwen, to chew, a.s.cheoce, cheace, M.E. cheoke, cheke, N.E. cheek.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, chew, chaw, chaw-bacon, jaw, cheek.²•' The change of ch- to j- is due probably to the influence of O.F. joe (N.F. joue),a cheek. Chaws ' is found in the Eng. Bible ( cp. 1551 , Ezek. xxix. 4, and theAuthorised Version of 1611 ) . It is also found, in 1530, in Palsgrave, 507, ‘ Get me akaye to open his chawes.' ' Chaw,' as a subs,, was contemporary in origin with jaw,and is regarded by Murray as a by- form of jaw, modified by association with the vb.chew (chaw); and Mätzner regards jaw, M.E. jowe, as from O.F. joe, the cheek- boneThe probability is that the two words ' chawe ' and ' jowe ' were in use together, andwere affected by each other, chawe changing its initial to j , and jowe its vowel o to a,the result being the ' jaw ' of modern use.2 Cheek (originally the jaw, jawbone) in plur. the chaps, chops, now the fleshy wallof the mouth, may be derived from some Teutonic form of ✔GIT-, which has beenextended by -k as *keu-k-on (cp. M.E. of 1225 A.D. , The two cheoken beuth the twogrinstones,' ' the two jaws are the two grindstones ' ), from a doubtful W. Sax. ceoce,ceace. If this be correct, cheek, ckeeky, choke, choker, &c. , may be brought under✓GIU-.374 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.GH(1 ) Eur-Ar. √õHE- VÕHEI-VÕHI, with senses to start up, burst open,gape.Sanscrit, hā-, hi-, in jihīti (pres. ) , to start up, go off, -hāna (incomp.), leaving, vi-hayas, empty space, hapayati (caus. ), to open.Zend, za-, in zazati, leave, abandon.Greek, χα-, χει- , χαν-, χαι-, in χά-σκω, to gape, χάσμα, a wideopening, fissure, chasm,¹ xýµn, a co*ckle, from its gaping shell,χειά, α hole, χαίνω (for χάνω) , to gape, χάος (for F-os), emptyspace, darkness, the nether abyss, xúpa, space, room, the country (inopposition to town) , xwpέw, make room for, leave, go, ȧvaxwpéw, toretire, ȧvaxwpnτýs, a religious solitary, xaûvos, gaping, empty,frivolous, xaricw, to want, long for.Latin, hi-, in hiare, hiascere, to gape, yawn, be open, hiatus, anopening, a gap, inhiare, to stand open, hiscere, to open the mouth, dehiscere, to split open, divide, yawn; fatiscor, to open in chinks, gape,to grow weak, faint, fatigare, to weary, tire, vex.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. faticare, F. fatiguer, to fatigue.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. zi-jati , Lith . žioti, to gape, yawn, Lith. žiotis,a chasm, Lith. gomyris, the gums.Teutonic, gi-, gin-, geb-, geum-, get-, in O.H.G. gien, giwen, toopen the mouth wide, O.H.G. ginen, gēinon , N.H.G. gähnen, O.N. gina,A.S. to-ginan, to gape, A.S. ginian, ganian, M.E. 3anon, to yawn; A.S.giscian, M.E.3esken, to sob, O.N. gap, chaos, empty space, A.S. geap, anopening, gap, M.E. gap, gappe, A.S. geapian, O.N. gapa, N.H.G. gaffen,to gape, stare with open mouth, L.G. Du. and M.E. gapen, to gape, yawn;O.H.G. goumo, guomo, N.G. gaumen, the gums,3 O.N. gomr, the palate,A.S. goma, the palate, jaws , O.N. gjölnar, Dan. gjæller (pl. ) , Swed.gäl, M.E. gylle, gills ofa fish, O.N. gil, a deep narrow glen, a gorge,chasm; Goth. gatwo, O.H.G. gazza, N.H.G. gasse, O.N. gat, an opening, aThe elder Van Helmont is said to have formed from this word, by arbitrarychange of sound and spelling, the word ' gas.' Others connect it with Du. geest,spirit. (See p. 377, n. 2.) These are both conjectural statements.2 Perhaps better from (2) ✔ghe-, to be empty, &c.• Kluge refers these Teutonic words for the gums to ✔GHE , and comparesGk. Xaûvos, gaping, xáos, an empry space.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 375hole (cp. scrar-gat, a keyhole), gata, a way, path, A.S. geat, a gate,an opening, Du. gat, a hole, opening, gap, mouth, O.N. gja, a chasm,Swed. gat-lopp, a gate- or lane-run, in löpa gatlopp , to run thegauntlet.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. gag, a cleft, chink, Gael. geodh, a creek between rocks, a fiord, Gael. geob, (vb.) to gape, ( subs. ) an open mouth(perhaps better from √gebh-) , giuran, gills of a fish (?) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, chaos, chaotic, chasm, anchorite, anchoret (thr. L. Lat. anachoreta, O.F. anachorete).Latin, hiatus, dehiscent, opening as the ripe seed-capsule of a plant;indefatigable.L. Latin and Romance, fatigue (subs. and vb.) .Teutonic, yawn, gape, gap, dial. yex, hiccough, gums, gate, gateway,&c. to run thegauntlet, ' corrupt translation of Swed. ' löpa gatlopp. ' 'Eur-Ar. GHEN-S GHAN'S, the goose, probably from the precedingroot, and meaning ' the gaper.'Sanscrit, hasas, a gander, hạsi (f. ) , a goose.Greek, xýv (for xevs), gen. xnv- ós, a goose, xývnµa, a wideLatin, anser (=hanser) , anseris (gen. ) , a goose.Balto-Slav. , Lith. žąsis, O. Slav. gąsi,² a goose.gape.Teutonic, gans-, gan-, in o. and N.H.G. gans, (pl. ) O.H.G. gensi,N.H.G. gänse, O.N. gās, (pl. ) gæss, A.S. gōs, (pl. ) gēs , M.E. gos, goos,(pl. ) gees, N.E. goose, geese, A.S. gandra, L.G. gantre, 3 gante, N.H.G.gänserich (formed on the analogy of enterich) , M.E. gandre, N.E. gander;O.H.G. ganazzo, a gander, A.S. ganot, a gannet, the solan goose, O.N.ga-gl, a flock ofgeese (?) , Scot. a gale of geese.Celtic, O. Ir. geis, a swan.¹ This was a military punishment in which the offender, stripped to his waist, hadto run between two lines of men armed with sticks and other weapons and receivetheir blows. The name probably became known in England from the punishment of heinous offences in the army of Gustavus, king of Sweden, and was corrupted into running the gauntlet. Gauntlet, a glove ofsteel or leather, is from O.F. gantelet, dim.of O.F. gant Ital. guanto, L. Lat. avantus, from O.N. *vantr, contracted to vöttr,O. Swed. wante, Dan. vantes, Du. want, a glove, mitten, prob. fr. √gendh-, to wind (see p. 122) .=2 The guttural g in the place of palatal z indicates that gase is a loan-word froma dialect using the guttural: probably from the Teutonic.³ Prov. ganta, O.F. gante, a wild goose, are borrowed from L.G. gante.376 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, anserine (relating to the goose tribe).Teutonic, goose, gander, gannet, Scot. a gale of geese (?) .(2) Eu-Ar. √õHE-, probably originally identical with ( 1 ) √GHE, butwith sense to be empty, bereaved.Sanscrit, hā-, in jahāti, to forsake, discharge, hiyati, to be left, deprived of, hanis, desertion , bereavement.1Greek, χη-, χω-, in χῆρος, bereaved, χήρα, a widow, χηρωσταί,distant relatives who divide the property of one who dies without heirs,or (as otherwise explained) the guardians of widows and orphans( =ὀρφανισταί); χώρα, space, room, country, a place, χωρίς, apart,without, xwpéw, make roomfor, retire, go, ȧvaxwpéw, to retire apartȧvaxwρnτýs, an anchorite [ see ( 1 ) ✔ghe-].Eu-Ar. VÕHEI VÕHI GHE, with extension VHE- S-, to impel,drive, hurl, &c.Sanserit, hi-, in hi-no-ti, impel, drive, hurl, send forth (p. p. hitasdriven) , he-shas, hetas, a missile, hayas (?) , a horse (Fick, 4th ed.p. 217) .Zend, zai-, in zaya, zaēna, a missile.Armenian, zi , a horse (?).Greek, xai- χαι ,, in xaîov, a shepherd's staff, yaîoov (Polybius), a spear(Gk. form of Gallic * ges , *gæs) , perhaps immediately borrowed fromLatinised form gæsum.Latin, hasta, lance, Latinised Gallic gæsum.Teutonic, Goth. gazds, O.H.G. gart ( = *gast), O.N. gaddr ( =gasd-r),A.S. gâd, M.E. gād, gōd , gode, a sharp-pointed rod, a goad, Goth. *gais(found in names, as Haro-gais-us, Gais-eric, N.H.G. Geiserich); o.N.geir-r, O.H.G. ker, ger-, a.s. garr, gar, a spear; A.S. gierd, gyrd, M.E.3erde, yerde, N.E. yard, a rod, switch (cp. O.H.G. gartia, gërta, N.H.G.be 1 Except anchorite, given under the preceding root, there are no other Englishderivatives from (2) ✔ğhe-, unless Prellwitz's suggestion is accepted that heres mayconnected with xâpos, bereaved, and have the same double meaning, orphan andheir, as indicated in the German erbe, heir, from verbh-, the root of Gk. åλ¶norai,wage-earners, and Lat. orbus, bereaved (see p. 67) .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 377gerte (s.s.) , M.E. gerden, girden, to strike, to lash, as with a switch orwhip, N.E. gird, to scold; A.S. gar-leac, O.N. geir-lauk-r , M.E. garlek,N.E. garlic (i.e. the spear-plant) , M.E. garfyshe, a fish with sharp snout. ·Ger- is found in many names, as O.H.G. Gertrut, spear-maiden, Gerbraht, bright spear, Ger- hart, strong spear, Ger-wald, spear- wielder, Jerram, spear-raven or strong spear, Jer-voise, Jervis, &c. (fr. O.H.G. ger,spear, +-wig, to conquer, thr. Romance: cp. O.H.G. Chlodowig and Clovis),A.S. Ead-gar, Athelgar, noble spear; O.H.G. kere, M.H.G. gere, gero,N.H.G. gehre, a wedge-shaped headland, a triangular piece of cloth , awedge, gusset, Du. geer, o.N. geiri , a triangular strip of land, also ofcloth let into a garment, A.S. gara, M.E. gore, s.s.; O.N. gadda, a pike,from its sharp head, Scot. ged; O.H.G. geisala, geisla (for geis-wala) ,O.N. geisl, geisle, a staff used by sliders in snow-shoes, Norw. gand, a thinpointed stick, M.E. (dial. ) gant, gawnt, N.E. gaunt, thin, slender (?) .Celtic, Ir. gae, a spear, gath, gadh (pl. gaidh) , an arrow , Gael.and Ir. gad, a twig, switch, Gael. and Ir. gas, a twig, a stalk, Ir.geadha, a pole, Ir. geadus, a pike.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, goad, gad, in gad-fly (the sting-fly), garlic, garfish;Gertrude, Gerard, Gerald, Jerram, Jervis, Garret, Jarret, Edgar, &c.;gore (a lappet), gore (to pierce) from A.S. gar, a spear, ( Scot. ) ged,gaunt; yard, a measure of three feet, gird, nag, scold.Eur-Ar. VÕHEI S VÕHES VÕHIS , with D extension , to terrify,distress, disturb, excite, anger, to delay, hesitate.Sanscrit, hid- (for hisd-) , in hed-ati, vex, afflict, p. p. heditas, vexed,angered.Zend, zoizhda, fierce, enraged.Latin, hær- (=hæs-) , in hærēre, ' hæsi, hæsum, to stick in, hang on,be perplexed; adhærere, to stick to, cohærere, to stick together, inhærere,to stick in, hæsitare, to be checked, hesitate, hæsitatio, perplexity.Balto-Slav. , Lith. gaiszu, to hesitate, shrink from, be tardy.Teutonic, o. and N.H.G. geist,2 O. Sax. gēst, A.S. gast, gæst, Du.' Brugmann connects hærere with Lith. gaiszu, to hesitate, and Goth. us-gaizan,to frighten.6It is supposed that Van Helmont (who died 1644 ), the discoverer of gas, had thisword in view when he coined this new name: Hunc spiritum, incognitum hactenus,novo nomine gas voco ' (see p. 374, n. 1 ) .378 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.geest, M.E. gast, gost, N.E. ghost, A.S. gāstlic, ghostly, spiritual, Goth.us-gaiz-an, to frighten out of one's senses, make stupid, O.N. geisa, toenrage, A.S. gæstan, M.E. gasten, agasten, to frighten, (p. p. ) gast, agast,aghast, shocked, terrified, M.E. gastly (from p. p. gast) , N.E. ghastly,Swed. gasa, to stare, from an O.N. * gasa (?) , M.E. gasen.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, adhere, adhesive, -ion, adherent, -ce, inherent, cohesive, -ion ,coherent, -ce, incoherent, hesitate, -ion.Teutonic, ghost, -ly, ghastly, aghast, gaze, gazēbo, a summer-housewith an extensive view, a humorous formation of gaze from the 1st sing.of the Latin fut. 2nd conj . , ' I will gaze.'Eur-Ar. GHEI-MEN, winter, snow, stormy weather, with variantsGHIMO- and GHIEM.Sanscrit, him-as, heman, winter, cold season, himā-laya, Himalaya,abode ofsnow, hima-giri , the snow-mountain, the Himalayas, himāni,deep snow.Zend, zima, winter, zyā, winter, frost.Armenian, ji-un, snow (cp. xióv) , jm-ern, winter.Greek, Xɛ -μóv, winter, stormy weather, a storm ( cp. Sans. he-mān) ,Xɛîμa, cold, frost, winter (cp. Sans. hima- s) , Xeμépios, xeiµepivós,wintry, in winter time; xióv ( = xióμ- s, cp. hiem- s, Eur-Ar. ghi-em-) ,snow; xíμaipa, a she-goat of one year's growth, a fabulous monster witha goat's body and a serpent's tail, xíµapos, a he-goat of a year'sgrowth.Latin, hiems (gen. hiem-is) , winter, hiemalis, wintry, hibernus (forhimerinus cp. Xeμepivós), wintry, hibernare, to pass the winter;bimus, of two years ( = bi-himus, of two winters).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. inverno, verno, Prov. iverns, O.F.ivern , N.F. hiver, winter (fr. Lat. hibernus).Balto- Slav. , Lith. žema, O. Slav. zima, winter, Lith. dvei-gis,treigis, O. Slav. dvize, trizi, two, three winters or years old.Teutonic, O.N. gymbr, Dan. gimmer-lam (cp. xíμaipa, xíμapos), ayear old lamb.Celtic, O. Ir. gam (for gi- am) , O. Wel. gaem (for geam) , N. Wel .gauaf, Corn. goyf, Bret. gouaff, goam, O. Ir. geimred, N. Ir.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 379geimhreadh, Gael. geamhrad, winter, Gael: gamhainn, a year old calf,Ir. gamuin, s.s. , gamhuin, a calf, Gael . gaoth, wind, a storm.¹Sanscrit, Himalaya.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, isochimenal, having an equal winter temperature, chimera,chimerical.Latin, hibernate, hibernation, hibernal.Teutonic, North. Eng. and Scot. gimmer-lamb, a ewe lamb of ayear's growth.Eur-Ar. GHEM , the earth , GHM , GZHOM-.Sanscrit, jm-ā (f. ) , the earth, ksham, the earth.Zend, zem, earth, Hindi (from N. Pers. ) zemin, earth, land,zemindar, landholder, farmer.Greek, *xápa, the earth, the ground, in xaµádıs, to the ground,χαμαθεν, from the ground, χαμαί, on the ground, χαμαίδρυς, χαμαίδρυον(=xaµaí+ dpûs, a tree or oak) , spleenwort, the germander, the namecommonly given to labiate plants of the genus Teucrium, but especiallyto Teucrium² Chamædrys, with purple flower; xapaiλéwv, a lizard(ground lion), xapai-unλov, the camomile (ground apple, so calledfrom its smell); x0úv ( = x@ov-s for xoµ-s , gen. xlov-ós) , the earth,ávτó-x0wv, sprungfrom the earth, aboriginal.Latin, hum-us, the ground, humilis , lowly, humble, -itas, humiliare,to humiliate, humare, to bury; hom-o (gen. -onis and -inis), a man,O. Lat. hemo, hemonis, a man, nemo (for ne-hemo) , no man, no one,Osc. humuns, a man; Lat. humanus, human, humane, humanitas, humannature, humaneness, courtesy, culture, homicida, murderer, homicidium,murder; Umb. hon-dra ( = hom-dra) , on the ground, under, beneath,hondumo, lowest, Osc. huntru, under (for hum-tera: see Brugmann, i. 176, and Planta, ' Osc. and Umb. Dial .' p. 437) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. umile, Prov. humil , o.F. humile, humle,humble, M. and N.E. humble, O.F. humilite, M.E. humilite, N.E. humility;Ital. uomo, Prov. hom, o.F. hom, om, a man, one, N.F. homme, a man,on, one, ‘ people,' ' they,' on dit, ' people say,' L. Lat. *hominaticum,homaticum, Ital. omaggio, Prov. homenatges, o.F. homage, M.E.homage, omage, the service due from a vassal to his lord; Ital. umano,¹ Stokes and Bezzenberger place under this root Gael. gabhar, Ir. gabar, Wel.gafr, Corn. gauar, Bret. gabr, gaffr, formed on a general base *gabro ( =gamro), ayear old goat (see ✔gebh-, p . 369).2 So called because said to have been used medicinally by Teucer, first king ofTroy.380 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.O.F. human, N.F. humain, human, humane, M.E. humanli, humanly,humanely, courteously; Span. camedris, camedrio, Ital. calamandrea,Prov. germandrea, O.F. germandree, M.E. germawnder, N.E. germander(all corrupt forms of the Greek χαμαίδρυς).Balto-Slav. , Lith. žēme, O. Slav. zemlja, Russ. zemlia, earth, Lith.žem, under; Lith . žmu (pl. žmones) , a man, žmona, a woman, Lith.žeme, žemas, cp. O. Pruss. same, low, Lith. žemaitis (plur. žemaičiai) ,Lowlanders, Samoiedes.Teutonic, Goth. guma, a man, A.S. guma, M.E. gume, gome, O.N.gumi, O.H.G. gomo, N.H.G. -gam, in brauti-gam, a man, O.H.G. brutigome, A.S. bryd-goma, O. Fris. breid-goma, Du. braide-gom, Irridegroom; M.E. Samoyt, Samoed, N.E. Samoiede, a lowlander.Celtic, N. Ir. geamanach (?) , a servant, a footman.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Zend (thr. Hindustani) , zemindar, a farmer, landowner.Greek, chameleon, camomile, autocthonous, literally ' belonging tothe earth itself'; germander (see Tennyson: her clear germandereye ').Latin, exhume, -ation; humility (thr. F.) , humiliate, -ation; homicide, -al; human (thr. F.) , humane, -ity, -ise.L. Latin and Romance, humble, -ness, on-dit, homage, bonhomie.Balto-Slav. , Nova Zembla (Newland) , Samoiedes, inhabitants oftheplains (cp. Lith . žemas) .Teutonic, bride-groom (corrupt form of bridegoom: perhaps groomfor goom).Eur-Ar. √ÕHER- √GHRE-, to be fond of, like, desire.Sanscrit, har-, in haryati, desires, takes pleasure in, haryatasdesired.Zend, zar-, in zaranh, devotion to, inclination.Greek, χαρ-, in χαίρω (for χάρω), to rejoice , χαρά, joy, χάρις,-iros, favour, liking, grace, goodwill, xápioμa, a grace, favour, xápµa,source ofjoy, χάρμη, the joy of battle, χαρτός, pleasing , εὐχαριστία,▸ Groom is from an O.N. grom-r, a young man, a boy, or O. Du. grom.It is uncertain whether these are corruptions from the other Teutonic forms without r, orwhether they have an independent etymology.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 381giving of thanks, the Eucharist, xaipέþvλλov, the chervil (lit. thepleasant leaf); χρῆ, need, necessity, in χρῆσται ( = χρῆ + ἔσται) ,it will be needful, xpɛós (subs. ) , desire, longing, want, xpółw, to need,desire, Xpĥμa, anything useful, (in pl. ) goods, property, money, xpýσiμos, useful, xpnotós, good, serviceable, Xpnoтoµálɛia, a desire oflearning, a collection of choice passages from various authors.Latin, hor-, in O. Lat. hor-ior (inf: hori) , to cheer, urge on, hortari, to exhort, encourage (cp. Umb. heriest, Osc. herest, ‘ he will ') ,exhortari, to exhort, exhortatio, exhortation, hortativus, hortatorius,encouraging; charisma, eucharistia, care-folium ( Gk. loan- words) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital . cerfoglio, O.F. cerfeil, cerfuel , cerfeuil,M.E. cerfoil, N.E. chervil (Lat. cærefolium) .Teutonic, ger-, in Goth. -gairns, in faihu-gairns, avaricious, O.H.G.gërn, N.H.G. gern, O.N. gjarn, A.S. georn, desirous of, eager for, glad,M.E. 3eorne, zerne (obs.) , A.S. geornian, gyrnan, M.E. 3ernen, to desireeagerly: cp. O.H.G. gërōn, M.H.G. begërn, N.H.G. begehren, to desire,wish, ask for, O.H.G. gër, giri, desirous, N.H.G. gier, desire, greed; O.H.G.gir, L.G. gier, N.H.G. geier, vulture, o.N. geir- fugl, Swed . gar-fogl , M.E.gairfowl, garefowl, garfowl, the great auk, O.N. geir-falki, the gerfalcon, O.B.G. girig, N.H.G. gierig, greedy; A.S. cerfille , O.N. kerfill,Dan. kiörvel, O.H.G. chervola, N.H.G. kerbel, M.E. chervelle, N.E.chervil.Celtic, gair-, in gair-im, I rejoice, laugh, gairdeach, joyful.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, charisma, Eucharist, -ic, chrematistics, the science of nationalwealth, chrestomathy, -ic .Latin, hortative, -tory, exhort, -ation .Teutonic, yearn, to desire eagerly ( yearn,' to mourn, has anotherorigin: see Skeat ad vb. ); chervil (from Greek thr. one of the Teutonicforms of the Latin loan-word cærefolium) .Eur-Ar. VÕHER-, to seize, grasp, enclose.Sanscrit, har-, in harāmi, I seize , take hold, haras, grasp, har-anam,a seizing, hand, arm, hira, a band, stripe.' See under ✔geu- (L. Lat. and Romance) for the derivation of ger-falcon fromItal. girare. The gyratory flight of the bird countenances this explanation, butetymologically, I think, the derivation of the Romance names from L.G. gier or O.H.G.gir is the correct one.382 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.GHER- Zend, zar-, in zara, a band, cord.Armenian, zarn, hand.Greek, χερ-, χορ-, in χείρ (for χέρς) , gen. χερός, the hand, ευχερής,easy to handle, dvoxepns, hard to handle, yxeipídiov, a hand-book,χειρόμαντις, α professor of palmistry, χειρουργέω, to work with thehand, xeipovpyós, a handicraftsman, an operating surgeon, Xɛipoypapía,handwriting; xópiov, a membrane enclosing the fœtus, Xop-dń, a gut,bowel, a string madefrom one, chord of a harp or lyre, xopós, a dance,enclosure for dancing, a row, company of singers or dancers, the chorus.Hesych. has xopós ( = kúkλos, a circle) , it must therefore mean a ringor circular dance; in ecclesiastical Gk. xopós denotes the ' choir,' orplace for the singers of the service; in Sparta the ȧyopά was calledχορός. Xopnyós, the leader of the chorus, Xopɛía, a dance, used inshort as a medical term for St. Vitus' dance; xópros, originally anenclosed space, a feeding place for cattle, a farm-yard, then food, fodderfor cattle, espec. grass; Xpóvos, time, i.e. the all-enclosing, all-surrounding, Xpovikós, relating to time, Xpoviká (sc. Bißxía), annals, chronology, ávaxpovioμós, an anachronism.¹6Latin, hir-, her-, har-, hor-, in O. Lat. hir, a hand, the palm ofthehand, hěrus, ² master, hěra , mistress, hēres,³ -edis, the heir (cp. Osc.heriiad, let him take ') , hereditas, inheritance, hereditarius, hir-undo,swallow (fly-catcher), hira, the empty gut, hilla (for hirula), an intestine, hariolus, haru-spex, one who inspects entrails, a soothsayer, hernia,intestinal rupture; hor-tus, an enclosure for plants, a garden (cp. Osc.hurtum hortum), hortulus (dim. ) , hortulanus, gardener; co-hors (cors,chors) , gen. co-hort-is, ( 1 ) an enclosure, pen, fowl-yard (cp. Varro,' cohors in qua gallinæ pasc*ntur ' ); (2) the multitude enclosed, a division ofthe Roman army = 6 centurice; (3) the retinue of the Prætor ina province; (4) a crowd, multitude in general; chorda, chorus, chorea,choragus, choriambus, choricus, chirurgia, chronicus, chronographus(Gk. loan-words).=This has the authority of Brugmann in its favour (see ii . 143), but the explanation seems somewhat far-fetched with regard to the sense, although phonetically sound. The derivation from ğher-, a doubtful variant of √ğer-, to rub, wear away, grow old, would suit both the form and the sense better; see note below.2 Cp. Fick's derivation of herus, heres, given under Es-os. This one from✔her- is more generally adopted , but the older forms ĕrus and ĕsus are againstit, and Fick's explanation of the word given under Es-os seems to me the true one.3 It is probable that hēres is unconnected with herus from the difference ofvowel quantity, and Planta suggests connection with the Oscan heriiad '; if this beso, hēres, hērēdis, will be a derivative of an obsolete Lat. verb *hērēre, to take, andmust be referred to ✔gher-. Prellwitz connects heres with Gk. xĥpos, left alone,bereaved, xhpa, a widow, and makes the primary sense an orphan who succeeds to hisfather's property. ( See under ✔albh- the explanation given of oppavós, Lat. orbus,O.H.G. erbi . )EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 383L. Latin and Romance, Ital. erede (Lat. herede[m]) , Prov. her, o.F.hoir, heir, M. and N.E. heir (Lat. her[es]) , L. Lat. *hereditaticum,

• hereditagium, heretagium, Prov. heretatge-s , O.F. and M.E. heritage,

eritage, inheritance, O.F. heriter (with loss of ' ed,' from L. Lat.hereditare), to inherit, o.F. heritier (Lat. her[ed]itarius), inheritor;Ital. rondine, Prov. ironda, o.F. aronde, L. Lat. hirundinella, O.F.arondelle, N.F. hirondelle, ' swallow; Ital. orto, Prov. and o.F. ort, agarden, Ital. ortolano, a gardener, a small bird feeding in gardens; o.F.hortolan, N.F. ortolan (s.s. ); L. Lat. cortis, a country house with farmbuildings, &c. , an enclosed space, a court, the tent of the king, or generalofthe army, the royal palace, the retinue of a king or prince, the royalfamily and household, court of justice held in the king's name, Ital .corte, Prov. cortz, O.F. and M.E. cort, curt, court (with similar meanings); L. Lat. *cortensis, Ital. cortese, O.F. and M.E. corteis, courtois,curteis , N.E. courteous, Ital . cortesia, O.F. cortoisie, curteisie, M.E.cortaisie, curtesie, courtesie, N.E. courtesy (politeness) , curtsey (movement ofrespect); L. Lat. *cortensianus, Ital. cortigiano , Span. cortesano,O.F. cortesan, courtesan, a person belonging to the court, Span. cortesana(f), M.E. courtezan, a courtesan; L. Lat. * cortigiare, Ital. corteggiare,Prov. cortezar, F. courtiser, to pay court to, Ital. corteggio , F. cortège,a suite ofattendants2; Ital . corda, Lat. chorda, O.F. corde (with dim.cordel) , a cord, O.F. cordelier, a Franciscanfriar, so called from his girdleofcord; Ital . coro, O.F. cuer, chœur, M.E. quer, quire, N.E. quire, choir(Lat. loan-word chorus) , the choir of a church where the singers wereseated, the singers themselves, L. Lat. corista (from late Gk. xopiorýS),a chorister; O. Ital. cirugia, N. Ital. chirurgia, Prov. surgia (forsirurjia =cirurgia, chirurgia), the art of healing, O.F. cirurgie, sirurgie,sirurgerie, surgere, M.E. cirurgerie, surgery, Span. cirurgiano¹ Greek xeλidúv may be connected with Lat. hirundo, from ✔ğhel-, a by-form of✔ğher-, cp. Span. golondrina, a swallow (fr. golondro, s . s. , Prellwitz derivesXeλidwv from ğhel-, to sing (see p. 387) .2 Ital. and Prov. cortina, O.F. curtine, M E. cortine, courtine, N.E. curtain, hangings of cloth &c. infront of or around a place, have been referred by Diez to Lat.cohors, cortis, or rather to an assumed derivative from it, Lat. cortina, a roundkettle, also a curtain. Du Cange gives cortina, as used in the fourteenth century, as adimin. of cortis, with the meanings of a small courtyard enclosed by walls, a certainpart ofa castle or fortification, the veil or hanging round the altar. Isidorus rendersit bed-hangings or curtains. But Bergk considers cortina to have no connection withcohors, cortis, and to be a contraction from covortina (which he traces to covortere=convertere), something that may be turned round or rolled up. S. Bugge connectscortina with *courtus, which he supports by Umbrian courtust = converterit.Körting is inclined to accept a modification of this view, that cōrtina (with long o)is unconnected with cortina (with short o) , but is an independent word = covortinawith the sense of winding or rolling, a curtain that may be rolled up or down.(See p. 226. )√GHER-384 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓GHER- (=*chirurgianus) , Ital. cerusico , chirurgo, Prov. and O.F. cirurgien ,surgien, M.E. cirurgian, surgien, surgeyn, N.E. surgeon; L. Lat.cronica, O.F. and M.E. cronique, later M.E. cronycle, N.E. chronicle;O.F. gardin, N.F. jardin (Teut. loan-word) , M.E. gardin, a garden.Balto-Slav. , zar-, gar-, in Lith. žardis, pasture ground, gardas, ahedge, Lith. žarna, entrails, O. Slav. grada, ' a wall, N. Slav. grad, acity, fortification, Russ. gorodu (s.s.) , N. Slav. gradina, gurden.Teutonic, gar-, in Goth. gard-s, house and premises, O.H.G. garto,(gen.) gartin, N.H.G. garten, garden, O.N. gardh, hedge, inclosure, farmhouse, A.S. geard, a yard, court, enclosure, M.E. gard, N.E. garth, yard,A.S. ort-geard, M.E. or- cerd, O.N. jurta-gardh, Dan. urt-gaard, herbgarden (A.S. wyrt- O.N. jurt- Dan. urt +geard, &c. ); Goth. gairdan,O.H.G. gurten, N.H.G. gürten, O.N. gyrdha, A.S. gyrdan, to gird, O.H.G.gurtil, N.H.G. gürtel, A.S. gyrdel (dim. ) , cp. Goth. gairda, O.N.gjordh, a girdle, M.E. gardh, gerdh (from O.N.) , a girth, saddle-girth;O.N. görn, pl. garnir, the entrails , O.H.G. , O.N. and A.s. gor,² M.E. gore,filth, slime, N.E. gore, clotted blood, O. and N.H.G. and O.N. garn,³ A.S.gearn, M.E. 3arn, yarn, thread, yarn.Celtic, Ir. gort, garden, field, Gael. goirtean. Ir. goirtin, garden,cornfield, W. garth, Bret. garz, an enclosure, Gael . gaorr, Ir. garr,ordure in the intestines.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, encheiridion, compounds with chiro-, as chiropodist, chirography, chiromancy, cheiranthus, cheirotherium; choragus, chorea,chorion (thr. Lat. ) , choroid (a mistaken spelling for chorioid fromGk. Xopiosidńs), chord, bichord, tetrachord, &c. (thr. Lat. loan- word),chronic, chronology, -ical.Latin, heredity, hereditary, hereditament, hortus siccus (a drygarden), horticulture, -al , cohort, chorus, choral, chorale, hernia.L. Latin and Romance, heir, -ess, heritage, heritor, inherit, -or,-ance, Arundel, ortolan, court, Cortes, the Spanish Parliament. courthouse, -yard, &c. , courteous, courtesy, curtsey, courtesan, court (vb. ) ,cortège; cord, cordelier, cordage, cordon, a band, line of military posts,The occurrence of initial z and g together in the Balto-Slav. implies an original gher- as well as ✔gher-, unless grada is a Teut. loan- word.2 The first winter month, from middle of October to the middle of November, wascalled in O.N. Gor-manudr, from the slaughtering of beasts at that season for winterstore; which seems to imply that the primary sense of gar was entrails, the offulunfitforfood, and then filth in general, gore.Kluge connects this word with O.H.G. mitti-garni, A.S. mic-gern (for mid- gern)in the middle of the bowels, and Lith. žarna, the entrails, and refers them all toEur-Ar gher-, with the sense to turn, twist.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 385corduroy (king's cord), a ribbed cotton stuff; choir, chorister, quire,quirester (obs. ) , ' chirurgeon, surgeon, surgery, surgical, garden, gardener, Gardiner, Gardner; garner, chronicle, -er, chronic, chronology,-meter, -graph, anachronism.2Balto-Slav. , Belgrade, Nov-gorod.Teutonic, garth (O.N.) , yard, A.S. orchard, garth (Dial. ) , gird, girth(O.N.), girdle; gore, gor-crow (carrion crow) , yarn, thread, a story (cp.the sailor's metaphor, ' spin a yarn ') .(2) Eur-Ar. VÕHER, with variant VÕHEL , to glow, shine, be of abright colour, a light green, yellowish.Sanscrit, har-, hal-, in haras, glow, haris, a bright green or yellowcolour, haritas, harina (s.s.) , hiranam, hiranya, gold, Sans. haṭaka, forhaltaka, golden (Fick, fourth edit. p. 55); harmutas, a tortoise (?)Zend, zairas, green yellow, zairena, yellow, zaranya, gold, zaraç-cha,bile, N. Pers. zard, light yellow or green.Greek, χολ-, χλο-, χαλ-, χλι-, in χολή, bile , μελαγχολία, blackbile, melancholy, xoλ-aywyós, a cholagogue, xoλépa, violent purging andvomiting, xoλikós, bilious , xoλepikós, like cholera, xóλos, bitter anger,(rarely) bile, xoλów, to incense; xλón, the fresh green of spring vegetation, especially of the young grass (used also as an epithet ofDemeter=the ‘ Verdant '), χλόος, χλους, bright green, χλωρός =χλοερός (s.s. ) ,χλουνός =χρυσός (Hesych.), γλουρος (Phrygian), gold, χαλκός, copper,bronze; xéλ-vs, xeλóvŋ, a tortoise, the lyre.Latin, fel-, fol-, hel-, hol-, hil-, in fel, gall, bilis (?) , ¹ bile, folusholus, olus, -eris (O. Lat. helus), pot-herbs, vegetables, as cabbages, turnips &c. , helvola, helvella (dim. ) , a small pot- herb, helvus, helveolus, ofa yellowish or light bay colour, gilvus, gilbus, galvus, galbus, galbinus,5The singers on the side of the Abbot's seat were called ' chorus Abbatis, ' thoseon the Prior's side ' chorus Prioris.' The usual corresponding distinction now is thatof ' decani ' and ' cantoris ' (i.e. the Precentor's side) .2 Phonetically xpó- vos may be referred to ✔gher-, to enclose, but as regards signification it would seem to fall under Vgher-, to rub, waste away, a variant of ✔ger-;the suffix -vos, found also in Lat. gra-num, Lith. zir-nis, Teut. kor-n, would alsopoint to the same conclusion rather than to gher, to enclose, the derivatives ofwhich have mostly the participial d or t.

• For xpuoós itself see under ghren-, to pound, crush, &c.

It is only by reason of its signification that bilis can be placed under ✔ğhel-,unless a variant gel- , yellow, be assumed for it.5 Galbanum, the name of the gum, is not connected with this root; it is a loanword from Gk. xaλßávn ( from Hebrew chelb'nah) , probably adapted to the Latin386 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VGHER- ofa light yellow or yellowish green colour, lūtum (for hlūtum) , a yellow√ÕHEL- die (cp. xλov-vós, gold, Hesych. ) , lūteus, golden yellow, luridus, forhluridus, pale yellow, sallow; cholera ¹ (Gk. loan-word), jaundice,cholericus, choleric.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. jalne (Lat. galbinum, galb’ne, galne,jalne), N.F. jaune, yellow , O.F. jaunisse, jaundice (lit. yellowness), M.E.jaunis, jaundis, N.E. jaundice, Ital. giallo (perhaps from Lat. galvus orgalvus, but affected by O.H.G. gelo) , yellow, O.F. becjaune, N.F. béjaune,Scot. bejan, (lit.) yellow- beak, a novice, freshman, Ital . collera, Prov.colera, colra, o.F. colre, colere, M.E. colre, coler, N.E. choler, originallygall, bile, but applied more commonly to the irascible bilious temperament, Ital. collerico , o.F. colerique, M.E. colerik, N.E. choleric, irascible.Balto-Slav. , zer- , zel-, in O. Slav. zelije, pot-herbs, gelenu, green, Lith.zalus, green, zilas, pale yellow , Lith. zelti , to turn green, zeltas, paleyellow, zelmu, herbs, zole, grass, O. Slav. zlato, gold , O Slav. želuvi, atortoise, Lith. geležis , O. Slav. želežo, brass, O. Slav. žlūčī, gall.Teutonic, gel-, gelw-, gol-d-, gro-, gra-, in Goth. gulth, O. and N.H.G.gold, O.N. goll, gull, A.s. gold, M.E. gold, güld, N.E. gold, ² O.H.G. guld,N.H.G. gulden, a florin, the golden coin, O.N. gullinn, A.S. gylden,M.E. gulden, gilden, N.E. golden, A.S. gyldan, M.E. gilden, to gild;O.H.G. gelo (gelaw) , N.H.G. gelb, A.S. geolo, M.E. 3eoluw, 3alow, yelw,yelow, N.E. yellow, A.S. geoleca, M.E. 3eolke, yolk of an egg; O.H.G.galla, N.H.G. galle, O.N. gall, A.S. gealla, M.E. galle, N.E. gall; O.H.G.gruoan, to grow, become green, M.H.G. gruose, the green ofplants, a youngshoot, O.N. groa, to grow,³ A.S. growan, M.E. growen, to grow, O.H.G.gruoni, N.H.G. grün, O.N. grænn, A.S. and M.E. grene, N.E. green, O.H.G.gras, N.H.G. gras, O.N. gras, A.S. græs, N.E. grass.4Celtic, Ir. geal, fair, white, geleadh, whiteness, Wel. goleu, light,Gael. gealbhan, a little fire, gealach, the moon, Ir. gealan.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, cholagogue, cholera, -aic, choler-ic (thr. Lat. and F.) , cholic,pertaining to bile, melancholia, melancholy, -ic; Chloe, a poetic namegalbus or galvus. The termination -vus is the suffix frequently used in Latin forcolours; -bus in galbus is either the suffix formed from Eur-Ar. /bheu-, assuper-bus, or a corruption of -vus.¹ Cholera was regarded by the old physicians as one of the four humours of thebody, viz. sanguis, cholera, melancholia, phlegma, and in this sense survived in theRomance languages.2 The Slavonic and Teutonic names for gold are participial forms.• The O.N. grom (see under ✔ghem-) may be a derivative from the O.N. groa,to grow.Kluge (Etym. Dict. ) connects O.H.G. gruoan &c., gra-s &c. , with the Eur- Ar.✔gher- ghre-, of which gra-s is an extension by s; with these he also connectsLat. gramen, which I connect with Sans. grasa under ✔ger-, to eat.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 387for young girls, chlorine, a yellowish-green gas, chloric, -ide, -ate, -al,comps. of chloro-, as chloro-phyll, the colouring matter of plants, chlorosis (med. ); chalcography, aurichalcum (corrupted from opɛixaλxos,mountain copper) , yellow copper ore.Latin, bile, bilious, atra- anti-bilious, lurid.L. Latin and Romance, jaundice; bejan, term for a freshman usedin some Scotch universities.Teutonic, gold, golden, gild, gulden, guilder, yellow, yolk, grow,growth, green, -ness, grass, -y.¹(3) Eur-Ar. VGHEL , to shine, be bright, merry; probably identical withthe preceding root.Sanscrit, hla-d-, in hladate, to be refreshed, hlādika (Vedic) ,refreshing.Greek, x^ -, in xλíw, to be warm, tepid, to be luxurious, to revel,Xλidn, daintiness, luxury.Latin, hil-, in hilaris, merry, cheerful, hilaritas, -tudo, mirth, hilarare, exhilarare, to make merry, gladden, Hilarius (pr. n. ) .Balto-Slav. , Lith. žerēti, O. Slav. zirēti, to shine, be bright, N. Slav.zora, down, O. Slav. zelu, Lith. gailus, violent.Teutonic, Goth. gailjan, to gladden , O.H.G. gail , N.H.G. geil,, A.S.gāl, wanton, frolicsome, O.N. gall, a fit of gaiety, a frolic, O.N. galdr,A.S. gal (subs. ), a song, O.H.G. galan, to sing, O.N. gala, to sing, chant,gladden, A.S. galan, to sing, O.H.G. nahtigala, N.H.G. nachtigall, a.s.nihte-gale, M.E. nizte-gale, N.E. nightingale, the night-singer, O.H.G.gëllen, N.H.G. gellen, O.N. gella, gjalla, A.S. gellan, giellan, M.E. zellen,yellen, N.E. yell , shout, scream, O.N. gjalpa, A.S. gealpian, M.E. yelpen,N.E. yelp; O.N. galinn, violent, Norw. galen (s . s. ) , ' ein galen-storm,' ɑThe following words may, in default of a more satisfactory explanation, beplaced under this root and connected with the form gher-: Teutonic, O.H.G. gra-o(gen. ) graw- es, N.H.G. gra-u, O.N. grå-r, A.S. græ-3 , greg, L.G. grã- g and gra-u,N.E. gray. The termination -u, -o, corresponds with the Eur-Ar. suffix -yo-, which isfound in several languages associated with colour, as in Lat. hel-vus-, flavus, yellow,O.H.G. gelo, yellow, falo, pale yellow, grao, gray, bluo, blue, O. Slav. plavu ( = falo) .The termination in græ-g, gra-y, perhaps indicates a partially reduplicated form.O.H.G. gris, N.H.G. greis, an old (i.e. ) a gray- haired man, perhaps also belongs to✔gher-, and from it the Romance languages have taken their names for gray, L. Lat.griseus, Ital. griso, O.F. gris, gray, Ital . grisetto, F. grisette, a coarse, gray stuff worn by women of the poorer class , afterwards applied to those who wore it . Grisons, aSwiss canton; cp. N.H.G. Graubünden, from the grey or bluish smocks commonlyworn by the peasantry.CC 2388 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.violent storm (cp. O.N. galdra-hridh, galdr, spells, enchantments, +hridh,a storm), a storm raised by witchcraft, M.E. gale, a violent wind (cp.O.N. galinn, violent).L. Latin and Romance (fr. Teut.) , Ital . Span. Port. gala, ornament,festive attire, O.F. gale, mirth, festivity, Ital. galante, o.F. galant (adj . ) ,gay, well-dressed, brave, O.F. and M.E. galant (subs. ), a gaily-dressedperson, N.E. gallant (adj . and subs. ) , Span. regalar, Ital. regalare, o.f.regaler, to entertain, feast.Celtic, Gael. gaol, Ir. gael, affection, relationship? (Macbain); Gael.gailbheach, stormy, gail-bhinn, a storm at sea.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, hilarity, -ous, exhilarate, Hilary (pr. n.).Teutonic, gale, nightingale, yell, yelp; (thr. L. Lat. and Romance)gala, galant, gallant, gallantry, gallantee (in ' gallantee-show ') , regale.Eur-Ar. √õÍRO‍D- √GHRE-D-, to address, complain to, make a noise,shout.Sanscrit, hrā-d-, iu hrād-ati , makes a noise, hrādas, a noise, sound,hrādŭni, hail.Greek, χαλ-, in χάλαζα (for χλαδια) , hail.Latin, grand- (nasal form), in grando, gen. -inis, hail.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. grazda, gradu, hail, Russ. gradu, hail.Teutonic, O.H.G. gruozzen, N.H.G. grüssen, O.N. grœta, A.S. grētan,to greet, address, M.E. greten, N.E. greet, Goth. gretan, O.N. grata (p. p.gret), A.S. grætan (grēt, p. t. ) , to cry, complain, obs. in Eng. but retained in Scot. ' greet, ' to weep.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, greet, to salute, greeting; Scot. greet,to weep.1(3) Eur-Ar. √õHER- √GHRE, with various extensions, to scratch,prick, dig, be rough, &c.Sanscrit (hr- +-sh-), (ghr- +-sh-) , in hr-sh-ati, to be stirred byThis must be regarded as doubtful. Prellwitz connects xdλaga, xdλadła, withkáxλnt, and it is most probable that they are derived from the same root (see p. 200) .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 389pleasure or fear, hr-sh-ayati (caus.), to make the hair stand on end, √ĞHERhr-sh-tas, stiff, rigid, ghr-sh-ti, gr-sh-ti , a boar (the ' grubber ' or √GHREbristly '), perhaps also ghor, terrible.6Zend (zar- +-sh-) , in zar-esh-aiti , to tear, drag, zarst-vas, a stone(Fick) .Greek, Xep- (xεp- +-x-) , (xɛp- +-σ-), yop-y- (imperf. redupl. ) , inXnp, a hedge-hog (the ‘ prickly one ') , xap-ádpa, a torrent, water-course,ravine, χάραξ (gen. -akos) , a stake, χαράσσω (for χαράκιω), toscratch, sharpen, engrave, Xapaкτýp, an engraved or stamped mark,character, style, χαρακτηριστικός, characteristic; χέρσος, χέρρος,dry, hard, rough, ǹ Xépσos (sc. yî) , dry land, xepoó-vnoos, (lit. adry island), a peninsula; yopyós, terrible, Topyó, Medusa, whose headwith snakes for hair was placed on the shield of Pallas Athene, andturned to stone all who beheld it, yópyelov, a tragic mask; xoîpos(perhaps for χόρρος or χόρσος) , a young pig, a pig.Latin, her-, hir-, hir-s-, hor-s-, fur-c-, in O. Lat. her, (later) er, ahedge-hog, ericius (s.s. ) , also a beam studded with spikes, an ancient' cheval de frise,' erinaceus, herinaceus, relating to a hedge-hog; hirtus,shaggy, hir-cus (Sab. fircus), a he-goat, hir- cinus, relating to a he-goat,hirs-utus, rough, hairy, bristly; horr- ere (for hors-ere) , to stand on end(of hair), to bristle up, shudder, dread, horror, dread, horridus, rough,bristling, horrible, horrificus, terrifying, abhorrere, to shrink awayfromin disgust or fear; hor-deum (for hors-deum) , Sab. fordeum, barley,the bearded plant, horreum, a barn, hordeaceus, relating to barley.Prellwitz connects with gher-, to scratch, furca, a two-pronged fork, aforked-shape stake, an instrument of punishment placed across theculprit's neck to the ends of which the arms were bound. Anotherexplanation refers furca to Eur-Ar. Vbher-, to bore; etymologicallyboth are possible, but √bher-, to bore, would not correspond to xápağ,a stake, which comes very near in sense and form to furca, afork.L. Latin and Romance, Port. ericio, Span. erizo, Ital. riccio, Prov.erisson, O.F. ireçon, heriçon, N.F. hérisson, M.E. irchon, irchoun,hircheoune, a hedge-hog (as from L. Lat. *ericionem). By the sideof these are the forms Port. ouriçon, Walloon, ureçon, o.F. ourçon,ourson, N.F. oursin, M.E. urchoun, urchon, urchin, a hedge- hog, echinus,probably popular etymologies from Lat. ursus, F. ours, a bear (seeunder Verk-, p. 61); Prov. eriçar, riçar, Span. rizar, Ital. arricciare,N.F. hérisser, to bristle up, Ital. riccio, (adj . ) shaggy, bristly , ( subs. ) acurl; Ital. orrido, horrible, Ital, ordo, Prov. and o.F. ort (m. ) , orde ( f. ) ,Xoîpos, with grice, griskin, may also be placed under ✔gher-, to rub, pound,grind, both as regards form and sense.390 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS .✓GHER filthy, Prov. ordeiar, o.F. ordoier, to befoul, Ital . ordura, O.F. ordure,√ÕHRE filth , F. horrible; Ital . orzo, Prov. ordi, o.F. orge, barley, orgeat ( =L.Lat. hordeatum) , a mixture of barley water, syrup andflavouring spice;O. Span. forca, N. Span. horca, Ital. and Prov. forca, o.F. furke,fourche, M.E. forche, fourche, N.E. fork, N.F. fourche, a fork, Ital.forchetta, N.F. fourchette (dim. ) , a table-fork; O.F. fourgon, a poker, Ital.forcone, N.F. fourgon, a luggage van, an ammunition wagon (probablyfrom having a bar with several shafts extending from it as prongs ofa fork to admit of two or three horses being driven abreast); L. Lat.gravare, Span. grabar, O. and N.F. graver, M.E. graven, to dig, grave,carve (from the Teut. ) , o.F. engraver, to engrave, L. Lat. granus, atuft of hair (from the Gothic), cp. Isidorus, neque granos gentilimore demittunt '; O.H.G. grana, moustache, from which are formedO. Span. greñon, the beard, Prov. grenz (s.s.), O.F. grenon, guernon,gernon, a moustache.· Balto-Slav. , žer-, žar- s-, gre-b-, gro- , in Lith. žerti, to scrape,O. Slav. žarstva, coarse sand (cp. Zend zarstvas, a stone) , O. Slav.greba, to dig, Lith . grebti, to rake, O. Slav. groba, a grave, O. Slav.gro-ga, horrid.Teutonic, gra-, gra-bh-, gra-s-, gru- ( =Eur-Ar. ğhren-), gri-(=Eur-Ar. ghrei-) , in Latino- Goth. granus, O.H.G. grana, a moustache,N.H.G. gran, the bristles on a hog's back, the beard of barley, o.N. grön,A.S. grönu, moustache; Goth. and O.H.G. graban, N.H.G. graben, to dig,begraben, to bury, eingraben, to engrave, O.N. grafa, A.S. grafan, todig, bury, grave, O. and N H.G. graba, trench, grave, pit, o.N. gröf, a.s.graf, græf, M.E. grafe, grave, a trench, grave, N.E. grave, place ofinterment; O.H.G. gruoba, N.H.G. grube, a pit, trench, O. Du. groeve,a furrow, O.N. grof, M.E. grofe, pit, N.E. groove, A.S. grāf, a small wood,græfe, a thicket, wyn-grāf, a pleasant grove (cp . for sense, Gael. garan,a thicket, underwood) , N.E. grove '; M.H.G. grat, N.H.G. gräte, fish bone,beard ofbarley; O.H.G. grazzo (adv.), violently, fiercely, M.H.G. graz,raging, N.H.G. grässlich, dreadful, a.s. grisan (p. t. gras, p. p. grisen) ,in agrisan, M.E. grisen, to feel terror, shiver; L.G. grislik, A.S. grislic,M.E. grislic, grisli, N.E. grisly, terrible; O.H.G. gruwison, gruson, M.H.G.grusen, N.H.G. grausen, A.S. greosan (in begreosen, p. t. begreas, p. p.begroren), N.E., Northern, and Scot. growse, to feel terror, shiver;O.H.G. in-gruen, M. and L.G. gruen, M.E. gruen, growen, N.H.G. grauen,to dread, abhor (vb. ) , dread, abhorrence (subs. ) , M.H.G. gruwesam,N.H.G. grausam , O. Du. grouwsaem, Scot. grousom, N.E. gruesome,This explanation is disputed .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 391.terrible, fierce, cruel; O.H.G. grübilon, L.G. grubbeln, N.H.G. grübelen , √ÕHERfreq. of *grubben, *grüben (not found except in M.E. grubben, grobben, √GHREto grub, dig, grub up roots); O.N. griss, M.E. griss, gris, grys, N.E. gryce,grice, a young pig, a pig, N.E. griskin (dim. ), part of a flitch of bacon;O.H.G. gërsta, N.H.G. gersten, barley, O.N. grein, thefork ofthe branchesofa tree, O.N. greina, to fork off, divide, M.E. grein, grain, the fork ofa tree, or ofthe body, N.E. groin, the fork of the body, the curved intersection ofvaults crossing each other, groining, groined.Celtic, Gael. greann, hair, bristling of hair, O. Ir. grend, beard,N. Ir. grean, uncombed hair, a beard, fair hair, (adj . ) rough, Wel. andBret. grann, the eyelid, cilium, Gael. and Ir. grain, abhorrence, disgust,Wel. graen, asperity, grief, (adj . ) rough, grievous, Wel. graenu, tomake rough, Ir. greanaim, I engrave; Gael. graineag, Ir. graneog, thehedge-hog; Gael. garbh, O. Ir. garb, Wel. garw, Bret. garu, rough,Gael. garbhag, a sprat, Scot. garvie (s.s.) , also (?) Garvock, n. pr. ,a surname, Gael. and Ir. gar-g, rough, frightful, Ir. gairge, fierceness ,(cp. Gk. yopyós, O. Slav. gro-ga, s.s.) , Ir. gairgin, dung, Gael.gwrychu, to bristle, gwry-chyn, a hedge-row, bristles; Ir. gairsen,horror, gairs-neach, horrible, Gael. garadh, a den, copse, Ir. garidh, acave (cp. xapádpa, ravine) , Gael. and Ir. garan, a thicket, Gael. and Ir.garluch, the mole (the hole digger?) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, character, -ise, -istic , Chersonesus, Gorgon, Gorgona (?) , asmall island between Italy and Corsica.Latin, herinaceous, hircine, hirsute; horror, horrid, horrific,horrify, horri-pilation, abhor, -ent, -ence; hordeaceous; bifurcate.L. Latin and Romance, urchin, ordure, orgeat; fork, fourchette,fourgon (all thr. Lat. ); grave (vb. to carve) , engrave, -er, -ing;Algernon, a Norman-French surname, or rather nickname, he ofthelong beard or moustache, ' still used as a Christian name of an aristocratic character, but without any reference to its original meaning.Teutonic, grave (subs. place of interment) , grave-yard, &c. , groove,grove (also as a surname or compound in surnames, as Wingrove,Love-grove, &c.); grisly, gruesome, grub (vb. and subs. ), moneygrubber, grice (a pig) , griskin; groin, -ing, -ed.Celtic, Scot. garvock, Garvock, the surname; cp. Pollock fr. Gael.pollag, a coarse kind of whiting (?) .392 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √õHEM- √ÕHIEM- or √GHEM- √GHIEM-, ' variants (?)of GHEN- in GHEN-D, to hold, grasp, with sense of compressing, being full, swelling, restraining, fettering, sighing.Sanscrit, yam- (for hyam- by loss of h= Eur-Ar. ğh-) , in yamateto restrain, fetter, hold, support, yamas, a holder (i.e. a bridle or driver) ,a restraint, check, sam-yamate, to draw together, curb, suppress, yamas,(adj . ) paired, twin, (subs. ) dual, twins, sing. a twin, Yama, name of agod, the Twin (with his sister Yami), or the Restrainer, Controller.2Zend, yam-, in a-yam-aite, to hold, control, compel, yema, a twin,Yima, son of Vivanhão, and twin-brother of Yamak; Yima kshaeto,' king Yima,' was his title, whence N. Pers. Iam-shed.³Greek, yɛμ-, in yéέuw, to be loaded with, full of, specially used of aship, yɛµíçw, to load, yópos, ship's burden or tonnage.4Latin, gem-, in gemere, -ui , -itum, to sigh, groan, bewail, gemiscere (incept. s. s. ) , gemitus, lamentation; gemma, a bud, eye or gemofa plant (from its swelling), a precious stone, gemmula (dim. ) , gemmare, to put forth buds, gemmatus, provided with buds, jewelled, gemmatio, a budding, gemmifer, producing gems; geminus, (subs. ) a twin,(adj .) twin-born, double, gemellus , for gemen-lus (subs. , dim.), a twin,Gemini, the twins, spec. Castor and Pollux, geminare, to double,geminatio.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. gemere, Prov. gemir, o.F. geindre (cp.Lat. premere, O.F. preindre) , N.F. gemir, to sigh; Ital . gemello, Prov.gemel, O.F. jumel , o . and N.F. jumeau, M.E. gemel, gemmel, gimmal,gimbal, gemew, gemmow, a twin; M.E. gemel (in heraldry) , one of twobars, two gemels silver between two griffins passant '; M.E. gemelgimbal- or gimbal-ring, one with two or three circlets, M.E. and N.E.(early), gimmal, a curious piece of mechanism, a quaint device, ' a gim ';6' The initial of a double consonant is not infrequently dropt in Sanscrit, as in thecognate languages; and this suggestion is offered here as a possible way of accounting for the agreement in meaning of Sanscrit and Zend words with those of the otherlanguages, yéµw, gemere, geminus, zima, geimheal. A similar loss of initialconsonant may be suspected in Eur- Ar. *liegrt, where the initial 1 seems lost in Sans.yakṛt, Gk. πap, Lat. jecur, but preserved in Arm, leir, O.H.G. lebara, A.S. lifer, N.E. liver.2 Yama and Yami, twin-brother and sister, the mythical first parents of mankind.Yama was regarded as the ruler of the kingdom of the happy dead; later, as the godof death. Yama and Yami were the twin children of Divasvant, the Sun-god,(divasvant, orig. an epithet of the Sun, lighting up, dawn-bringing).

• Fick (4th ed. i . 292) , who connects with Yama the German deity Twisco, and

cites from Tacitus that the meaning of the name is ' twin ' (cp. Germ. base twa,twi = 2).• For change of meaning cp. Gk. σTevós, narrow, contracted, with σrévw, to bewail,sigh, sob.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 393Ital. gemma, a bud, a jewel, o. and N.F. gemme, a jewel, M.E. gemme,Ital. giumella, a ‘ two-hands-ful.'Balto- Slav. , zem-, in O. Slav. žimą, žeti , to press, Russ. zomu, apress, Russ. zmena, a handful.Teutonic, O.H.G. gimma, A.S. gimm, gimstan, a precious stone (loanwords from Lat.).Celtic, O. Ir. geimel, gemel, N. Ir. and Gael. geimheal, Wel.gefyn, gyves, fetters, gefinu, to fetter.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, gemmiferous, gemmate, -ion, geminate (vb. and adj .) , -ion,Gemini, the constellation, Jimini (in ‘ Oh, Jimini! ' a popular oath) .L. Latin and Romance, gem, gimmal-rings, gim, gim-crack (fr.O.F. gemel, with a leaning upon A.S. gimm), gimbals , a contrivance forswinging a ship's compass.Celtic, gyves.Eur-Ar. VGHED , ' cacare '; extension of GHE , to discharge, with avariant VÕUEDH or √GUETH (? see Kluge under kot).Sanscrit, had-, in had- ati (s.s. ) , gūtha, dung.Zend, zadh-, in zadhanh, ' podex,' gūtha, dung.Greek, χεδ-, in χέζω (for χέδρω, p. t. κέ-χοδα) , ' cacare, χόδανος,podex.Teutonic, O.H.G. quat, M.H.G. quāt, kāt, N.H.G. kōt, dung.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. giodar, dung, Ir. gead, podex.Eur-Ar. √ÕHEN- GH-, ' the leg, especiallyfrom the knee downwards.Sanscrit, jangha, the leg, the shin, janghama (adj. ) , going, moving,(subs.) a living or movingthing.Zend, zanga, the lower part ofthe leg.Balto-Slav. , Lith. zengiu, zengti, steps.Teutonic, Goth. gaggs, a roadway, O. and N.H.G. gang, O.N. gangr,A.S. and M.E. gang, gong, a going (cp . Sans. janghama, s.s.) , Goth.gaggan, O.H.G. gangan, N.H.G. only in p. t. ging and p. p. gegangen,O.N. ganga, A.S. gangan, to go.1A partial reduplication for ghen ghen.394 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, gang (subs. ) , a going, a course, way, aparty ofmen, gang, vb. (in North. Dial. ) , to go, gangway.Eur-Ar. √ÕHES-, to laugh.Sanscrit, has-, in has-ati, laughs, has-ayati, to cause to laugh, hasanas, laughing, joking.Latin, his-, in hister (a kind ofplay accompanied by dancing), saidby Livy, vii . 2, to be a Tuscan word. The actors employed were atfirst Tuscans, and the plays seem to have had a comic character; seeLivy, vii. 2: Imitari deinde eos juventus, simul inconditis inter sejocularia fundentes versibus, cœpere. ' Histrio, an actor, histrionicus,relating to a player.6Celtic, Gael. gair, Ir. gairim, to laugh, from a base gasr- (Stokes).ENGLISH DERIV. Latin, histrionic .Eur-Ar. * ÕHES-LE-, a thousand.Sanscrit, hasra, in sa-hasra, one thousand (sa for sam =one: cp.Lat. sem-, sim-, in simul, sem-el, sim-plex, &c.; Gk. è [for σɛ] , inExaтóv, one hundred).Zend, zanra, in ha-zanra, one thousand.Hindustani, ha-zār (s.s.) .Greek, Dor. χήλιοι, Lesb. χέλλιοι, Ion. Att. χείλιοι, χίλιοι,thousand (from *χέσλιοι), χιλίαρχος, χιλιάρχης, commander of onethousand men, Xixiaoμós (eccles. ) , the doctrine of the millennium .ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, chiliarch, chiliasm, chiliast, a believer in themillennium.Eur-Ar. * GHES-LE or GHES- LE, ' a sinew, thread.Latin, his-, in hilum (for hislum), according to Festus, the little' I think GHES LE is the correct form of the base, and that it is connected withEur- Ar. ✅GHI¯ √GHIE to which Sans. and Zend jya, a bow- string, Gk. Blos, a bow,Lith. gija are referred. Cp. Eur-Ar. gheste- ( = Lat. hostis, fostis) , as ghesle- ( = Lat.hilum, filum, for hislum, fislum). The Lith. ginsla, gislo, O. Pruss. gislo, are also infavour of the labiovelar form ghesle-.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 395<GHES-LEblack mark or fibre at the end of a bean, anything very small, generally * GHES LEfound with a negative, in which case it is equivalent to a whit ' inthe phrase ' not a whit,' as in nihil-, nihilum (acc. ), nihili (gen.)(cp. A.S. na-wiht, naht, M.E. naught) . Fick and Breal think thatfilum, a thread, fibre, filament, is the same word as hilum, by the commonchange of h ( =Eur-Ar. gh-, ğh-) to f, as in hostis: fostis, &c.; and inLewis and Short's Lat. Dict. ' fibrum, with similar meaning, is connected also with filum, having the same radical fi- ( = fis- for his-) , but adifferent nominal suffix -brum instead of -lum. If this supposition isaccepted, fimbria, shreds, fibres, a fringe (the nasalised form offibrum), with the following Romance derivatives, may be regarded asconnected with this root.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. filo, Prov. fils, O.F. fil , a thread, Ital .filare (as from a Lat. *filare) , Prov. filar, o.F. filer, to draw out thethread, to spin, Ital . fila, o.F. file, a line, rank, row, afile ofmen, Ital .filigrana (from filum +granum) , O.F. filigrane, delicate gold and silverwork arranged in fine threads and small grains (see Scheler sub vb.) ,M.E. filligree, fillagree, filigrane; ' Ital . flanella, frenella (by dissimilation), O.F. flaine, flanelle (a dim. of flana for filāna, ² a deriv. of filum,Ital. filo, or from filum +lāna) , flannel (?); o.F. desfiler; to unravel,N.F. défiler, to march off in file, N.F. défilé, Engl. ( 1715) defilee, nowdefile, a narrow pass, defile, o.F. enfiler, to thread, N.F. enfilade, a lineor passage through, a discharge of artillery attacking a line of troops orforts; Ital. profilo, a border, sketch, outline, Fr. profil (s.s.) , Ital. profilare, F. profiler, to take a side view, O.F. porfiler, later pourfiler(really identical with the preceding, but using the French por, pour,instead of the Latin form pro³) , M.E. purfilen, purflen, to embroider(' pourfiler d'or, to purfle, tinsell, or overcast with gold thread,' Cotgrave) , N.E. purl (contracted from purfle); o.F. filet (dim. of fil) ,¹ See Browne's Travels, p. 147 , A.D. 1685: A curious filigrane handkerchief, andtwo fair filigrane plates, brought out of Spain. '2 So Körting, 3258. But various explanations of this word are given. ( 1 ) FromWel. gwlanen, wool ( see under ✔uel, p. 135); Skeat, following Rhys, accepts this.(2) Brachet derives flannel from the Welsh town, Llanidloes, the original seat of themanufacture, Welsh 11- being pronounced, and often written by the English, as fl-;cp. Llewellyn: Fluelen; Lloyd: Flood. A Flemish colony settled in Wales temp.Henry II. are said to have been the first manufacturers of flannel in Wales, and it isprobable that they, too, imported the Romance name for it, which is still the Germanname. (3) Diez suggests Lat. velamen, a covering, as the source of Ital. flanella, as the O.F. flaine was also used in that sense. The explanation in the text, filum + lana= filana, is doubtfully suggested by Körting. O.F. flaine may be contracted from

• filaine, which may represent a L Lat. * filanca; but neither of these words is found.

The French por or pour, although Lat. pro, often represents in compositionper, as regards its meaning.=396 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.a small band, a fillet, o.F. filamens, a thin thread, a filament (thefinal t here is due to a supposed connection with the Lat. suffix-mentum-) , o.F. filandres, thread-like worms that breed in hawks;Ital. fimbria, Dial. frinza, Prov. fremna, Wallach. frimbie, Rum.'fringhie, Sicil. frinza, O. and N.F. frange, Dial. frinche, M.E. fringe,frenge, N.E. fringe.Balto-Slav. , Lith. ginsla, gisla, a vein, sinew, O. Slav. zila, a vein,Bulg. zila, a thread, O. Pruss. gislo, a sinew.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, filatory, nil, nihilist, nihilism, annihilate, -ion; fibre, -ous,-ine; fimbriated, fringed.L. Latin and Romance, file (subs. ) , a row, line, file (vb. ) , to thread,to put papers on a string, to put on the file, defile 2 (subs. and vb. ) ,enfilade, profile, purfle, (contract. form) purl, to work an edging onlace; filigree, flannel (?) , filament, -ous, filanders, fringe.Eur-Ar. GHIES or VGZHIES, yesterday, to-morrow.Sanscrit, hyas, yesterday, (in the Vedas) to-morrow (cp. Hindi kal,both yesterday and to-morrow).Greek, x0és, yesterday, with by-form ¿x¤és.Latin, heri (for hesi) , yesterday, hes-ternus, (adj . ) of yesterday.Teutonic, Goth. gistra-morgen, to-morrow, O.H.G. gëstaron, N.H.G.gestern, yesterday, O.N. gær, yesterday, gör (s.s. ) , also to-morrow in theold Icelandic poems; A.S. geostra, gistran-dæg, yesterday, M.E. 3isterdai, N.E. yesterday.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, yesterday, yestreen, yester-night.Eur-Ar. VÕHEU- VÕHU , to make an offering or libation, to pour intothe fire, to pour out, to invoke, call upon.¹ The Rumanian language is a mixed patois of various elements: Latin (introduced by the Roman soldiers and settlers) , Hungarian, Albanian, Slavonic, Turkish,and Modern Greek.2 Not defile, to pollute, which is from an entirely different root, viz. ✔pu-, norfile, a rasp, which is from peik-, to adorn, shape.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 397Sanscrit, hav-, hu-, in hav-as, a sacrifice, an invocation, havana ÕHEU-(s.s.) , havin, calling for help, havis, a gift for the gods, havyas (adj .) , √ÕHUto be invoked, havya-vahas, bearing the offering to the gods (an epithetof fire or the God of fire, Agni) , Hotr, the office of priest, or chiefpriest, offerer of sacrifice (applied often to Agni) , hotrā, invocation,homa, a pouring into the fire, an offering, hotravya ( adj . ) , to beworshipped by offerings, puru-hutas, much invoked,' an epithet of theGod Indra.Zend, zaotar, priest, chief priest, zavaiti, invokes.Armenian, ju-k-n, a fish.Greek, Xɛf-, xv-, in xέw, pour out (for Xéfw) , fut. Ep. Xɛúw,Att. xɛ@, perf. ké-xv-ña, Xvтós, poured out, xúτpa, an earthen pot,XÚTλov, anything that can be poured, a fluid, in pl. xúrλa, libationsfor the dead, xvλós, juice produced by decoction or digestion, chyle,Xvµós, juice ofplants , animaljuices, chyme, xúµa, that which is pouredout, a fluid (cp. Sans. homa); xoń, a libation, drink offering, xóavos,a melting-pot, xoávn, a funnel, Xonpópoi, libation-offerers to the dead(the name of a tragedy of Æschylus, in which the Chorus offerslibations to Agamemnon); i-xoú-s, a fish (i- prothetic, -x@v =xv, cp.ἐχθές: χθές, χθών: χαμαί); θύω, to offer part of a meal to the gods,to sacrifice, Ovos, a sacrifice, (later) incense, Oúov, a fragrant wood.Latin, fov-, fu-, fu-d-, in fons ' ( =fovons) , gen. fontis (cp. Gk.XEOUT- [=XEFOVT-] , pouring forth) , a fountain, fontana (late Lat. ) , afountain, fontaneus (adj . ) , of or relating to a fountain; futis, a watervessel, futio (subs. ) , a pouring out, futire, to let out secrets, blab, ef-futire,(s.s.) , futtilis, (later) futilis, that easily pours out, that cannot contain,unreliable, vain, worthless, futtile (subs. ) , a water vessel used at sacrifices to Vesta and Ceres. Fundere, 2 fudi, fusum, to pour out, (of metals)to melt, cast, fusio, a pouring out, the melting or casting of metals,fusilis, molten, fluid, fusor, a founder in metals, fusorius, molten;confundere, to pour together, mix up, confound, confusio, confusion,diffundere, to spread over, diffuse, scatter, diffusio, a spreading; effundere, to pour forth, impart freely, effusio; infundere, to pour in,infusio, an infusion, infusorium, a can for pouring in; perfundere,to pour through, perfuse, profundere, to pour copiously, profusio,lavishness, refundere, to pour back, suffundere, to pour below or upon,suffusio, a suffusion, transfundere, to pour from one vessel to another,to decant, transfusio, transfusion, fundibulum, afunnel. Futare, to argue,1Brugmann, ii. p. 1433, connects this with paívw, Lat. fenestra, from Eur-Ar.✔bhe-, and gives ' opening ' as the original sense, citing Armen. ba-n-am, I open.2 Fun-d-, the nasalised base of the pr. t. (cp. tundere, tu-tud-i, tusum).398 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VGHEU supposed to be an intensive vb. from futus, an old part. for fusus (cp.√GHU- Festus, p. 81 , ' exfuti effusi , ut mertat pro mersat ' ) , its compoundsare confutare, to check a boiling liquid by pouring in cold, to restrain,put down byargument, refutare, to keep or drive back, to rebut, refutatio.Favere,¹ to favour, be inclined towards, to speak good words, to abstainfrom bad or unfavourable words ( cp. Gk. ev¶nµɛîv), faustus, fortunate,infaustus, unfortunate, favor, favour, grace, favorabilis, favourable,fautor, a patron; Umbr. fons ( = fov-ons) , (adj . ) propitious, (subs .)favour, Faunus, the god ofshepherds and husbandmen, Fones, dei silvestres (Gloss. ) , Favonius, the south-west wind²; thus, thur-is, frankincense, thurifer, incense-bearer.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. fonte, o.F. font, funt, M.E. funt, fount,a font, a fount, N.E. font (for baptism) , a fount, from Lat. font-(em) ,Ital . fontana, o.F. fontaine, funtaine, N.E. fountain (Lat. fontana) ,F. fontanelle, an issue, the suture of the skull, Ital. fondere, O.F. fondre,to melt, cast, M.E. founderie, a foundry, o.F. fonte, a casting, N.E. fontof type, F. confondre, to confound, O.F. refonder, to pay back, restore;Span. fonil, Port. funil, a funnel, F. ( not found); O.F. fuser, to melt,Ital. rifusare, O.F. refuser, M.E. refusen (as from a L. Lat. *refusare),to refuse, Ital. rifuso, O.F. refus, a refusal, refuse (leavings), O.F, andM.E. confus, diffus (p. p. Lat. confusus, diffusus, ) o.F. infuser, toinfuse; F. confuter, to confute, F. refuter, to refute; Ital. favore, O.F.favor, favour, M.E. favour, rarely favor, N.E. favour, M.E. favoren,favuren, N.E. to favour, Ital . favorabile, o.F. favorable, M.E. favorabel,O.F. favorite, favourite; o.F. Geoffroi, Gustavus (Latinised form fromGuth-stab, God's staff) , F. lingot (from l'ingot, by adhesion of def.article), a bar of metal (from M.E. ingot or M.H.G. inguz).Balto-Slav , O. Slav. govēti, ³ to have religious reverence for, Russ.goveti, to regard as holy; O. Slav. zva-ti, zova, to call , invite, Russ.zva-ti , zovu (s.s.) , Lith. žuvis, fish , žu-k-mistras, a fisherman, O. Pruss.zu-kans (acc. ) , afish.Teutonic, Goth. giutan, O.H.G. giozan, N.H.G. giessen, to pour out,cast metals, O.N. gjota, to cast one's young (said of a dog, cat, fox,' See Brugmann, Comp. Gram. ii . pp. 964, 1083, where Lat. favere is connected withO. Slav. goveti. Stokes and Bezzenberger (ii. p. 163 , of Fick's fourth edition) assignLat. favere, Umb. fons, propitious, to bave-, to favour; yet Bezzenberger suggests the alternative ✔gheu-.2 See Brugmann, ii . 269.The g in place of z would correspond to Eur-Ar. ✔gu or √ghu, not ✔ğhu, butthe signification of gov-eti brings it nearer to the latter form of the root.' Vigfusson has this note on the sense of gjota: ' That it was originally used in anobler sense may be inferred from the fact that two Teutonic people, the Gautar,Gauts, and Gotar, Goths ( = the born) , derive their names from it.' This is a doubtfulEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 399mouse, and fish) , A.S. .geoten, M.E. 3eten, yeten, Scot. yet, to pour, √ÕHEUM.H.G. inguz, N.H.G. einguss, M.E. ingot, orig. a pouring in, a mould √ÕHUfor molten metal, that which is poured in, ¹ Dan. gyde, Swed. giuta,to cast (of metals); O.N. gjota, Swed. giuta, a mill-leat, Dan. gyde,a narrow lane, O. Du. gote, a channel, a.s. gut, pl. guttas, the intestines,M.E. gutte, gotte, N.E. gut, the intestinal canal, also a water-course 2(cp. N.H.G. gosse, a drain), O.N. gjosa, gusa, M.E. guschen, gowshe, togush out, burst forth, as a volcano, spring, or blood from a wound (cp.O.N. geysa, to gush, geysir, a hot spring, lit. the gusher), O.N. gjosta,gustr, a blast or gust of wind; Goth. Guth, O.H.G. Got, N.H.G. Gott,O.N. Gudh, Godh, A.S. Gōd; A.s. godefriht, M.E. godfriht, god-fearing,Gode-bert, God-bright, A.S. god- leas, M.E. godles (cp . N.H.G. gottlos) ,godless, M.E. Godhed, N.E. God-head ( = A.S. God +had, condition), Goth.gudja, a priest, O.N. godhi, a priest, (later) a chief, a liege lord, o.n.Gudhs-riki, kingdom ofGod, Gudhs-vin, God'sfriend, N.H.G. Got-fried, thepeace ofGod, or Got-lieb, God-loving; O.N. Gudh-spjall, M.E. godd-spel,Gods-word, M.E. godsib, a sponsor, the relation ofsponsors to each other.3Celtic, Bret. founil, a funnel, Wel. ffynel, an air-hole, allied toffyned, to breathe (see Skeat, ad vb. ) , Gael. and Ir. guth, voice, aword.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, chyle, chylous, compounds of chylo-, as chylo-poietic (chylemaking), chyme, choëphori, icthyology, icthyophagous.Latin, futile, -ity, fuse, fusion, fusil, fusible, fusibility, confusion,confuse, diffuse, -ion, -ive, effuse, -ion, -ive, -ness, infusion, profuse,-ion, -ive, -ness, perfuse, suffuse, -ion, transfuse, -ion, infusoria, confutation, -able, refutation, -able, irrefutable, Faunus, fauna, faun (awoodland deity).L. Latin and Romance, font, fount, fountain, fontanel, found, tocast or melt metal, founder, iron-founder, foundry, font (of type),explanation. The Gothic name, Gut-thiuda = the people or land of the Goths, whichin Old Icelandic poems and sagas was assimilated to O.N. Godh-thjodh, the abode ofthe gods, favours the supposition that the name of the people is connected with✔ğhu-, and may have the sense of the favoured, or divinely favoured,' or'fortunate.'¹ See Chaucer, Yeoman's Tale, i. 195:' And for I wot wel, ingot have I noon [ i.e. a mould] ,Goth, walkith forth, and brynge us a chalk-stoon,For I wol make oon of the same shap,That is, an ingot, if I may han hap.'For the change of u to o cp. M.E. gutte, gotte.2 The original meaning seems to be a narrow outlet or channel.' All the Teutonic names for God are old participles = Sans. hutas, Eur-Ar. ghutos,the Being who is invoked or sacrificed to.400 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.funnel (perhaps thr. Celtic) , confound, refund, ' refuse (vb. ) , refusal,refuse (subs. ), confuse (adj . ) , diffuse (adj. ) , infuse (vb. ), refute, confute; favour, -able, -ite; Geoffrey, Jeffry, Jephson, Jefferson, Jeffs , &c. ,Gustavus, Latinised from Gustaf.Teutonic, gut, cat- gut, gutter, ingot, gush, gust, -y, geyser; God,god-less, God-head, &c. , gossip, gospel, Godfrey, Godwin, Goodwin,Gotobed (Godebert) , Guthridge (Gudh-riki) , zooks ( = God's books),zounds (=God's wounds) , obsolete forms of swearing.Eur-Ar. VÕHUER , VÕHUEL , to be wild, savage, fierce, to disturb,cause to err.Sanscrit, hvar-, hur-, hval-, in hvar-ati, go crooked, as a serpent,caus. hvār-ayati, lead astray, disturb , hru-nati (s.s. ) , ju-hur-as, hrutas,injurious, hostile, hvalati, goes crooked.2Greek, Oɛp-, pap-, in Ońp,² a wild beast (þýp Æol. ) , Onpíov (dim. ),with s . s . , also specially a serpent, poisonous animal, Oŋpiakós, relatingto wild or venomous beasts, ἡ θηριακή ( sc . ἀντίδοτος) , an antidoteagainst poisonous bites, Ońpa, the chase, πavonpa, the whole booty, alarge net; xwλós, lame.Latin, fer-, fur-, in fer-us, wild, fera (subs. ) , a wild beast, ferinus,relating to wild beasts , ferina ( subs. ) , venison (cp . N.H.G. wildbrett, s.s. ) ,ferox, fierce, savage (gen. ferocis) , ferocia, ferocitas, fierceness; furere,3to rage, be ferocious, furor, fury, Furiæ, the Furies, furiare, to renderfurious, furiosus, furious; panthera the whole catch (Gk. loan-word)theriaca (Gk. loan-word) , an antidote against a poisonous bite.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. fiero, wild, proud, Prov. and o.F. fers,fiers, wild, fierce, proud, M.E. fers, fiers (s.s. ) , N.F. fier, proud, N.E.fierce, M.E. fersnesse, fierceness; O.F. harouche, N.F. farouche, fierce (Lat.feroce[m] , Brachet; but thought doubtful by Körting) , O.F. ferocite,ferocity, O.F. and M.E. furie, fury, O.F. furieux, furious; o.F. theriaque(loan-word from Gk. thr. Latin), later triacle, M.E. triacle, N.E. treacle;Ital. pantera, a drag-net, pantiera, a snare for birds, o.F. pantiere, asnare for birds, a draw-net, M.E. panter, a noose for snaring birds, n.e.painter, a rope for mooring a boat (see Skeat, ad vb. ) .Balto-Slav. , Lith. žvēris, O. Slav. zvēri, Bulg. , zvēr, dzvēr, Russ.zvēri, a wild beast.

¹ Lat. fundare, tofound, fundus, bottom, O.F. fonder, N.E. found, to establish,N.E. fund, a store, stock, are all from Eur- Ar. ^/bheuan.2 hp may be referred to Eur- Ar. √bher- or /dn- as well as to ghuer-.Brugmann (i. p. 320) assigns it to the last, and is followed by Fick (4th ed. i . p. 438) .' Another etymology is from Eur- Ar. ✔dhu-, and connects furor with Ouuós.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 401ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Mega-therium and other compounds of therium .Latin, ferine, feræ naturæ, infuriate.L. Latin and Romance, fierce, -ness, ferocity, ferocious, -ness, fury,'the Furies, furious, treacle; painter, a rope for mooring a boat.Eur-Ar. * √GHEID , to be insolent, wanton, playful.Sanscrit, hed-, in hedati,2 to be insolent.Latin, hæd-, in hædus, goat.Balto-Slav. , Lith. zaid-zù, to play.Teutonic, Goth. gaits, O.H.G. geiz, N.H.G. geiss, O.N. geit, A.S. gāt,a gont, Goth. gaitein, O.H.G. geizzin, A.S. gæten, a kid.ENGLISH DERIV. , goat, -ish, -ee, -herd, &c.Eur-Ar. GH-0- GH-E-, with variant GO GE, an intensive or demonstrative particle, e-gh-om, nom. 1st pers. pron. I.Sanscrit, a-ha-, in a-ha-m, I, ma-h-yam (dat. ) , to me.Zend, a-ze-, in a-ze-m, I.Armenian, -s-, e-s -e-gh- I, in-j (dat. ) , to me.Greek, -yo-, yɛ-, in ¿yw, è̟ywv, I, yɛ, indeed, at least, &c. (encl*ticparticle), ő-rye, this one, èpolye (dat. ) èµé-yɛ (acc. ) , me.Latin, -go-, -h-, in e-go, I, mi-h-i (dat. ) , to me (cp. Umbr. me-h-e);hi-c,³ hæ-c, ho-c (for hi-ce, hæ-ce, hod-ce) , hu-jus, &c.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. io, Span. yo, o.F. (ninth century) ,eo, io (eleventh century) , jo (twelfth century), je, I (all from Lat.e[g]o by omission of g) . From hic, hoc, &c. , the following Romancewords are formed: Prov. aic-si, aissi , F. ici, ci, here (from ecce +hic) ,Prov. oc, o, this, yes ( = hoc), O.F. avuec, N.F. avec ( =apud +hoc),with, O.F. oïl , N.F. oui ( =hoc +ille) , yes; Ital . oggi, Prov. huei, O.F.hui (=hoc +die) , N.F. (aujourd')hui, to day ( = ad illum diurnum dehoc die); Ital. ancora, Prov. ancar, encara, O.F. ancore, N.F. encore¹ Another, and more probable, explanation is from ✅dhu- (which see) .2 Cited by Fick in his third edition, but omitted in the fourth.Hic is therefore a compound of ghch, sei, ke-c.D D402 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.GHOGHEG- OG-E-(= ad hanc horam), still, again, Prov. a-ora, O.F. aore, ore, N.F. or(=hac hora), this hour, now.Balto-Slav. , O. Lith. e-sz, a-sz (later az) , O. Slav. azu, I, O. Pruss.a-s, I.Teutonic, Goth. i-k, O.H.G. i-hha, i-h, N.H.G. i-ch, O.N. e-c, a.s. i-k,M.E. i-k, I, Goth. mi-k, O.H.G. mi-h, N.H.G. mi-ch, O.N. mi-k, A.S. me- c(acc. ), me; so Goth. thu-k, si-k, O.H.G. di-h, si-h, N.H.G. dich, sich, O.N.thi-k, sik, A.S. the-c, se-c (acc. ), thee, self.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, egoism, -ist, egotism, -ist.L. Latin and Romance, Langue-doc, the Province in which ocwas used for ' yes '; encore.Teutonic, I.¹' The guttural or aspirate representing Eur-Ar. gh has been lost in the Romanceand in many of the Teutonic derivatives: e.g. in M.E. I for ik.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 403Fem.sāG.D.ta-syata-smaita-syāsta-syaiT.Eur-Ar. TA TO , pronominal (third pers. ) and demonstrative base,he, that.Sanscrit, ta-, in ta-t (n.) , third pers. pron. it, ta-t, so, ta-ti, so many,tavat, so long, tavant, so great, ta-tra, there.The declension of tad- uses in the masc. and fem. sing. the basesa-, as follows:N.Masc.saNeut.ta-tta-syata-smaiSINGULAR.Acc. ta-m tā-mAbl. ta-smāt ta-syāsIns. tena ta-yāta-tta-smāttenaLoc. ta-smin ta-syām ta-sminDUAL.Masc.Fem. Neut.N. tau te teG. ta-yosD. tā-bhyāmta-yostā-bhyāmta-yostā-bhyāmAcc. tau te teAbl. tā-bhyām tā-bhyām tā-bhyāmIns. ta- bhyām tā-bhyām tā-bhyāmLoc. ta-yos ta-yos ta-yosPLURAL.Masc.Fem.Neut.N. te tāsG. te-shamD. te-bhyastasāmtā-bhyastānite-shamte-bhyasAcc. tan tās tā-niAbl. te-bhyasIns. ta-isLoc. teshůta-bhyas te-bhyastābhistāsutaisteshůDD 2404 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.TA- Greek, TO-, in Tó- ( =Tod) , thus declined:TO- SING. DUAL.PLUR.N. 8 τόG. τοῦ τῆς τοῦN. & Acc. Tó Tá · TÓG. & D. τοϊν ταῖν τοῖνoi ai τάτῶν τῶν τῶνD. τῷ τῇ τῷ τοῖς ταῖς τοῖςAcc. τόν τήν τό τούς τάς τάOther forms from ro- are: αὐτός, self, ὁ αὐτός (αυτός) , ἡ αὐτή (αυτή),τὸ αὐτό (ταὐτό, ταὐτόν), the same, οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο, this same, this,Tolos, such, Tóσos, so great, TóTE, then, &c.; compounds of autó-, asavτó-µatos, self-moving, avtóx0wv, from the earth itself, aboriginal,&c., TAUTO-λoyía, saying the same thing, av0EVTIKós, authentic.Latin, te, in is-te thus declined:SING. PLUR.N. is-te -ta -tud is-ti -tæ ttaG. is-tius is-torum -tarum -torumD. is-ti(-tei) is-tis(-teis)Acc. is-tum tam -tudAbl. is-to(d) -tā(d) -to(d)is-tos -tas -tais-tis(-teis)Other forms from te- are: tam, so, ta-men, nevertheless, tot, so many,i-ta, so, i-tem, also, tantus, so many, tum, tunc, then, tandem, at length,talis, such, lex talionis, the law of returning like for like (' such forsuch ' ), ' an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, ' retaliare, to retaliate.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. stesso, istesso, this very ( =iste +ipse), stamattina, this morning ( =ista matutina) , stasera, this evening(=ista sera), Ital. questo, this one (eccu[ m] +iste), O.F. icist, icest,cist, cest, N.F. cet, ce, pl. ces, this, these (ecce + iste) , O.F. icestui, cestui, this (ecce +istui) , O.F. tandis, so long (tam, or tantos, dies).Balto- Slav. , Lith. tā, O. Pruss. s-ta-n, O. Slav. tù, acc. this, him.Teutonic, tha-, de-, in Goth. tha-ta, O.N. tha-t, A.S. tha-t, N.E. that,O.H.G. dër, N.H.G. der, die, das, the, that, O.H.G. de-ser, N.H.G. die-ser,O.N. the-ssi, A.S. the-s, this; Goth. tha-thra, O.N. tha-dra, A.S. thær,O.H.G. dar, N.H.G. da, dar- (in comp. ) , there; A.S. and M.E. thi- der, N.E.thither; Goth. thau-h, O.H.G. doh, N.H.G. doch, O.N. thō, A.S. theah,though; O.H.G. danne, for and then, N.H.G. dann, then, denn, for, a.s.= 1 ' O,, T6 Sans. sa, sã, tat; Toû, Epic. Toîo for Tório, Sans. tasya; Tîs = Sans.tasyās; T =TW = Sans. ta(sm)ai; Tóv, Thν, Tó = Sans. tam, tām, tat; Tú, rá, Tú = Sans.tau, te, tau; Tow, Taîv, Toîv = Sans. ta(bh)yam; rŵv = Sans. te(sh)ām; TOîs, Taîs, TOîsSans, te(bh)yas.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 405thonne, than, thanne, then, O.H.G. dannana, dannan, N.H.G. von dannen,A.S. thanon, M.E. thennes, N.E. thence.Goth. and O.N. tha, A.S. the, the, that, A.S. thes, O.N. thessi, this,are thus declined:TATON.saG. thisGoth. tha-, the, thatSING. PLUR.SO thatathizos thisD. thamma thizai thammathai thos thothize thizo thizethaim, in all gendersAc. thana tho thata thans thos thosO.N. tha-, the, thatN. sa (sja) su (sja) that thessir thessarG. thess theirrar thess thessaraD. theim theirri thvi thessum }all gendersAc. thann thā that thessa thessar thessiA.S. the-, the, thatN. se (the) seo (theo) that thaG. thæs thæra thæs thara in allD. tham (them) thæreAc. thone(thæne) thātham thamthattham (thm ) gendersthaO.N. thessi, thisN. thessi thessiG. thessa thessara thessaD. thessum thessari thessaAc. thenna thessa thettathetta thessir thessar thessithessarain all genders thessumthessa thessar thessiA.S. thes, thisN. thes theosG. thises thisseD. thissum thisseAc. thisnethisthisesthāsthissain all genders thisum thisumthas this thāsO.N. that, third pers. pron. heN. neut. that M. and F. of sing. their thær thauG. neut. thes cases from han-n, theirraD. neut. thviA. neut. thathon, he, she theim }in all genderstha thær thau406 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.A.S. tha, they ( =plur. of demonstrative the, that).The sing. cases are formed from he, heo, hit (he, she, it).Plur. Nom.Gen.thā in all gendersthāra do.Dat. and Acc. thām do.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, compounds of auto-, as automaton, autonomy, autopsy,autograph, autocrat, &c. , authentic, tautology, -ical.Latin, tantamount, tandem, driving one horse in front of another;retaliate, -ion; tot (at the end of a bill , and in the phrase) ' to totup ' (fr. tot, so many).L. Latin and Romance, the legal phrase ' cestui que ' (see under√√ki-).Teutonic, the, that, this, these, those, they, their, them, there,thither, then, than, thence, though.Eur-Ar. -TA--TO-, nominal suffix, especially in ( 1) participles, and ( 2)nouns and adjectives formed from participles; (3) used also'inordinal numbers; and found (4) in compound suffixes as theirfinal member.(1) Participles: Sans. çru-tas, heard of, famous, Gk. Kλv-тÓS,celebrated, Lat. in- cly-tus, famous, ama-tus, loved.(2) Sans. hu-tas, invoked, one to whom libations are offered; Goth.Gu-th, O.H.G. Go-t, o.N. Go-dh, A.S. and Eng. Go-d; Gk. Xóp-tos;Lat. hor-tus; Lith. gar-das; Goth. gar-da, O.H.G. gar-to, O.N. gar-dh-r,A.S. gear-d, Eng. yar-d, gar-th, gar-d-en, from Vgher-, to enclose(Eur-Ar. *ghor--to-) , an enclosure.(3) Sans. shash-tas, Gk. έK- Tós, Lat. sex-tus, Lith. szēsz-tas,Goth. saihs-ta , O.H.G. Sëhs-te, A.S. six-ta, Eng. six-th.(4) In superlative compound suffix -is-to-: Sans. lagh-is-tas,lightest, Gk. Máx-10-TOs, least, A.S. læs-as-t, ' Eng. leas-t. In nominalsuffix mn-to, Sans. çro-ma-tam, o.H.G. hliumunt, fame, óvó-μara (pl. ),names, Lat. cogno-mentum, surname (cp. also aug-men-tum, testamen-tum, augment, testament, &c.).¹ In Latin superlatives the old suffix -is-to- is displaced by a later formation,-issimo-. The nominal suffixes, -τns -τntos in Greek, -tas -tatis, -tus -tutis, in Latin,(eg. Baρúτns, -TηTOs, claritas -tatis, vir-tus -tutis) , are extended forms of -ta, -to.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 4.07Eur-Ar. TE-TE, a term of endearment in general, but specially appliedby children to their father.Sanscrit, tata, father; also in vocative, my son.'Greek, TÉTTα, Táтa, affectionate title used to elders, specially tofathers.Latin, tata, father,' tatula, dimin.; cp. Atta.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. (vulg. ) tata, ' father,' O.F. taie, grandmother, Ital. daddoli, friendly mode of address to a monk.Balto-Slav. , Lith. teta, tetis, Russ. teta, ' father,' O. Slav. teta,aunt, Lith. tevas, father.Teutonic, atta, father, in the Gothic Lord's Prayer.Celtic, Ir. daid, Gael. daid- ein (dim, ) , Wel. dad, tad, Corn, tat ,Bret. tat, tad, father.ENGLISH DERIV. Celtic, dad, daddy, grand-dad.Eur-Ar. √TE, with older form √(S)TE, to steal.Sanscrit, tai-, in tāyus, stāyus, a thief; cp. ste-nas (s.s.) , stāyat,secret, concealed.Zend, ta-, in tāya, theft.Greek, Tā-, in TηTáw, (Dor.) Tātáw, to rob, τηTáoµai, to be in want,Tŷ (Epic. imp. ), take.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. tati, a thief, taiti, to conceal, Russ. tati , athief.Celtic, Ir. taid, a thief, taidhe, theft, taidh-each, thievish .English derivatives from the form te- are not found. Steal,stealth, &c. , are from an extension of √ste-.Eur- Ar. TEG , with older form √(S) TEG , to touch, take, grasp.Sanscrit, taj-, in tajat, suddenly, at once.1Greek, Tay- in Tε-Tay-óv (Epic redupl. part. 2 aor. ) , havingseized, Táoow¹ (= Taylw) , to arrange, put in order (2 aor. e-Tay-ov) ,τακτός, arranged, τακτικός, tactical, ordering , ἡ τακτική (sc. τέχνη) ,the art of military tactics, rayós, leader, Tayn, rážis, an ordering,1 Cp. Ital. maneggio, O.F. manege, Eng. manage, handling ( from manus, a hand),then government, control, ordering.408 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS .√TE-G-√(S)TEGTáyμa, an ordinance, σúvτağıs , ordering together, grammatical arrangement, ovvтaктIKós, according to syntax, àražía, want of order.Latin, tag-, tang- (later nasalised base of pr. t. ) , in tagere, taxi,

• taxum (?) , to touch, take hold of, to reach to grasp, tagax, lightfingered, thievish, taxare (frequentative of tagere), to touch violently

or often, to handle, to appraise or assess valuie (i.e. as by handling),to taunt, impute a fault, tax with, taxatio, a rating, appraisal; dumtaxat (sometimes separated by intervening words, more frequentlyused as one word), with sense of as far as it goes,' ' simply '; contagium (n. ), contagio, -onis (f.) , contagion, contagiosus, contagious,contiguus, near to , contamen, contagion, contaminare (formed as froma noun *tamen for tagmen) , to bring into touch with; tangere, te-tig-i,tac-tum, to touch, hold, take, taste, reach to, tangens (pr. p. ) , touching,tangibilis, tangible, tactilis (s.s. ) , tactus, tactio, touching, touch; attingere, -tigi, -tactum, come into contact with, contingere, -tigi, -tactum ,touch closely, be near to, reach to, happen to, contactus, contact, intactus(adj .), untouched, integer, untouched, whole, sincere , integritas, integrare,restore, redintegrare, to renew.toL. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. taxa, tasca, Prov. tasca,¹ o.F. tasque,tasche, tache, M.E. taske, N.F. tâche, a task, F. taxer (Lat. taxare),to tax, Ital . tassa, Prov. taxa, O. and N.F. taxe, M.E. taxe, a tax, Ital.tastare ( =L. Lat. taxitare, to touch often) , O.F. taster, M.E. tasten, N.E.to taste, O. Ital. tasto, O.F. and M.E. tast, touch , taste; 2 O.F. tac (Lat.tactus), a contagious disease, contagion, found in the fragments of asixth century version of the Bible; Ital . attaccare, O.F. atachier, M.E.atache, atteche, N.F. attacher, to arrest, lay hold of, to fasten, affix onething to another, N.F. (of sixteenth century) attaquer, ³ M.E. attaque,N.E. attack, to assail, détacher, to detach. Diez and Littré connectthese words with Genevese tache, Span. and Port. tacha, Ital. tacca,a round-headed nail, Eng. tack; but Körting derives both from tac-¹ Whether tasca and tasche are transpositions of taxa or connected with M.H.G.tasche, a bag, pocket, purse, is uncertain. Du Cange gives a L. Lat. tasca, ( 1) a smallsack, a kind ofpurse, (2) an impost upon land. Kluge says the origin of the Germantasche, its history and relation to the Romance words are unknown.2 The O. Ital. and O.F. and M.E. had the double meaning to taste, to feel or touch.In modern Ital. and F. the only meaning retained is ' to feel,' the sense of taste beingexpressed by Ital . gusto, F. goût ( Lat. gastus), but in modern Eng. taste has lostit* old and original sense of touching, feeling, for which touch, derivative of O.H.G.zucchen is used. The modern Ital. tasto key of a piano or organ, as well as touch.=› Attaquer and attacher are really doublets, being formed from a L. Lat. attaccare, and had originally the same sense, to fasten on to, place in contact nith.Attaquer is a Norman French word; attacher belongs to the Ile de Francedialect (see Brachet, ad vb. ).• Probably of Celtic origin: see below, Ir. taca, a nail, peg. Kluge, on the otherEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 409or tacc- in tac-tus. Ital. attignere, Prov. ateigner, O.F. ataignre, ✔TE- Gateignre, ataindre, N.F. atteindre, M.E. ateignen, ateinen, attainen, to √ (S)TEGtouch upon, attain, gain, o.F. ateint, ataint, N.F. atteint, M.E. ateynt,atteint (p. p. of atéynen, atéinen), N.E. attaint (adj . ) , convicted, M.E.ataynen, atteinten, attaynten (vb. , from p. p. atteint) , N.E. attaint, tohit in tilting, to prove a charge, to subject to attainder, to corrupt, toinfect, O.F. ataindre (inf. used as subs. ) , M.E. attaynder ( subs . ) , a sentence depriving of all civil rights. The simpler form taint is used asa verb for attaint in the latter senses, and as a subs. with sense ofstain, touch, infection. All these words are from attingere, the compound of tangere, not formed on tingere, to dye, colour. Ital.integro, without defect, uncorrupted, intiero, entire, without fracture orloss of any part, Prov. integre, entegre, entieyr, o. and N.F. entier,M.E. entier, N.E. entire, whole, complete, O.F. entierité, M.E. entierty,N.E. entirety.Teutonic, ² Goth. tēkan (p. t . taitōk) , O.N. taka (p. t. tok, p. p.tekinn), M.E. taken, to take, lay hold of, L.G. tikk, Du. tik, M.E. tek, alight touch, M.E. tik-len, to touch lightly, tickle, M.H.G. zache, L.G. takk,a tooth or tine, Swed. tagg, a prickle,³ Dan. takket, tackle (subs. ) , cp.Du. takel, a pulley, tackle, takelen, to rig, M.E. takel, tackle ofa ship.Celtic, Ir. taca, a peg, nail, Gael. tacaid, Bret. tach, M.E. takke(from Celt.), a tack, fastening, Gael. tac, a lease (perhaps loan-word) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, tactics, tacti-cal, -cian, taxidermist, ataxia (medical), a formofparalysis, syntax.Latin, taxation, -ble; contagion, -ous, contiguous, -ity , contaminate,hand, connects N.H.G. zacken, N.E. tack, with Sans. daçă (for daçan), a tooth, ordaçã, the edge or fringe of a garment, M. and N.E. dag, a point or strip.¹ Skeat and the Century Dict. connect taint with the p p. of O.F. teindre, to dye,from which tint, a colour, is derived; but Brachet gives atteindre, to touch, strike,reach, attain, with participial subs. atteinte, to which I think Eng. taint (for attaint),with sense of touch, infection, should be referred; taint in its earlier, but now generallyobsolete, sense of tint may be referred to F. teindre, from L. tingere, to dye, andbe a different word from taint =attaint, though having the same form.2 The retention of the initial t in Teut. as representing the Eur-Ar. t is irregular.Skeat, following Curtius, explains it by a loss of the s from the older form (s)teg.This explanation , however, does not accord with the regular substitution of d for t in Germ. dach, Eng. deck, corresponding with Lat. teg-ere, tec-tum (see following root),and Goth. tekan, &c. , is better referred to de-, değh.Perhaps O.N. tagl, A.S. tegl, tægel, tail, Swed. tagel, hair of the tail or mane,Goth. tagl, hair; the original sense, in this case, would be an appendage, fringe,something tacked on ( see Feist, Goth. Etym. ‘ tagl ' ) . The Century Dict. cites O.H.G.zagal, M.H.G. zagel, a tail, also a sting. These Teutonic forms seem to be diminutives of a simple *tac or *tag, and may be connected with Sans. daçă, a touth, or daçā,afringe, if they are not of Celtic origin. (See ✅dek-.)410 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.-ion; tangent, -ial, tangible, tact, taction, contingent, -cy, contact,intact, integer (a whole), -gral, -grity, -grant, integrate, -ion, redintegration.L. Latin and Romance, tax, task, taste, -y, tasteful, -less, dis-taste;attack, attach, -ment, attaché, detach, -ment, attain, -ment, -able,attaint, -ed, attainder, attainture, taint, -less; entire, entirety, -ness.Teutonic, take, mistake, partake, retake, &c. , tackle, tick, tickle,'tag, perhaps tail.Celtic, tack (subs. ) , a small nail, a rope fastening the sail to thewindward side of the ship, the course ofa ship, tack (vb. ) , to fasten orsew on slightly, to change the course of a ship by shifting the positionof the sails from one side to another, tack in a tack of land,' land heldon lease, tacksman, a lease-holder.Eur-Ar. TEG , with older form (S)TEG , with sense of covering, probably extended from √TE- = √STE-, to steal, conceal.Sanscrit has only derivatives from the older form √steg-.Greek, TEY-, in Tέyos, a roof, any covered part of a house, (later) abrothel. For other derivatives see under √STEG-.Latin, teg-, in tegere, texi , tectum, to cover, tectum, a roof, house,tector, a plasterer, tegula, a tile, tegumentum, tegimentum, tegmentum,a covering, teges, a covering, a mat; toga, a garment, a roof, tugurium(in inscriptions tegurium, tigurium), a hut, cottage, de-tegere, to uncover, detect, integumentum, a covering, protegere, to cover over, shelter,protect, protector, protectio.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. tetto, F. toit, a roof (from tectum) ,Ital. tegola, Prov. teula, o.F. teule, N.F. tuile, a tile, N.F. tuilerie, a' tilery,' tile manufactory, N.F. protégé, one protected.Balto-Slav. , steg-, in O. Pruss. stogis , Lith. stogas, a roof, fromLith. stegiu, stekti , to cover, O. Slav. o-stez-i , a garment, from √steg-.Teutonic, dek-, in O.H.G. decchan, N.H.G. decken, O.N. thekja, a.s.theccan, M.E. thecchen, thacchen, to cover, thatch, from 0.H.G. dah,N.H.G. dach, O.N. thak, A.S. thæc, roof, thatch, O. Du. decken, to hide,N. Du. dekken, to cover, to deck, in sense of adorning, that is hidingthe rough material of a building with plaster, tapestry, &c. ( cp. Lat.tector, a plasterer) , Du. or L.G. dek, a ship's cover, a deck, M.H.G. dihte,N.H.G. dicht, O.N. thettr, M.E. thizt, tizt, N.E. tight, dialectic thyte,¹ See under ✓dek- değh- for another explanation of take, &c.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 411theat, tight, waterproof, well compacted, ¹ Dan. tæt (s.s. ), Eng. taut, anautical term; O.H.G. ziagal, N.H.G. Ziegel, Du. tegchel, tegel, A.S. tigel,a tile (borrowed from Lat. tegula at an early date, before the HighGerman shifting of sounds: Kluge ad vb. ); N.H.G. obdach, a shelter.Celtic, O. Ir. tech, teg, N. Ir. tigh, teach, Corn. and Wel. ti, ty, ahouse, Bret. bou-tiga, cow-stall, Ir. and Gael. tighearna, O. Wel. tigern,N. Wel. teyrn, torn, teern, a lord, house-master, N. Ir. teigh, a covering, Gael. and Ir. teaghlach, O. Ir. teglach, W. teulu, Corn. teilu,family, household, Ir. tuighe, tuga, Gael. tugha, Wel. to, a cover,thatch (cp. Lith. stogas, a roof).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, tegument, -ary, integument, toga, originally a covering, anygarment whether for male orfemale, later the special robe of an adultRoman male, detect, -or, -ion, -ive, protector, -or, -ion, -ive.L. Latin and Romance, Tuileries, because built on the site of a tilefactory, protégé.Teutonic, thatch, thatcher (also used as surname), deck (vb. ) ,deck (subs. ) , bedeck, tight, -en, -ness, taut, tile, tiler , tiling (Lat.loan-word through A.S.).Celtic, Tierney (an Irish surname) , -ty, -tye, the termination ofmany English place-names with sense of house, farm, &c.Eur-Ar. ✔TIG , with older form √ (S)TIG , to pierce, stick, to be attachedto, adhere.Sanscrit, tij-, in tejate, to be or make sharp, tejayati, sharpens,tigmas, sharp pointed.Armenian, tiz, a tick.Greek, στy-: for derivatives see under √stig-.Latin, stig-: for derivatives see under √stig-.Teutonic, L.G. teke, O. Du. teke, M.E. tyke, F. tique, a tick in sheepor dogs (probably from this root; Skeat assigns it to √teg-, to touch,but see under √dek √denk) . All the other Teutonic words are from√stig , cp. о.H.G. stehhan, to prick, pierce, fasten, stick, N.H.G. stechen,stecken, O.H.G. sticchen, N.H.G. sticken, prick, pierce, embroider.¹ So Skeat. But Kluge considers it probable that dicht (which he refers togedihan, &c. ) may be connected with O.H.G. dichhi, N.H.G. dick, O.N. thykkr, A.S.th cce, N.E. thick. Phonetically, thick accords with a root teg- rather than✓teq-.412 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. estiquer, estequer, estichier, to fasten,attach to, stick, O.F. estiquete, N.F. étiquette, originally a labelfastenedby a small stick or skewer giving directions, or address, or rules to beobserved, now applied to the code ofsocial custom and polite observance.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, tick (the insect) , ticket, tick =ticket, in the phrase ' ontick,' expressing that an article l: as been purchased on a ticket givenin acknowledgment of the debt. See Skeat (ad vb. ) who quotes fromNares in explanation of'on tic ': ' taking things to be put into a billwas taking them on ticket, since corrupted into tick. 'Eur-Ar. √TEG-, with older √(S)TEG , to steep, dip, dye.Greek, Tɛy-, in Tέyyw, to wet, moisten, steep, Tɛyктós, moistened,cp. Gk. σráłw, to drop, 2 aor. pass. ÉσTáYNν, σTaywv, a drop.Latin, ting- (nasalised form), in tingere, tinguere, tinxi, tinctum(compare stinguere, to quench), to wet, moisten, soak in, colour, dye,stain, tinctor, a dyer, tinctura, tinctus, a dyeing, tinctilis , having theproperty of staining.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. tingere, Prov. tenher, F. teindre, todye, O.F. des-teindre, M.E. steinen, staynen (for distaynen; cp. sport fordisport), to take the colour out, N.E. to stain, Span. tinto, coloured,stained, vino tinto, coloured wine, Ital. tinto, Prov. teint, F. teint, adye, teinte, M.E. teinte, a tint, Ital. mezzo-tinto, half-tinted.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, tinge (subs. and vb. ) , tincture, tinctorial, tint, from anearlier tinct, (subs. ) a colour, (adj . ) stained.L. Latin and Romance, stain, stainless, Tent, a kind of wine fromSpain (vino tinto) , mezzo-tinto.Eur-Ar. TE TA , to melt, become fluid, dissolve (with varyingextensions) .Latin, ta-, in ta-bes , ' moisture of a melting or decaying substance,corruption, plague, pestilence, ta- bēre, melt, dissolve, drip, waste away,-bes, -bere are suffixes formel from Eur-Ar. ✔bhen, to be; cp. -bus- in super-bus.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 413ta-bescere, to decay, dissolve, tabidus, melting, decaying, putrefying,tabefacere, to cause decay.Balto-Slav., ta-jati, melts, Russ. ta-jate, thaws, ta-lu, liquid, fluid.Teutonic, daw-, dei- , in O.H.G. douwen, dewen, N.H.G. tauen, O.N.they-ja, A.S. thawan, M.E. thawen, to thaw, N.H.G. ver-dauen, to digest,O.N. thid-a, to thaw, thid- r, open water, i.e. free from ice.Celtic, Ir. ta-m, plague, pestilence.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, tabid, tabescent, tabefaction, tabefy (thr. F. tabifier) ,Teutonic, thaw.Eur-Ar. √TĚQ √TĚCH (extension of the preceding root), to melt,dissolve, flow, run, be swift.Sanscrit, tak-, in tak-ati , rushes, hastens, taku, rushing, hastening,tak-ka, quick, fleet.Zend, taç-, in taç-aiti, runs.Greek, тηк-, таx-, in τýк-w, to melt, Taxεpós, soft, easy to melt,Taxús,' swift, Taxv-ypápos, quick writer, a shorthand writer.Balto- Slav. , tek-, in O. Slav. teka, flow, run, teki, resin, Russ.tecu, out-flowing.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. tais, soft, Ir. taisse, weakness, Gael. teich, Ir.(early) techim, to flee, Wel. techu, to skulk (Macbain).ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, words compounded with tachy-, as tachygraphy, a term applied to shorthand writing.(1 ) Eur-Ar. √TEQ- √TEGH-, to cut, fashion, produce, beget, bringforth.Sanscrit, tak-, in tak-man, a child.Zend, taok-, in taokman, a child.Greek, TEK-, in Tíкtw (from 1 l-TK-w), 2 aor . ě-Tɛk-ov, perf. TÉ-TOK-α,to produce, beget, bring forth, τ к-os ( poetic for тékvov), also applied tothe young ofanimals, TέK-vov a child, Tókos, birth, offspring, produc-¹ Otherwise Prellwitz , who derives Taxús from Eur-Ar. dhnghos-, swift, and compares Sans. dagh-, to reach, Polish dązyč, to hasten; the radical in @ax- is changedto r to avoid the double aspirate; cp. comp. θάσσων for θαχίων.414 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.tion, increment, interest on money, TÉXVn, art, skill, Texvikós, artistic,skilful, Texvoλoyía, systematic treatment.Latin, tig-, in tignum, building material, a log or piece of timber, abeam, tigillus, dim. a small log, tignarius, a carpenter.Teutonic, deg-, in O.H.G. degan, O.N. theg-n, a free holder of land,afranklin, M.H.G. degen, a warrior, hero, A.S. theg-n, a soldier, servant,follower, also a title of honour, a franklin, thane¹; Goth. thius² (m. ) ,thiwi (f. ) , O.H.G. deo (m. ) , diu (f. ) , A.S. theow (m. ) , thiwa (f. ) , O.N.thy ( =thivi), O.N. -thjofr (in pr. names), as Frithjofr, Frithiof (pr. n. ) ,O.H.G. dionon, N.H.G. dienen, O.N. thjona, O. Sax. thionon, A.S. *theonan,to be a servant, to serve; Goth. *thiw- airno (not found, but inferredfrom the analogy of widuw-airna, widow's son) , O.H.G. diorna, N.H.G.dirne, O. Sax. thiorna, O.N. therna, Dan. terne, M.E. therne, tarn, (lit.servant's daughter) , a girl, wench, O.H.G. deomuoti, N.H.G. demut,humility, modesty, (lit.) the temper of a servant.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, technical, -ity, technology, pyrotechnics, &c.Teutonic, thane (?) .Eur-Ar. √TEQ-S- √TEK-S- (extended from precedingshape, work with tools.TEQ , hew,Sanscrit, taksh-, in taksh-ati, hews, cuts, fashions, makes (p. p.tashtas) , taksh-an, a carpenter, takshana ( subs. ) , hewing, cutting,planing, takshaka, a particular tree, the pine (?) .Zend, tash-, in tash-at, ' hewed ' (3rd sing. imp. , ta-tash-a 3rd sing.perf. ) , tash-an, a carpenter, tas-tas, made, hewn, fashioned, tash-a,an axe.Greek, TEKT-, in TéкTwv, a craftsman, carpenter, TEKтalvoμaι, towork as a carpenter, åpɣitέkTwv, master builder, åpɣITEKтovía, architecture; Tógov, a bow, róka, bow and arrows (sometimes arrows only, asTóğa ýλíov, Eurip. ' Herc. Fur.' 1090, the rays ofthe sun, Soph. ' Phil.'652, ' εἴ μοί τι τόξων τῶνδε᾽; τοξικός, relating to bows, ἡ τοξική (¹ Degan, theg-n, correspond phonetically with Tékvov, a son, and A.S. mago is usedboth of a son and a servant (cp. also waîs, son and servant) . Fick, therefore, connectsit immediately with Tékvov. Skeat, on the other hand, refers it (see below, under√teq- √teng-), to A.S. thihan, O.H.G. dihan, to thrive, grow up, while Kluge leaves it an open question etymologically, but the meaning of the German word leads him toprefer the derivation from teq- ✓teng-.2 Kluge supposes a lost guttural in these words; the Teutonic bases would therefore be thig-, dig- = Eur-Ar. √teq-. Feist follows Kluge in connecting thius, &c. ,with TeKvOy, but Skeat seems to refer A.S. theow to Eur- Ar. ✔ten-.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 415(sc. Téxvn), archery, ToğIKóv (Sc. þápµaкov) , poison for smearing √TEQ Sarrows with (Arist. Mirab.' 86).6Latin, tecs- (tex-), in tex-ere, -ui, -tus, to weave, textor, a weaver,textorius, relating to weaving, textilis, woven, textile, textura, web,texture, textus (subs. ) , tissue, structure, (of language) construction,style; contexere, to interweave, unite, (subs.) connection, prætexere, toweave before or over, to fringe, border ' toga prætexta, ' or simply ' prætexta,' the toga with a purple border, worn by the higher magistratesat Rome, and by freeborn children till they received the toga virilis ,prætextus (subs. ) , show, display, a pretence, pretext; tela, a web (fortecs-la ¹ ), sub-tilis (sub + tela), woven fine, delicate, subtle, acute, subtilia, pl. fine stuffs , subtēmen ( = sub+tecs-men), that which is wovenin the woof, (poet. ) thread; man-tele,2 man-tile (n.) , a towel ormaniplefor washing the hands, a table-cloth, mantelum and mantellum(300 A.D.) , a cloth napkin, also a cloak, mantle, (metaph.) a subterfuge,as in Plaut. nec mendaciis subdolis usquam mantelum est meis; 'mantum, a Spanish cloak (Isidorus , ' Orig.'mantum Hispani vocant quodmanus tegat tantum, est enim breve amictum '), perhaps a shortenedor corrupted form of mantēlum (see Diez ad vb. p. 203), as theexplanation shows that Isidorus regarded it as a Latin and not aCeltic or Iberian word; temo, -onis (for tecs-mo), the pole of a ploughor cart, tēlum (for tecs-lum), a weapon, especially a missile weapon;tālus (for tacs-lus), the ankle bone, the heel, (of animals) the pastern,knuckle-bone, a die originally made from the knuckle-bones of certainanimals; taxillus, a die of an oblong shape, and marked only on thefour longer sides, while the tessera were cubes, and marked on thesix sides (at least the later tesseræ, though the earlier may have beenmarked only on four sides); talaris, of or belonging to the ankles,talaria, the winged shoes of Mercury; tālea (for tacs-lea [? ] ) , a rod,' Cp. pilum -pins-lum, àla =axilla, &c.2 The origin of mantēle, mantile, mantēlum, mantellum, is very obscure, and theexplanation given by Diez (p. 203) that Ital. and Span. manto, Prov. manta, O.F.mante are abbreviated forms of Lat. mantēlum is unsatisfactory. They seem ratherto be formed directly from the Hispano-Latin word mantum. It is possible that themantelum may have been cut down to mantum in the Latin patois used by thenative Spaniards, but Isidore's derivation of mantum from manus looks like a popularetymology, and the meaning given by him to mantum of a cloak, so called because itcovered the hands, is contradictory to any connection of mantum with mantele, ofwhich he says, ' mantelia, ut nomen ipsum indicat, olim tergendis manibus præbebantur.' On the whole I incline to the explanation that mantēle, mantile, may be acompound of manus +tēla, with the sense of a table- napkin or table- cloth, whilemantum represents a native Celtic or Iberian word meaning cloak; and that theRomance forms manto, mante, are derived from it, while mantilla, mantello,mantel, manteau, may be either diminutive forms of manto, or corruptions of Lat.mantele, mantile./TEK- S416 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.6✓TEQ- S stake, or bar, a pile, a cutting or layer for planting, a small beam used√TEK-S- for clamping the joints of a wall¹; *tāleare, only found in the compound inter-taleare, to cut out between, to prune, cited by Nonius,A.D. 280 (?) , ' nam etiam rustica voce inter-taleare dicitur dividere velexscindere ramum,' * taxo,2 a badger, the carpenter, ' taxus, the yewtree (cp. Sans. takshata, pine [?]) , used for making bows; toxicum(Gk. loan-word), poison for smearing arrows, poison in general,toxicare (late Lat. ) , to smear with poison (cp. Ambrose, Tob. vii. 26,sagitta toxicata '); architectus, builder, architectura, building,Latinised forms of ἀρχιτέκτων, ἀρχιτεκτονία.6L. Latin and Romance, Ital. tessere, Prov. teisser, o.F. tissir (p. p.tissu) , to weave, O.F. tissier, teissier, a weaver, found also as a surname,O.F. and M.E. tissu, a ribbon , anything woven, N.E. tissue; O.F. and M E.texte, the original words of a book; Ital . tela, O.F. toile , M.E. toyle,anything woven, cloth, linen, a table cloth, also (in the plural) webs orsnares for catching wild animals, o.F. toilet, N.F. toilette (dim. ) , M.E.toylet, a table cloth , a dressing- table; Ital . sottile (Lat. subtilis) , O.F.sotil , M.E. sotil , sotel, subtil, N.F. subtil, N, E. subtle; Ital. mantello,(either fr: Lat. mantellum, or a dim. of the Span. Lat. mantum;cp. Span. mantilla), Prov. mantel-s, O.F. and M.E. mantel, a cloak, alsoa shelfor cover over the fireplace, N.F. manteau, a cloak, F. portemanteau, a travelling bag, O.F. *mantler, M.E. mantlen, to cover as with acloak, O.F. and M.E. mantelet, a small cloak, (in fortification) a moveable pent-house to protect archers, O.F. desmanteler, to take off the cloak,to break down the covering defences of a fortress, to dismantle; Ital.tallone (as from a Lat. *talo of seventh cent. =tālus, the ankle or heelbone) , O.F. talon (s.s.) , also the hinder claw or spur of a bird, the clawofa bird of prey, Ital. tassello (Lat. taxillus) , a kind of button, O.F.and M.E. tassel, a fastening of a cloak; L. Lat. taliare (found in avery early medieval document) , Ital. tagliare, Prov. talhar, O.F. tailler,M.E. taillen, to cut, notch, engrave; Ital . tagliere, Prov. talhar, o.F.tailloir, tailleor , M.E. taylor, taylour, one who cuts out and makes upclothes; Ital. taglio, a cut, incision, engraved figure, taglia (s.s. ) , also atax, impost (as something cut or taken from property) , O.F. and M. taille,a notch, a tax, the figure, waist, a notched stick used to keep accounts(from p. p. taillé, notched) , N.E. tally; Ital. intagliare, to engrave, O.F.Talea may have been a rustic word in use among the agricultural population.It is used by Cato and Columella, who wrote on agriculture, and by Vitruvius, awriter on building. It is twice used by Cæsar in De Bello Gallico, once of taleæ,stakes, a foot in length with iron hooks which were imbedded in the earth; and againof taleæ ferreæ used by the Britons as money.2 Taxo -onis is only found in taxoninus, relating to a badger (cp. N.H.G. dachs).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 417entailler, M.E. entailen (s. s.) , also to keep an account by tally, to convert an estate into a ' fee tail,' feudum talliatum, a fee tail, i.e. alanded estate restricted to a particular line of descent, o.F. detailler, tocut into parcels, detail, a small piece, O.F. retailler, to clip, to cut off asmall piece, to pare, shred, o.F. retail, a shred, small piece.hew.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. tesla, an axe, tesati, to hew, Lith. taszyti, toTeutonic, dihs-, dehs-, in O.H.G. dihs-ala, L.G. this-la, N.H.G. deichsel, O.N. this-l, A.S. thix-l, this-l , the pole of a cart, M.E. thille, N.E. thill ,shaft of a cart, O.H.G. dehs-ala, N H.G. deichsel, an axe, O.N. sar-thisl,a sword, (lit. ) ' a wound stick,' O.H.G. dahs, N.H.G. dachs, a badger (' thecarpenter,' probably so called from its habit of burrowing and makinga hole to live in during the winter), N.H.G. dachs-hund, a dog used fordrawing badgers.Celtic, tal, an axe, talladh, a cutting, lopping, tallaim, I cut? (cp.Lat. talea, taliare).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, toxophilite, toxicology, -ical, toxæmia, blood-poisoning.Latin, textile, textual, -ist, texture, context, pretext; architect, -ure,-ural (adaptation from Greek), intoxicate, -ion (Greek adaptation).L. Latin and Romance, text, text-hand, -book, tissue, toils (snares),toilet, subtile, subtle, subtilty, subtlety, subtleness, subtly, subtlely;mantle, a cloak, the covering of a fireplace, mantel-, or mantle-piece(s. s.), mantle (vb. ) , to be covered with a coating of bubbles rising fromwine, &c. , or to have the cheeks suffused with a blush, mantua, a cloak(probably from manteau, the different spelling being due to a supposed connection with the town Mantua), portmanteau, dismantle;talon, tassel, entaglio, tally, a notched stick for keeping accounts, tally(vb.), to agree with, have the same number of notches on each stick, ¹one being kept by the seller, the other by the buyer; tailor, tail (alegal term), limitation to certain heirs, entail, -ment, detail (to specify,particularise), retail, -er, one who sells in small quantities, as opposedto one who sells in bulk or wholesale.Teutonic, dachshound.(2) Eur-Ar. √TEQ TENQ , with sense of thriving, attaining, succeeding, being suitable, satisfying.' This mode of dealing was practised by bakers as recently as 1830.E E418 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓TEQ-✓TENQLatin, temp- (for Eur- Ar. tenq- ¹ ) , in temp-us, -oris (but adv. temperi, in time), a period of time, season, fit time, time in general, tempestas, season, period, weather, spec. bad weather, a storm, tempestivus, seasonable, tempestuosus, stormy, temporalis, lasting for a time, temporalitas,temporariness, temporarius, temporary, contemporaneus, existing at orlasting for the same time, ex tempore, on the spur ofthe moment, extemporalis, without preparation; temperare, 2 to regulate, mix, combine indue proportion, to qualify, moderate, limit, to be moderate, temperatus,temperans, temperate, observing moderation, sober, temperamentum, amixing in due proportion, moderation, temperament, temperantia, temperance, temperatura, due measure, temperature, temperies (s. s. ), attemperare, to adjust.³L. Latin and Romance, Ital. tempo, O.F. temps, time, M.E. temps, atense (see Skeat, ad vb. ) , O.F. temporal, Ital. tempestà and tempestade,Prov. tempesta, O.F. tempeste, N.F. tempête, N.E. tempest, O.F. tempestueux, N.E. tempestuous; Ital. temperare, Prov. temprar and trempar,O.F. temprer, tremper, M.E. temprien, tempren, N.E. temper (vb. ); o.F.atemprer, atremper, M.E. attempren, to attemper, Ital. distemperare, tomelt, to weaken, to disarrange, O.F. destemprer, to disarrange, to steep,soak, moisten, M.E. distempren, to disarrange, distempre (adj. ) , unrestrained, out of order, N.E. distemper (subs. ), a malady, a method ofpainting, o.F. temperance, M.E. temperaunce.Balto-Slav. , Lith. tenkiu tek-ti , to have enough, be satisfied, tosuffice, Lith. tinku tikti, to be of value, N. Slav. teknoti (Eur-Ar.tnqnoti), to be of use.4Teutonic, Goth. theih-an, gatheion, O.H.G. dihan, gidihan, a.s.theon, getheon (p. p. gethungen) , M.H.G. ge-deihen, to thrive, prosper,Goth. theih-s (for orig. thench-s) , time; A.S. thiczean, to receive, accept,A.S. thingan, make a bargain, reconcile, M.H.G. dingen, to hold a court,N.H.G. dingen, to make a bargain, contract, a.s. thingung, a reconciliation, N.H.G. be-dingung, making a condition, O.H.G. dinc, ding, a courtofjustice, an assembly, O.N. thing, a court ofjustice, an assembly of thepeople, a.s. thing, Swed. and N.H.G. ding, a thing; Lombardic thinx,an assembly ofthe people, Mars Thinxus, Mars, the protector of publicassemblies (found in a Latino-German inscription). Dienstag, the GerBy change of labio- velar guttural q to p and of n to m before the labial.2 Perhaps the radical sense is to adapt to the time, to meet the occasion.• Other explanations are given of tempus. Breal regards it as a nasalised formof /tep-, to be warm, and its primary sense to be warmth. Fick connects it with√t p-, an expansion of ✔ten-, to stretch, and is followed by Vaniček. The explanation here given is Brugmann's, and accepted in Fick's 4th ed. p. 440.According to Brugmann, from an original base thench-, with a perfectthanch, and p. p. thunzun (see Brugmann, ii. 1259).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 419man namefor Tuesday, is derived from this deity, and was used by theSaxons, Frisians, and Franks: cp. O. Du. dinxen-dach, M.H.G. dingsedac, N.H.G. (early) dings-tag, (modern) dienstag (Thinx's day). TheO.H.G. name for Tuesday was Zios-tac, the O.N. Tys-dagr and a.s.Tiwes-da3, after the God Tiu or Ziu ( =Gk. Zɛús, the chiefofthe gods) .Among the Germans, with whom fighting was their most importantoccupation, this god came to be regarded as the god of war, and inthe Latino-German inscription the Roman name of that god, Mars, isgiven him with the epithet ' Thinxus,' patron of popular assemblies,exactly corresponding with the Gk. Zɛùs ' Ayopaîos; O.N. husthing,A.S. husting, M.E. husting ( =hus +thing), an assembly, council, O.N.thingvöllr, the place of assembly.Celtic, Gael. teachd, legal, lawful, O. Ir. techte, fitting, lawful.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, temporality, temporary, contemporaneous, contemporary,extempore, extemporary, extemporaneous, temperate, temperature,temperament; temporise, extemporise.L. Latin and Romance, tempest, -uous, temper (vb. and subs. ) ,temporal, temperance, attemper, distemper (vb. and subs. ) , tense (F.temps).Teutonic, thee (to thrive, flourish, do well), thing; hustings, Dingwall (place name), the place where the people assemble, Tynewald, theparliament of the Isle of Man.Eur-Ar. √TEG√TENG , to know, reflect (?) .Latin, tong-, in O. Lat. tongère, to know (?) , ¹ Osc. tangin.Teutonic, thench-, thek-, in Goth. thagkan (perf. thahta), O.H.G.denchen, N.H.G. denken (perf. dachte), to think, consider, O.N. thekkja(old perf. thatti), to know, perceive, A.S. thencan (perf. thohte) , M.E.thenken (perf. thoughte), N.E. think (perf. thought) . These are causative forms (with the meaning cause to appear, or seem) to the neuterverbs, Goth. thugkjan, O.H.G. dunchan, N.H.G. dünken, O.N. dhykkja,A.S. thyncan, to seem, used often impersonally as in N.H.G. es dünktmir,' M.E. ' me thinketh,' N.E. ' methinks,' A.S. me thynceth, it seems tome; Goth. thagks, O.H.G. danc, N.H.G. dank, A.S. thanc, thanks, consent,"Elius Stilo ait " noscere esse quod Prænestini tongitionem dic*nt pro notione.Ennius, Alii rhetoricam tongent. " '6.EE 2420 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.favour, O.H.G. dankon, N.H.G. danken, O.N. thakka, A.S. thancjan, tothank.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, think, thought, -ful, -less, &c. , methinks,thank, -ful, -less.Eur-Ar. √TEUQ- TUQ-, with by-forms √TEUGH √TUGH´, akin to✔TEQ , with meaning to produce, make, attain, succeed, happen.Sanscrit, tōk-, tuk-, in tōka, offspring, child, tōkman, shoot, greenblade, spec. ofcorn, tuch, offspring, tuji, propagation.Greek, TUK-, TUX-, in Tɛúxw, to prepare, produce by work or art,bring to pass (aor. redupl. Tε-TUK-εîv), TEÛXOS, a tool, implement,weapon, after the Alexandrian age a book, Tevтáтevxos, consisting offive books, TúKos, a mason's hammer or chisel; Tvyxávw (aor. 2 štvɣov),to hit a mark, light upon, happen, to reach, gain, succeed; rúxn, goodfortune, chance, TUXixós, fortuitous, Evτvxýs, successful, fortunate ,Ovvτúxn, a chance, a happy chance, coincidence.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. tukati, to weave, tukalij , a weaver, Russ. toca,a weaver.Celtic, O. Ir. tocad, Wel. tynged, luck, good fortune.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, Pentateuch, the first five books of the O. T.,Tychicus, Eutyches, Syntyche, personal names.Eur-Ar. √TER, to be silent.¹Latin, tac-, in tacere, to be silent, tacitus, silent, taciturnus,inclined to silence, taciturnitas, taciturnity, reticēre, keep silent; Umbr.tasez (=tacitus) .Balto-Slav. , tača, reverence, awe (?) , O. Slav. tihu, still, Lith. tikās,inactivity.Teutonic, Goth. thahan, O.H.G. thagen, dagen, O.N. thegju, to besilent.Celtic, Ir. tocht, silence, tochtaim, I put to silence, am silent.ENGLISH DERIV. Latin, tacit, taciturn, -ity, reticent, -ce.I Sanscrit has no representative of this root unless tuç- in tōç-ati, to be content, becalm, quiet, be regarded as such.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 421Eur-Ar. TEN- TN-, stretch, extend, spin out, weave, spread, followon without a break, continue, last, &c.Sanscrit, tan-, ta- ( =tn), in taniti (p. p. tatas = tn-tas) , to stretch,tana (subs.), spreading, propagation, tan-as, a child, offspring, tanu(adj. ), thin, little, tanvi (s.s.) , tan-tu, thread, line, wire, tantra, aloom, anything lasting, order, theory, ta-yati, increases, grows, tanu, thebody.Zend, tan-, in tanva, stretch, tanu, the body, N. Pers. tan-durusti,health, soundness ofbody.Greek, Tεv-, Tα- (for Ty), in Tɛívw ( = TÉv-¿w) , to stretch (perf.TÉ-TA-KA), Tavúw, to stretch, Tavaós, stretched, ráois, a stretching,Tai -ía (Tεvia), a band, riband, fillet, a long thin fish, Tarós, that canbe stretched (cp. Sans. tatas) , TEVεoμós, tenesmus (a medical term),straining, Tévwv, a tight stretched band, a sinew, tendon, TÉ-TAV-OS,cramp; Tóvos, a cord, string, rope, tension, pitch of the voice, accent,tone, Tovikós, capable of stretching, tightening, consisting of one tone,βαρύτονος, deep-toned, διατονικόν, the diatonic scale, περιτόναιος,stretched round, TEρiтóvalov, the membrane containing the lowerviscera, povó- Tovos, ofone tone, μiтóviov, a half-tone.Latin, ten-, ta- (√tņ-) , in tenēre, -ui , -tum, to hold, grasp, seize,tenax, holding fast, tenacitas, tenacity, pertinax, holding fast to, persistent, tenor, a holding on, a continuous course, direction, purport,tenuis, thin, -itas, tenuare, to make thin, tenus, ' as far as, tener, soft,yielding, slender, tender; 2 abs- tinere, to hold from, abstinens, -tia,abstentio, holding back from, continere, to hold together, contain, continens, -tia, contentus, continuus, holding together, -itas, continuare,-atio, detinere, detain, detentio, obtinere, to take hold of, get, acquire,pertinere, to reach, extend to , concern, belong to, pertinens, pertinent,retinere, to retain, retentio, sustinere, to hold underneath, support,sustentio, sustentare, to support, sustain (freq. of sustinere), sustentatio, support; tentaculum, a tentacle, tentare (freq. of tenerefrom p. p. tentus), to handle, touch, feel, try, put to the test, assail,ostentare, to hold out before, exhibit, display, ostentatio; temptare, totry, essay, test,³ attentare, to strive after, try (attemptare); tenderete-tend-i, tensum, tentum, to stretch, extend, to tend towards, aim at,¹ Some connect tenus, up to, asfar as, with the termination -tinus in cras-tinusdiu-tinus, pris-tinus, sero-tinus; but Lat. -tinus, Sans. -tnas, -tanas, Gk. -Tavos, Lith.-tinas, seem to be the compounded suffixes ( =-ta + -na-, or -tna, -tņna; see Brugmann, ii. 151 ).2Perhaps the original meaning is easily stretched ': cp. Cicero, Zæl. 13, 48,' Virtus est in amicitia tenera atque tractabilis.'Either variant with (euphonic p) or formed from temp- ( ten +p): cp. Lith.temp-té, to stretch.422 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓TENTN&c. , tensio, tentura, stretching, tentorium, a tent, tempora,' the temples;attendere, to stretch towards, to direct the mind to, attentio, contendere,to strain, strive eagerly, compete with, contend against, contentio, contentiosus, distendere, to stretch apart, distensio, extendere, stretch without, extensio, extentus (subs.), extensivus; intendere, to stretch outtoward, aim at, purpose, apply force to, intentio, -tus, intensus, -sio,ostendere, to stretch infront of, show, portendere (archaic form of protendere), to stretch forward to, to show beforehand, portend, portentum,a portent, prætendere, to spread before, subtendere, to stretch underneath, subtend; tonus (borrowed from Gk. Tóvos), the sound, tone,pitch ofan instrument; ta-bula (something spread out), a board, plank,table, tablet for writing, note-book, list, tabularis, relating to tablets,tabularius, a registrar of documents, tabulatio, a flooring, tabulare, toput on a list, tabella, a tablet, taberna, a shop booth, where goods wereexposed for sale on a board, a stall in the circus, a tavern, ta-bernaculum,a tent; contubernium, living in the same tent, a mess or companyoccupying a tent. In these words ta- = Lat. *tam-, Eur-Ar. tņ-.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. tenere, Prov. tener, O.F. tener, tenir,to hold, F. tenant, a holder, occupier, tenant, F. tenable, that can be held,F. tenue, bearing, Ital . tenore, F. teneur, direction, tenour, F. tenor, aquality of voice, F. lieu-tenant ( =Lat. locum tenens), one who holdsanother's place, L. Lat. tenura, a holding, tenure, L. Lat. tenancia,o.F. tenancie (?) , tenancy, o.F. tenon, a holder (in carpentry) , M.E.tenoun, tenon (s.s. ) , L. Lat. tenementum, a holding, O.F. and M.E.tenement; O.F. abstener, M.E. absteynen, N.E. abstain, O.F. contener,M.E. contenen, N.E. contain, O.F. contenance, M.E. countenaunce,holding, behaviour, countenance, O.F. continent, M.E. countynent, O.f.detener, detain, F. détenu, one detained, L. Lat. inter-tenere, O.F.entretenir, N.E. to entertain; O.F. main-tenir, M.E. maintenen (Lat.manu-tenere) , N.E. maintain, O.F. partener, M.E. partenen, N.E. pertain,O.F. apertener, M.E. apperteine, N.E. appertain, o.F. apartenance, M.E.apurtenaunce, N.E. appurtenance, anything belonging to, O.F. retener,M.E. retainen, O.F. retenue, a train offollowers, M.E. retenue, O.F. sustener, M.E. susteinen, N.E. sustain, O.F. sustenance, M.E. sustenaunce,N.E. sustenance, O.F. continuer, M.E. continuen, O.F. continuel, N.E.continual; F. ténuité, thinness, Ital. tenero, O.F. tenre, tendre, N.E.tender, o.F. *tendrille, trendelle, M.E. tendrelle, N.F. tendrillons, ' ten1 Compare O.H.G. dunwengi, the temples. The change from the dental n tolabial m is due to its juxtaposition with labial p. Tempus, time, is usually connectedwith ten-, to spread, stretch, but Brugmann connects it with teq-, tenq-, to thrive,grow, &c.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 423drells, little gristles ' (Cotgrave) , N.E. tendril, F. tendon, N.E. tendon; O.F.tanter (variant of tenter), M.E. taunten, N.E. taunt, to try the temper,provoke to anger, O.F. tempter, M.E. tempten, to tempt, o.F. temptation,M.E. temptacioun, O.F. atempter, attempter, M.E. attempten, N.E. toattempt; o.F. tente (from L. Lat. tenta, f. of p. p. ) , a tent, also a probe,lint to keep open a wound, O.F. and M.E. tenture, a stretching, a framefor stretching cloth, N.E. tenter, as from a coined vb. tent, to stretch,O.F. tendre, to stretch out, O.F. temples, the temples; Ital. tesa == Lat.tensa) , O.F. tese, toise, the span of the outstretched arms, a fathom; O.F.atendre, M.E. attenden, ' tenden (by loss of ' a ' ) , N.E. attend, F. attendant, -ce, F. attentif, attentive, O.F. contendre, to contend, contention,-eux, O.F. entendre, M.E. entenden, to understand, study, apply themind, N.E. intend (corrected to the Latin form) , O.F. and M.E. entente,N.E. intent (subs. ) , O.F. pretendre, M.E. pretenden, F. prétentieux; O.F.ton (as from Lat. tonum) , N.E. (early) toone, (later) tone ( = sound) ,tune (=a melody) , L. Lat. intonare, to chant, intone, O.F. table, M. andN.E. table, F. tableau, a picture, F. tablette, a little table, tablet, O.F.entablature (architectural) , O.F. taverne, M.E. tauerne, N.E. tavern,O.F. and M.E. tabernacle, a tent used as a temple,' tent, chiefly appliedto the Jewish tabernacle.6Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. tynuku, Russ. tonity, Lith. tenvas, thin,O: Slav. teneto, tonoto, Lith. tinklas, a net, Lith. tempiu, to stretch,O. Slav. tetiva.Teutonic, O.H.G. dunni, N.H.G. dünn, o.N. thunnr, A.S. thynne, thin,A.S. athenian, to make thin, thin out, O.H.G. dunwengi, O.N. thunnvange,A.S. *thunwenge, the temples, (lit.) the thin or small cheek, Goth.thanjan, O.H.G. denen, N.H.G. dehnen, O.N. thenja, A.S. thenjan, tostretch; O.H.G. tavela, N.H.G. tafel , Du. tafer-eel, by dissimilation fromtafel-eel, a small board, a tablet, panel, or picture, O.H.G. tunna, tun(Celtic loan-word); O.N. tjodhr, L.G. tider, M.E. tedir, N.E. (early) tedder,(later) tether (prob. Celtic loan-words).Celtic, Ir. tana, Corn. tanow, Bret. tanau, Wel. tenew, thin, Ir.tana, time, Wel. tan, till, Ir. tan, a district, tanas, dominion, tanaise, alord, Ir. teann, tight, tense, teannaim, I strain, tighten, Gael. teud, Ir.TENTN¹ Rhys, Celt. Br. ii. 308, connects the word with Wel. tan, till , from √ten-,but Macbain refers Ir. tanaise, with sense of second, to * to-atn, from at-, to go;O'Reilly (Ir. Dict. ) gives Ir. tanaise, tanaiste: ( 1 ) a lord or ruler; (2) the presumptive heir to aprince; (3) second, as in ' avis tanaiste, ' the second age of the world orstage of human life. I prefer Rhys's explanation; cp. Ir. tană, time, tan, a district,also Sans. tantu, a thread, uninterrupted line, propagation or propagator of a family,tanujas (m. ), tanujā ( f. ) , tanayas ( m. ) , tanaya (f. ) , as adj . propagating a family, assubs, son or daughter, tanam (n.) , offspring, a child; all from Eur-Ar. √ten-.424 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.TEN-√TNtet (= tnt) , O. Wel. tant, a string, harp-string; Gael. taod, Ir. tead, arope, Wel. tid, a chain, Manx tead, teid, a rope, Gael. teadhair, atether, M.E. tedir¹; Gael. and Ir. tonn, Wel. tonn, skin, hide, surface,Bret. tunna, skin, hide, whence perhaps L. Lat. (of ninth cent.)tunna, a cask.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, tenesmus, tetanus, tone (thr. Lat. loan-word) , tænia, barytone, tonic, atonic, diatonic, peritoneum, -itis, semitone (thr. Lat.and F.) , monotone (Lat. and F.) , -ous, -y.Latin, tenacious, tenacity (thr. F. ténacité) , pertinacious, pertinacity (thr. F. of sixteenth cent. ) , pertinacy (coined from Lat. pertinacia, now obs. ); tenuity, attenuate, -ion, extenuate, -ion, abstinent,-ce, content (vb. and adj . thr. F.) , -ment, -ed, -edness, contents, continuate, continuation, detention, pertinent, -ce, -cy, impertinent, -ce,retention; sustentate, -ion, tentacle, tentative, ostentation, tendency,attention, distend, -sion, extend, -sion, -sive, extent, superintend,intent (adj . ), -ion, intense, -ity, -ness, ostensible, ostensive, portend,portent, -ous, pretence, retentive, -ness, subtend, tension, tense(rigid), -ness; tabular, tabulate.2L. Latin and Romance, tenant, -cy, tenable, tenue, bearing, behaviour,style, tenor, tenour, lieutenant, -cy, tenure, tenon, tenement; abstain,-er, contain, countenance (subs. and vb. ) , discountenance, continent,-cy, detain, -er, detenu, entertain, -ment, maintain, maintenance,pertain, pertenance, purtenance, appertain, appurtenance, retain,retainer, retinue, sustain, sustenance, continue, -al, -ous, -ance;tendril, tendon, taunt (F. tanter - tenter) , tempt, -er, -ation, attempt,tent, tenter, tenter-hook, tender (vb. ), to offer, present, attend, tend,attendant, -ce, attentive, -ness, tender, ' one who tends,' a small vesselaccompanying another with stores &c. , a subsidiary conveyance, contend, -tion, -ous, intend (Latinised from M.E. entenden), entente, in' entente cordiale, ' intent, pretend, -tious; tune, tuneful, intone; tender(soft), -ness; table, tablet, tableau, entablature, tavern, taverner (usedas a surname), tabernacle.Skeat considers the Teutonic words for tether, O.N. tjodhr, L.G. töder, tüder,tider, M.E. tedir, tedyre, to be borrowed from the Gael. teadhair. Macbain, on theother hand, regards teadhair as a loan-word from the Scot. tedder, tether; if so,neither it nor the Teutonic forms which are from Eur-Ar. ✔deuk-. to pull, can bereferred to this root. It is probable that teadhair is really from tead, a rope, thoughit owes its termination to the influence of the Scotch tedder. For the Teutonic forms,see under denk-.2 Lat. tonare, tonitru, Sans. tanayitnu, are from √ten- = √sten-, to sound, andwill be found under that root.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 425Teutonic, thin, thinness, taffrail, the upper part ofa ship's stern.Celtic, tether, tanistry, the custom of electing a tanist, a successorin the chieftainship, tun, a cask. 'Eur-Ar. TEN , with older √(S)TEN , to sound, make a noise.Sanscrit, tan-, stan-, in tanayitnus, with stanayi-tnus, thunder.Latin, ton-, in tonitrus, thunder, tonare, -ui, -itum, to thunder,attonare, to thunder at, stun, amaze, intonare, to resound, detonare, tothunder.2L. Latin and Romance, o.F. estonner, estoner, estuner, estouner,M.E. astone, astune, astoune, with p. ps. astoned, astun'd, astound,from which were formed the variant verbs astony (p. p. astonied),astound (p. p. astounded) , and astonish ( as though from o.F. estonir,with pres. p. estonissant ³) .Teutonic, O.H.G. donar, N.H.G. donner, A.S. thunor, O.N. thorr(= thonr-r), M.E. thoner, thonder, N.E. thunder, A.S. thunian, tothunder, O.H.G. donares-tac, N.H.G. donners-tag, O.N. thors-dagr, A.S.thunres-dæg, M.E. thurs-dei, N.E. Thursday, O.N. Thorr, the God Thor,found as a compound in many O.N. personal names, as Thor-björn(Thor's bear) , Thorkell ( =Thorketyll, cauldron, i.e. the holy cauldronused in sacrifice), Thor-stein (Thor's stone), Thorvaldr (Thor's power).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, detonate, -ion, intonation.L. Latin and Romance, astony, astonied (Dan. iii . 24) , astound,astonish, -ment.Teutonic, Thunder, Thursday, several surnames, Thorburn, Thurstan,-ston, Thirkell, Thurtell, Thorold.41 Cf. Schrader, Prehist. Antiq. p. 260, note: The leather bottle was used forkeeping liquids in. This custom explains several names for liquid measures andvessels. Cf. Téλλa, a milk-pail, with Lat. pellis; Lat. culeus, a measure = 20amphora, a leather bag = кovλeós, a leather bottle; O.H.G. L. Lat. tunna, a tun, cask,from Celt. tunnā, hide, skin, a cash.'2 No derivatives from ten-, are found in Greek, the older (s)ten- being preferred, as σTévw, to lament. Some of the Teutonic forms are also from sten-; cp.N.H.G. stöhnen, to moan, A.S. stunian, to make a din, to stun, O.N. stynja, to groan.Although the English words must be regarded as derived from the O.F. , yet thespelling with initial a is doubtless due to the A.S. astunian, stunian, to resound, whichare probably akin to Germ. staunen, erstaunen, to astonish, amaze.• Skeat suggests that Lat. tin-nire, to ring, tintinnabulum, a bell, M.E. tinglentinklen, tinkere, N.E. tingle, tinkle, tinker, may be connected with ten-, as in thecase of imitative words the regular letter- charges are not always followed.426 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √TAN-S , to stretch, draw towards, move from one side toanother, shake.¹Sanscrit, tams-, tas- ( =tns-) , in tams- ati, ta-tasre, pull, tear, vitastis, a span, tasara, a shuttle.Balto-Slav. , Lith. tęsiu, testi, draw, stretch.Teutonic, Goth. at-thinsan (from thinsan, p. t. thans), to pull towards, O.H.G. thinsan, M.H.G. dinsen (p.p. gedunsen) , to stretch oneself,to pull violently, O.H.G. distil, N.H.G. distel, O.N. thistill, A.S. thistel,M.E. thistil, N.E. thistle (with loss of nasal); O.H.G. danson, to drag,pull.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. danzare, Prov. dansar, O.F. dancer,N.F. danser, M.E. dauncen, daunsen, N.E. dance, from 0.H.G. danson, butM. and N.H.G. tanzen, is a late loan-word from the Romance (Kluge) .ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, thistle. L. Latin and Romance, dance .Eur-Ar. TEP-, to be warm.Sanscrit, tap-, in tapati, glow, be warm, tāpayati, heats, tapas,warmth; Hindi tap, fever.Zend, taf-, in taf-çat, grow warm, taf-nanh, heat.Latin, tep-, in tepere, to be warm, tepe-facere, make warm, tepescere, grow warm, tepidus, warm, tepor, warmth.L. Latin and Romance, F. tiède, (later) tépide (a learned return toLatin form) , lukewarm.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. teplu, warm, teplota, to warm, also topiti(s. s.) , Russ. topiti, to warm.2Celtic, Ir. tapar, Wel. tampr, a torch, taper, candle, O. Ir. timme( =te[ p]smja) , Wel. twym, Corn. toim, Bret. toem, hot; O. Ir. ten (forte[p]n), fire, N. Ir. teinne, a fire, torch, N. Ir. tinim, I melt, Ir. Wel.Corn. tes for (teps) , warmth (cp. Sans. tapas, Lat. tepor); Gael.Bealltuinn, Ir. Bealteine, Old May-day,³ (lit.) bright-fire ( = Celtic basebal, bright [from √bhe-, to shine] + tuinn, fire).¹ Fick derives tessera from this root ( as though by assimilated ' s ' for tens-era);cp. N.H.G. würfel: werfen; and see under qetver (p. 171 ) .2 Skeat and the Century Dict refer tapar, tampr, to √tep- , to burn, be warm, andregard A.S. tapor, M.E. taper, as borrowed from the Celtic. This is scarcelyprobable, as in all the Celtic names for fire, warmth, the p is consistently rejected; itis more probable that Ir. tapar is borrowed from A.S. tapor, which cannot be referredto ✓tep-.Stokes and Macbain are in favour of this explanation. The latter connectsCeltic * bal, the base of beall, with the names of the Celtic deities, Belenos, Belisama, and -beline in Shakespeare's Cym- beline; also with the Teutonic forms, O.N.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 427ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, tepescent, tepefaction, tepefy (as fr. a F. * tepéfier); tepid.Celtic, Beltean, or Beltain.Eur-Ar. √TEP-, with sense to press, distress, afflict.Sanscrit, tap-, in tapati, oppress, afflict, sam-tap, press together.Greek, ταπ-, in τάπης, -ητος, a carpet, ταπεινός, low, humble,dejected.Latin, tapete, -is (borrowed from Gk. ) , a carpet, tapetum (laterform) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. tappeto, Prov. tapiz- s, O.F. tapis, carpet, tapestry, Ital . tappezzeria, O.F. tapisserie, tapestry, M.E. tapestrye,Ital. tapezzare, O.F. tapisser, to hang with tapestry.Teutonic, O.H.G. teppich, tebech (a loan-word from Romance ofthe eighth century, perhaps from a form *tapetium, * tapecium); thelater o. and M.H.G. teppid, teppĭt,, A.S. tæpped, M.E. tapet, tapett, arefrom the Ital. tappeto, a carpet; A.S. tæppet, M.E. tipet, N.E. tippet, A.S.tæppe, fillets, M.E. tappe, tape.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, tapestry, ' on the tapis.'Teutonic, tippet, 2 tape (thr. A.S. loan-words tæppet, tæppe) .Celtic, taper (?). ³Eur-Ar. TEM ," to cut.Greek, тɛµ-, тaµ-, in téµ-vw (aor 2, e- тaµ-ov) , to cut, hew, cut off,bāl, Dan. baal, A.S. bæl, M.E. bale, belle, a blazing pile, a beacon or signal fire.Macbain says that two need-fires, i.e. fire kindled by friction, were lit on May- day,between which the Gaels drove their cattle for purification and luck (see Eur-Ar.neud-) . At the winter festival great fires were lit called bale-fires (Keary, Prim.Beliefs).¹ The word is used by Homer, but may be a loan-word from O. Pers. Richardsongives a N. Pers. tabasta, a carpet, a rug. Probably the earliest rugs or carpets were of felt.2 Another derivation of tippet has been given from Thibet (the tippet beingoriginally fur from Thibet. It is possible that the modern spelling may have beeninfluenced by this, but I know of no historical evidence in favour of this explanation.³ Vigfusson has O.N. taper- öx from A.S. taper- æx, a small tapering axe or halberdof English workmanship, which the Century Dict. connects with N. Pers. tabar,Armenian tapar, Russ. toporu, an axe. Skeat suggests that taper (vb. ) is from taper,the subs. , the taper being originally thinner at the top than the bottom. No satisfactory explanation has yet been given of these words.428 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√TEM- Tóμos, a division of a book rolled up by itself, a volume, åroµos, uncut,Tuñois, act ofcutting; -Toµń (in composition) , as ȧva-Toμý, dissection,ἐπιτομή, an abstract, δια-τομή, α cutting apart, περιτομή, circumcision,TÉμEVOS, apiece ofland cut offfrom the common land, and appropriatedto a chiefor king, a piece of land dedicated to sacred use; raµías,¹ onewho apportions and distributes, judge, dispenser, steward; révdw forTéμdw ( = tem + dhe), to gnaw at.Latin, tem-, in tem-pulum, a portion of the heavens marked offfortaking auspices, a temple (cp. téµevos), contemplari, to view attentively,contemplator, -io, -ivus; tem-nere, to despise, scorn, contemnere,-tempsi, -temptum, to scorn, disdain, contemptus (subs. ) , contempt; 2tinea, a woodlouse, tinca, a fish, the tench (from ten- [for tem-], as inTévdw); tondere (tem + dhe), to cut, shear, shave, tonsus, shaven, shorn,tonsura, tonsio, a shearing, tonsilis (adj . ) , easily cut, tonsor, a barber,tonsorius, relating to hair-cutting, tonsa, an oar (of uncertain origin,perhaps from tondere, with sense to lop off, to trim) , tonsilla (dim. oftonsa), a sharp-pointed pole stuck in the sand, used as a fastening forboats, tonsillæ, the tonsils , tonsicula, a small fish.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. temple, L. Lat. templarius, a knightTemplar, o.F. templier, M.E. templere, Ital. and Prov. tenca, o.F. andM.E. tenche, F. tanche, the tench; Ital. tosone, o.F. toison, Span. tuson(fr. Lat. tonsionem) , a fleece , F. toison d'or, the Golden Fleece (a Spanishorder of knighthood) .Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. tina, tęti, to cut, N. Slav. tnem, teti, to bite.Celtic, N. Ir. teinmhead, a cutting, teumadh, a biting, O. Ir. temm,N. Ir. teum, Wel. tam, tammaid, Corn. tam, Bret. tamm, a bite,morsel.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, tome (a volume), atom, atomic, anatomy, -ical, -ise, epitome,'-ise, diatomaceae; compounds ending with -tomy, as dicho-tomy,phlebo-tomy, tracheo-tomy, &c.Latin, contemplate, -or, -ion, -ive, contemn, contempt, -ible,tonsure, tonsorial, tonsils (?) .L. Latin and Romance, temple, templar (also found as surnames),tench.' Curtius, and Liddell and Scott, give this derivation; Prellwitz connects it withTημeλéw, to care for, heed, and Lat. timeo, to fear, but the long vowel in τn-, the shortvowel in Tăuías are against this; the difference, too, both in form and sense renders his explanation untenable.2 The difference of meaning makes it difficult to connect temnere, to cut, withtemnere, to despise. The latter may be connected with Gael. and Ir. tamailt, Bret.tamall, insult, abuse, reproach, which Stokes and Macbain refer to στéµßw ( with lossof initial s) , to shake about, misuse, handle roughly.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 429Eur-Ar. √TEM-, to become dark, dull, stiff, faint away, languish, becomequiet.Sanscrit, tam-, in tāmyati, become dark, faint away, &c. (p. p.tāntu, dark), tamas, darkness, gloom, ignorance, illusion of mind,passion, tamisra, darkness, tamra, obscuring, choking, tama, longing,tami, suppression of the breath, tim-yati, be quiet.Zend, tem-, in temanh, darkness.Greek, Taμ-, in Táμoos, rennet (used to curdle or thicken milk) ,Taμioívns, a curd-cheese prepared with rennet.Latin, tem-, tim-, in temere, ' rashly, blindly, temeritas, rashness,tem-etum, any intoxicating drink, temulentus, drunken, abs-tem-ius,abstaining from intoxication; tenebræ, pl. ( =tenesræ,2 for tem-esræ;cp. Sans. tamisra), darkness, tenebrosus, dark; timere, to be afraid,timor, fear, timidus, fearful, timiditas, timidity, timoratus (eccles. inthe Vulgate) , devout, reverent, God-fearing.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. timoroso, fearful, L. Lat. tamisium,tamisum, a sieve, perhaps used originally for straining the wheyfromthe curds,³ later for sifting meal (see Du Cange: ' tamisium quo farinapurgatur '), Ital . tamigio, (in the Venetian dialect) tamiso, Prov. andO.F. tamis, Span. and Port. tamiz (s. s.) .Balto-Slav. , O. Slay. and Russ. tima, darkness, O. Slav. timinu,dark, Lith. tem-ti, to darken, tam-sus, dark; O. Slav. tomiti, to vex,plague.Teutonic, A.S. theostre, M.H.G. dinster, N.H.G. düster, dark, gloomy;O.H.G. dëmar, M.H.G. demerung, N.H.G. dämmerung, twilight (spec.morning twilight) , O.N. dimmr, A.S. dim, O. Sax. thim, gloomy, dim,half-light, temse, tems, M.L.G. temes, temis, temise, a sieve, bolter forsifting meal (probably Romance loan-word).' According to Breal, abl. to an obsolete subs. *temus, -eris, confusion , darkness; op.Sans. tamas.2 Cp. membrum = memsrum from mims-, flesh, cerebrum = ceres-rum from ceres-,the brain.The tems is used in the north of England for separating small particles ofbutter from the butter-milk just after churning. It is a sieve with deep sides, and often or twelve inches diameter, with a horse-hair bottom, through which the buttermilk passes, while the particles of butter are retained.The more general use of the tems was to sift the finer from the coarser meal, andthe process has been thus described. The tems was fastened to a longish stick(like a housemaid's broom handle), and drawn to and fro over a round thick stick,lying across a table covered with a clean cloth to receive the sifted flour. If thislast process was done rapidly and with energy the handle of the tems became hotand charred . Hence, probably, came the proverb used of a lazy, indolent man, ‘ Hewill never set the tems on fire ,' which, as the word tems has dropt out of use and itsmeaning is forgotten, has been corrupted to ' will never set the Thames on fire.'This description has been sent me by a friend, who has made trial of the process ofbolting or sifting meal.430 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Celtic, Ir. teme, temel, darkness, Gael. and Ir. taimh, death, Ir.temhe, death, sickness, Ir. tamh, still, quiet, Ir. timim, Ifear, tim, fear,timeal, darkness, glimmering light.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, temerity, abstemious, -ness, tenebrous, timid, timidity,intimidate.L. Latin and Romance, timorous, temse (tems),thr. a L.G. form.Teutonic, dim, bedim, dimness.Eur-Ar. √/TER- √/TB-, to move from one side to another, cross over, passthrough, pierce, bore, rub, wipe, &c.Sanscrit, tar-, tr-, tir-, in tar-ati, tir-ati , crosses over, tiras, across ,beyond, over, taras (adj . ) , attaining the end, taras (subs. ) , a ferry, raft,tari, a boat, taruna, soft, tender, tāra, all-pervading, penetrating, shrill(of sound), tārana, carrying over, rescuing, tārana, a stalk of grass;tīrya, a passage, turi, weaver's brush, tar-man, goal, boundary, trā-ti,protected.Zend, tar-, in ti-tar-at, p. t. , he penetrated, tarō, through.Greek, Tɛp-, in Tɛipw ( =TÉρ-¿w) , to rub, wear out, distress, TETpaívw, to penetrate, τpāvýs (of sound) , penetrating, clear, Tépny,rubbed smooth, smooth, soft, delicate, répμa, end, boundary, тépμwv(s. s. ) , τέρετρον, a borer, an awl, τερηδών, α wood-worm , caries of thebone; Tópos, a borer, topós (adj . ) , piercing, penetrating, Tóp-vos, a carpenter's tool for drawing a circle, a lathe, chisel, Topvεów, to work witha lathe; Tηpós, a guard, watcher, τnpéw, to watch over, guard, τpáµis,the perineum, Tρîμa, a perforation, pl. the pips on dice.Latin, ter-, tor-, tri- , tra-, in ter-ere, tri-vi, tri-tum, to rub, wearaway, consume, tritus (p. p. ) , well-worn, teres, polished, well-turned,rounded, terebra, a borer; atterere, to rub upon, attritus (p. p. ) , attritio,a rubbing on, conterere, to bruise, grind, contritus (p. p.) , contritio, agrinding, contrition, deterere, detrivi, detritus, to wear down, detritus(subs.), a rubbing away, detrimentum, waste, damage, loss; tritura, arubbing, triturare, to thresh, trituratio, a threshing, tri-bulum, -bula, aharrow, a threshing sledge, tribulare, to thresh, oppress, tribulatio(eccles. Lat. ), distress, tri-ticum, wheat; termo, terminus, end, limit,frontier, terminalis, terminal, termin-are, put an end to, -atio, determinare, to set a limit, decide, -atio, exterminare, to drive beyond thefrontier, expel, conterminus, having the same frontier; trans, on theEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 431other side, across, over (in comp. tran- [before s ] , tra- [before i , j , d, ✓TER1, m, n], sometimes take the place of trans), tra-dere, -didi, -ditum, to √TRdeliver up, hand over, betray, traditor, a traitor, tradition, giving up,a tradition, tra- ducere, to lead across, to convey from one to another,(in favourable sense) to exhibit, display in public, (with bad sense) tohold up to public ridicule or disgrace; trans-ire, to cross, pass by oraway, transiens (pr. p.) , passing away, transient, transitio, transitus, apassing across, transitorius, passing, transitivus, passing on, trans-igere,to carry through, trans-actus, trajicere, to carry across, trajectus, apassage; tran-sæpire, to throw a hedge across, to enclose, *tran-septum,an enclosed space, tran-scendere, to climb over, trans-gredi, to step across,transgressus (subs. ) , -io, a stepping over, translatus, tra-latus, carriedover; trama, the woof, the cross thread, trames, a cross way, side path,trans-trum, a cross-beam, a thwart, transtellum, dim.; termes, tarmes,a wood-worm, terēdo, s. s . (Greek loan-word) , tornus (Greek loan-word),a turner's wheel, tornare, to turn as a lathe, to round off. Perhapstardus, ' slow, may be from √ter-, with tardare, to delay, re-tardare, toretard; tur-bo, tur-ben (=tur +suffix -bo -bus in super-bus), a top,reel, whirlwind, tornado, comes under Vter-. (Diez derives turbot, thefish, from Lat. turbo, a top.)L. Latin and Romance, Ital. tritare, triare (as from a Lat. tritare,freq. of tero, to pulverise), to grind to powder, search narrowly, O.F.trier, to sort, select, try a cause, M.E. trien, tryen, N.E. try; Ital. termine,O.F. and M.E. terme (term[n]e), N.E. term, Ital . tra, between, Prov.tras, across, through, O.F. tre-, tres-, a prefix, with sense of over,beyond, N.F. très, very, beyond measure, Ital. transire, to pass over,O.F. transir, depart, die, O.F. transe (lit. a passing beyond) , affright,a swoon, Span. transe (s.s. ) , M.E. trance, Prov. transitz (p. p. of transir) ,O.F. transit, fallen into a trance, amazed; Ital . tradire (as from Lat.

• tradio), Prov. and o.F. trair, M.E. traien, to betray, O.F. traitor, M.E.

traitour, O.F. traison, M.E. traison, treison, N.E. treason; Ital. traverso(Lat. transversus), Prov. and o.F. travers, laid across, N.F. traverser,to cross, traverse, Ital. Travertino (corrupted from Tiburtino, as if fr.trans +Tibur) , a soft calcareous stone; Ital. traviare (trans +via) , tomislead, traviarsi, to go astray, traviata, one led astray, F. travesti(p. p. of ' se travestir,' to change the dress), disguised, N.E. ( 1664)travestie (p. p. ) , disguised, now (a subs. ) , a burlesque, parody; M.E.transome, traunsom, a cross-bar, spec. in a window (from o.F. formnot found), O.F. trestel, M.E. trostel, trestyll (Lat . transtillum) , a frame1Skeat and Vaniček suggest this, and compare the phrase ' terere tempus '; butperhaps from (8)ter- with loss of initial s .432 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√TER for supporting a table, a trestle, Ital . trapasso, a passage, a digression,✓/TR O.F. trespas, a crime, death, M.E. trepas, sin, Ital. trapassare, O.F.1trespasser, M.E. trespassen, to pass over, N.E. trespass, to intrude onanother's land, to transgress; Ital. tornare, o.F. torner, turner, M.E.tornen, tournen, originally, to turn at a lathe, N.E. turn; O.F.tur-bot, M.E. turbut, turbote (fr. Lat. turbo, a top: cp. poµßós,a top, the turbot, from its top-like shape), M.E. turnep (see p.248) , N.E. turnip; L. Lat. tornare, O.F. torner, M.E. tornen,tournen, were used in various and more general senses, to turn,change, to register, place on record, transfer, Ital. torno, o.F. tourn,N.F. tour, a turn, a circuit, a tour, Span. tornado, a revolvingstorm, F. tourment, storm in the high Alps, Ital . torneare (as from aLat. * tornicare) , Prov. torneiar, o.F. tournoier, M.E. tourneien, to turnround and round, to joust, tourney, Ital. torneo, Prov. tornei-s, O.F.tournoi, tournay, M.E. tourney, a joust, a tourney, O.F. tournoiement,M.E. turnement, a tournament; O.F. atorner, aturner, atourner (whenceL. Lat. attornare) , M.E. attournen, atournen, atornen, N.E. attorn (alegal term), to turn over to another, assign, transfer, to transfer homagefrom one lord to another, (as a term of modern law) to formally agreeto be the tenant ofan estate under a new landlord, to acknowledge a newlandlord by any act, O.F. atorné, aturné, atourné (p. p. of atorner =L.Lat. adtornatus) , one appointed or constituted to actfor another, especiallyin legal matters, M.E. atorne, aturne, attourne, atturney, attorny,N.E. attorney; tourniquet, a turnstile, a stick used to tighten a bandage,N.F. contour, the compass of a place, outline, N.F. détour, a circuit, N.F.entourage, the surroundings, O.F. returner, retourner, M.E. returnen,retournen, N.E. return; L. Lat. * tardicare, O.F. targier, targer, M.E.targen, to delay, loiter, tarry, Ital . tardivo (as from Lat. * tardivus) ,O.F. tardif, tardy, Ital. travolare (Lat. transvolare), o.F. trauler, to gohither and thither, N.F. trôler,3 to drag about, M.E. trollen.2Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. trēti , triti, from ter-ti, Lith. trinti, to rub,O. Slav. tru-nu, a thorn.Teutonic, O.H.G. daram, N.H.G. darm, O N. tharm-r, A.S. thearm,Prov. Eng. (Lincolnshire) tharm, a gut, cp. тpáµis and Lat. trames,' The spelling of M.E. turbut seems to be affected by a supposed connection withbut, butt, a flat-fish (cp. halibut); the Gael. turbaid, Ir. turbit, Wel. torbwd, areborrowed from Eng.; Bret. turboden, turbozen, probably from O.F. turbot.2 Skeat says that the form ' tarry ' is due to a confusion with M.E. tarien, withsense of to vex, which is from an A.S. tergan, M.E. terzen, to vex, irritate. But maynot M.E. tarien, be a later form of tarzen, itself a later spelling of targen?This is Körting's explanation. Diez inclines to Germ. trollen, to turn, roll (cp.O. Du. drollen, L.G. drulen) , whom Skeat follows, suggesting, however, anotherderivation from W. trolio, to roll.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 433a path, passage, channel, Goth. thaurnus, o. and N.H.G. dorn, O.N. andA.S. thorn (cp. Sans. trna); Goth. * thraian, O.H.G. drajan, N.H.G.drehen, A.S. thrawan, M.E. thrawen, to turn, twist, hurl, throwster, asilkwinder, N.E. throw, Goth. thrēthe, O.H.G. drāt, N.H.G. draht, O.N.thrad-r, A.S. thræd, thread, wire, O.N. thröm-r (gen. thram-ar), thebrim, edge, verge ( cp. sævar thröm, the sea's brim, the shore) , O.H.G.drum, N.H.G. trumm, M.E. thrum, the untwisted end of a thread, therough edge of a web (cp. тépµ- a, term-inus ¹ ); M.H.G. drillen, to turn,O. Du. drillen, to bore, turn round, wheel, to shake, brandish, to drill(in the military sense) , A.S. thyrlian, thirlian, M.E. thirlen, to bore,pierce (see under √terq-) , N.E. thrill, used by Spenser in the literalsense of piercing, but nowmetaphorically of sound, penetrating, shrill;M. and N.H.G. turnieren, to tilt, tourney, A.S. tyrnan, turnian, to turn,N.H, G. türnen, to practise gymnastics, Icel. turna, to turn, turnera, totilt, tourney: all from the Romance; M.E. tournen, tornen, are directlyfrom O.F. , but turnen, tyrnen through A.S.Celtic, Ir. tria, tre, O. Wel. troi , N. Wel. trwy, Corn. dre, O. Bret.tre, dre, Ir. trasd, through, Gael. thar, O. Ir. tar, Wel. tra, over, across,beyond; Wel. trolio, to roll, trol, a cylinder, troell, a wheel, pulley, reel,Gael. and Ir. tradh, a spear, Gael. and Ir. trath, time, season, Wel.and Bret. tro, a turn, time, occasion, Gael. tearmann, Ir. termonn,Wel. terfyn, sanctuary, protection, fr. Lat. termo, terminus, the end,goal, i.e. of one who flees for his life (cp. Termonlandes, apudHibernos terræ ad ecclesiam pertinentes ' Du Cange); Gael. tora, anauger, O. Ir. tarathar, N. Ir. tarachair, O. Corn. tarater, Wel. taradr(s.s., loan-words from TéρETρov); Gael . tarsuinn, cross , across, tarrsanan ,a cross-beam.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, trite, -ness, attrition, contrite, -ion, detritus, detriment, -al ,triturate, -ion, tribulation, terminus, -al , -ate, -ation, conterminous,determine, -ate, -ation, exterminate, -ion; trans-, tran-, tra- (in composition) , as trans-act, trans-ition, tra-duce, tran-sept, &c.; termites,transom 2 (of a window).The Century Dict. connects with O.N. thrömr, O. Swed. tram, träm, trum, a log,stock of a tree, Norw. tram, tröm, trumm, M. Du. drom, a beam, a bulk, O.H.G. dram,tram (s. s. ) , L.G. traam, a beam, handle of a wheel- barrow or sledge, O.F. trameau,(dim. ), perhaps from L.G. traam, a dray or sledge, Eng. tram, an old northern namefor a coal waggon, also dram-road, tram- road, a road for coal waggons (cited inNotes and Queries from an Act of Parliament, 1794) to convey the coals from thepit, laid on planks, later on iron rails. See Century Dict. and Skeat, ad vb.2 Skeat conjectures this to be a mere corruption of Lat. transtrum, the word usedby the architect (probably a monk), but pronounced transum by the less learned workman.✓TERTRF F434 EUR- ARYAN ROOTS.L. Latin and Romance, try, trial, term, trance, entrance (vb. ) ,traitor, -ous, treason, -able, traverse, travesty (subs. and vb. ) , trestle,tressel, trespass; turn, to go or twist in a different direction, to turn ona lathe, turner, turnstile, tour, tourment, a strong wind, turbot,tur-nip, tourist, détour, contour, entourage, return, tournament,tourney, attorn, -ey, tornado; tardy (from F. tardif with loss of final f) ,tardiness, retard, tarry (L. Lat. tardicare); trawl, -er, troll (to fishwith a reel) , perhaps trollop, trull, a disorderly vagrant woman.Teutonic, thorn, -y, throw, throwster (obs. ), thread, -bare, tram,tram-way, thrum, drill, thrill.Celtic, trolly.Eur-Ar. VTERQ TREQ TRENQ , to turn, twist, wrench, break,whirl, hurl.Sanscrit, tark-, in tark-u , a spindle, tark-yati, reflect, ponder, turnover in the mind.2Greek, τρακ-, τρεπ-, in ἄ-τρακτος, a spindle, τρέπω, to turn,Tрóπos, a turning, a trope, figure of speech, τρоπń, a rout or defeat,троπаîον, a memorial of an enemy's defeat, consisting of armour andweapons fixed on a pole or frame, TρoπIKós ( Sc. Kúkλos) , the tropic orsolstice, "ATρоπos, one of the Fates (the Unchanging) , åλλóтρoπos, inanother manner.Latin, torq-, tric-, tronc-, in torq-uere, torsi ( =torq-si) , tortum(torq-tum), to twist, wrench, hurl, rack, torture, tortura, torture, tortuosus, twisted, winding, tormentum, an engine for throwing missiles, aninstrument of torture, the rack, torculum, a press, torquis, torques, atwisted neck chain, Torquatus, lit. necklaced ' (surname given toT. Manlius, who put on the ' torque ' of a Gaul whom he had slain insingle combat); contorquere, to brandish, to swing round in order togain force in throwing, contortio, a swinging round, violent movement,distorquere, to turn different ways, distort, distortio, extorquere, totwist or wrench out, extort, extortio, retorquere, to twist, bend back, tothrow back a charge, retort; nasturtium, a plant, the nose-twister, eitherfrom its acrid smell or the sharp taste of its seeds; trice, trifles, subterfuges, tricks, trico , -onis, a mischief-maker, shuffler, tricari, to shuffle,A compound word from A.S. næp, borrowed from Lat. napus, a kind of turnip,+tour, in the sense of round. Turbot, if not from Lat. turbo, may be a compound ofa similar character from tour- + L.G. butte, a flat fish, cp. hali-but, Du. heil-bot, theholi (or holiday) plaice, Swed. helg-flundra, the holiday flounder.2 By change of Eur- Ar. q to π. Fick connects Tрéπw with trep. and Lat.trepidus, turpis.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 435√TREQTRENQmake difficulties, play tricks, intricare, to entangle, extricare, to dis- √TERQengage, extricate; O. Lat. troncus, (later) truncus (adj . ) , maimed,docked, truncus (subs. ) , the stock or trunk of a tree apart from thebranches, the body apart from the limbs, the trunk, truncare, to mutilate,maim, lop; tropus, a figurative use of a word, tropæum, or trophæum,a trophy (Gk. loan-words) , tropæolum (Bot. ) , name ofa plant.1L. Latin and Romance, Ital. and Prov. tormentilla (fr. Lat. tormentum, F. tormentille, N.E. (early) tormentile, (later) tormentil, aplant,supposed to allay pain, belonging to the Potentilla tribe; L. Lat. * tortiare (formed from tortus), Ital. torciare, Prov. trossar (by metathesis) ,o.F. trosser, N.F. trousser, M.E. trussen, to pack up, roll or bind together,N.E. truss (vb. ), Prov. trossa, o.F. trusse, N.E. truss, a bundle, a truss,O.F. trousses (pl.) , M.E. trouses, trowses, short-cut breeches, trunk-hoseM.E. trousers, Prov. trossel, o.F. troussel, N.F. trousseau (dim. of trousse),a bundle, a bride's outfit; Ital. torchia, a torch, O.F. and M.E. torche,2 atorch, a wisp of straw &c. steeped in oil and lit , a roll of cloth used fordusting, wiping, Ital. torto ( = Lat. tortus, p. p.) , o.F. torte, N.F. tort,perverted, wrong, Ital. torta, o.F. tourte, tarte, N.F. tourt, tart, twistedpastry, a tart³; L. Lat. tortuca, Span. tartuga, Prov. tortesa, O.F. *tortese, tortuce, tortue, M.E. tortuce, tortue, N.E. tortoise; Ital. tricare,trucare, Prov. trichar, O.F. tricher, trecher, M.E. trichen, to trick, deceive, Prov. tric-s, trig-s, deceit, Prov. tricharia, O.F. tricherie, trecherie,M.E. trecherie, treccherie, N.E. treachery, Prov. trechaire, O.F. and M.E.trecher, a deceiver, M.E. trecherous (coined from trecher), deceitful,treacherous; Ital. tronco, (adj . ) lopped, (subs. ) trunk of a tree, Prov.tronc-s, O.F. tronc, trunk of a tree, a headless body, alms' box in churches,o.F. trognon ( =L. Lat. trunchionem, cp. Ital. troncone), a piece ofanything, stump ofa trunk ofa tree, the trunnions of a cannon whichKörting suggests the derivation from Lat. thyrsus, Gk. Oúpoos, the staff twinedround with ivy and vine- leaves, carried by Bacchus and the Bacchantes. That fromtorciare is more generally accepted .2 The F. torche originally means a bundlefor dusting, from which F. torcher, towipe clean. Gröber bases this upon a word * torca (not Latin at all, but possiblyCeltic), from which the vb. torcare is formed. But Körting connects * torca withtorquere, a supposition supported by the Lat. dim. torculum, a press, which presupposes an original *torcus. Phonetically the F. torche is connected with torcher,to wipe, but borrows its signification, torch, from It. torchia.Tart is probably not a merely different spelling of tourt, but derived from adifferent word, tarta from tarcta, a transposed form of tracta, drawn or pulled out(see p. 440).♦ Diez refers these words to a L.G. trekken, to pull, entice, and (later) ' to play atrick,' and it is possible that this word may have influenced their spelling and meaning, especially in the modern Eng. trick, but the etymological connection of the Romance and English words with Lat. tricare is far more probable (see Century Dict. under trick).FF 2436 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.TERQ attach it to the carriage, O.F. tronchon, the shaft ofa broken spear, M.E.√TREQ- tronchoun, N.E. truncheon, a staff, baton, Ital. troncare, O.F. troncher,√TRENQ N.F. tronquer, to lop, mutilate, O.F. troncir, to break in two, Span.tronzar, to shatter, O.F. trenchier, ' trencher, N.F. trancher, N.F. retrancher, to cut back, Prov. trenchar, Span. trincar, to cut, chop, O.F.trenchant, cutting, Span. trenchea, Ital. trincea, O.F. trenchée, M.E.trenche, a cutting in the ground, O.F. trencheoir, M.E. trencher, aplate to cut upon, Span. trenchete, a paring knife, M.E. trenket, trynket,a cobbler's knife. Skeat conjectures that the term included any smallnecessary implements in frequent use and carried about the person(see under ' Trinket ') . Ital. intricare, intrigare, Prov. entricar, o.F.intriquer, N.F. intriguer, to lay plots, Ital . intrico, intrigo, O.F. intrigue,N.F. intrigue, a plot; F. trope, a rhetorical figure, trophée, a trophy(from the Latin borrowed from Greek).Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. traku, a bandage, fillet, Lith. trenkti, to press,O. Pruss. tarkne, a strap, O. Slav. tricę, bran, Lith. trinka, a log,stump.Teutonic, M.H.G. dræh-sel , a turner, N.H.G. drechsler, (s.s. ) drechseln, to turn, Goth. threih-an (from *thrinh-an), O.H.G. dring- an, N.H.G.dringen, O.N. thryng-va, A.S. thring-an, to press together, crowd in, Goth.thraihns, N.H.G. drang, O.N. thröng-r (adj. ) , close, tight, A.S. thrang,throng, crowd,2 Goth. thairh, O.H.G. dërh, pierced, O.H.G. dürhil, durihil,pierced, bored, A.S. thÿrel, ³ for thyrhel (subs.), a hole, A.S. thyrelian,to bore, pierce, A.S. nosthyrl (nose-hole) , N.E. nostril; O.H.G. duruh,durh, N.H.G. durch, A.S. thurh, M.E. thurh, thuruh, N.E. through andthorough, Goth. thwairs, cross, angry, O.N. thwert, A.S. thweorh, across,awry, M.E. thwerten, to cross, N.E. thwart.Celtic, Ir. torc, Wel. torch, a chain, necklace, torcmhuin, a neck,collar, Ir. trochal , a sling, trochlaim, I sling; Gael. triubhas, Ir. trius,breeches, trews (probably borrowed from M.E. trouse).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, tropic, tropical, compounds of -trope, as chromatrope, allotrope, allotropous, &c. , trophy (thr. Lat. and F.) tropæolum.Latin, torture (vb. and subs. ) , torment (vb. and subs. ), tormentil,tortuous, tortion, contort, -ion, distort, -ion, extort, extortion, -ate,' Littré has come to the conclusion that F. trencher, trancher, Span. trincar, &c. ,are from Lat. truncare; but this must not be regarded as finally established. Variousother explanations have been given, but no one of them is satisfactory.2 Or from tre-gh.³ This is Kluge's inference from the cognate Teutonic words which have theh=Eur-Ar unlabia'ised q, and is probably the correct one; see under ter-, p. 433.It is doubtful whether torc is not a loan-word from Latin.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 487-ary, extorsive, retort (vb. and subs.) , nasturtium; intricate, intricacy,extricate, -ion; truncate (vb. and adj. ) .L. Latin and Romance, truss (vb. and subs. ) , truss, a surgicalappliance in hernia, to compress or reduce a rupture, (in building) a support, trowsers, trews, trousseau; torch, tortoise; trick, tricky, tricksy,trickster, treachery, intrigue, &c.; trunk of a tree, of an elephant, ofthe body, a strong chest or box, trunk-hose, trunnion, truncheon; trench(vb. and subs. ) , trenchant, trencher, trencher-cap, -man, retrenchment, entrench-ment, trinket, trounse, to beat with a stick, (orig. toshatter, beat to pieces, from a M.E. trounsen = o.F. * troncer: cp. Judgesiv. 15 (Bib. 1551) , ' The Lord trounsed Sisera ': Auth. Version,discomfited ') .(Teutonic, throng (vb. and subs. ), a crowd, to press upon, crowd,with vulgar use as adj . crowded; thrill (vb. ) , originally to bore, butnow only of sound, when shrill and penetrating (the original sense isretained in nostril); through, throughout, thorough, -ly, -ness, thwart(vb. ), athwart (adv.) , thwart, a rower's bench.Eur-Ar. √TERG-, to afflict, harass, vex.Sanscrit, tarj-, in tarj-ati, threatens, harasses.Greek, Tapß- (B= g) , in rapßéw, to fear, rápßos, fright.Latin, torv-, in torvus, terrible.Teutonic, O.N. thjarka, to wrangle, quarrel, A.s. thracian, to fear,¹N.E. (dial.) thrack, troubled, M.H.G. verderben, to spoil (intrans.), toperish, N.H.G. verderben, to destroy, spoil (trans. ); O.H.G. dërb, O.N.tharfr, A.S. theorf, M.E. therf, tharf, N.E. tharf, unleavened, in tharf- cake(see p. 68 for an alternative explanation) .Eur-Ar. √TERGH-, for older √(S)TERGH , hide, back.Greek, τερφ-, στερφ-, in στέρφος, τέφος, hide, shin, spec. thethicker skin across the back.Latin, terg-, in tergum, -i, terg- us, -oris, the back, tergiversari, toturn one's back, to shuffle, evade, retract, tergiversatio, a subterfuge.' Prellwitz ( Greek Etym. Dict. ) gives this equation. Brugmann considers it opento question.4.38 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Celtic, Ir. tarr, the back.¹ENGLISH DERIV. Latin, tergiversate, tergiversation.Eur-Ar. TREGH , with by-form THREGH ,2 to draw, move, run.Sanscrit, trakh-, dhraj-, in trakh-ati, to draw; dhraj-ati, to glide.Zend, thrakh-, in thrakhta, marching, drawing.Armenian, darg-, in darg-n, gen. drgan, a potter's wheel.Greek, τρεχ-, in τρέχω, to run (fut. θρέξομαι) , τροχός, properly arunner, applied to anything that is round, a wheel, or roller, the potter'swheel; Tpoxaîos, (adj . ) running, tripping, (subs.) a trochee, a foot oftwosyllables, the first long, the last short; Tpóxis, a runner or messenger,Tpoxixia, the sheaf of a pulley, roller of a windlass, Tpoxíños, a smallbird (the runner), said by Herodotus to pick leeches from the crocodile'smouth (perhaps the sandpiper, also applied to another bird, probablythe wren), Tроxíoños , a small ball, circular cake.Latin, trochus, a hoop, trochlea, a sheaf of pulleys (Gk. loanwords) .L. Latin and Romance, O.F. troc, ³ a truck, barter ofold goods, Span.trueco, barter, Sp. trocare, Fr. troquer, M.E. trukken, to exchange, truck;Span. trocla (Lat. trochlea) , a pulley, M.E. trookyl, trocole, a littlewheel or roller, N.E. truckle, a roller pulley, truckle-bed, a bed on casters,that can be pushed under another bed, F. troche, a bundle, a lozenge.Balto-Slav., O. Slav. triki, N. Slav. trčati, to run.Teutonic, Goth. thragjan, A.S. thrægian, to run, A.S. thrag, arunning, a course, O.H G. drigil, drëgel, a runner, O.N. and A.S. thræl, aserf, slave, thrall (orig. a runner) ( cp. Gk. Tρóxɩs, TрOXÍλOS).Celtic, Gael. traogh, Ir. traigh, Wei. treio, to ebb, Gael. and Ir.troigh, a foot, Wel. traed (pl. ) , the feet, Corn. truit, Bret. troat (s.s.) ,from the Celtic base * traget (cp. Latino-Gallic vertragus, a greyhound).¹ Stokes connects tarr with Lat. tergus, from the base targsa, back, but Macbainrefers it to a base tarsā = tarm- sa, and to Gk. тpáµis, N.H.G. darm.

• See Brugmann, i. 329. Fick, in his third edition, gives trak- as the Eur-Ar.

form ofthe root, for which he cites a Sans. trakh-ati, trankhati; but in the fourthedition he gives dhregh- as the Eur-Ar. form with Sans. dhrajati.3 Diez derives F. troc from an O.H.G. trog, a tray or trough; but both form andsignification connect it more nearly with Span. trocare; perhaps, originally, to carryaboutfor sale on a truck, to wheel about (cp. L. Lat. cambiare, to change, lit. to makea circuit.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 439ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, trochee, trochaic, trochilus (architectural term).L. Latin and Romance, truck, exchange, a hand-cart, trash, truckle(vb. ), to yield (subs. ) , a small wheel or pulley, troche, a lozenge.Teutonic, thrall, thraldom, enthral.Eur-Ar. √TERÕH¯, √TREÕH , to crush, tear, pull, drag, with variant✔THREGH √/TREKH-.Sanscrit, trh-, in tṛnēți (p.p. tṛt-a) , to crush, bruise.Greek, τραχ-, τραγ-, in θράσσω ( =θράκιω, τράχω) , to break,Tpāxús, rough, rugged, тpaɣɛîa, the wind-pipe, perhaps from its corrugations, Tapáσow, to trouble, disturb, perf. * TE-Tápaɣa (Epic, withneuter sense, τέτρηχα), ταραχή (contracted form Hesych. τάρχη),trouble, confusion; тpăyɛîv, infin. of erpayov, 2 aor. of Tρwyw, to eat,Tpayavós, eatable, тpáynµa, that which is eaten for eating's sake, asdessert, sweetmeats, Tρáyos, ' a he-goat (the gnawer), Tpayıkós, (morecommonly) tragic, (but later) goatlike; Tpaywdía, a tragedy, orheroic play, invented by the Dorians, and said to be so calledbecause a goat was the prize, or the actors were clad in goatskins;τρώγω, to gnaw , eat, τρώκτης, a kind of fish, the gnawer, τρώγλη, αhole formed by boring, a cave, τρωγλοδύτης тpwyλo- dúτns ,, one who creeps into a holeasfoxes or snakes, тρwyλodúтaι, cave-men (Herod. iv. 183) .2Latin, trah- (trac-) , in trah-ere, traxi, tractum, to draw, drag, haul,tractus (subs. ) , dragging, a drawing out, a stretch of country, tractorius,capable ofdrawing, traha, trahea, a sledge, tragula, a missile attachedto a strap by which it was flung, a sledge, a drag-net; abstrahere, to drawfrom, abstractus (p.p. ) , abstractio, attrahere, to draw towards, attractus(p.p.) , attractio, contrahere, to draw together, contractus (subs. ) , contractio, contractura, a drawing together, detrahere, to draw down, awayfrom, detractus (p.p. and subs. ) , detractio, distrahere, pull asunder,distractus (p.p. and subs.), distractio, extrahere, to draw out, extractus(p.p.) , extractio, protrahere, to draw forward, protractus (p. p. ), protractio, retrahere, to draw back, retractus (p. p. ) , retractio , subtrahere,to draw from underneath. subtractus (p. p. ) , subtractio; tractare,-avi, -atum (freq. of trahere) , to draw violently, to take in hand, manage,¹ See Pott's Etym. Forsch. iii. 471; Prellwitz gives a different and unsupportedexplanation, from Eur-Ar. *qtra-gos, which he interprets by ibex, German Steinbock.Tpwyw, to gnaw, falls more correctly under Eur- Ar. ✅treuğh-, a variant of✓tregh..2440 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.1/TERGH- treat, discuss, tractatus (subs.) , handling, a discussion, tractate, treatise,✓TRECH- tractabilis, manageable, detrectare, detractare, to decline, refuse, deTHRECH- preciate, detractatio, retractare, to take in hand again, reconsider,revise, draw back, cancel, retractatio; tructa (Greek loan-word), a kind ✔TREKHoffish, tragema (Greek loan-word), sweetmeats; tragicus, tragoedia(Greek loan- words), tragacantha (fr. Tрaɣákavea), goat-thorn.=L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat.. *tragere = trahere, Ital. traggere,Prov. traire, with p. p. trag, o.F. träire, to draw, N.F. (with restrictedsense) , to milk, O.F. trait, traite, (earlier) traicte (p. p. of traire), properly a letter ofchange drawn on some one, something drawn, a line,streak, stroke (Cotgrave), o.F. tarte, M.E. tarte (from tarcta tracta,pulled out), a kind of pastry; N.F. distrait, confused, distracted , o.F.portraire, pourtraire (Lat. protrahere, with sense of drawing, painting,in mediæval Latin), M.E. Fourtraien, purtreyen (s. s. ) , N.E. pourtray, todraw, depict, O.F. pourtraict, pourtrait, M.E. pourtraict (in Spenser),N E. portrait, O.F. pourtraicture, M.E. portreture, N.E. portraiture; o.F.reträire, to retire, withdraw, O.F. retrete, retraite, retraicte, a place ofretirement, refuge, M.E. retreit (s. s.); L. Lat. *traginare, *trahinare(from *tragere trahere), Ital. trainare, Span. traginare, Prov.trahinare, o.F. trahiner, träiner, to draw, drag, M.E. traynen, to drawon, entice, Span. tragin (as from *tragimen, something draum), a train,afollowing ofmen, O.F. trahin, träin, a train of men, o F. traine, asledge, drag-net, M.E. treyn, with sense ofplot, N.F. entraîner, to carryaway, inspirit; Ital . draglia (Lat. tragula) , a rope for towing a boat,L. Lat. trahale (from traha), a sledge, a reel, Prov. tralhs, tralha, adrag-net, a tow-rope, O.F. traail, a sledge, a reel for winding yarn on,M.E. trayle, traile, a sledge, train, N.F. traille, a ferry-boat draggedacross a river by means of a rope, F. trailler, to wind up yarn, M.E.trailen, to drag (act. and neut. ); O.F. trays, 2 M.E. traice, trayce, ' horsysharneys, ' N.E. a trace (sing.), part of harness; Ital. trattare (Lat.tractare), Prov. traitar, o. and N.F. traiter, to handle, treat, deal with,discuss, O.F. traitement, treatment, O.F. tretis, traictis, (adj. ) well-handled,(subs. ) a thing well handled, M, E, tretis, N.E. treatise (as from a L. Lat.tracticius), O.F. traicté, traité ( = Lat. tractata), M.E. tretee, N.E. treaty,o. and N.F. entraiter, to entreat; Ital, tracciare (as from a L. Lat.tractiare), Span. trazar, Prov. traçar, O.F. tracer, M.E. tracen, to drawa line, plan, trace, Ital . traccia, o.F. and M.E. trace, a track, a mark left,Skeat, with great probability, derives tret (an allowance for waste) from Ital.trata, Span. trato, trade, merchandise, F. traite, a draught, a transportation, shipping." Suggested by Skeat to be a plural = O.F. traits with sense of drawers; traces istherefore a double plural.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 4411N.E. trace (s.s.); Ital. treggia, (Lat. tragemata), Prov. dragea, O.F. dragée,sweetstuff, a digestive comfit, N.F. dragée, a sugarplum, M.E. dragg,dragge, drage, N.E. (early) dreg, (later) dredge, oats and barley mixed,a kind ofdigestive powder taken after meat, N.E. (early) drege, (later)dredge (vb. ) , to sprinkle flour &c. on meat, N.E. dredger, a tin vesselused for dredging; tragique, tragédie (from the Greek loan-words inLatin); F. truite, a trout.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. trezati, tears to pieces.Teutonic, O.H.G. drucchen, N.H.G. drücken, O.N. thruga, A.S.thryccan, to press, A.S. truht (loan-word from Lat.?) , M.E. trout.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, trachea, tracheotomy; tragic, tragedy, tragedian (thr. Lat.and Fr.), troglodytes, gum tragacanth.Latin, tract (a small book, a district) , traction, tractile, abstract(vb. and adj . ) , -ion, attract, -ion, -ive, -or, -ible, contract (vb. andsubs. ), -ion, -or, -ible, detract, -ion, -or, -ive , distract, -ion, -ive,extract (vb. and subs.) , -ion, -ive, -er, -ible, protract, -ion, -er, -ive,retract, -ion, -ive, -ible , sub-tract, -ion, -ive, -ible; tractate, tractable,-ility, -ness, detractation, retractation.L. Latin and Romance, trait, distrait, pourtray, portrait, -ure,retreat (subs. and vb. ) , train, -er, -ing, train-band, trail, trace (partof harness); tart (subs. ) , treat, treaty, treatment, treatise, entreat,-y, mal-treat, mal-treatment; trace (vb. ) , trace (subs. a mark left),tracery, traceable, retrace; dredge, dredger.Teutonic, trout (thr. A.S. loan-word from Lat.) ..Eur-Ar. TERG TREG , with older form √((S)TERG_√(S)TREG-, 'to wipe, rub.Greek, Tpiß- (B=Eur-Ar. g) , in τpißw, to rub, diaтpíßɛw , to wearaway, Siaтpiẞń, a wearing away, waste of time, discourse, invective,diatribe.Latin, terg-, in tergere, tergère, to wipe, rub off, cleanse, polish(p. p. tersus), wiped, polished, smooth, ' tersa oratio, ' a polished style,abstergere, to wipe off, detergere, to wipe down.²Cp. Lat. string- ere, strigilis , O.H.G. strihhan.= 2 Von Planta suggests that mantèle is contracted from *man-terg-sli in form toUmbr. mantraklu, and with the same sense as Lat. manu- tergium, a towel. Tergsli:tēle pinslom pilum ( see p. 316) .442 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Greek, diatribe.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, terse, -ness, absterge, -ent, abstersion, deterge, -ent,detersion, -ive.Eur-Ar. √TER-SK- √TR- SK-, ' to crackle, crash, clatter, stamp noisily.Balto-Slav. , tresk-, in Lith. tresk-eti , to crackle, tarsk-eti, to rattle,O. Slav. treski , sound, tresk-ati, to make a noise.Teutonic, Goth. thriskan, O.H.G. dreskan, N.H.G. dreschen, O.N.thresk-ja, A.S. thersc-an, M.E. threshen, to, thresh, 2 O.H.G. dirscuwili,O.N. threskjöldr (threskja +völlr, a field) , A.S. therscwold, therscwald,therscold (therscan +wald, wold), waste ground for threshing, a threshing floor,³ M.E. threswold, N.E. threshold, door-sill, entrance to a house.In ancient time the corn was threshed before the door of the house;hence the modern use of threshold for the door-sill or entrance.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . trescare, to stamp, make a noise withthe feet, o.F. treschier, s.s., O.F. tresche, a kind ofdance.ENGLISH DERIV. thresh, threshold , thresher.( 1) Eur-Ar. √/TRP-, to be satisfied, satiate, nourish, be content with,please.Sanscrit, trp-, in tarp-ati, to satisfy, satiate oneself, p. p. trp-tas,satisfied, tarp-yati , to please, nourish, tarp-anas, satisfying, pleasing.Greek, тɛρπ-, in тέρπw, to please , delight, тερπvós, pleasant,delightful, Tép -is, delight, Evтéρπη, well pleasing or pleased,Tepчixópn, delighting in the dance (both names of Muses) .4Teutonic, O.N. thrifa, to grasp, lay hold of, also thrifask, to thrive,M.E. thrifen, to thrive (p. t. thraf) , Dan. trives, to thrive.Sk- is here the inceptive termination as in cre-sco, &c.2 The original meaning of the Teutonic words as indicated by the Balto- Slav. andthe Rom. trescare, to stamp, dance, was probably to stamp noisily or violently, andshows that the original threshing was ' treading out the corn .' The flail is a laterintroduction from Italy, from Lat. flagellum.• Kluge remarks that the use of the same words through the Teutonic languagesfor processes of agriculture indicates that they must have used them during thenomad period before they dwelt in permanent settlements apart from each other.4 ' Probably an altogether different word from thrifa, to grasp ' ( Vigfusson); butthe Century Dict. gives as the meaning of thrifask, to seize for one's self, to thrive.M.E. thriven (from O.N. thrifa) seems to imply that the latter had also the senseto thrive, though the Norwegian thriva, to seize, trivast (reflex. ) , to thrive, with Dan.trives, Swed. trifvas (both reflex. ) , with the sense to thrive, are against this view.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 443ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Euterpe, Terpsichore.Teutonic, thrive, thrift, thrifty, -ness.(2) Eur-Ar. √/TRP , to stiffen, be rigid, sluggish.Latin, torp-, in torpere, to be rigid, motionless, numb, torpescere(incept. of torpere) to become torpid, torpor, sluggishness, torpidus,torpid, torpedo, numbness, name of afish (the electric ray) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. stordire, o.F. estordir, N.F. étourdir(p. p. étourdi) , to din, deafen, stupefy¹ (L. Lat, * extorpidire, to maketorpid), M.E. sturdi (Chauc. ), stordy (Robt. of Glouc. ) , inconsiderate,rash.Balto-Slav. , tirp-, in Lith. tirp-ti , to become rigid, O. Slav.u-trip-eti (s.s.).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, torpor, torpid, torpescence, torpedo, torpidity.L. Latin and Romance, sturdy, -iness.(3) Eur-Ar. √TRP-,2 with sense of being in want of, needing.Sanscrit, tarp-, in tarp-nu-mas, we have need.Balto- Slav. , terp-, trip- , O. Slav. trip-eti, suffers, Lett. terp- it ,endure, O. Slav. treb-i , necessary, useful.Teutonic, Goth. thaurban, O.H.G. durfan, to have need, N.H.G.dürfen, to dare, be permitted, O.N. thurfa, A.S. thurfan, to be in need,Goth. ga-tharban, O.H.G. darben, M.H.G. darben, O.N. tharfa, A.S.thearfian, to be in want, O.H.G. biderbi, meeting a necessity, useful,good, N.H.G. bieder, good, trustworthy, biedermann, a good honest man,N.H.G. derb, compact, stout.Eur-Ar. √TRE P- (=√√tre +-p-, forming the present base), to be restless, anxious.Sanscrit, trap-, in trap-ati, is perplexed, ashamed, trap-a, perplexity, shame, tṛpras, restless, anxious, tarpalas, trembling.¹ This is Diez's explanation, in which he is followed by Brachet; but Körtingleaves the word unexplained.2 Perhaps identical with tṛp- ( 1 ) . Dieffenbach gives an Old Pruss. enterpo, it is ofuse, i.e. it satisfies. What is useful in itself is needed by the individual (cp. N.H.G.brauchen, with the sense of using and needing).4.4.4 EUR- ARYAN ROOTS.Latin, trep-, turp-, in trepidus, anxious, agitated, alarmed, intrepidus, undisturbed, courageous, trepidare (trans. and neut. ) , to causeconfusion, alarm, to be confused or alarmed, trepidatio, alarm, hurry;turp-is, base, shameful, turpitudo, baseness.Balto-Slav. , trep-, in O. Slav. trep-iti, trembles, O. Slav. trep-ati,throb.Teutonic, M.E. throbben, N.E. throb, but without an O.N. or A.S.equivalent.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, trepidation, intrepid, -ity, turpitude.Teutonic, throb.Eur-Ar. √TRE-M¯‚¹ to tremble.Greek, τρε-μ-, in τρέμω, to tremble ( fut. τρέσω) , τρομέω, τοtremble, τpoμepós, tremulous.Latin, tremere, to tremble, tremor, tremor, tremulus, tremulous,tremendus, to be feared.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. tremolo , tremulous, Ital. tremolare( = L. Lat. * tremulare), to tremble, shake, Prov. tremblar, O.F. trembler,M.E. tremblen, N.E. tremble, O.F. tremouille, trameul, the hopper ofawheel, from its shaking motion.2Balto-Slav. , trim-, in Lith. trimu, trim-ti, to tremble.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, tremor, tremulous, tremendous.L. Latin and Romance, tremolo (mus. term) , trembling.Eur-Ar. TRE-STER- S-, to fear, frighten.Sanscrit, tras-, in trasati, taras-ati, fear, tremble, tras-a-yati,frighten, trastas (p. p. ) , frightened, afraid.Zend, tareç-, in tereçenti, 3 pl. pres. t. , they fear, thrãonh-ayeiti,3 sing. pres. t. , he frightens, tarstas, afraid.Greek, τρες-, τερσ-, in τρέω for τρέ(σ)ω (σ omitted between' From ✓tre- + m-, forming the base of pres. t. , but maintained throughout theverb in Latin. In Greek the fut. &c. , are formed from TpéÉ-W, TPÉσW.2 Skeat conjectures that Eng. turmoil may be a corruption of O.F. tremouille ortrameul, but there is so much difference both in sense and form between the Englishand French words that their connection must be regarded as very doubtful.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 4.4.5vowels), to tremble, (Hesych. ) ἔτερσεν ( =ἐφόβησεν) , τρέστης, αtrembler, ǎTpEσTOs, fearless.Latin, terr- (=ters-), in terr-ere, -ui , -itum, to frighten, deterrere,to frighten off, terror, affright, terribilis, terrible, terrificus, terrific,terrificare, to make afraid, territare, to frighten violently; tristis, sad.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. terrore, o.F. and M.E. terrour, N.E.terror, Fr. terrible; Fr. triste, sad.Balto-Slav. , (). Slav. tres-, in tresa, tremble, tręsti , to shake (trans. ),tręsika, fever, Lith. triszu, triszeti , to shiver, tremble.Celtic, Ir. tarrach, timid, fearful.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, terrific, deter, deterrent, terrorise.L. Latin and Romance, terrify (as from F. *terrifier from terrificare), terror (from earlier terrour, but with return to the Latin spelling) , terrible.Eur-Ar. √TRS √TERS-, to be dry, parched, dry, thirsty .Sanscrit, tarsh-, trsh-, in tarsh-ayami, to dry, cause thirst, tyshyati, be thirsty, tṛsh, thirst, tṛshta, hoarse, with a dry throat, dry, harsh,trshu, greedy, eager.Zend, tars-, in tarsna, thirst.Greek, TEρσ-, in Tépo-oµaι (intrans.) , to dry up, Tepo-alvw (trans. ) ,to parch, dry up, wipe off, rapoós, Att. Tappós, aframe ofwicker-workfor drying cheeses on, anyflat surface, Tapoòs πodós, the flat of thefoot, ταρσὸς πτέρυγος, of the wing, ταρσὸς κωπέως, the blade of theoar, Tapoós, the city so called from the fable of Icarus, who fellnear it.Latin, terr- (for ters-) , torr- (for tors-) in terra ( =tersa), dry land,the earth, Osc. teer-um, terrenus, terrestris, relating to the earth, terrestrial, medi-terraneus, in the middle of the land, territorium, a district,territorialis, belonging to a district, extorris, banished ( = ex + terra);testa (for tersta) , a piece of burnt clay, brick, tile, earthenware vessel, ashell, testaceus, consisting of bricks, tiles, covered with a shell, testum,an earthen pot, testula, a potsherd, a voting tablet, in use at Athens,testudo, a tortoise, a covered shelter for besiegers; torrere, -ui , tostum, toparch, roast, dry by heat, torrens, a mountain stream, dry during summer,full and strong in the rainy season, torridus, dried up, parched, torrid ,torris, a firebrand, torrefacere, to roast.446 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓TRS- L. Latin and Romance, Ital. terra-cotta, baked clay, Ital. terrazzo,✓TERS terrazza, F. terrasse, a terrace of raised earth, Ital. terreno, O.F. terrain,ground, soil, F. terrein, a territory, district, F. terrine, an earthen pan ordish, a tureen (spelt terreen by Phillips, 1706; the mis-spelling tureenis probably due to supposed connection with the city Turin); L. Lat.terrarius liber, a register of landed property, F. papier terrier (s. s.),F. terrier, a landholder (found as a surname, Le Terrier), L. Lat.terrarium, O.F. terrier, a burrow, L. Lat. terrarius canis, a dog forhunting rabbits &c.; Ital . tartufo, tartufolo, ' o.F. tartoufle, N.F. truffe,O.F. trufle,2 a joke, jest, a truffle (terræ tuber), N.H.G. tartuffel, ³ laterform kartoffel, a potato, N.F. Tartufe, a hypocrite, the name of a wellknown character in one of Molière's plays; Fr. enterrer, to lay in theearth; Ital. testa, O.F. teste, N.F. tête, a head, (orig.) a skull, from Lat.testa, used in this sense by Ausonius, ' glabra jacebat Testa hominis,'O.F. testu, heady, headstrong, testy, O.F. teston, a coin of Louis XII. , socalled from its bearing the king's head, M.E. teston, testern, tester, acoin of Henry VIII. of the value of sixpence, O.F. testiere, any kind ofheadpiece. M.E. testere, a headpiece, helmet. M.E. teester, head of a bed,Ital. testo, o.F. test, N.F. têt (Lat. testum) , a vessel used in alchemy andfor testing gold, a test for gold, a test generally; F. torrifier, to make hot,F. torrent, a mountain stream, torride, scorched, o.F. tostée ( =L. Lat.

• tostata), toasted bread (cp. Port. tostado, s. s. ) , M.E. tost, toost, N.E.

toast, M.E. tosten, to toast; Ital . tosto (adj . ) , quick, bold, hard (i.e.)baked, (adv.) quickly, at once, soon, O.F. tost, N.F. tôt, soon, O.F. tostif,hasty.4Balto-Slav. , Lith. troksztu, troszkau, to thirst (as from √terg-sk) ,O. Slav. trez-ev, sober.Teutonic, Goth. ga-thaurs-nan, to become dry, O.H.G. dorrên, N.H.G.dorren, to dry, parch, O.N. therra, to dry, wipe, thorna, to become dry,Goth. thaurs-sus, O.H.G. durri, N.H.G. dürr, O.N. thurr, A.S. thyrre,dry, arid, Goth. thaurstei, o. and N.H.G. durst, O.N. thorsti, a.s. thyrst,M.E. thurst, thrust, thirst, Goth. thaursjan, O.H.G. thursten, N.H.G.dürsten, O.N. thyrsta, A.S. thyrstan, to thirst; 0.H.G. darra, N.H.G.darre, a frame for drying fruit, &c. , Dan. tröske, thrush of the throator tongue,I -tufolo is a diminutive form corrupted from La* . tuberculus.2 M.E. trufle, truyfle, tryfule, a joke, jest, NE. trifle, a thing of small value, N.E.trifle, vb. to make jokes, be flippant, to turn into ajest.Potatoes were introduced into Germany from Italy in the eighteenth centuryand called by the Italian name. Bythe middle of the century they had come intogeneral cultivation and use, and the name was corrupted into kartoffel.soon.The change of sense is from heated, hot, to hasty, hurried, then to quick, at once,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 4.4.7Celtic, Gael. Ir. tart (for tarst), thirst, drought, tartmhar, thirsty,Gael. Ir. Corn. Bret. tir, land, Gael. tioram, Ir. tirim, tioraim, I dry,Ir. tiormach, thirst, drought, Gael. tiormachaid, drying weather.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, tarsus, compounds with -tarso-, tarsal.Latin, terrestrial, mediterranean, subterraneous, -an, territory,-ial, testacea, testaceous, torrefaction, terra firma, terraqueous.L. Latin and Romance, terra-cotta, terracé, terrain, tureen, terrier,inter-ment, dis-inter, Tartufe, truffle, trifle, tête-à-tête, testy, -iness ,tester, testoon, tizzy (vulg. ) , test (subs. and vb. ); torrify, torrent,torrid, toast.Teutonic, thirst, athirst, thirsty, -iness, thrush (of the throat) ,from an O.N. or A.S. equivalent of Dan. tröske not found.Eur-Ar. * TER ST , of unascertained meaning. 'Latin, test- (for terst- 2) , in testis, a witness, testimonium, evidence,testimony, testimonialis, testari , to bear witness, bequeath, testator, onewho bequeaths or witnesses, testatio, giving evidence, testamentum, awill, Osc. tristaamentud (abl. ) , acknowledgment before witness, acovenant, testamentarius, relating to wills, attestari, to attest, -atio,con-testari, to call witness in a lawsuit, bring an action, detestari, tocall God to witness against a person, to curse, execrate, detestatio,obtestari, entreat, take to witness, protestari, to bear witness, declare inpublic, in-testatus, not having made a will, testificari, to testify;testiculus, testicl*, perhaps regarded as an evidence of sex or manhood.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. testimonio, Prov. testemonis, o.F.tesmoign, N.F. témoin, F. attester, to attest, contester, contest, détester,abominate, protester, protest against, Protestant, a protester, testify.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, testimony, -ial, testator, -tion, -ment, testamentary, attestation, contestable, detestation, -ble, obtestation, protestation, -ble,intestate, -cy, testification , testicl*, testiculate.L. Latin and Romance, testify, attest, contest, detest, protest,Protestant, -ism.There is a Sans. trāyati ( from a root tra = Eur-Ar. trē-) , protect, rescuefrom,shelter, but the quantity of the vowel is against a connection with ter-st-.2 See Brugmann, i . 35, and 219.448 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. TREBH , to build, construct, inhabit; perhaps with anearlier (S)TREBH-.Greek, Tpap-, in тpápn§, a beam, plank ofa ship, Túpẞn, ' a crowd,confusion, trouble.Latin, trab-, in trabs, trabes, a beam, a timber, any constructionmade oftimber, a raft, a roof, trabalis, ofor relating to beams, trabica,a raft; Umb. trebeit, dwells, Osc. triibarakattins, shall have built,Umb. trifo, a house, a part of the tribal land, Osc. triibum, 2 a house,Lat. tribus, a tribe, a division of the people, (orig. ) a house, collection ofbuildings (?), tribunus, the head of a tribe, tribunal, magistrate's seat;tribuere,3 to allot, pay, divide, assign, grant, tributum, a stated payment, tributarius, subject to payment of tribute, attribuere, to assign to,attributum, anything assigned to, attributio, allotting, contribuere, toassign together, contribute, distribuere, -tio, -tor, retribuere, to give inreturn; turba, a crowd, trouble, turbare, to trouble, conturbare, to throwinto confusion, disturbare, to throw out of order, perturbare, to agitate,imperturbatus, untroubled, turbula, a small crowd, turbidus, troubled,turbid, turbulentus, troublesome, disorderly.L. Latin and Romance, Span. trabe, Port. trave, a beam, timber(Lat. trabs), Prov. o.F. traf, a beam, travar, O.F. entraver, literallyto enclose with beams, to hinder, shackle (as from a L. Lat. trabare),Span. trabajo, hindrance, O.F. entraves, shackles for horses, L. Lat.

• trabaculum or * trabalium, a scaffolding, platform of beams (cp. Lat.

trabica, a raft, trabalis, relating to beams); Ital. travaglio, an ox-stall,work, toil, Prov. trebalhs, trabalhs, O.F. travail, work, Ital. travagliare,Prov. trabalhar, O.F. travailler, to work, toil, N.F. architrave (apxn +O.F. traf, a part ofthe entablature resting immediately upon the columns);O.F. and M.E. tribun, N.E. tribune, O.F. and M.E. tribut, N.E. tribute;Ital. turbare, Span. and Prov. turbar, Port. torvar, to disturb, O.F.• The occurrence of σύρβη = τύρβη, and of a στυρβάζω =τυρβάζω, suggests an earlierstrebh-. Cp. N.H.G. streben, to move violently.2 The Oscan writing of double i is for long i, of double a for long à.The original sense of tribuere was probably a special one, to allot the tribe land among its several members, to assess the amount each member should contribute to thepublic expenditure. Under the early village system a periodical distribution of theland belonging to the village was made among the several heads of families.Diez connects with turbare Ital. trovare, to find, Prov. trovar, tofind, intent, compose, toput into rhyme (cp. Neapolitan dial. struvare, controvare, both with the sensedisturb). Ital. trovatore, Prov. trobador, trobaire, O.F. troveor, trouveor, N.F. trouvère,a port, troubadour, O F. trover, N.F. trouver, to find, M.E. trouen, to find, O.F. controuver, to invent, fabricate, M.E. controuen, contreuen, N.E. contrive, Ital. ritrovare,to search for, O.F. retrover, retrouver, M.E. retreuen, retreven, N.E. retrieve, torecover, probably a term ofthe chase, inthe first place, afterwards used with a generalDiez thus derives the special meaning of the Ital. trovatore, Prov. trobador,from that of Lat. turbare, to disturb, to turn over, to search through, to find, to invent,sense.•EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 449destourber, M.E. destourben, N.E. disturb, F. perturber, to perturb,L. Lat. turbulare (freq. of turbare), O.F. tourbler, trobler, M.E.troublen, to trouble, F. turbulent, troublesome, L. Lat. troppus (fromTeutonic dorp, thorp: see note below) , O.F. trope, N.F. troupe, a troop(cp. Span. tropa, O. Ital. troppa, N. Ital. truppa, s.s. ); Ital. troppo, F.trop, too much.Balto-Slav., Lith. troba, buildings.Teutonic, Goth. thaurp, arable land, o. and N.H.G. dorf, a village,hamlet, O.N. thorp, a collection of cottages, a hamlet, rarely enclosed orcleared land ' as opposed to forest, A.S. thorp, thrōp, a village, threp, acrowd, dispute (in the Swiss-German dorf has the sense of a visit, ameeting) , O.N. thyrpa, to crowd, O.N. thorpari, a cottager. The varietyof meanings apparent in the Teutonic words makes it difficult todetermine the original meaning, whether in the first place it meanta collection of cottages, a hamlet, with the arable land attached to it,or a collection of people-the village community and their publicmeetings-from which, lastly, the general sense of a crowd wasderived. A.S. threapian, to dispute, reprove, quarrel, M.E. thræpen,threpen, to complain, dispute, N.E. (dial. ) to threep.Celtic, O. Wel. treb, N. Wel. tref, O. Bret. treb. Corn. tref, tre,a house, dwelling place, a subdivision of the tribe, trebou (pl. ) , crowd,Ir. treabh, a farmed village, clan, family, treabhaim, to plough, cultivate, treabhaire, a ploughman, treabhur, a stock, kindred, treabhlacht,afamily, household, treabhlaigim, to trouble, disturb.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, tribe, tribal, tribunal, tributary, attribute (vb. and subs. ),-ion, -ive, contribute, -or, -ion, -ive, distribute, -ion, -er, -ive, retribution, -ive, perturbation, imperturbable.L. Latin and Romance, trave, a beam or shackle, a place enclosedwith rails for shoeing a horse, travail, travel, -ler, architrave, tribune,to compose songs, &c.; trovatore is, therefore, a composer; cp. Gk. woɩnths, a poet, orig.a maker.Körting rejects this origin, and assigns all the words (with the exception ofNeap. struvare, controvare, and Port. trovar, all meaning to disturb) , not from aL. Lat. *tropare, a verb formed on Lat. tropus, which had in later ecclesiastical Lat.the sense of a melody, a tune, and which is put forward as the origin of trovare,trovatore, &c. (see Skeat), but rather from the Teutonic dorp, or thorp, in the sense ofa village assembly. From this word he supposes a barbarous Lat. verb, *thorpare,

• torpare, *tropare, to have been formed with the sense of giving judgment or making

law in apublic assembly of the village community. This seems somewhat far- fetched,but as both thorp and turba are here treated as from Eur-Ar. trebh- trovatore findsa place under this root.G GTREBH-(S)TREBH-450 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.tribute; perturb, disturb, -ance; trouble, -ous, some, turbulent,troubadour (Prov. ) , trover (legal) , contrive, -ance, retrieve, retriever,a dog for following and recovering game (from an original Lat. turbare,or Teutonic [L.G.] dorp: see p. 448, n. 4); troop (Teut. dorp), ' de'trop.'Teutonic, Thorpe, a local English name, also a surname, in composition generally thorp, sometimes -throp, -thrupp, -trup, -rup, asBishopsthorp (Bishop's village) , Thorp, Thrupp, Westropp, Cowthorpe,&c., as surnames, threep (Dial. ).Celtic, tre- for tref; in Cornish names of places and persons, asTrevelyan, Tregurtha, Re-druth (for Tre Druith, Druids' town) , Trefry,&c. In English local names -try is the remain of the British tre-,as in Owestry, Coventry, Daventry, &c.Eur-Ar. TRI- (nom. neut. with fem. base TISER¯) , three.Table of the numerals in the several Eur-Aryan languages formedupon the base TRI-.3 13 30Sanscrit . • M. traya, F. tisra trayo- daçan triçatZend . M. thrayo, F. tisaro thrayo-dasa thri- satGreek M.F. Tpεîs, N. tria τρισ(καί)δεκα τριάκονταLatin . · M.F. tres, N. tria tre-decim trigintaLithuanian . trys try-lika trys-deszimtis0. Slavonic . tri-je trije-na desete tri-desetiGothic threis, thrija threis-tihan threis-tigjasO.H.G. • • dri dri-zehan drīzugN.H.G. • · drei drei-zehn dreissig0. Norse . • thri-r threttan thrir-tigirAng.-Saxon . threo, thri threotyne thri-tig0. Irish . • tri- , F. treoir trideac trichaEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 451300 30th 3rdSanscrit . triçatam triçat-tamas trityaZend · • thria saita thri-sata thritya•·GreekLatin .Lithuanian .O. Slavonic . tri-suta• τριακόσιοι τριακοστός τρίτος, Aiol . τέρτος· trecenti tricesimus tertiustrys-szimtai treczia-deszimtas trecziatre-desętinu trētijeGothic • • thrija-hunda not found thridjaO.H.G. thria-hunt drizugosto drittoN.H.G. • dreihundert dreissigte dritte0. Norse. • thri-hund thrja-tigti thridiAng.-Saxon . threo-hund thritigotha thridda0 Irish · • tri-cet trichetmad tris, in comp. tresOther derivatives from TRI are the following:-Sanscrit, tri-, in tray-a (m. ), tisra (f. ) , three, traya, triple, tri-dant(three teeth) , a trident, tri-konas, triangular, tri- ças, by threes, tripad, with three feet, tri-puri, league of three cities, tris , thrice, tri-çūl,with three points, the three-pointed emblem of Shiva, tritaya, a triad,tri-vatsa, three years old, tri-phal, having three fruits, tri-pitaka, thethree baskets (collections) of Buddhistic teaching, tri-murti, havingthree forms the Hindu triad, Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva―trimatra,containing three prosodial measures, &c.; Hindi tin-pae, a table on threefeet.2Greek, τρι-, τερ- (dialectic), in τρίτος, Aiol. τέρτος, third, τρίς,thrice, Tpiás, -ádos, a triad, τplxa, in three parts, τpt-ńpns, a trireme,тρí-kλivos, a couch extending along three sides of a dining-table,τρίγωνος, triangular, τρι-λογία, α trilogy, τρίμετρος, consisting ofFor explanation of the contracted forms for ten used in 30 and 300, see under dekom-.2 The r is dropped in Hindi tin, three, as is very frequently the case when a wordpasses from Sanscrit to the Prakrit languages and the existing vernaculars: e.g. inHindi piyar, beloved, from Sans. pri, to love.TRITISERGG 2452 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS:TRITISERthree measures, Tpiv-aкpía, a name of Sicily from its three promontories, Tpi-Tλoûs, three-fold, тpl-πovs, -odos, with three feet,Tρí-TTUxos, having three folds or slides, a triptych, Tpis-áyios, thriceholy (a hymn in the Communion Service of the Greek Church),τρι-σύλλαβον, three-syllable, τρίφυλλον, a plant having three leaves,trefoil (cp. Sans. tri-phal), rpí-xopdos, a trichord.Latin, tri-, ter-, in tres, tria (n. ), three, tertius, third, tertianus,recurring every third day, ter, three times, terni, trini, three each, inthrees, trinitas, a trinity, ternarius, a ternary, ternio, a triad, ternion;triangulus, a triangle, tridens, a trident, Tridentum, name ofa town inthe Tyrol, now Trent, triennium, a space of three years, trimus (tres +hyems), three yearsold, triens, a third, trifolium, trefoil, tri-color, ofthree colours, triformis, of three forms, trilaterus, of three sides, trilix,-icis, ofthree threads or thrums (tri +licium); tripes, -edis, with threefeet, a tripod or trivet, O. Lat. tripodare (class. ) , tripudiare, to dance,leap, stamp, ' triplus, triplex, three-fold, triplicate, to treble, triplicate,tremestris, of three months, trivium, a space where three roads meet,trivialis, vulgar, commonplace, triremis (tres +remus), with threebenches ofrowers, tripartitus, divided into threeparts, tricuspis, tridens,having three cusps or tines, triquetrus, three-cornered, triclinium, a dining room.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. terzo, Prov. tert-z, o.F. tiers, (fem.).tierce, third, M.E. tierce, third part ofa pipe of 120 gallons, a stroke infencing, Ital. tre, Prov. trei, trese, O.F. trei, treis, M.E. trey, three (atcards or dice), O.F. treis, N.F. trois, M.E. treis, a trice, ' time in which threemay be counted, Ital. trio, a song or piece ofmusic for three; Ital. terzuolo, o.F. tercelet, tiercelet, M.E. tercel, tassel, the male hawk (so calledbecause every third egg was supposed to contain a male-bird) , Ital.terzeruolo, a small musket (called after the hawk, as musket from o.F.mousquet, Ital. moschetto, a sparrow-hawk); F. triangle, F. triade, atriad, F. trente (Lat. triginta) , thirty, F. trident, F. tricolor, Ital. trifoglio, Prov. trifueil-z, O.F. trefeuil, trifoil, N.F. trèfle, N.E. trefoil; o.F.treble, treible (Lat. triplus), M.E. treble, N.E. treble,3 triple, o.F. trivette,The tripudium, tripodium, was a solemn religious dance, with a triple stamping of the feet, performed at Rome by the Salian priests in the month of March. Cicerowrites that tripudium is a contraction for terripudium, corrupted from terripavium,but the derivation from tripodare is the correct one (cp. Brugmann, i. 251 ) .2 Skeat derives N.E. trice from Span. tris, noise made by the cracking of glass, aninstant oftime; cp. Ir. treis, a short space oftime.99 Treble (in music) the soprano, thus explained by the Century Dict.: Inthe early contrapuntal music the chief melody or " cantus firmus was given to the tenor, and the voice parts added above were called respectively " discantus " or "alto," and"treble " (i.e. the third), or " soprano." The voice part below the tenor was called "basso."EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 453a three-legged stool, M.E. trivett, trevett, F. trivial, Ital. trinchetto, ' Span. TRItrinquete, O.F. trinquet, M.E. trinkette, the top-gallant sail, F. tertiane, TISERa tertian ague, Ital. trivagante, an epithet of the moon? (cp. Dianatrivia), an idol supposed to be worshipped by the Saracens, O.F. tervagant,M.E. termagant (corrupted form, perhaps through a supposed connection with magus), N.E. termagant, a scolding woman; L. Lat. tramaculum, a net with a treble mesh, or a treble net of different sizedmeshes (Körting) =according to Diez, trimaculum (from tri +macula,a mesh) , Ital. tramaglio, O.F. tramail, tremail, tramel, M.E. tramayle,tramel, a net, N.E. trammel (subs. ) a net, shackle, hindrance, (vb. ) tohinder, embarrass. This explanation is not satisfactorily established.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. trizdy, troice, thrice, Russ. trikirij , of threelights=Gk. τρικήριον) .Teutonic, O.H.G. thriror, O.N. thrisvar, A.S. thriës, M.E. thriës (dissyllable), thrice, O.N. thridjungr, a third part, A.S. thrithing , M.E.thriding, N.E. riding, in North-, East-, West-Riding, O.H.G. drilich,N.H.G. drillich, of three threads, an adaptation of Lat. trilix, trilicium.Celtic, Gael. Ir. Wel. and Bret. tri, Corn. try (three) , Gael. andIr. trian, Wel. traian, a third part, Gael. and Ir. treas, Wel. trydydd,third, Ir. trianach, by threes, treath, a trident fishing spear, trefod ,three lands (Ireland, Man, and Scotland) , trecheann, three heads orpoints.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, (thr. Hindi) tea-poy,² a small table, tripitaka.Greek, trilogy, trimeter, Trinacria, triptych, trisyllable , trichord,tripod, trigonometry, trilobites (with three lobes), trinomial, Tripoli,a district containing three cities, a province in Africa, &c.Latin, trine, trinity, the Holy Trinity, trinitarian, ternary, ternion;compounds of tri-, as triangular , -ate, -ion, triform, triforium, trilateral, triplicate, -ion, trireme, tripartite, tricuspid, &c.L. Latin and Romance, tierce, trice (?) ,³ trey, trio, terce, tassel, tercel,terserole, triad, trident, trefoil, treble, triple, triplet, trevet or trivet,trivial, -ity, trinket (of a sail) , Trent (fr. Tridentum), tertian, terma-' Perhaps originally a triangular sail, and corrupted from the Lat. tri-quetrus,three- cornered.2 So spelt probably because frequently used for morning tea in India.3 Skeat's derivation from M.E. tryse is, I think, to be preferred; tryse may beformed from Gael. and Ir. treis, a time, a short while, or from Span. tris, Port. triz, acrack, a moment ( Span. ' ester en un tris ,' be within an ace, Port. ‘ en hum triz, ' in a trice).Neither of these words are connected with tri- , three; rather with ter-, to bore,rub, &c. N.E. trice, a short space of time, is therefore disconnected from three bythis explanation.454 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.gant, trillion (a coined word from tri- with -illion, taken frommillion).Teutonic, three, thirteen, thirty, thrice, three-fold, &c. , Riding, adivision of a county (o.N.) , drill, drilling, cloth &c. woven with threethreads.Eur-Ar. TUR , TRU , TUER , to hasten, pressforward, overcome,injure, wound, a variant of √ter-, √/tre-.Sanscrit, tvar- tur-, in tvar-ati, hastens, presses forward, turati, topress through, penetrate, master, tur-as, pressing forward, conquering,strong, victorious, hurt, wounded,2 tur-yati, tur-vati, overpower, turvani,victorious, Tur-vaça, the name of an Aryan hero, tur-anas, hastening,pressing forward, turanyati, presses forward.Greek, TρU- Tup-, in Tpów, to rub down, wear out, Tpúμn, a hole,Tpv-nλís, a ladle, spoon for stirring, Tрv-πáw, to bore, pierce, TpÚπavov, un auger, a surgical instrumentfor trepanning, Tpú-xw, to wearout, Tρû-xos, a worn-out garment, тpú§, (gen. ) тpv-yós, new unfermented wine; Tpw-ά, TI-трw-σкw, to wound, Tpŵois, a wounding, Ion.τρώμα, τρωῦμα, Αtt. τραύμα, α κwound, τραυματίζω, to wound, τραυpaTikós, relating to a wound; Túp-ois, Túppis, a tower, afortified house,τύραννος, a despot, τυραννικός, τυραννία; perhaps τυρός, cheese, i.e.the hard, compressed ' (cp. O. Slav. tvar-ogu, cheese)?Latin, tru- tru-d-, in trua, a spoon for stirring, tru-ella, tru-lla, aladle, mason's trowel, trux, tru-cis (perhaps connected with Tpúk, newwine), fierce, violent, harsh, tru-culentus, ferocious, cruel, tru-cidare(for tru-ci-cidare, to slaughter, massacre; tru-dere, -si , -sus, to thrust,putforth (as branches), press hard upon, abs-trudere, to push on oneside, conceal, abstrusus, thrust aside, hidden, abstrusio, concealment,detrudere, to thrust down, extru-dere, to thrust out, intrudere, to thrust' For this change compare hru-nate, ju-hur-as-, with hvar-ati-; Zend. chathru,Sans. chatur, with Sans. chatvar (Brugmann, ii. 981 ),2 The variety of meanings given for tur-as seems to point to two distinct roots,one tur- being a variant of √ter-, to pierce, bore, rub, wear away, the other representing an older stur-, a variant of ster-, to be strong, stiff, with the loss of initials; or from /tu-r- , an extension of tu-, to be strong, Túpavvos, Túppis, Ir. tuir, Gael.torr, may be from either (8 )tur- or /tu-r-.STrepanning was practised in prehistoric times; the operation was performed byboring or scraping away the bone, sometimes by cutting.1 Tpwyw, Trwyλn, TрwкThs, with Lat. tructa, F, truite, Eng. trout, have been placedunder tregu-, to which they come nearer in sense, but as regards form they comenearer to treugh- trugh-, Gr. Tpúxw, to wear out, which, according to Macbain,has an earlier form streugh- streug- found in Gk. σтpevyoua , to be worn out,distressed, O. Slav. strugati, scratch, distress.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 455in, obtrudere, to thrust against, to force oneself upon anyone, pro-trudere, to thrust forward; tur-ris, a tower, tyrannus, a tyrant (bothborrowed from Greek), butyrum, butter.tyrant (bothL. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. traugum, ' a hole, Prov. trauc,traucar, to make a hole, O. and N.F. trou, a hole, trouer, to borė a hole,Ital. trulla, O.F. truel, truelle, M.E. truel, N.E. trowel, Ital. trepano,trapano, O. and N.F. trépan, a trepan, N.F. tréphine (s.s.); Ital. torre,Lat. turris, o.F. tur, tour, a tower, Span. torre, Torres Vedras (OldTowers), O.F. and M.E. toret, touret, N.F. tourette, a turret; O.F. tyran,tiran, tyrant, tirant, M.E. tyrant, tirant, a tyrant; L. Lat. trutanus,a vagrant, Prov. truan-s (fem. truanda), o.F. truand, a beggar, avagrant, (adj . ) beggarly.Balto-Slav., Lith. tru-k-stu, tru-k-ti, to rend asunder, tru-k-is , arent, Lett. tru-kams, want, Pol. tru-chlivy, afraid, truchlen, melancholy, Russ. tru-siti, to fear, O. Slav. tru-di, fatigue, trudu, a difficulty,O. Slav. tru-pi , a wound, O. Slav. truti, trują, to consume, Russ.tur-iti, to push, O. Slav. truzdu, to pain, O. Slav. tvarogu, cheese.·Teutonic, O.H.G. drō (gen. draw-a) , O.N. thra, A.S. threa (for threaw),M.E. throwe, rebuke, affliction, threat, pain, o.H.G. drew-en, drouw- en,N.H.G. drohen, A.S. threan, threowan, to afflict, threaten, O.H.G. *driozan(in ir-driozan) , N.H.G. *driessen (in verdriessen), to vex, trouble, O.N.thrjota, to be in want, A.S. *threotan (in athreotan), to afflict, urge,O.H.G. druz (in urdruz), N.H.G. druss (in verdruss) , trouble, a.s. threat,M.E. thret, threte, a crowd, great pressure, affliction, threat, O.N. thrysta,M.E. thrusten, to thrust, press forcibly.Celtic, Wel. and Bret. tru, Corn. troc, Gael. truagh, Ir. truag,wretched, Ir. truaghan, a poor wretched creature, truaighin, a cast off,an outcast, O. Wel. truan, wretched, Ir. tromm, difficult, troublesome(for trudsmo-s); Ir. tuir, Wel. tur, Corn. tur, Devon Dial. tor, aconical hill, Gael. torr, a hill, rock (all perhaps borrowed words),Gael. truaill, Ir. truaill, a sheath, Gael. trod, Ir. trot, a quarrel.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, traumatic, troglodyte, tyrannical.Latin, truculent, -ce, abstruse, -ness, detrude, -sion, extrude, -sion,intrude, -sion, -sive, intruder, obtrude, -sion, -sive, protrude, -sion,-sive.' Scheler derives traugum from a L. Lat. *trabicare (not found) from trabs, abeam. Brachet says ' of unknown origin.' It is found in the Ripuarian law, tit. 43,and is probably a Latinised form of a vernacular word of Italic or Teutonic origin.Cp. a document of 1340 A.D., ' Præcipimus ut semper pauperes magis indigentes(et minime trutani) ad eleemosynam admittantur.' Trutanus is of Celtic origin: cp.O. Wel. truan, Ir. truanagh.2√TURVTRU✓TUER456 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.L. Latin and Romance, trowel, trepan (subs. and vb. ) , trephine(subs. ), an improved trepan, tower, turret, tyrant, tyranny, truant (fromCeltic), trout (or thr. A.S. truht).Teutonic, throe, threat, threaten, -ing, thrust.Celtic, tor, as Mam-tor, the sliding hill (Derbyshire,) the Devonshire Tors.Eur-Ar. TRSD-OS, or elder (S) TRS-DOS, the name of a bird, from√stres-dh-, to make a noise (cp. Lat. strid-ere for strisd-ere).Sanscrit, tar-ska, a kind ofbird (?).Greek, στρούθος and στρουθός, a kind of bird, the sparrow, ὁ μέγαςorpovlós, the great bird, the ostrich, also oтpovboráµnλos.Latin, struthio-camelus and simply struthio, the ostrich (borrowedfrom Greek) , turdus, turdela, a fieldfare, a thrush, Lat. stridere, to cryharshly.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. struzzo, Prov. estrucs, estrus (Lat.struthio, struthus) , Span. avestruz (avis struthio) , Port. abestruz, O.F.austruche, N.F. autruche, M.E. oystryche, N.E. ostrich.Balto-Slav. , Lith. strazdas, Lett. strazds, O. Slav. droszgi, athrush, Russ. drozdu (s.s. ) .Teutonic, O.H.G. drosca, droscela, N.H.G. drossel, O.N. thröstr, A.S.thyrsce, throstle, M.E. thrusch, N.E. thrush.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. druid, Manx truitlag, Wel. drudwy, Bret.dred, a starling.Latin, strident.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, ostrich.Teutonic, thrush, throstle.Eur-Ar. VTRUT (S)TRU T, ' of unascertained meaning, but possibly to swell out, bulge.Teutonic, O.H.G. drozza, N.H.G. *drossel (in erdrosseln, to strangle),also O.H.G. * strozza (cp. Ital. strozza, from O.H.G. strozzare, to throttle),M.H.G. strozze, O.L.G. strote, Du. and Fris. stroot, the throat, A.S.1 Probably the base of M. and N.H.G. strotzen, to swell out (cp. O.N. thrutenn,swollen), with a reference to the bulge in the throat, the throat- ball, A.S. throt-bolla;cp. O.N. bölgja, to swell out, bulge, Du. bol, swollen, puffed out, M.E. bollen, to smell.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 457throtu, throat, A.S. and O. Fris. throtbolla, the gullet (the boll or ballofthe throat) , M.E. throtlen, to compress the throat.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, throat, throttle.Eur-Ar. √TLL- TEL-, to bear, carry, lift, weigh.Sanscrit, tul-, in tul-ayati, tol-ayati, lift up, weigh, compare, match,resemble (p. p. tulita) , tula, tola, a weight, equal weight, similarity,the Libra in the Zodiac, tulyas, equal to , tulana, a weighing.CGreek, τλα-, ταλ-, τολ-, in τλάω, τλῆναι, to bear, endure, be patient,TλNTÓS, DOг. Tλarós (cp. Lat. tlatus = latus) , to be endured, (with act.sense) enduring, patient, rλńµwv, patient, steadfast; táλas, suffering,TEλaμúv, a strap for carrying things, Táλ-avтov, a balance, anythingweighed, a definite weight, a talent, Távraλ-os (by dissimilation fromTáλraλ- os), the name of a mythical king of Phrygia, who was hungover water which he could never approach to drink. Another explanation is that he possessed enormous wealth: cp. the proverb ráTavtáλov TáλavтA TAVTAλíÇetal,' he weighs (in purse) as manytalents as Tantalus, equivalent to the proverb ' as rich as Croesus ';Tavtáλięw, to wave about, swing in the balance, "Aτλas, -avтos, thebearer, lifter, one of the older gods, who bears up the pillars of heaven,later, one of the Titans. In historical writers "Arλas is the name ofa mountain in West Africa, τέρμονες Ατλαντικοί, the pillars ofHercules, ἡ θάλασσα ' Ατλαντική, the Atlantic sea. τολμάω, to dare,endure, Tóλµn, daring, endurance; Xlrpa, a Sicilian silver coin, also apound weight the Roman libra or as. According to Liddell andScott (see Gk. Lex. ad vb.) Xírpa is the Sicelo- Greek form oftheLatin libra (cp. ¿λɛú¤ɛpos and liber), the Sicilian Dorians havingborrowed the Italian system of coinage (cp. Sicelo- Greek voûμμos =Lat. nummus).Latin, tol-, tul-, la-, li- (for tla-, tli-) in tollere, sustuli, sublatum,to take up, lift, elevate; the proper perfect of tollo is tetuli or tuli,which, however, was transferred to fero and used as its perfect;extollere, to raise on high, praise. There are traces of an old verb

• tulere, to bear, bring (cp. Att. ap. Macrobium, cited by Lewis

and Short, nisi quid tua facultas nobis tulat opem peream ') ,which must have been a variant form of tollere (cp. Sans. tulayatiand tolayati) , with perfect tetuli and p. p. tlatus. In classicalLatin tlatus became latus, and was used as p. p . of fero, as458 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√TIL- allatus (afferre), ablatus, taken away, ablativus, the ablative case√TEL (auferre), collatus (conferre), collatio , a bringing together, a comparison, delatus (deferre, to bring down, report, denounce, transfer),delator, an informer, dilatus (p. p. and adj . ) , N.E. dilate (differre, tocarry apart, spread out, put off, delay) , dilatio, a delaying, dilatorius,given to delay; dilatare (freq. of differre), to enlarge, dilatatio,enlargement, elatus, elate (efferre, to carry without), elatio, elation,oblatus (offerre), offered, oblatio, an offering, prælatus (præferre), setbefore or over, prolatus (proferre), put forwards, relatus (referre),carried back, relatio, a carrying back, a report, relation, a reference to,relativus (adj . ), having reference, relative, translatus (transferre),transferred, translated, translatio , a transfer, translation, super-lativus(super-ferre), the superlative degree, legis-lator, law-giver; libra (fortli-bra) , ' instrument for weighing, a balance, also a pound weight, dim.libella, equilibrium, equal weight, deliberare, -avi, -atum, to weigh,deliberate, deliberatio, deliberativus; talentum, a weight, a sum ofmoney; tolerare, -avi, -atum, to bear, tolerate, toleratio, -ntia, -bilis.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. collazione, O.F. and M.E. collacion,comparison, conference, a bringing together, Ital. colazione, a breakfast, Ital. dilajare (as from L. Lat. * dilatiare), O.F. delaiier, N.f.delayer, to delay,2 O.F. and M.E. oblacion, N.E. oblation, O.F. andM.E. prelat, N.E. prelate, L. Lat. relatare, o.F. relater, O.F. andM.E. relation, O.F. and M.E. relatif; L. Lat. translatare, O.F. translater, M.E. translaten, to translate, O.F. and M.E. translation; O.Ital . libbra, a pound weight, N. Ital. lira, a coin, F. livre, a coin,a weight, Ital. livella, a plummet, O.F. and M.E. livel (Lat. libella),later o.F. liveau, corrupted in N.F. to niveau, a level, litre, fromXíτpa, a pound 3; F. tolérable, tolérant, tolérance, O.F. and M.E.talent, a weight, sum of money, also a natural capacity for any specialwork.Balto-Slav. , tel-, tul-, in O. Slav. pri-tul-iti, to fit or adapt, tulu,¹ -bra is the feminine form of -brum, the suffix used to denote the instrument bywhich the action of the verb or noun is carried out, e.g. tere-bra, a borer: terere;candelabrum, a candlestick: candela, a candle.2 Skeat, following Littré, derives Ital. dilata, O.F. delai, from L. Lat. dilata,delay (f. subs. formed from Latin dilatus) . Förster notes that dilaer would be theregular F. equivalent of dilatare, and suggests that the O.F. laier is from Goth. letanA.S. lætan, to let, hinder. The explanation in the text is from Diez.Ital. calibro, the bore ofa gun, F. calibre ( introduced from Italy in the sixteenthcentury), with sense of quality, degree, &c. , also with the spelling qualibre ( as if fromquâ librâ, ' ofwhat weight ') , the bore of a gun, have been referred by Diez to ' libra,'but Littré more probably assigns these words to Arab. qālib, Pers. qalab, the mouldfrom which anything is made; caliber, calipers, and caliver, are the Englishderivatives of qalib thr. Romance.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 459a quiver,¹ Pòl. tul-ic, to calm, quiet, O. Slav. toliti, to be quiet, tosoothe, Lith. tulu, a quiver, Russ. tulka, a prop, support, Lith.pa-tul-kus, patient, O. Slav. tlu-ku, ² interpretation, Lith. tulkas, Lett.tulks, an interpreter.Teutonic, Goth. thulan, O.H.G. dolen, O.N. thola, A.S. tholian, M.E.tholien, tholen, North Eng. and Scot. thole, to bear, endure, O.H.G.dult (subs. from dolēn), N.H.G. ge-duld, O.H.G. dulten, N.H.G. dulden,to bear with, tolerate; M.H.G. tolke, O.N. tulka, to interpret, plead,Swed. tolka, to interpret, explain, M.E. talken (?) .³Celtic , Gael. tail, taileas, Ir. taille, wage, taile, salary, Wel. tāl,payment, Gael. and Ir. tlath, mild, Wel. tlawd, patient.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, tola, a weight still used in India.Greek, Atlas, name of a mountain, book of maps, Atlantic, Atlantis, -ian, tantalise, talent (thr. Lat. and Fr.) , litre (thr. Fr.) .Latin, extol, ablative, collate, dilate, dilatory, -ness, dilatation,elate, -ion, oblate, superlative, legislate, -or, -ion, -ive, librate, -ion,equilibrium, deliberate, -ion, -ive, tolerate, -ion.4L. Latin and Romance, collation, delay, delayal, oblation, prelate,-cy, -tical, relate, -ion, -ive, translate, -ion, -able, lira, livre, level,tolerant, -ce, intolerant, tolerable, &c.Balto-Slav., talk, talkative (thr. O.N.?).Teutonic, Scot. and dial. Eng. thole, to bear. (Thole, a wooden peg,is from O.N. thollr, a young tree. )Eur-Ar. TEL-OS-, a flat surface, the ground, that which bears orsupports.¹ Cp. Gk. тeλaμúv, a strap for carrying, pépeтpov, a bier or litter, papérpa, a quiver.2 The O. Slav, has another name for an interpreter, tlumači. This is a loan-wordfrom North Turkish tilmadz, tilmač, Magyar, tolmač, which passed into M.H.G. asdolmetch. But the M.H.G. adopted also from the O. Slav. tluku the name tolke,tolc, an interpreter, which spread into other Teutonic dialects: cp. O.N. tulkr, Dan.Swed. and O. Du. tolk, an interpreter, O.N. tulka, to interpret, to plead, Swed. tolka,Dan. tolke, to interpret, explain, M.E. talken, to discourse. Skeat explains thechange from u, o, to a, by a confusion with M.E. talien, to repeat, narrate, and citesthe original form tulk from ' Gawayn and the Grene Knight,' in the vague sense of man.3 Willmann (Germ. Gramm. ) rejects this explanation, and regards M.E. talken,N.E. talk, as a later formation of A.S. talen, talian, M.E. talen, from ✔del-, to count,as hark, hearken, from hear; this seems the simpler and more probable explanation.' Special senses of collation were: ( 1 ) the reading or conversing on the lives ofthe Saints or the Scriptures, in Benedictine monasteries; ( 2) the repast usually had afterwards.460 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Sanscrit, tala-s, a surface, plain, bottom, pāda-tala, the sole of thefoot, tāli, the fan-palm, palm-wine, also taḍi, tari; talu, the palate.Latin, sub-tel, the sole of the foot, tellus (?) , the earth.L. Latin and Romance, * subtelare,' from sub-tel, sole of the foot,O.F. soller, N.F. soulier, a sandal, shoe.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. tilo, ground, bottom, Lith. tile, the plankedbottom of a boat.Teutonic, O.H.G. dili, dilla, a floor or wall of boards, O.N. thili, thil,a deal, plank, wainscot, thilja, (vb. ) to cover with deals, to plank,thilja, (subs. ) a planking, esp. on a ship, the thwarts or benches of aboat, a deck, A.S. thelu, thel, thil, a board, M.L.G. delė, a board, plank,Du. deel, a plank, M.E. deel, del.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, talipot palm, a broad-leaved species found in Ceylon,toddy, the sap of the so-called palmyra palm, which, when fermented,is a strong intoxicant, from taḍi. The name was applied by AngloIndians to any strong spirit.Latin, telluric, tellurium.Teutonic, deal,2 a plank, thill, the shaft of a cart.Eur-Ar. √TEU- TUE √TU , with an earlier form √STU-, ³ to swell,be strong.4Sanscrit, tav-, tu-, in tav-ati, tauti, is strong, tav-as, tav-yas,strong, tav-ishi, strength, tu-m-ras, strong, tu- m-ala, noise, tumult,tu-vi, strong, much, very, tiv-ati , grow fat, tu-ras, strong.Zend, tav-, tu-, in fra-tav-at, be able, prevail, tevishi, strength,tu-m-as, strong.Greek, Taf-, Tʊ-, in Tavs (for Ta[F] ús), great, strong, túλN, TúλOS,a swelling, Túμẞos, Túμßn, a sepulchral mound, a tomb, Gk. Taûpos,a bull.' This is Meyer's explanation; see Körting, 7891. Scheler gives subtalare, and Diez derives N.F. soulier, from a L. Lat. *solarium (fr. sol), a sunny place, aflat roof,M.E. sollar, a loft.2 Not from A.S. thel, a plank, nor from A.S. dælan, to divide, but from M.L.G.dele, or Du. deel, a plank.Cp. Sans. turas and sthuras, Lat. taurus, Goth. stiur.• -m- represents the nominal suffix ma- mo-; cp. Gk. тú-μ-Bos, Lat. tu-m- ere,tu-m-ultus.

• Kévτavpos, a Centaur, is formed from Sans. gandharvas (from gandhar, vapour);

by popular but false etymology from Kevτéw and Taupos. The Centaurs are describedas the offspring of Ixion and the cloud, hence called ' nubigenæ ' by Virgil.EUR- ARYAN ROOTS. 461Latin, tu-, tu-m-, in tu-ber, -eris, a hump, a swelling, an excrescencein plants, a truffle, tuberosus, full of bumps, bulbous, tuberculum, asmall swelling, a tubercle, protuberare, to swell, bulge out; totus(perhaps for tov-tus) , the whole (cp. Osc, tov-to, TWFTO, Umb. to-tam,the state, the whole community, Osc. tuv-tiks, ' public); tu-m-ere, toswell, tumescere, intumescere, to begin to swell, tumefacere, to cause toswell, tumor, a swelling, tumidus, swollen, tumulus, a heap of earth, ahillock, a sepulchral mound, a tomb; tumultus, a disturbance, tumult(cp. Sans. tumala, noise), tumultuarius, tumultuosus, tumultuous;contumax,2 -acis, swelling against, insolent, insubordinate, contumacia,contumacy, resistance to a legal order, contumelia, insolence, insult,contumeliosus, insulting, taurus," a bull; Teutones (loan-word fromGerman).L. Latin and Romance, Port. trufa, F. trouffe, truffle, o.F. trufle(with inserted 1), M.E. trufle, trifle, a jest, Ital . tartufo (terræ tuber),F. tartoufle (Dial. ) , a truffle, Tartufe (Molière) , the title of a play,the Hypocrite; L. Lat. *tottus, Ital. tutto, Prov. tot- z, O.F. touz, N.f.tout, f. toute, Span. todo (from totus) , all, L. Lat. totalis, F. total, L. Lat.supertotus, an overall, overcoat (see Statuta Ordinis S. Benedicti ':' Illas quidem vestes quæ vulgo supertoti vocantur ' ) , Span. sobretodo,F. surtout (s.s. ); F. toujours, every day, always, O.F. Thibault, Thebolt,Tibaut (from Teut. Thiod-bald), o.F. Thierry (Teut. Thiod-ric) , L. Lat.Theodiscus, Ital. Tedesco, German (from Goth. thiudisco, relating tothe people, i.e. the Germans); F. tuméfier (L. Lat. tumeficare =tumefacere), to cause to swell, tumeur, a swelling, Ital. tombolo, a heap(b is parasitic, as in cocombero cucumis), F. tumulte, tumultueux,F. contumélie, Ital . Prov. tomba, F. tombe.=5Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. tyti, become fat, Lith. tuk-ti (s.s. ) , Lith.taukas, Pruss. tuku, fat, O. Slav. tu-ma, a number, Lith. tu-las, many,O. Slav. turu, strong, Lett. tukstu, swell; Lith. tuk-stanti, O. Slav.' Lat. medix tuticus (Livy) = Oscan meddiss tuvtiks.2 Another explanation is Eur-Ar. tem-, to cut, to which Gk. Téμvw, to cut, andLat. temnere, to despise, are referred . But a verbal adj . * tumax may be formed fromtumēre (as audax from audēre) of which contumax is the compound, and its meaning is in accord with the derivation from tumere.• Gk. Taupos, Lat. taurus, have dropped the initial s, which is retained in Goth.stiur, O.H.G. stior, A.S. steor, a bull, a steer. The O.N. has both forms, stjörr andthjörr.• Körting suggests that trufa and trouffe are popular adaptations of Lat. tuber,as in English, Jerusalem artichokes, ' from Ital. ‘ gire a sole. '•• Körting is inclined to derive Ital. tombolare, tofall (by stumbling over a rise ofthe ground), from tombolo, but more probably it is an extensive of an earlier

• tombare; cp. Prov. tumbar, tombar, O.F. tomber, to fall, and these are generally referred to a Teut. tumelen.

√TEUTUETU-√STU-462 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓TEUTUETU✓STUtysesta, O. Pruss. tusimtons (acc. pl. ) , a thousand, (literally) ' manyhundreds,' Lith. tauta, land, Lett. tauta, the people, O. Pruss. tauris,a buffalo, O. Slav. turu, bison.Teutonic, thiw-, thu, ' in O.H.G. deo, thigh, o.N. thjo, the rump, A.S.theo, thigh, A.S. theawas, M.E. thewes, sinews, good habits; Goth.thiuda (f. ) , O.H.G. diot, diet, O.N. thjodr, A.S. theod, M.E. thede, thepeople, race² (the term used by the Teutons of themselves), Goth.thiudisko, O.H.G. diutisk, M.H.G. diutsch, N.H.G. deutsch, of or relating to the (German) people, N.E. Dutch, ³ Goth. Thiudareiks, king ofthe people, o..G. Diotrik, N.H.G. Dietrich, Du. Dierrijk, N.E. Theodoric,Derrick, Goth. Thiuda-bald , O.H.G. Diot-bald, prince of people, N.E.Theobald, Goth. Thiuda-mann, people's man; O.H.G. tu- sunt, N.H.G.tausend, Goth. thusundi, O.N. thusund , A.S. thusend, 1000; O.H.G. dūmo,N.H.G. daumen, O.N. thumall, A.S. thuma, M.E. (early) thume, laterthombe, N.E. thumb, (lit. ) the thickfinger, A.S. thymel, a thumb-stall,M.E. thimbil, N.E. thimble.Celtic, Gael. Ir. tuath, the people, Ir. Tuathal, a man's name, Wel.tud, the nation, land, Corn. tus, Bret. tud, the people, tribe, Ir. tura,much, plenty, Wel. tyfu, to grow, Gael. and Ir. tulach, a hillock, Gael.tul, entirely, Ir. tul, increase, Ir. tarbh, Wel. tarw, Corn. tarow, Bret.tarv, tarf, bull, ox.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek (through Fr.) , tomb, tombstone, entomb, -ment.4Centaur, corrupted by popular etymology from Sans. gandharvas.Latin, tuber, tuberous, tuberose, the name of a flower, protuberant,-ce, tubercle, tubercular, -ous, tumescent, intumescent, tumid, -ity,tumefaction, tumulus; contumacy, -ious, contumelious, taurine; Teuton,Teutonic (from Goth. thiuda or O.H.G. diot, tiot).¹ Brugmann connects with Eur-Ar. teu the following words which I haveplaced and treated under Eur- Ar. teq- tegh-: Goth. thius ( m. ) , thiwi (f. ) , O.H.G.deo (m. ), diu ( f. ) , A.S. theow (m.), theowa, thiwa (f. ) , a servant, O.H.G. diorna,N.H.G. dirne, O.N. therna, M.E. therne, a servant's daughter, a wench, O.H.G. dionon,N.H.G. dienen, O. Sax. thionon, A.S. theonan, to serve; O.H.G. deomuoti, N.H.G.demuth, modesty, humility. In this he is followed by Skeat, who connects A.S.theow with Eur- Ar. teu. Noreen, Feist, and Kluge suppose that a guttural has beenlost in the words above, and that they are formed from a Teutonic base, tezu- , fromEur-Ar. teq- tegh- [see teq- ( 1 )] . This conflict of authority leaves the exactderivation of these words still uncertain.2 The protogerman form was *teuta, whence Teutones.-The Hollanders recognised their language as Dutch, i.e. German, up to A.D. 1600;since then it has been called Holländisch, ' or ' Niederländisch,' except by the English,who have retained the original name.Generally pronounced tube-rose,' as though a kind of rose, but derived fromLat. tuberosa, a bulbous plant.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 463L. Latin and Romance, truffle, trifle, Tartufe, surtout, Theobald,Tybalt, Tibble, Dibble, Tebbut, Tibbetts, Tibbs, &c. , English personalnames (Thiod-bald, thr. o.F. Thebault); Theodoric, Thierry, Terry(Thiudareiks); tumefy, tumour, túmult, tumultuous, contumely (allfrom Lat. thr. Fr.) , total, -ity (L. Lat. ), tottle up (vulg. ) , addtogether, tea-total or teetotal, tee-totum, a child's toy.Teutonic, thigh, thews, thousand, thumb, thimble; Theobald,Derrick, prop. name (from Du. or L.G. contracted form of Goth.Thiudareiks) , also the engine for raising heavy weights, called afteran engineer of that name; Dutch.Celtic, Toole, Ir. name Anglicised from tuathal, Sc. name Tulloch . 'Eur-Ar. √TEỤ-Ñ- , √TỤER , √TU-ô, with older form √(S)TEỤ Ñ´,&c. , to drip, moisten, soak.Sanscrit, tuç-, in tuç-a-ti, drips.Teutonic, Goth. thvah-an, to wash, O.H.G. dvahan, O.N. thva, O.Sax. thvahan, A.S. thvean (s. s.) , O.H.G. dvahal, A.S. thveal, a bath,O.N. thval, a kind of soap for washing, O.H.G. thvahila, M.H.G. twehele,a towel.L. Latin and Romance (from O.H.G. thvahila), L. Lat. to-acula ,toalia, Ital. tovaglia, Prov. toalha, O.F. tooille, toaille, N.F. touaille,M.E. towaille, N.E. towel, O.F. tooillier, to wash: cp. Du. dwaal, a towel,dweil, a clout, prov. Eng. dwile.ENG. DERIV. Teutonic (thr. F.) , towel.Eur-Ar. √TUE-NK-, to pull together, contract, compress, force, extensionof √TU- TUE , to swell, be strong.Sanscrit, tvanch-, in tvanak-ti, draws together.Teutonic, O.H.G. dwengen, to compel, N.H.G. zwingen, O.N. thwinga,to oppress, weigh down, A.S. *thwingan, M.E. twingen, to pain, afflict,¹ Skeat and Vaniček give a root tu- with the meanings to see, observe, guard,protect, only found in Latin.O. Lat. tuor (inf. tui, p. p. tutus), tueor (inf. tueri, p. p. tuitus) , to see, look to, protect, watch over, intueri, to look into, intuitus (subs. ) , a looking into, obtutus ( subs. ),look, sight (Virg. Æn. i. 495, &c. ); tutus (p. p. used as adj . ) , protected, safe, tutor,a protector, guardian, teacher, tutela, guardianship, tutelaris, ( adj . ) tutelary,tutelarius. (subs. ) a guardian, tutari, to protect, guàrd.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. tuition, M.E. tuycion, N.E. tuition, O. Ital. tutare,Prov. tudar; O.F. tuer, to stifle, N.F. tuer, to kill. Brachet thus explains the changeof meaning ' tuer le feu ' was, originally, ' to bank up the fire,' then ' to choke orextinguish it,' and finally tuer, applied in a general sense, to kill.

ENGLISH DERIV. Latin, intuition , -ous, tutor, -ial, -ship, tutelage, tutelar, tutelary; tuition (Lat. thr. F.)464 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.M.E. twengen, to compress tightly, pinch, O.H.G. dwang, N.H.G. zwang,force, pressure, O.N. thwengr, A.S. thwang, M.E. thwange, thwong, athong, strap; M.E. sceo-thwang, a shoe-strap, O.N. thungr, Dan. tung,heavy, Dan. tung-steen, a metal, (lit.) heavy stone; A.S. twinclian,M.E. twinklen, N.E. twinkle, used of a quivering light, but originallyexpressing the rapid closing ofthe eyelids, as in winking; Wycliff uses' twincleth ' for ' winketh '; M.E. twikken, twicchen from A.S. *twiccan,or L.G. twikken, to tweak, twitch.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, twinge, twinkle, tweak, twitch, thong,tungsten.Eur-Ar. VTU-D with older (S)TUD , to push, thrust, bruise, strike,extension of √TU, to swell, be strong.Sanscrit, tud-, in tud-āmi, I strike, push, pound, crush, tod-ayati,urges on, drives.Greek, τυδ-, τυνδ-, only found in the personal names Τυδεύς, Τυνδápɛos, the striker.Latin, tud-, tund-, in tundere, tutudi, tusum, to beat, &c. , contundere, -tudi, -tusum, to bruise, beat, wound, contusum (subs.) , a bruise,tudes, -itis, a mallet, a hammer, tuditare, to beat, strike repeatedly,obtundere, obtudi, -tusum, to beat against, to blunt, obtusus, blunted.Teutonic, A.S. thydan, M.E. thuden, N.E. thud, (vb. ) to press, push,stab, (subs. ) the sound ofa blow orfall.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, contuse, contusion, obtuse, tund, to beat, tunding, a beating.Teutonic, thud.(1 ) Eur-Ar. TU P , with older (S)TUP , to beat, strike, wound,stamp, extended from √TU, to be strong.Sanscrit, tup-, in tup-ami, I injure, top-ami (s. s . ) .Greek, TUπ-, TUμπ-, in тÚπ-тw (2 aor. -TUπ-ov), to strike, beat,Túπos, a blow, an impression made by a stamp, the original mould ortype, tvñów, to impress, stamp, тUπ-Iкós, corresponding to a mould,τύμπανον, τύπανον, a drum , ἀντίτυπ-οs, corresponding as the stampto the die, πρwτó-TUTOS, original, primitive.Latin, typus, a type, figure, typicus, figurative (both loan-wordsfrom Greek), Late Lat. typicalis.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 465L. Latin and Romance, F. type, a type, figure (from Lat. typus);Ital. addobbare, O.F. adouber, to equip, adorn, to dub, i.e. strike (withtheflat of the sword, as when knighthood is conferred), from o.n.dubba or A.S. dubban. Perhaps O.N. dumpa, Swed. dompa, M.E.dumpen, to fall down suddenly, Dan. dump, the sound of somethingfalling.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. tepa , to strike.Teutonic, O.N. dubba, a.s. dubban, M.E. dubben, to strike, dub aknight.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, type (thr. Lat. and F.) , typographer, -y, -ical, tympanum,the drum ofthe ear, antitype, proto-type, typical (thr. Late Lat. ), withother compounds of -type, as platino-type, &c.Teutonic, dub; perhaps dump, dumpling, thump.(2) Eur-Ar. √TUP¯, with sense ofcrouching, cowering, lying low, stoopingdown, with older VSTUP-.Balto-Slav. , Lith. tupeti, to crouch, stoop down.¹Teutonic, Goth. thiufs, thiubs, O.H.G. diob, N.H.G. dieb, O.N. thjofr,A.S. theof (pl. theofas) , M.E. theef (pl. theves), a thief, Goth. thiubi ,O.H.G. diuba, O.N. thyfdh, A.S. thyfth, theofthe, M.E. thefte, N.E. theft,Goth. thiubjo, secret, concealed.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, thief, theft, thieve, thievish.Eur-Ar. TIEG-, to step backwards, to be bashful, shy , to avoid.Sanscrit, tyaj- in tyajati, to leave, to quit, give up, abandon.Greek, σeß-2 in σéß- opai, to feel awe, shame, reverence before anyone, esp. God, hence generally to reverence, worship, venernte , oɛµ-vós³for oɛß-vós, revered, holy, σeßaorós, venerable, august, the Greekequivalent of Augustus, the imperial title of the lower empire.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Sebastopol, the city of the Emperor, the imperial city.Latin, severe, -ity, serious, -ness? (see note 4, below) .¹ Compare Eng. stoop, steep, from STUP-.2 Eur-Ar. ti became ' ss ' in early Greek, and ' s '; cp. *πávτía, sing. fem. = Att.Tâσa, all (Brugmann, i . 362).• Compare ἀμνός for ἀβνός, α lamb.Liddell and Scott offer as a suggestion, which is followed by Lewis and Short(Lat. Dict.) , that Lat. severus, serius ( for sevrius) are connected with this root. Inthis case, severe, -ity, serious, -ness, must be referred to it.H H4.66 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. TEU , TUE , TE TU , pronominal bases of 2nd personsingular.Table of Declension of the 2nd personNom. Gen. Dat.Eur-Ar.. tů, tū teue, t(u) ei, -oi tebh, t(u)ei , -oiSanscrit .tùvam, tvamadv. tŭ, tū tava, tē tubhyam, tēZend · tu, tvem, tum tava, tē taibya, teGreek τύ, σύ, τούν σείο, σοῦ, σοί σοί, τοίLatin tu tui, tis tibiLithuanian tu tavę, tavēs, tavo tavei, tiO. Slavonic ty tebe, ti tebe, tiGothic • thù, thù theina thusO.H.G. du, dů din dirN.H.G. • • du dein dir0. Norse . thu thin therAng. -Saxon • thu thin the0. Irish . tu, tu-ssu teu -tEnglish • thou thine theeEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 467sing, in the several European languages.Acc. Abl. Poss. Adj.Eur-Ar.. • t(u) e, t (u )em t(u)ed, ted teu-osSanscrit . tva, tvam, te tvad tav-as, tvasZend thwa, thwam thwath thwasGreek σέ, τέ, τιέ, τέ, τεός, σός, ἕοςLatin • te, ted ted, te tuus (O. Lat.tovos)Lithuanian0. Slavonic••tavę, titęGothic • thukO.H.G. • dihN.H.G.. dich0. Norse . thikAng.-Saxon thee, the0. Irish . tu, tu-ssuEnglish • theetavas-tvojiĮtheinsdindeinthinnthintuïthine, thyнH 2468 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.D.Eur-Ar. DE, DO, ( 1 ) pronominal base 3rd person sing. , (2) intensivesuffic, (3) as an encl*tic post-position, (4) as pre-position.Sanscrit, da, in ta-da, in that case, then, yada, at any time, everytime, always.Zend, da, as pronominal base, da (with accusative dem) , he; aspost-position, in vaeç-man-da, towards home, homewards.Greek, dɛ, ( 1 ) as declinable pronominal base, which afterwards wastreated as an indeclinable suffix, in ő- dɛ, this (ó + dɛ) , originallydeclined (ep. τοῖς-δεσσι and τοῖς-δε, τῶν-δεων and τῶν-δε); (2) aspost-position, in oikóv- dɛ, homewards, 'A0ýva-Čɛ, toward Athens(for 'Αθήνασ-δε), Θήβα-ζε =Θήβασ-δε, toward Thebes, χαμάζε, toward the ground.Latin, -de, (1 ) as intensive suffix, -dem, -dam (perhaps archaicaccusatives of de) , in i -dem (for is-dem) , qui-dam, tan-dem, &c.; ( 2)as a post-position in in-de, from within, thence, indi-genæ, born in thecountry, natives, de-inde, thereafter, un-de, from where (for cun-de, cp.ali-cun-de, from wheresoever, m =n before d) 2; (3) de, with older ded ,prep. down, of, from, de-mum, at last (acc. of old superl. demus, downmost), * de- ter (an old comp. lower, inferior, cp. in-ter) , with a secondcomparative, deterior, with same sense, and superlative deterrimus,lowest, worst, deteriorare, to make worse; de is found as a constituentof many compound verbs, as de-bere (for dehibere) , to owe, de- cedere,to depart, retire, de-mittere, to send down, de-negare, to deny, &c.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. di, Prov. o. and N.F. de, of, from, alsoin F. used as the sign of the genitive case, and as a constituent ofmany compounds: e.g. (de +ab +ante) in Ital. davante, Prov. davan,' Curtius regards - (e, not as a phonetic variant of -de, but equivalent to the Sans.suffix -ya, which is also found in the Zend. zaçta-ya, in the hand, and in Lith.rankoje. Brugmann regards in Ce as a dialectic variant of 8 found in the oldestElian monuments, which he supposes to be pronounced as A.S. dh.2 The suffix -de, -do, is found in the termination of the Lat. gerunds, -di, -do,-dum, in the pass. fut. part. feren- dus, aman- dus, &c , and in the termination -undus,rot-undus, rubicundus, mori- b-undus, &c.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 4691O.F. davant, N.F. devant, before; Ital. da (de +ad, with sense from or DEto, as the force of de or ad predominates) , as Ital. da capo, from DOthe beginning, again, davvero, indeed, truly; (de + intus) Prov.dins, O.F. deinz, dens, N.F. dans, O.F. deinz-ein (-ein- Lat. term.-anus), M.E. denesyn, N.E. denizen, one within the city franchise, a naturalised citizen, later in general sense an inhabitant;(de +de +intus) Prov. and o.F. dedins, N.F. dedans, within, inside;(de +ipso [sc . tempore]) Prov. and o.F. dés, since, from that time;(de +unde) Ital. donde, O.F. d'ond, whence, N.F. dont, earlier sensewhence, later of whom, whose, of which; (de +post) Ital. dopo,after, (de + postea) Prov. depuys, F. depuis, afterward, since; (de + ex+jam) o.F. désja, N.F. déjà, already; (de +mane) Ital. dimani, Prov.and o.F. deman, N.F. demain; (de +retro) Ital. dietro, L. Lat. * deretrarius, o.F. derriere, L. Lat. * de-retranius, o.F. derrainier, derrenier,N.F. dernier; (de +ex) o.F. dés-, dé-, in many compounds of Latinor L. Lat. verbs, as o.F. dés-battre, N.F. débattre (de + ex +battere) , tocontest, argue, N.F. débat, an argument, discussion, O.F. desservir(de +ex + servire), to remove the dishes, F. dessert, the fruits andsweets which follow the removal; F. desduire, déduire (de + ex +ducere),to take out from, deduct, o.F. désbaucher, N.F. débaucher (L. Lat.de-ex-balcare, from balco, a shed, workshop), to entice away from work,F. se débaucher, to take to riotous living, O.F. se desporter (de +ex+ portare) , to carry oneself away from work, Span. desmayar, O.F.desmaier, M.E. desmaien, O. Ital. dismagare (de +ex +Goth. or O.H.G.magan, to be able, strong) , to take the strength away from, discourage,terrify; o.F. desmanteller (de +ex+mantellum) , to take the cloak off,O.F. descamper (de + ex +campum) , to decamp, O.F. desranger (de + ex+F. range from O.H.G. hring) , to put out ofthe rank or row, O.F. despescher(de +ex +pedica) , to take out offetter or a hindrance, i.e. to send awayquickly, make a quick start, Ital. dimorare, O.F. demorer, demurer, tostay at a place, halt, hesitate, N.F. demeurer, to dwell (fr. Lat. morari, to stay). De in the genitive case of the article, de l' , becomesin N.F. du, from the o.F. deu , orig. del, contracted from de le . Deand du are found in many French surnames and English surnamesderived from French, indicating the property, birth-place, or dwellingplace of the person so named. Before vowels de loses its vowel andbecomes d' , and is often incorporated with the name.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. da, do, as, Lith. da (s.s.) .Teutonic, O.H.G. zuo, zua, zo, N.H.G. zu, O. Sax. O. Fries. A.S. to,In other compounds it corresponds with Lat. de- or Lat. dis-.4.70 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.(prep. and adv. ) to, at, near, towards, the sign ofthe infinitive; as adv.N.E. too; Goth. -ta, in tha-ta, n. sing. neut. , N.E. that.Celtic, O. Ir. de, di, Gael. de, of(prep. prefix), Gael. and Ir. di- incomp., from, downfrom, and with a negative force, Gael. and Ir. do(prep. ) , to, Gael. and O. Ir. do-, du-, prefix with a negative force =Gk. δυσ-. The older form was *dos.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, identify, tandem, in-di-genous; deteriorate, -ion; -d inrotun-d, moribun-d, stupen-d-ous, and de- in compounds from Latin,as de-fer, de-mission, de-structive, &c.L. Latin and Romance, ci-devant, da capo, denizen, de- in manycompounds from French, as de-mur, deny, depart, &c. , de or dis(= de + ex), as de-bauch, dismay, debate, dismantle, disport (sport),dessert, &c. , decamp, scamp, scamper, derange, -ment, despatch. Thesurnames Death (d'Aeth), Delaware, Delamere, Deville, Devil(d'Eyville), Dubois, Duport, &c.; Darley, Darcy, Durand, &c.Teutonic, to, toward, towardly, too, unto, untoward, that.(1) Eur-Ar. √DĚ- √DO DOU , to give, grant, &c.Sanscrit, dā-, dav-, in da-da-mi, I give, p. p. dat-tas, given, dātra,a giver, datṛ, dati, a giving, gift, dā-nam, a gift, dāv-ane (infin.) , togive, dāvan, giving; dapayami (caus. ) , I cause to give or pay, demandfrom, Deva-dattas, god-given (a personal name).Zend, dai-, dav-, in da-dai-mi, I give, da-tas, given, dana, a gift,dav-oi, duye, infin. to give, Khuda-dad (N. Pers.), god-given, apersonal name.Greek, Sw-, So-, Sof-, in Sí-Sw-ur, I give, di-dó-vai (inf. ) , Cyprianδόμεναι, (Hom. ) δοῦναι, διδοῦναι; δόσις, a giving, gift, δοτός, given,δοτήρ, a giver, δόμα, δῶρον, a gift, Θεόδοτος, Θεόδωρος, Θεοδώρητος,god-given, Oeodórios (m. ) , -oía (f. ), personal names (s.s.) , &c.; ȧvékδοτος, not published, ἀντίδοτος, an antidote, ἀπόδοσις, an answeringclause.Latin, da-, do-, ' in dare, dedi, datum, to give, dator, a giver, datum,a gift, dativus (adj . ) , relating to giving, (used as subs. ) the dative case,dos, dotis, a marriage portion, dowry, later used also in a generalThere is an old Lat. duo, to give, of which the pt. subj. duim, (2 pers. ) duas,imp. duitor, are found in old documents, and in Plautus (cp. Sans. dav-ane, Zend.davoi, dueje).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 471sense of gift, endowment, talent, dotare, to portion, endow; donare, -avi,-atum, to bestow, present to, donum, a present, donatio, a donation,donativum, a gift to soldiers by the emperor on his accession or otherextraordinary occasion; condonare, to deliver up, to remit an offence(cp. Plaut. si quam rem debes, te condono ' ); circum-dare, to surround,pessumdare, to ruin, venum-dare, with contracted form vendere, to sell, ¹vendibilis, saleable, e-dere, to give out, publish, editio, editor, dedere,to give up to, yield, surrender, deditio, yielding, reddere, to give back,tradere, to deliver, give up, traditor, a traitor, traditio, a surrender, tradition; mandare, to give in hand, to give a charge to, command, mandatum, a command, commendare, to commit, entrust, to recommend,demandare (not found in best writers) , to give in charge; sacerdōs 2(=sacerdot-s), a priest, sacerdotalis, relating to a priest.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. dado, a cube or die, Prov. datz, O.F.dez, det, N.F. dé, M.E. des, de, dee, more commonly found in plu. deis,dise, dice, from Lat. datum, with sense of ' thrown ,' Ital . dada, dado,denotes also the portion of the wall of a room between the plinth andthe impost moulding, F. date, from datum, given, indicating the timeand place at which a letter was despatched³; Ital. dote, Prov. dotz, o.F.dote, N.F. dot, a marriage portion, Ital. dotare, o.F. doer, N.F. douer,M.E. dowen, to endow, portion, with a substantive dowage, endowing,from which dowager, holder of a dowry, may have been formed;L. Lat. dotarium, Prov. doari-s , O.F. doaire, N.F. douaire, M.E. dowaire,dowere, dowary, dourie, N.E. dowry, dower, O.F. doairiere, N.F.douairière, a widow with dowry, O.F. endoer, N.F. endouer, M.E.endowen, N.E. endow, (early) endew; Ital. donare, Prov. donar,O.F. doner, N.F. donner, F. donation, L. Lat. (A.D. 819) perdonare,Ital. perdonare, Prov. pardonar, o.F. pardoner, N.F. pardonner, topardon, M.E. pardoun, pardon (subs. ) , pardonere (Chaucer) , a seller ofindulgences; Ital. rendere (for reddere) (an assimilation to vendere) ,Prov. and F. rendre, to give back, make a return, Ital. rendita (p. p.used as subs.), Prov. renta, F. rent, return, income, F. rentier, one whohas income from land or other property, O.F. surrendre (Lat. sub +reddere), to give up, surrender; Ital. tradire, Prov. and o.F. trair, N.f.trahir, M.E. traien, to hand over, betray, Ital. tradimento, Prov. traïso- s,¹ The Latin -do in compound verbs represents both the Eur.-Ar. ✔de- ✔do-, togive, and ✔dhe-, to put, place; when -do (to give) changes its conjugation in compounds from first to third, only the signification of the compound marks its origin,whether from ✅de- or ✅dhe-.2 The termination -dōs may be referred either to do- or to dhe-.• Cp. the phrase ' given at Westminster this 6th day of October, A.D. 1894,' &c.

• Or from an O. Fr. * doagiere, implied by L. Lat . doageria, a widow with a dowry.

DĚ√DO-√/DOU-472 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.DĚ-√DO-✓DOUO.F. traïson, N.F. trahison, M.E. traison, treison, N.E. treason, Ital.tradizione, o. and N.F. tradition, handing down orally, Ital. traditore,O.F. traitor, traiteur, M.E. traiteur, traitor; O.F. mande, mandé, M.E.maund, maundee (from Lat. mandatum), ' that which is commanded,'with special reference to the words ' novum mandatum,' ' a new commandment I give unto you ' (St. John xiii. 34) , read as the gospel forthe Thursday before Easter, and referring to the custom of washingthe feet of the poor on that day in obedience to Christ's command" that ye also wash one another's feet. ' This service was called themaundee, ' and the day Maundy Thursday (see ' P. Plowman, ' xvi. 140 ,Christ made his maundee ') . L. Lat. commandare, Ital . comandare,Prov. comandar, O.F. comander, N.F. commander, M.E. comaunden, N.E.to command, Span. comendador, a commander, corrupted into Englishcommodore, M.E. commenden (direct from Lat. commendare) , M.E.recommenden (formed from commenden, after the example of F. recommander from commander) , o.F. demander, to demand, ( subs. ) demande,M.E. demaunde, a demand, F. remander, to remand, Ital. vendere, Prov.and F. vendre, to sell, Ital. vendita, a sale, Span. venta, F. vente, asale, place for selling, a shop, inn; F. dose, from dóσıs, a giving.CBalto-Slav. , O. Slav. dāmi (for dadmi), I give, O. Slav. daviti, togive, Lith. důti, to give, důtis, a gift, Lith. pardůmi, I sell, Russ.daviti, to give, O. Slav. dani, a tax, contribution, Russ. Feodor,Theodore.Celtic, Ir. dath, a gift, dathach, a tithe, data, giving, Gael. and Ir.dān, fute, destiny, Ir. dān, Wel. dawn, a gift, Gael. duais, a reward,Ir. duass, a gift (cp. Lat. duint) , Gael. and Ir. sagart, O. Ir. sacart(Lat. loan-word fr. sacerdos) , Gael . M'an-t-sagairt, Mactaggart, sonofthe priest.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, dose, thr. F. , anecdote, antidote, apodosis; the personalnames, Theodotus, Theodore, Dorothea, Theodoret, Theodosius, Herodotus, Apollodorus, &c.Latin, dative, data, dotation, donation, donative, a benefice gratuitously conferred by the patron, and independent of episcopal institution,condone, -ation, -atory; vendition, edit, -ion, -or, -orial, dedition,extradition; commendation, mandate, -ory; sacerdotal, -ism, tradition,-al (thr. F.) .L. Latin and Romance, die, dice, dado, date, ante- post-date;dowager, dowry, dower, endow, -ment, disendow; pardon, rent, -al,rent-roll rack-rent, render, rendez-vous (place of meeting, order toEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 473meet), surrender; treason, -able, traitor, -ous, betray, -er, -al, MaundyThursday, command, -er, -ment, commodore, commend, recommend,-ation, -atory, demand, remand, vendible, vendor, vent (a sale).Celtic, Mactaggart, Taggart.(2) Eur-Ar. √DĚ- √√DEI √/DIE , to divide, distribute, cut, mow.Sanscrit, dā-, dyă, in dati, dyati, cut, mow, divide, datu, a share,portion, datram, a portion, sickle, scythe, dānam, cutting, dividing, pasture, dāya, a share.Greek, Sa-, Sai-, in daréoµai, (fut. ) Sáσoµaι, to divide into shares,Sarnpios, dividing, distributing, Saíw, to divide, share, Saívvμi, to givea feast, Saís, Sairós, a feast, daís éton, the equally divided feast, daíµwv,a deity, distributor, disposer, daopos, a division, sharing, Sipos (Æol.Sāμos?) , a people, district.¹Latin, dæmon (Gk. loan- word), a spirit (spec. in eccles. writers, anevil spirit), dæmoniacus, one possessed by an evil spirit.L. Latin and Romance, F. geodésie (Gk. yn + daιoía), earth measurement or division.Celtic, O. Ir. dam, N. Ir. damh, a tribe, people, Gael. dad, Ir.dadadh (from a base * das-dho), anything, a tittle ( Macbain).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, demon, demonology, demonolatry, demoniac, -al , pandemonium; democracy, democrat, -ic, -ical, endemic, epidemic, -dēmos- in composition of many personal names, as Demo-sthenes, Democritus,Menedemus, Aristodemus, Nicodemus, &c.L. Latin and Romance, geodesy, -etic.Eur-Ar. DAI-VER, husband's brother.Sanscrit, devar, brother-in-law.Armenian, taigr (s . s.) .Greek, δαήρ (from δαιτήρ) , (s . s . ) .Latin, levir, by change of d to 1 (s . s. ) .Balto- Slav. , Lith. deweris, O. Slav. deveri (s. s. ) .As suggested by Fick, who cites O. Ir. dam, N. Ir. damh, a tribe, people.Another explanation is fromof diμos would therefore bedem-, to cultivate, tame, build. The original meaningcultivated land,' equivalent to Lat. pagus, ager.474 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Teutonic, A.S. tacor, O.H.G. zeihhur.ENGLISH DERIV. levirate, the custom of the brother marrying adeceased brother's widow..Eur-Ar. VDĚ-P-, extension of DE- ( 1) or (2) with similar meaning.Sanscrit, dap-, in dap-ayami, I distribute, divide, make to give orpay, dapaniyas, to be made to pay.Greek, Saπ-, in Samrávn, expenditure, cost, Sárтw, to divide or tearin pieces.Latin, dap-, in dap-s, dap-is, a sacrificial feast, a banquet, dapi-nare,to serve up a banquet; Class. Lat. damnum (for dap-num, as somnus forsopnus) , in late and vulgar Lat. dampnum, a penalty, fine, loss, injury,damnare, -avi, -atum, to condemn, sentence to a fine or other penalty,damnatio, condemnation, damnabilis, culpable, worthy of condemnation,damnas (indecl. ) , bound to make a gift or contribution, sentenced to afine or penalty, damnaticius (adj. and subs.) , under sentence, damnatorius, damnatory, indemnis, freefrom loss or damage, indemnitas, securityfrom loss or hurt, condemnare, to condemn, condemnatio.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. damnare, Prov. dampnar, o F. dampneir, damner, M.E. dampnen, damnen, to sentence, N.E. damn, Ital.dannaggio, Prov. damnatge-s (as from L. Lat. damnaticum), O.F. andM.E. damage, N.F. dommage, Ital. dannazione, Prov. dampnatio, o.F.dampnation, damnation, M.E. dampnacioun, damnacioun, condemnation.Teutonic, O.H.G. firdamnon, N.H.G. verdammen, to condemn, damn(borrowed from Lat. damnare +Teut. ver-, pejorative prefix), o.N. tafn,a sacrifice.Celtic, Gael. damnadh, Ir. damnad (Lat. loan-word), cursing, condemnation.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, damnatory, damnable, indemnity, indemnify, condemn, -ation,-atory, -able.L. Latin and Romance, damn, damnation, damage (subs. and verb),damageable.(3) Eur-Ar. √DĚ, to bind.Sanscrit, dya-, in dyati, dayati, bind, p.p. ditas, bound, a-ditis,freedom from limitation of space or time, daman, a bond.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 475Greek, de-, in Sew (for Sé- w) to bind, de-rós, bound, Seoµós, aband, fastening, pl. Seoµá, chains, fetters, Seoμúтns, a prisoner,iπódnμa, a sandal, shoe, diádnµa, band, fillet, spec. the fillet round thetiara ofthe Persian king,Teutonic, ti-, in O.H.G. zi-t, ¹ N.H.G. zeit, O.N. tidh, O. Sax. and A.S. tid,time, -tide, in Easter-tide, &c. , N.E. tide, season, the flux and reflux ofthe sea, O.N. timi, A.S. tima, time, A.S. getimian, M.E. timen, to happen;A.S. tidan, M.E. bitiden, N.E. betide, to happen, tide, in ' tide over,' lastover, A.S. * tidig, Swed. Dan. tidig, timely, N.E. tidy, seasonable, proper,neat; O.N. tidhindi, M.E. tidinde, events, things that happen, news, M.H.G.zi-tung, N.H.G. zeitung, Du. tijding, N.E. tidings, news; O.H.G. zila,N.H.G. zei-le (ti + suffix -la) , a line or row, Goth. til, opportunity, O.H.G.zil, N.H.G. ziel, an aim, purpose, o.N. til in til hvars, to what purpose,A.s. til, an end, object, Goth. tils , fitting, a.s. til , adapted to, leading toan end or object, O. Fries. til, suitable, good, O.N. til (as prep. ) , to, M.E.North and Scot. dial. til, to, N.E. till, to the time of; Goth. * tilon (ingatilon, to attain) , to aim at, O.H.G. zilon, to bestir oneself, A.S. tilian,teolian, to labour for, strive after, cultivate, till, M.E. tillen, tilen, tolen,tulien, to labour, toil, Du. telen, to produce, procure, Du. tuylen, totill or manure land, tuyl (subs. ) , tilling or manuring.Greek, diadem.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, tide (subs .) , the flow ofthe sea, time (in Easter-, Whitsuntide, &c.) , tide (vb. ) , to last, betide, tidy, -iness, tidings, time (subs. andverb), timely, -iness; till, tilth, tillage; till (adv. of time) , until; toil,toiler, toilsome.2√DĚ' See Kluge, ' zeit,' zeile, ziel.2 Toil, to labour, is generally connected with tuylen; but this explanation is notaccepted by Skeat, on the ground that it does not account for the various senses ofthe M.E. toylen, to pull about, spoil. He suggests a derivation from an O.F. touiller,to trouble, pester, entangle, mentioned by Cotgrave, but unnoticed by Diez or Körting,and this he thinks may be formed from an unrecorded frequentative of O.H.G.ziuhan. The Century Dict. also gives M.E. toylen, toilen, Sc. ( early) toilze, tulzewitha primary sense to tug, pull about, with a later Sc. tuilzie, a quarrel, disturbance,as ' apparently derived from O.F. toiller, touillier, to mix, entangle, trouble, besmear;ofunknown origin.' The various senses of M.E. toylen, N.E. toil, scarcely accord with this view. Its earliest sense, to tug, pull about, accords better with a derivation probably direct from a frequentative form of O.H.G. ziuhan , to pull, draw, drag:such (e.g. ) as O.H.G. zugil, O.N. tygel, Dan. toile, A S. tygell, Dec. teugel, a bridle.The original meaning of toil is seen in M.E. ' toyled to and fro ' =pulled to andfro,'tore and toyled = torn and pulled about. Later senses are to harass or be harassed byhard work in the following extracts:-' He digs and delves, and toiels himself withpaine'; ' I am weary and toiled '; and Holland, 1634, in the phrase ' Places well toiledand cultivated ' uses it with the sense to till or manure. This last sense of toil maybedue to a confusion with Du. tuylen or A.S. tilian, M.E. tulien, to till.476 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √DE, to know, learn, with extension √DES-.Sanscrit, das-ra, wise.Zend, dã, to know, dão, wise, di-danh-e (1st sing. pass.) , I becomewise, O. Pers. adānā, he knew, cf. N. Pers. dānā, wise, danai, wisdom.Greek, δα-, in δάω, to know, ἐ-δάην, knew, δεδαώς, aware, δαήμων,prudent.Celtic, Gael. dan, a poem, Ir. dan, a song, art, from a base * dasno .Eur-Ar. √DE--, √DŅI , to bite; probably an extension from DE,to cut, divide, daça, fringe of a garment, from its jagged edge.Sanscrit, daç-, daç-, in daçati, bites, daçana, a biting, dáshtra, abiter, dashtra, a tusk.1Greek, δακ-, in δάκ-νω (2 aor. ἔδακτον) , to bite , δάκρυ, δάκ-ρυμα,a tear, Sak-pów, to weep.Latin, dac-, lac-, 2 in O. Lat. dacruma, (later) lacruma, lacrima, atear, lacrimare, to shed tears, lacrimatorius, tearful.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. lacrima, lagrima, O.F. lairme, N.F.larme, a tear, Ital . lacrimatorio, a bottle for preserving tears, Lagrima,name of a wine, (in full) Lagrima Christi; Ital. daga, o.F. dague,dagger, M.E. dagge, the slit border of a robe (fr . Celtic) .Teutonic, Goth. tahjan, to tear, O.H.G. zanga, N.H.G. zange, O.N.töng, A.S. tange, tonge, pincers, tongs , M.E. tange, tonge, N.E. tongs,tang, tongue of a buckle, a sharp biting taste (cp. O.H.G. zangar, biting,sharp), M.H.G. zacke, L.G. takk, tooth , tine, Swed. tagg, a prickle, perhaps N.E. tack, a nail. The ' Cent. Dict .' cites O.H.G. zagal, zagil,zail, a tail, also a sting, and connects it with O.N. tagal, A.S. tægel,N.E. tail (see p. 409, n. 3); Goth. tagr, O.H.G. zahar, zahhar, N.H.G.zähre, O.N. tār (for tahr) , A S. tæhher, teár, a tear (of grief) .Celtic, O. Bret. dacr, M. Bret. (pl. ) dazrou , O. Ir. dér, Corn. dagr,Wel. daigr (pl. dagrau) , Gael. deur, dear, a tear, Wel. deigrio, to shedtears, deigrol, lacrymose (adj . ); Gael. daga, Bret. dag, dager, Wel.dagr, Ir. daigear, N.E. dagger.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, lacrymose, lacrymatory.¹ Cp. Sans. aç-ru, Lith. aszara, a tear, from √aç-, sharp, as dá -рʊ from daк-, to bite.2 For change of d to 1 compare odor: olor, bahp: levir, dingua: lingua. But the8 in dáкpu is sometimes explained as prothetic, and not belonging to the root.this case (8)άxpv - Sans. açru-.InEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 477L. Latin and Romance, Lagrima, name of an Italian wine (lacrimaChristi); dag.Teutonic, tongs, tang, tear, tear-ful, -less .Celtic, dagger.1Eur-Ar. DEK-M‚¹ ten, cardinal number, indeclinable originally, butlater found sometimes inflected .(1) Paradigm of cardinal 10 in the several languages:10 11 12 13Sanscrit . daça eka-daça dvā-daça trayo-daçaZend dasa aev-an-dasa dva-dasa thrayo-dasaGreek • δέκα ἕνδεκα δώδεκα τρεῖς(καὶ)δέκαLatin • decem undecim duo-decim tre-decimGothic • taihun tri-taihunO.H.G.. zehan drizehanN.H.G. • zehn dreizehnO.N. • tiu 2threttānA.S. • tyn threotyne0. Irish . deich-n oen-deac 3 da-deac •tri-deacItalian . dieci un-dici do-dici tre-diciProvençal detz onze dotze trezeFrench . dix onze doze, douze treize 4¹ Perhaps from ✔dek- in the sense of holding out the two hands and showing theten fingers.2 tiu is a contracted form of tigu, acc. plur. of tigr, a decade (Vigfusson) .› According to Brugmann -deac is not connected with deich- n , but a suffix of thesame meaning as Teut. -lif, Balto- Slav. -lik, left over.' The Balto- Slav. languages have lost the cardinal form of ten, and use insteadthe abstract or collective form representing a decad or sum of ten.The Teutonic languages use the termination -lif = left or over, as Goth. ain- lif,twa-lif, eleven, twelve, lit. 10 + 1 , 10 + 2, i.e. ten and one over. The Balto- Slav. use thecorresponding termination -lik, from Eur-Ar. ✔leiq-, to leave remaining.478 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.&c.(2) Derivatives in the several Eur-Ar. languages:Sanscrit, Daça-pura, a union of ten towns, &c.Greek, Aɛkáπoλis, a district of ten cities, dɛxáλoyos, the decalogue,Latin, December, the tenth month ofthe Roman year, counting fromMarch, Decemviri, a court or college of Roman officials consisting of tenmembers, decānus, ' a chief of ten, decuria, a division of ten (formed onthe analogy of centurio) , decurio, head of a decuria, decennium, aperiod of ten years, dēni , ten each (for decni), denarius, (adj. ) containing ten, (subs.) a Roman silver coin equal to ten times the value oftheas,2 afterwards to eighteen times; undecim, eleven, duo-decim, twelve.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. dieci, Prov. detz, F. dix, ten, Ital .undici, Prov. and F. onze, eleven, Ital. dodici, Prov. dotze, o.F.doze, N.F. douze, Ital. dodicina, dozzina, Prov. dotzena, o.F. dosaine,N.F. douzaine, M.E. doseine, N.E. a dozen, Ital. decano, O.F. deien, N.F.doyen, M.E. deene, dene, N.E. dean, Ital. denaro (Lat. denarius) , o.F.denier, Span. dinero, a small coin, L. Lat. denerata, O.F. deneree, N.F.denrée, cheap articles of sale, especially of food (lit. ) ' sold bypennyworths.'ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Decapolis, decalogue, decagon, decahedron, decameron, &c.Latin, December, decemvir, -ate, decanal, decani, the singers on thesame side of the choir as the dean, decurion, decennial, denarius,decimal, duo-decimal.L. Latin and Romance, dozen, dean, deanery, denier.Teutonic, ten, -teen, in fourteen, &c. , tenth, ten, tithe (fr. A.S.teodha, M.E. tethe, tithe), (adj . ) tenth, (subs.) tenth part, Scot. teind,(fr. O.N. tiund) , a tenth.3Eur-Ar. DEKOMT- S , DEÊMT- S (subs. ) , a decad, total of ten, as used innumeration, komt, Emt,³ contracted from * dkomt, * dkmt,originally declinable nouns, which became indeclinable at an1 Decanus is, strictly speaking, from decas, a decad.2 The as originally represented, or rather was, a pound weight of uncoined copper.When coinage was introduced the as, as a coin, had a reduced value. In the time ofthe Emperors its value was about one-third of a penny. The value of the denarius varied from time to time with that of the as.The first syllable of dekomt-s being unaccentuated, the contraction in words sofrequently used and quickly spoken was all the easier.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 479early period. The Eur-Ar. ordinal of 10 has two forms, dekmt- DEKOMT-Sos and dekmm-os.¹(I.) Paradigm of the forms in the Eur-Ar. languages for theabstract collectives of 10:Decads (complete form)Sanscrit, daçat-is,Zend, *dasait-is,Greek, δεκάς ( = δεκάτς) ,Latin, wanting,Lith, deszimtis.O. Slav. , desetis.(shortened form)-çat.-sait, -sat-.-κατ-, -κοντα.-gint-, -cent-.DEKMT- SGoth. , taihunt, -hunt, -tigjus.2O.H.G. , wanting,N.H.G., wanting,O.N. , wanting,A.S. , wanting,O. Ir. , wanting,(II.) Ordinals of 10:Sanscrit, daçamas.Zend, dasema.Greek, δέκατος, (Dial . ) δέκοτος.-zo, -zug.-zig.-tig-r, -tog-r, -tug-r.-tiz, -hund.-cha, -ga, -ca.Latin, decimus, decumus, decumanus.Lith. , deszimtas.0. Slav. , desętu .Goth. , taihunda.O.H.G., zehanto.N.H.G., zehnte.O.N., tiundi.A.S., teodha (for teondha from *tegondha).O.Ir., dech-mad.1 Brugmann suggests that the first form may be referred to the collective abstractdekmt- (a decad), the second to dekm (the numeral), but he hesitates between thisview and the direct derivation of the ordinal from the numeral by the addition ofthe participial suffix -to-.2 The proto-Teutonic form would be tezund-, which in inflection becameshortened to tigum, and on the latter the Goth. tigjus and other Teutonic forms were based. The change of vowel in the O.H.G. and O.N. forms has still to be explained.480 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.DEKOMT SDERMT- S(III. ) Paradigm of numerals from 20 to 90:Eur-Ar. , 20 vi-kmti 30 40 50Sanscrit, vi-çati , tri-çat, chatvari-çat, pancha-çat.Zend, vi-saiti, thri-sat, chathvar-sat, panchā-sat.Greek, Fίκατι, Att. εἴκοσι, τριά-, τεσσαρά , πεντήκοντα.Latin, vi-ginti, tri-,Lith. , dvi-deszimti, trys-,0. Slav. , duva desęti,quatuor-, quinqua-ginta.keturio-, penke-deszimt.tri-desęti, ' cetyri-desęti , pęti desętu .Goth. , tvai-tigjus,treis- , fidvor-, fimf-tigjus.O.H.G. , zwein- , dri-, fior-, finf-zug.N.H.G. , zwan-,dreis-, vier-,fünf-zig.O.N. , tvi-, thrja-, fjöra-,fimm-tigr.A.S., tven-, thri-, feower-, fif- tig.O. Ir. , fiche,tricha, cethor-cha, coica.60 70 80 90Sanscrit, shash-tish , saptatish, açitish, navatish.Zend, xsvastis, haptaitis, astaitis, navaitisGreek, -, ἑβδομής, ὀγδώ-,ἐνενήκοντα.Latin,sexa-, septua-, octo-, nona-ginta.Lith.. szeszi-, septyni- ,asztuni-, devyni- deszimti.O. Slav. , sesti-desętu , sedmi-, osmi-, deveti-desętu.Goth. , saihs-tigjus, sibunte-, ahtaute-, niunte-hund.O.H.G. , sehs-zug, sibun-zo, ahto-zo, niun-zo.N.H.G., sechs-, sieben-, acht-, neun-zig.O.N., sex-, sjö-, atta-, niu-tigir, -tugr.A.S., six-tiz ,0. Ir.,ses-ca,hun-seofon- hund-eahta-, hund-nizon-tiz.sechtmo-ga, ochtmo-ga, *nōi-cha.Remarks on the numerals from 20 to 90.(1) The Eur-Ar. expressions for 20, 30 to 90, vi-komti, tri-komti,&c. , had originally the sense of 2 decads, 3 decads &c. of theobjects counted; and although in the several branch languages thissense was ultimately lost, and the forms corresponding to Eur-Ar.komt, kmt, became mere suffixes, yet it was retained for some time, asappears from several facts: they did not wholly lose their inflexion,and were occasionally followed by a genitive case of the thingscounted, e.g. O.H.G. ' fior-zng wehhōno, ' lit. ' four decads ofweeks '; theGoth. expression for 100 -taihunte-hund, a decad of decads, isanother instance of the survival of the original sense.1 The masc. pl . form is desęte.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 481DEKOMT - S(2) The expressions for 20 are generally old dual forms, whilefor 30 &c. they are plural: cp. especially Gk. Fi-kari, with Tpiá- DERMT'Sκοντά KOVтa; Lat. vi-ginti, with tri-ginta . The vei-, vi-, in Eur-Ar. Sans. ,Zend, Gk. , Lat. is an expression for 2, and formed from Eur-Ar. dui,two, by loss of the initial d. In the Teut. and Balto- Slav. the d isretained.(3) It will be noticed that in Sans. and Zend ' çat-, ' ' sat-, ' theequivalents of Eur-Ar. Imt- are not used beyond 50; shash-ti ( = 60)and the following ' tens ' in Sans. , xsvastis ( = 60) &c. in Zend, arenew formations; and Brugmann conjectures that at an early periodin the Indo-Iranic branch a sexagesimal method of counting wasintroduced, and ' sixty ' became as it were a unit for the highernumbers in much the same way as in English a score ( 20) becamea popular way of counting. Shash-tis is an abstract collective-atotal ofsixty, and this term being once introduced the correspondingform was used both in Sanscrit and Zend for the following numeralsup to ninety.¹(4) Greek: The use of έßdoµý-кovтa (70) is obscure.(5) O. Slav.: From 50 to 90 the collective abstracts pęti, ' afiver,' sedmi, ' a sixer , ' &c . , are used instead of the cardinal numbers;so pęti desętu =a ' fiver ' of tens , &c.(6) The change in the Gothic after 60 ( saihs-tigjus) to sibuntehund (70) , ahtaute-hund ( 80) , niunte- hund ( 90) is remarkable.These expressions are apparently equivalent to a decad of sevens,'of eights, of nines, and are regarded by Brugmann as new formations on the analogy of tehunte-hund ( 100) , a decad of tens , whichdisplaced the old compounds of -tigjus. The OH.G., on the otherhand, maintains the old formation for these numbers, with thisdifference, that -zo is used instead of -zug: sibun-zo, ahto-zo , niunzo =70, 80,, 90.(7) O.N.: The compounds of -tigr, -tugr, began to lose the senseof decads and passed over into the indeclinable thrjatigi, &c . ,whence came the modern Icelandic forms thrja-tiu, &c. , tiu beingthe contracted form of the acc. pl. tigu. The form tuttugu (20) asgiven by Noreen ( Abriss der Urgerm. Lautlehre,' pp. 10 , 66) isto-ttoo, tu-ttugu, as though a compound of tvi, tvo ( 2) + togu ortugu c. pl. of togr, tugr; but Vigfusson (' Dict. ') gives forms tugIt is possible that there may be a connection between this change and a con- curren but less general duodecimal notation, sixty being regarded as five (thenumberof fingers of one hand) dozen, and 120 as ten (the number of fingers on thetwo hads) dozen- the ' gcat hundred ' —still in use in England and Ireland (see below, Inder KMTO- M).I I482 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS .DEKOMT SDERMT- Stugu ( 20) and tug-tugti ( 20th) , which look like a mere doubling often=ten + ten, i.e. twenty.<(8) The A.S. shows a similar change in form after 60 (six-tiz)to that which occurs in Goth. , viz. hund-seofontiz (70) , hundeahtatiz ( 80) , hund-nizontiz ( 90) , formed on the analogy of hundteontiz ( 100) , which were afterwards shortened by dropping hund-'to seofontiz , eahtatiz, nizontiz . The original form of hund- seofontiz,&c. , was hund-seofonta, apparently equivalent to a decad of sevens,&c. , as hund-teonta, the older form of hund-teontiza decad oftens.(9) The O. Ir. fiche is a noun corresponding to Gk. Fi-kás, ei-kás,the collective abstract of twenty.(IV. ) Ordinals of 20, 30, &c. , are formed as follows:Sanscrit, by the addition of -tamas to the base of the numeral,e.g. viçati-tamas, 20th.Zend, by term. -as, in thrísat- as, 30th, the only ordinal as yetfound in existing documents.Greek, by the term. -KOστós (for -κaσтós) added to the firstmember of the cardinal, as τριάκοντα to τρια-κοστός, 30th, or otherwise by change of -κοντα to κοστός.Latin, by -cesimus (more frequently than not) for viginti andtriginta, as vi-cesimus, tricesimus; for the following ordinals by-gesimus exclusively, quadra-ginta, quadra-gesimus = 40th.Lith. , by ·as to the cardinal, as tris-deszimtas = 30th.O. Slav. , by -inu, as tredesęt- inu = 30th.Goth. No ordinals as yet found in Goth.O.H.G. , by the addition of -osto, as drizug-osto = 30th.O.N., tuttugandi (older form) , tuttugasti (modern form) = 20th; sofor following numbers.A.S. , by the addition of -dha to the cardinal, as teo-dha (forteon-dha) .O. Ir. , by the addition of -mad to the cardinal, as dech-mad.(V.) Derivatives and compounds:Greek, Iεvτηкoστń (sc. ηµέpa) , the fiftieth day after the Passover(or Easter) , Pentecost, πεvτηкóvтopos (-τýρns) , a penteconter, a vesselwith fifty oars.Latin, decim-are, lit. to divide by ten, to collect or pay tithes, toselect by lot every tenth man for punishment, decima (f. subs. ) , a tenthpart of a tithe, decimatio, a tithing, decumanus, belonging to the tenth,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 483porta decumana, the main entrance ofa Roman camp (so called becausethe tenth cohort of each legion were stationed there), fluctusdecumanus, a large wave (from the popular imagination that everytenth wave was a high one); sexageni, septuageni, sixty, seventy,eighty each, sexa- septua- octo-genarius, containing sixty, seventy,eighty, a man of sixty, seventy, eighty years, Quartodecimanus,one who adopted the Ebionite date, 14th of Nisan, for the celebrationofEaster, deni, ten apiece, duo-deni , twelve each, duo-denum, the firstof the small intestines , so called because of its length =12 fingers'breadth.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. decima, F. disme, N.F. dîme, a tenth,O.F. dîmal (for dismal), relating to tithes (L. Lat. decimalis?) . ¹Teutonic, A.S. teodha, M.E. tethe, N.E. tithe, a tenth, A.S. teodhian,M.E. tithen, tethen, N.E. tithe (vb. ), A.S. teodhung, a tithing, a community often heads offamilies, M.E. tething (s. s.) , also the tenth ofthe ' hundred ' (see p. 486); Goth. paintekuste, O.H.G. *pfingustin,O. Sax. pincoston, M.H.G. phingesten, N.H.G. pfingsten, A.S. pentecosten, pentecost, the fiftieth.Celtic, Gael. and N. Ir. deich, O. Wel. dec, N. Wel. deg, Corn.dek, Bret. dec, ten, Gael. deicheamh, Wel. and Bret. decvet, Corn.degves, tenth, Gael. coig-deug, fifteen, O. Ir. cincgigais, pentecost.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Pentecost, penteconter, decad.Latin, sexa- septua- octo-genarian, Quartodeciman, septuasexa- quinqua-gesima, the names of the three Sundays before Lent,decimate, -ation, -al .L. Latin and Romance, dime.Teutonic, tenth, thir-teenth, &c.; ty in twen-ty, &c.; twentieth,&c.; tithe, tithing.Eur- Ar. KMTO-M from DKMTO M,2 a decad (sc. of decads) , a hundred,a neut. noun with gen. plur. of things counted.Skeat suggests the connection of M.E. dismall, dismal, mournful, with decimalis,as referring to the hardships which tenants suffered by the exaction of tithes by their landlords. Du Cange specifies three kinds of tithes to which tenants andvassals were exposed: ( 1 ) personal, for the exercise of a trade; (2) on the produce of their land; (3) on carriage of goods. In his Dictionary ( 1882) , Skeat dismisses the usual derivation from Lat. dies malus, O.F. dis mal, evil or unlucky day, as utterlyworthless; but the recent article (Oct. 1896 ) in Murray's ' Hist. Dict.' adduces very strong evidence in its favour. (See under ✔ diu-, p. 507, note 1 ) .2 The original expression in full must have been demto-Emto-m, a decad of112484 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.KMTO-MDKMTO- M(I. ) The forms of the cardinal of 100 are these:Sanscrit, çata-m, in comp. çata-, ' dvi-çatam, 200, &c.Zend, sate-m, duyę saitę, 200, &c.Greek, kaтóv, for ȧ- κaтóv, or Ev-κатóv (see p. 223) , i.e. one-Kaτóv, one decad (of decads) , one hundred, but indeclinable, and usedas adjective; δια-κόσιοι, 200, &c. (-κόσιοι = older -κάτιοι) .Latin, centum (adj . ) undeclined , but in comp. centi-: du-centi,trecenti, &c. , 200, 300, &c.Lith. , szimtas (masc. subs. ) , a decad (of decads) , du- szimtu , 200,trys-szimtai, 300, &c.O. Slav. , suto (also subs. ) for seto; duve-sute, 200, tri-suta, 300,&c.Goth. , taihunte - hund (full form), a decad of decads, with avariant taihuntai - hund; but hund is found alone in tva-hunda,200, &c.O.H.G. , zehan-zo, ten decads; but hunt is found alone in zweihunt, 200, &c. , and at a later period ein-hunt, 100.O.N., tiu-tigir, ten decads, with substantival use, and followed bygen. pl. of objects counted, (later) tiu-tiu, with adjectival use.2A.S., hund-teontiz (for hund-teonta) , a decad of decads; but hundis used alone in tu-hund, 200, threo-hund, 300, &c.³0. Ir. , cēt, noun of neuter gender and declined, N. Ir. , cead;ducēt, 200, &c.(II. ) Ordinals of 100:Sanscrit, çata-tamas, hundredth.Zend, satō-tema-, s.s.Greek, ἑκατοστός, 5.5.Latin, cent-esimus, s.s.Lith. , *szimtatas, s.s., later szimtas, szimtas-is.O. Slav. , sutinu.O.H.G., zehanzug-ōsto.N.H.G., -ste, in hundert-ste.O.N., -asti, in hundradh-asti.decads; cp. the corresponding forms for 100 in the Teutonic group given below. Theabbreviation of the complete form is due to the convenience of use, and is maintainedin all other branches of the Eur- Aryan family.¹ Still declinable and retaining a substantival use.2 Hund in the O.N. is only used in poetical compounds, with the sense of verymany, as hund- forn, very old, hund-margr, very many, a hundred-fold, innumerable.For the compound hund-radh, see below.3 The simple hund was used only for counting several hundreds. For 100 thecompound forms were used with the single and probably late exception of theO.H.G. ein-hunt.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 485A.S., -ōdha, in hund-teontiz-ōdha.KMTO- M0. Ir., cet-mad.DKMTO- M(III. ) Other forms derived from Eur-Ar. KмTOM-:Greek, škaтóµẞη, an offering of one hundred oxen.Latin, centenarius, consisting of a hundred, centipeda, a centipede,centuplex, centuplus, a hundred fold, centuria, a collection of ahundred, centurio, the commander of a troop or company of a hundredmen; compounds of centri-, centro-.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. cento, F. cent, M.E. cent, a hundred,Ital. centesimo, Prov. centesmo, O.F. centiesme, N.F. centième, hundredth, centisme, centime (Lat. centesima), the hundredth part, acentime, Too of a franc, F. centipède, a centipede, F. centurie, acollection of one hundred things or persons.Balto-Slav. , Lith. tukstantis (from tus-antis, Miklosisch) , O. Slav.ty-sasta, 1000, O. Pruss . tusimtons, acc. pl. , Russ. tysjača, 1000.Teutonic, Goth. thusundi, O.H.G. tusunt-, dusunt, M.H.G. tusend,N.H.G. tausend, O.N. thushund-radh, Sal. Frank. thus-chunde, thiuschunde, A.S. thusend, thousand, ' literally a number of hundreds (fr .Eur-Ar. * tus-kmton), many hundreds, O.H.G. (late) and N.H.G. hundert,O.N. hund-radh, A.S. hund-red, O. Frank. hundered (100) , a compound(=hund + rādh, order, method, &c.) , meaning literally ' method ofcounting by tens ' or decads.2Greek, hecatomb.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, per cent (for per centum), percentage, centage, centenary,centennial, centesimal, centi-grade (of 100 degrees) , centuple, century(a division of a hundred men) , centurion.¹ Brugmann supposes this word for thousand, peculiar to the Balto- Slav. andTeutonic groups, to be a compound of Eur- Ar. Imton with a base * tus-, from √tu-,to swell, equivalent to Sans. tavas, strong, with the sense of many, numerous ( cp. Lith.tu-las, ' so many,' from tu-) . For the Lith. term . -antis, O. Slav. -asta, cp. the O. Sax.ant- for hunt- in O. Sax. ant- sibunta, a decad of sevens. The Sal. Frankish formsespecially support this view.2 The original sense of these words in the O.N. , and probably also in the otherTeutonic languages, was not that of 10 x 10, the modern 100. As already noticed,each Teutonic language had a special name for that, O.N. tiu-tigir, O.H.G. zehan- zo,&c. In the old heathen time the Scandinavians counted by the duodecimal hundred( 10 × 12 or 120) , which they called hund-radh; but with the introduction of Christianity came in the use of the decimal hundred, which was distinguished from the otherby a separate name, ti-rætt ( = tigræth, 10- count) hund-radh, while the old hundredof 10 x 12 was called tolf-rætt ( 12- count) hund-radh. The old computation wasused in all commercial and practical concerns, and the decimal only in ecclesiasticaland historical matters. Even at the present time in Iceland the duodecimal hundredis largely used: the farmer counts his flocks and the fisherman his share of fish byit ' (Vigfusson, sub vb. ) . In England, too, many articles are still sold by the hundred of 120.486 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.L. Latin and Romance, centime, centipede, century (100 years) ,cent, the coin.Teutonic, thousand, hundred (100) , a district containing 100 or120 families, hundred-fold.(1) Eur-Ar. √DEK , with variant √DEGH- (?), to take with the hand,receive, &c.Sanscrit, dagh-, in dagh-noti, to reach to, attain , touch.Greek, δεκ-, δεχ-, in Ion. δέκομαι, Att. δέχομαι, to receive, take,&c. , dékтns, a receiver, πavdékтηs , an all-receiver, an encyclopædia, ageneral code oflaw, especially that of Justinian, of which each bookwas called a pandect; Soxµń, the space contained in a hand's breadth,a span, Soxń, a reception, avveкdoxń, a rhetorical term, the puttingpart for the whole, or vice versa; dáк-Tvλos, a finger (the seizer) ,a date (the fruit) from its shape, a metrical foot of one long and twoshort syllables, as the finger with one long and two short joints.Latin, dig-, in digitus, a finger, also toe , digitalis, relating to afinger, digitatus, having fingers.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . dattilo, dattero, Prov. datil-s, O.F.date, N.F. datte, the date fruit, Ital. dito (Lat. digitus), Prov. det-s,O.F. deit, N.F. doigt, a finger, Ital. digitale, the fox-glove.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. desiti, to find, meet with (?) .Teutonic, O.H.G. zeha, N.H.G. zeh, O.N. tā , pl. tær, A.S. tā ( contract.form for tahe), pl. taan, M.E. too, pl. toon, N.E. toe, toes; Goth. tekan(p. t. tai-tok), touch, O.N. taka (p. t. tok¹) , A.S. (late) tacan, to take.Celtic , O. Ir. deg, dag, Gael. and N. Ir. deagh, Wel. and Corn.da, good, acceptable.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, pandect, synecdoche, dactyle, -ic.Latin, digit, digital, digitate, -ion, digitalis, fox-glove.L. Latin and Romance, date (the fruit), from Gk. thr. F.Teutonic, toe, take, mistake, retake, undertake, &c . , tick, a slighttouch, tickle, tackle (vb. ), &c.¹ Brugmann doubtfully connects dátuλos with Goth. tēkan, to touch, O.N. taka,to take (see Comp. Gr. p. 103); and Prellwitz refers dáтuλos to dek-. PhoneticallyGoth. tekan comes nearer to dek-, değh-, than to teg- for √(s)teg-, which Skeatsuggests as the root (but see note under teg-, p. 409); Lat. digitus is connected byCorssenwith dik-, to show, point to, but the balance of authority is in favour ofdek..EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 487(2) Eur-Ar. √DĚK, with variant VDEIK- √DIK- DIG , to salute,greet, pay respect to, reverence, make offerings to, show, declare,point out, teach, learn, &c.Sanscrit, dāç, daç-, diç, in dāç-noti, pays reverence, makes offeringsto, salutes, daç-as-yati, serve, honour, worship, dāç, worship, dāç-vas,worshipping, gracious, diç-ati, to show, order, indicate, dishtas (p. p.),dīçā, point, direction.Greek, δειπ-, δεκ-, δακς, δικα, δοκ-, in δεικανάω (Hom.) , to greet,δεικνύμενος (Hom.) , greeting, δείκνυμαι, to welcome, δειδίσκομαι,to welcome (for di-dɛík-σкoµai, to greet); Sɛík-vvµɩ, to point out, show,prove, inform against, παράδειγμα, a model, example, ἀποδεικτικός,demonstrative, Sék-vvµɩ (Ion.) , to show; didáσkw (for di- dák-okw), toteach, Sidáσkaλos, a teacher, didaxń, teaching, di-dak-Tikós, instructive; díxŋ, custom, fitness, right, justice, Síkalos, just, Sikaoτýs, ajudge, ovvdikoi, judges to decide disputes about confiscated property;Sokéw (trans. ) , think, &c. , (intrans. ) seems (fut. dów, p. pass . dé- doyμai),Sóğa, an opinion, repute, credit, in N. T. splendour, glory ofappearance,Sokεî, impers. vb. , it seems, Sóyμa, an opinion, sentence, dogma, SoyμaTĺÇεw , to deliver an opinion, Soypaтikós, didactic; doğoλoyía, givingof praise, the doxology (eccles . ) , ETεpodožía, different or erroneousopinion, πapádoĝos, (adj . ) contrary to received opinion, wapádožov,(as subs. ) a paradox, ¿plodo§ía, a right opinion.Latin, dic-, dic-, dec-, doc-: ( 1 ) dic-, in dicere (O. Lat. deicere),dixi, dic-tum, to say, declare, dictio, speaking, style, dictum, an assertion; addicere, to assent to, to award, to devote to, addictus, oneassigned as a servant to a creditor, addictio, adjudgment, con-dicere,to talk together, agree upon, contradicere, to speak against, contradictio,-torius, edicere, to declare publicly, edictum, an edict, in-dicere, toannounce, proclaim, indictio, declaration; interdicere, to speak between,prohibit, interdictio, interdictum, a prohibition; prædicere, to foretell,prædictio, -tum, a prediction, prædictivus, predictive; benedicere,speak well of, bless, benedictio, blessing; male-dicere, speak ill of, curse,maledictio, curse, valedicere, to say farewell, dictare (freq. of dicere),to repeat, dictate, dictator, -orius, dictatio. (2) Dic-, in dicare, to proclaim, dedicate, dicio, authority, command, condicio, stipulation,agreement; abdicare, to renounce, abdicatio, dedicare, to dedicate,dedicatio, indicare, to point out, indicator, -tio, -tivus, index (-īcis) , apointer, indicium, a discovery, a proof; ju-dicare (jus +dicare), tojudge, ju-dex (-icis) , a judge, judicium, a judgment, judicialis, -arius ,relating to courts ofjustice, adjudicare, to award, adjudicatio, dijudicare,488 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.DEK✓DEIK√DİK-√DIGto judge between, præjudicare , to judge before, præjudicium, -alis; prædicare, proclaim, declare in public, (eccles. Lat. ) to preach, prædicator,-torius, -tio, -tivus; vindic-are ' (vim + dicare), to assert authority, orlay claim to anything either as one's own or to make itfree, so to emancipate, liberate, defend, to claim compensation or exact punishmentfor awrong, to avenge, revenge, vindicator, -tio; vin-dex, -icis, a claimant foroneself or on the part of another, a defender from wrong, a liberator,avenger, vindiciæ, a claim to a contested right, vindicta, the rod or staffused in the ceremony offreeing a slave, a protection, defence, punishment,vengeance for a wrong, veri-dicus, truth-telling; discere, 2 di-dic-i, tolearn, discipulus, a learner, disciplina, a method of learning. (3) Dec-,in děc-ere, to be suitable, proper, seemly, honourable, decet (impers . ), itis fitting, dec-ens, -tis , fitting, becoming, graceful, decentia, indecens,-tia, dec-or, comeliness, grace, beauty, ornament, decorus, becoming,proper, elegant, adorned, indecorus, unseemly, decus, grace, splendour,honour, glory, dignity, děcărare, to adorn, embellish , honour; dig-nus(for * dec-nos), suitable, becoming, proper, worthy, dignitas, worthiness,honour, rank, dignare, to judge worthy, condignus, very worthy,indignus, unworthy, indignitas, unworthiness, insulting treatment,indignari, to deem unworthy, to be angry at, indignatio. (4) Doc-, indoc-ere, docui, doc-tus, to teach, docilis, teachable, docilitas, indocilis,doctus, learned, doctor, a teacher, doctrina , teaching, doctrinalis, relating to teaching, theoretical, documen, documentum, a lesson, example,specimen, proof, dogma-ticus, -tizare, loan-words from Greek.3L. Latin and Romance, Ital. dicere, dire, to say (p. p. ditto,detto, said, named), F. dire, on dit, ' one says,' a rumour, Ital. dizione,O. and N.F. diction, a saying, diction, O.F. condicion, M.E. condicioun,a stipulation, O.F. and M.E. entredit, an interdict; Ital . benedicere,benedire, benedetto, o.F. beneir, N.F. bénir, to bless , M.E. benste,grace before meat (a contraction ofLat. benedicite) , Benedictus (as prop.n. ) , Ital. Benedetto, Port. Bendigo, O.F. beneoit, beneit, M.E. benet,benite (orig. participles, with sense of ' blessed, ' applied to exorcists,the third of the four lesser Roman ecclesiastical orders), used also as asurname, Benet, Bennet; N.F. benet, a simpleton, O.F. beneiçon, M.E.beneisoun, benison (Lat. benedictio), blessing; Ital. maledire, Prov.Vindicit from vindicere is found in the Twelve Tables.42 Disco is originally a reduplicate verb (cp. didáσкw ), *di-dic- sco, *dic- sco.Brugmann (ii . 136) hesitates whether dignus should be referred to the shortform of the root děc-, or the long deic- , dic-; in the latter case dig-nus would befrom dic-nos, and the primary sense ' distinguished.' But the usual significations ofdignus seem to suit better the connection with decet.4 Cp. N.H.G. selig, happy, a term used of the dead, with Eng. silly.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 489•DĚK√DEIKDIKDIGmaldir, maudir, o.F. maleir, maldir, N.F. maudire, O.F. maleicon, maldisson, N.F. maudisson, M.E. maleison, a curse; O.F. and M.E. verdit(Lat. vere +dictum), N.E. verdict; N.F. prodige from Lat. prodigium (forprodícium), a prophetic sign, N.F. prodigieux (prodigiosus), marvellous;Ital. dittare, dettare, Prov. ditar, O.F. ditier, M.E. diten (Lat. dictare), √.to write, compose, (as a legal term) to lay a charge against, Ital .dittato, dettato, Prov. dictat, o.F. dictie, ditie, M.E. ditee, N.E. ditty,;L. Lat. indictare, Ital. endettare, to concert, agree upon, O.F. enditier,enditer, M.E. enditen, dictate, write down, (legal) bring a charge against,N.E. indite, to write, compose, indict, to make a charge; Ital. giudicare.Prov. jutgar, o.F. jugier, M.E. juggen, jugen, N.E. to judge, Ital..giudice, Prov. jutge, juge, o.F. and M.E. juge, N.E. judge, O.F. and M.E.jugement, N.E. judgment, O.F. ajuger, M.E. ajugen, to adjudge, F. préjudice, prejudgment; Ital . predicare, Prov. prezicar, O.F. prechier, N.F.prêcher, M.E. prechen, to preach, Ital . vendicare, vengiare, Prov.vengar, venjar, O.F. vengier, N.F. venger, M.E. vengen (Chaucer), toavenge, punish, F. vengeur, M.E. avenger, O.F. vengeance, M.E. vengeaunce, N.E. vengeance, revenge (subs. ) , o.F. avengier, revengier, N.E.avenge, revenge, N.F. revancher; O.F. disciple, discipline, M.E. deciple,N.E. disciple , discipline; Ital . degno, Prov. o.F. and M.E. digne, worthy,F. dignifier, to make worthy (from L. Lat. dignificare) , dignitaire (L. Lat.dignitarius), a dignitary, Ital . dignità, Prov. dignitat, o.F. digniteit,dignite, N.F. dignité, M.E. dignete, dignite, N.E. dignity. A concurrentpopular form was o.F. dain, dainty, quaint (now obs. ) , Prov. dentat,daintat, dignity, O.F. deintie, daintie, dignity, also choice, delicate food,M.E. deinte, dainte, elegance, also used as an adj . nice, delicate, of whichdainteth, something elegant or pleasant, was the subs.; in N.E. daintyis used both as adj. and subs. Ital. degnare, Prov. denhar, deinar, O.F.deigner, daigner, N.F. daigner, M.E. deinen, deignen, dainen, ' to thinkworthy, N.E. deign, O.F. desdaigner, M.E. desdainen, N.E. disdain (vb. ) ,O.F. desdaing, M.E. desdain, N.E. disdain (subs. ); o.F. doctrine, document, O.F. and M.E. doctour, doctur, N.E. doctor.Teutonic, tih-, teg-, in Goth. ga-teihan, to inform , tell, O.H.G.zihan, N.H.G. zeihen, bring a charge against, O.H.G. firzihan, disclaim,N.H.G. verzeihen, pardon, O.H.G. zeigon, N.H.G. zeigen, to show, Goth.taikns, O.H.G. zeihhan, N.H.G. zeichen , O.N. tākn, teikn, a.s. tācn, M.E.taken, token, N.E. token, a sign, Goth. taiknjan, O.H.G. zeihnan,N.H.G. zeichnen,, O.N. teikna, A.S. tacnian, M.E. tokenen, N.E. token,betoken (vb. ); A.S. tæcean, to teach, O.N. teikna, to draw, paint, mark,In M.E.dainen had the impersonal use, ' it daineth him, ' it seems worthy to him.490 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√DĚKDEIK-√/DİKDIGbeckon, O.N. tiginn, distinguished, noble, well- born, A.S. dihtan, O.H.G.tihton, M.H.G. tih-ten, N.H.G. dichten, to write, compose (loan-wordsfrom Lat. dictare) , M.H.G. tihtære, N.H.G. dichter, a poet, O.H.G. predigon, bredigon, N.H.G. predigen (loan-word from Lat. prædicare), topreach.Celtic, O. Ir. do- decha, he may say, Gael . deic, fitting, Gael. andIr. docha, more likely, comp. of doigh, likely, Gael. and Ir. dochas,hope (?) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, paradigm, apodeictic, didachē, didactic, dicast, syndic, syndicate, Docetæ, a Gnostic sect which asserted that our Lord only appearedto have a human body, dogma, dogmatic, -ism , -ise, -ist, doxology,paradox, -ical , heterodox, orthodox, -y.Latin, dictum, ' ipse dixit,' diction, dictionary, addicted, -ion, contradict, -ion, -ory, edict, indict, -ion, interdict (vb. and subs. ) , interdiction, predict, -ion, -ive, Benedict (pr. n. ), benediction, -ory,malediction, -ory, valediction, -ory, dictate, -tion, -tor, -torial,dictatorship, abdicate, -tion, dedicate, -tion, -tive, -tor, -tory; index,indicate, -tion, -tor, -tory, -tive; judicial, -ary, -ous, adjudicate, -ion,dijudicate, prejudicate, prejudicial, predicate, -tion, -tive, -tory;vindicate, -tion, -tor, -tory, vindictive, -ness; decent, indecent, -cy,decorous, decōrum, indecōrous (decor, -ōris), decorate, -tion, -tor, -tive(decus, -õris); condign, indignant, -nation; docile, -ity, indocile, indoctrinate (coined word), doctrinal (Lat. doctrinalis) .L. Latin and Romance, ditto (aforesaid), ' on dit,' condition, -al,unconditional; Bennet ' (pr. n.) , benison, malison; verdict, ditty;indite, to compose, indict (pronounced ' indite,' to charge against) ,indictment, are of O.F. and M.E. descent, but corrected to the classicalspelling; judge, adjudge, judgment, prejudge, prejudgment, prejudice,verb. and subs. ) , preach, -er; venge, avenge, revenge (vb. and subs. )avenger, vengeance; disciple, discipline (vb. and subs. ) , prodigy,prodigious; dignify, dignity, -ary, indignity, dainty (adj . and subs . ) ,daintiness; deign, disdain, disdainful; doctrine, doctrinaire, document,-ary, doctor.Teutonic, token, betoken, teach, -er, -ing, -able, taught.A very common surname in England, formed from Benet, used first as aChristian name, or perhaps in some cases from its owner or his ancestor havingbelonged to the order of exorcistæ .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 491Eur-Ar. √DERS , capable, suitable, wise, clever, right (i.e. not left).Sanscrit, daksh-, in dakshas, clever, appropriate, right, dakshatā,cleverness, ability, dakshina, Hindi dakshin (adj . ) , on the right hand,southern, honest, straightforward, dakshinapatha, Hindi dakhan, theDekkan, the southern path or district.Zend, dash-, in dashina, on the right hand, clever, &c.Greek, de-, in déios, on the right hand, dexterous, ready, fortunate, 'δεξιότης, dexterity, δεξιό-σειρος, a horse attached by a rope to the pairyoked to the chariot, on the right-hand side: the best horse was chosenfor display, hence decióσeipos acquired the sense of ' spirited, impetuous.'Latin, dex-, in dexter,² on the right hand, skilful, fortunate; dextera,the right hand, dexteritas, skill, cleverness, dextrorsum, to the right.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. destriero, Prov. destriers, O.F. destrier,destrer, M.E. destrere, destrer (as from a L. Lat. dextrarius) , a warhorse led by a squire on the right of his own horse, F. dextérité, skill.Balto-Slav. , Lith. deszine, O. Slav. desinu, the right hand.Teutonic, Goth. taihs-wa, O.H.G. zesavo, zeswo, M.H.G. zeswe, theright hand, on the right, a.s. teso, on the right.Celtic, O. Ir. dess, right hand, south, N. Ir . deas (s.s. ) , alsoelegant, dexterous, Wel. dehen, right hand, south, Wel. deheuig,skilful, Corn. dehou, dyhou, s.s. , also right, regular, exact, Gael. andIr. du, meet, proper,³ Gael. and Ir. dual, duthaich, hereditary right.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit (thr. Hindi dakhan) , Deccan.Latin, dexter (heraldic term) , on the right of the shield, dexterous,dextrorsal, dextral.L. Latin and Romance, destrier, dexterity.Celtic, due, in the phrase due North, ' &c. = exactly North, alsothe Cornish idiom a due attendant, Churchman, &c. a regularattendant, &c.The Greek augurs, looking north, regarded omens from the right, i.e. the east, aslucky. The Romans, looking south, regarded the left as the lucky quarter, but theinfluence of the Greek writers prevailed, and the right was regarded as the luckyquarter. The Greeks called the left hand evwvóun, fortunate, as a euphemism.2 A comparative form ( =daksh- +-tera, comparative suffix), but, this being lost sight of, it was treated as a positive, and dexterior, dextimus, formed from it.Wh. Stokes regards these words as borrowed from O.F. deu (p.p. - Lat.debitus); but Macbain seems to refer them to the root du-, to be able; see Gael.Dict. under du, dual and duthaich.492 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.(1 ) Eur-Ar. ✓DEM , with sense of construction, building.Sanscrit, dam-, in dam-as, a house, home, damē (locative), at home(cp. Lat. domi, s.s. ) , dam-pati-s , master of the house, damunas,domestic.Greek, δεμ-, δομ-, δαμ-, in δέμω, to build, δέμας, the body, bodilyframe, specially of a man, δεσπότης (from δεμσ-ποτης = Eur-Ar.dem-s + pati) , house-lord, Sóμos, a house or temple, Soµéw, to build,δάμαρ, -αρτος ( Hol. δόμ-ορτις) , a wife, house-mistress ( = δαμ- ,house +aρτηs, managing) .Latin, dom-, in domus, a house, dominus (domnus) , a house-master,domina (domna), house-mistress, dominicus, belonging to a master, ineccles . Lat. dies Dominica, the Lord's day, dominium (domnium), ownership, lordship, a feast, banquet, domesticus, belonging to the house,domicilium, a habitation, dominari, to be master, rule over, dominator,dominatio.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . duomo, cathedral, dome, o.F. dôme, astate-house, a guildhall, a dome, Span. don, Port. dom, from Lat.domine (voc. ) , master, a title or address, used in speaking to or of agentleman, O.F. danz, M.E. dan, title ofrespect to priests ( = Lat. domine);o.F. dame, lord, in dame-Dieu, Lord God, vidame ( =vice-dominus),title of a dignitary holding land under a bishop, Ital. donna (domna),Span. doña, dueña, a lady , Lady (a title of address), F. dame, a lady,M.E. dame, a lady, spec. wife of a knight, a woman, title ofaddress, M.E.damme, N.E. dam (corrupted from dame) , the. mother of an animal (sosire [ Lat. senior] , the father of an animal); Ital Madonna ( = meadomina), ' Madam, ' also specially used as the title of the Mother of ourLord, Ital. mona, Monna, a contraction of madonna, mistress, used as afamiliar address to a woman, also a name given to an ape or monkey,Port. mona, a she-monkey, Span. mono, a monkey, Ital. monicchio,dimin. a little monkey, O.F. monne (dim. monnine, s.s. ) , N.E. (early)munkye, (later) monkey; O.F. Madame, my lady, Madam; L. Lat.dominicellus, O.F. damoisel, N.F. damoiseau, a page, a young gentleman,a squire, L. Lat. dominicella, Ital. and Prov. donzella, damigella, O.F.damoiselle, N.F. demoiselle, a young lady, M.E. damisele, damesele, N.E.damsel, N.F. Mademoiselle, my young lady,' equivalent to English Miss;Ital. domenica, Prov. dimenge-s, O.F. diemenche, N.F. dimanche, Port. andSpan. domingo, the Lord's day, Sunday; Ital . dominio, demanio, ownership, O.F. demaine, ' demeine, demoine (from which L. Lat. demanium),M.E. demaine, demeine, possession, property, estate, N.E. demain, demesne6The change of vowels is probably due to a confusion with O.F. mesnee ormaisniee, ahousehold (from Lat. manere), Skeat.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 493(terms in legal use), a manor-house with lands (Skeat), N.E. domain, √Dterritory, rule; Prov. dompnhon, donjon, Lat. domnio, domgio ( 1025 A.D.) ,dungio, O.F. donjon, from L. Lat. domnio-nem, domnjon(em) ( = dominion[em]), the chieftower, the donjon-keep, the lord's tower; o.F. and Prov.dangier, danger, M.E. daunger, danger, as from L. Lat. domniarium,domnjarium, the authority of a lord over his serf, dependence upon amaster's will, subjection to his power of punishment; so ' in danger ofhell-fire ' =subject to the punishment of hell-fire ( cp. Shakespeare, ' Youstand within his danger, ' i.e. supreme power) . The change of thevowel is probably caused by confusion with damnarium, loss, damage.Ital . and F. domino, a black hood with cape, worn by priests in winter,a mask with a long hood or cloak, domino, game at dominoes, so calledfrom the backs of the pieces being coloured black, O.F. dames (jeu dedames), the game ofdraughts, from dame, lord or lady, the name givento a piece when crowned (in Eng. ' the king ') , F. damier, a draughtboard, F. damer, to crown a piece at draughts, Scot. dams, draughts,dam-brod, dam-board, a draught-board; F. dominer, to dominate, Du.domineren (borrowed from F.) , to feast luxuriously, act the master(cp. Shakespeare, ' T. ofthe Shrew, ' iii. 2, ' Go to the feast, revel anddomineer '); F. despote, domestique, domicile.Balto-Slav. , domu, house, home, N. Slav. domadar, house-master,Russ. domaz, a stall-fed ox.Teutonic, O.H.G. tuom (a loan-word of the ninth century) , a cathedralchurch, N.H.G. tum, now obsolete and supplanted by later dom, domkirche; O.H.G. zimbar, N.H.G. zimmer, wood for building a house, a room,O.N. timbr, A.S. timber, wood felled for building, Goth. timrjan, O.H.G.zimberen, N.H.G. zimmern, to build, work as a carpenter, N.H.G. zimmerman, a carpenter, N.H.G. zimmer, a room, M.H.G. vrouwen-zimmer, N.H.G.frauenzimmer, the ladies' apartment (used as a collective name for theladies ofthe house, then as the individual name for a lady); N.H.G.damen-spiel, Swed. dam-spel, Dan. dam-spil, the game at draughts,N.H.G. dambrett, damenbrett, Swed. dam-bræde, Dan. dam-bræt, draughtboard.1Celtic, O. Ir. dam-liacc, house ofstones, aur-dam, portico, ante-room(see Fick, 4th edit. vol. ii. 141) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, despot, -ic, -ical , -ism (thr. F.).Latin, domus, dominical, domestic, -ate, -ion (thr. F.) , domiciliate,Cp. N. Pers. anderun, the inner apartment set apart for women, is used as an expression for the ladies ofthe house.'494 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.-iary (thr. F) , dominate, dominant, -nator, -nation, predominate, -nant,-nance.L. Latin and Romance, dome, major-domo, dominie (Scot. ) , Dan asa prefix to name, as Dan John, Mr. or Sir John, often used as a formof address to the clergy, Dan Priest, Sir Priest, &c. , now obsolete,Don (in Span. and Ital . names) , don, a dignified person, donnish, donna,prima donna, ' first lady,' Bella-donna (lit. ' beautiful lady '), a plantso-called from the extract being used to heighten the brightness of theeyes, duenna, companion of a young lady; M.E. beldam, (lit.) fair, orgood lady, used as a title for grandmother, an old woman, (in bad sense)an old hag; dame, dam, Madonna, monkey, madam, maʼm, damsel, Domingo, Dominic, Dominica, Christian names given to children born on aSunday, the island Dominica was so-called because discovered on a Sunday; Dominicans, friars of the order of St. Dominic; dominion, donjon,dungeon, danger, -ous, endanger, domino, dominoes, domineer (thr. Du.loan-word).Teutonic, timber.(2) Eur-Ar. √DEM , to subdue, master, tame.Sanscrit, dam-, in dam-āyati, subdue, damanas, taming, damitṛ, atamer, damyas, (verbal adj . ) to be tamed, (subs. ) damyas, a bullockthat has to be tamed, i.e. is untamed, -damasyas (in comp. ) = taming.Greek, Sau-, in Saµáw, Saμ-álw, to tame, subdue, Sáμaños, a calf,Saµáλns, a young bullock, Sápaλis, a young cow, -Saμ-os (in comp. ),taming, subduing, e.g. ' Iππódaµos, Horse- tamer; à-dáµas (å priv. +Saµáw, to tame) , unconquerable, gen. ådáµavтos, used in Hom. as aproper name, but in Hesiod as the name of a very hard metal, probably steel; Theophrastus applies the name to the hardest gemthen known, an amorphous form of corundum; after him Plinyapplies it to the same or a similar gem, but when the diamondbecame known in the West it became its special name; ådaµávтivos,hard as adamant.Latin, dom-, in domare, -ui, -itum, to tame, subdue, domitare (freq.of domare) with same meaning, indomitabilis, unconquerable, adamas,-antis (Gk. loan-word) , the hardest iron or steel, general term for anything inflexible or unbreakable, in Pliny a gem, perhaps the diamond,adamantinus, hard as steel; damma, dama, the general name for beastsofthe deer kind, a fallow-deer.L. Latin and Romance, Prov. domtar (Lat. domitare) , dondar, O.F.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 4952donter, danter, M.E. daunten, to subdue, tame, ¹ N.E. daunt, to subdue by √DEMintimidation; o.F. and M.E. adamaunt, ademaunt, a mineral or metal ofextreme hardness, a diamond, the loadstone, M.E. adamantin (directfrom Lat. ), N.E. adamantine: later forms are Ital. diamante, Prov.diaman, o.F. diamant, M.E. diamant, diamaund, N.E. diamond, all traceable to a supposed connection with Gk. Sia-, through, as thoughmarking its transparency. Prov. dam, O.F. daim (m. ) , daine (f. ) , fromwhich are formed Ital. daino, daina, O. Span. dayne (from L. Lat.damus or Lat. dama), a deer.Teutonic, O.H.G. zam, N.H.G. zahm, O.N. tamr, A.S. tam, M. and N.E.tame, Goth. ga-tamjan, O.H.G. zemmen, N.H.G. zähmen, O.N. temja,A.S. temian, to tame, Goth. ga-timan, to be compliant, O.H.G. zëman,N.H.G. ziemen, to be fit, orderly, L.G. tämen, temen, to fit, agree with,allow, M.E. teem, beteem, think fit, allow, now out of use, but beteemwas used by Shakespeare and Spenser; N.H.G. ziemlich, moderate,passable; O.H.G. damo, tamo (m. ), M.H.G. tame; N.H.G. dam-, damm-, ɑdeer, only found in comp. , as in dam-bock, a buck, dam-hirsch, a hart,A.S. dā (only once found as Lat. damma) , M.E. doo, N.E. doe, Dan.daa-, Swed. dof- (in comp. ) , as in Dan. daa-hjort, a buck, daa-calv, afawn, Swed. dof-hjort, a buck, dof-hind, a doe³ (cp. Corn. da).Celtic, Gael. damh, ox, stag, O. Ir. dam, Corn. da, a deer, Bret.demm, a roe, Bret. danvad, sheep.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, adamant (thr. Lat. and F.) , adamantine (thr. Lat. ) .Latin, indomitable.L. Latin and Romance, daunt, dauntless, undaunted, diamond(from Gk. ),Teutonic, tame (vb. and subs. ), tamer, tamable, &c; doe (from A.S.or Corn. da); beteem.In M.E. daunten is also to flatter, to soothe, i.e. to persuade or subdue byfair words.2 The loadstone was called adamaunt from a supposed connection with adamans,pres. part. of ad amare, to have an affection for; in Prov. adimans, aïmans, O.F.aïmant, M.E. aymont, traces of this confusion are apparent.3 Kluge considers all these Teutonic forms to be borrowed from Lat. damma, andthe A.S. Dan. and Swed. forms to have lost the original nasal. All these words inGk. Lat. Teut. and Celtic seem to have been in use from the time when the pastorallife was passing into the agricultural, and the animals hitherto wandering in herdsbecame domesticated . Cp. Sans. damyas (adj .) , needing to be tamed, damyas ( subs. ) ,an untamed bullock.496 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. √DEBH¯, to injure, damage.Sanscrit, dabh-, in dabh-noti, dabh-ati, injures.Greek, Sep-, in dépw, to knead with the hand, pound, stamp, prepare a hide, déw (s.s.) , diplépa, ' a prepared hide, leather (?) .Latin, depsere, to knead, prob. a Gk. loan-word.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, diphtheria, diphtheritic (?).Eur-Ar. ✓DER DR , to split, burst asunder, cleave, rond, flay.Sanscrit, dr-, dar-, in dr-nati, burst, split open, (trans. and intrans. )dar-yati (caus.) , make to burst, drive asunder, dar, an opening, a pit,hole in the earth, darana, a cleaving, pari-dar, stripping off, dāru, apiece ofwood, dru , wood, a tree, drumas, a tree, deva- daru, divine tree,the deodar, dr-tis, a leather pipe or bag, darvi, a snake's skin.Zend, dar-, der-, in der-ta, cut, mown, dārena, a fissure, split, dru,wood, dauru, a piece of wood, N. Pers. dar-acht, a tree (cp. Ir.darach) .Greek, δερ-, δαρ-, in δέρω , toflay (perf. δέ-δαρκα) , δέρμα, the skinor hide of beasts, but later the skin of men, also husk of fruits,Sepμarís (dimin. ), the skin, déppis , a leather cover, èπldɛpµis, the outerskin; δέρη, δειρή, the neck, fol. δέρρα (for δέρσα) , δειράς, the ridgeofa chain ofhills (cp. avxýv, neck, and a ridge, isthmus); Spûs, a treespec. the oak, δρυμός, an oal coppice, Δρυάς, Αμαδρυάς, αδος, a treenymph, a dryad, whose life was supposed to be bound up with thatof the tree, SρUTEπýs ,² ripening on the tree , Sрúππа, an over-ripe olive;Sópu (gen. -aтos, Epic Soúpaτos) , a tree, a stem, shaft of a spear, thespear itself, δένδρον, Ion. δένδρεον (a reduplicated form from δρυς:cp. Spíos, a copse) , a tree, dpvídns (Aristotle), a Druid (from Celtic);Sapov, a hand-breadth, the distance between the thumb and littlefinger when the fingers are parted and stretched out; λάριξ (for δάριξ) ,the larch.Latin, dor-, in dorsum (dossum) , the back, the ridge of a hill(cp. Æol. Séppa = *Sépoa), dorsualis, dorsal, dossennus, a hunchback,larix, -icis (Gk. loan-word) , drupa (Gk. loan-word), an over-ripe olive.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. dosso, Prov. and O.F. dos, the back,L. Lat. dorsarium, O.F. dossier, M.E. dosser, doser, a curtain or piece of• Liddell and Scott refer διφθέρα το δέφω.2 Aрuñenhs is frequently varied into Spureτýs, falling from the tree (see Skeat,under drupe ').6EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 497tapestry hung round the walls of a room, ¹ (later forms) L. Lat. dorsale, √DERdossale, a dossal, with spec. sense, the curtain hung at the east end ofa √DRchancel, N.F. dossier, the back of a seat, a bundle of papers labelled onthe back, a record, O.F. endosser, M.E. endossen, originally perhaps withthe meaning to back up, support, but later with the meaning of themodern endorse,' back or sign one's name to a bill, give full assent andconfirmation, F. drupe, a stone fruit; Ital. larice, O.F. larege, larice, N.E.(early) larche, (later) larch, N.F. mélèze (perhaps a corrupted compoundof mel, honey +larège) , the sweet larch, Span. alerce, either from Arabicalarzah, the cedar, or from larice + Arab. article al.(Balto-Slav. , der-, in O. Slav. dir-ati , cleaves, Bulg. dera, to flay,Lith. dirti, to flay, O. Slav. dervo, a tree, Lith. derva, a tree,² fir-tree,O. Slav. druva, wood, Russ. drova (s. s. ) , O. Slav. drevenu, wooden.Teutonic, ter-, tre-, in Goth. tairan (in ga-tairan , destroy, tear up),O.H.G.zeran (in fir-zeran, pull to pieces, destroy) , N.H.G. zehren, O.N. tæra,to consume, A.S. teran, N.E. to tear, A.S. teorian, to tire; Goth. triu, o.N.trē, O. Sax. treo, trio, a tree, A.S. treow, treo, a tree, a trunk, wood,Goth. triweins, wooden , O.N. tyri , tirfi , a resinous fir-tree (cp. Lith.derva); O.N. tjara, tar, A.S. teoru, M.E. terre, tarre, N.E. tar; O.N. tjörn(gen. tjarna) , M.E. terne, a mountain pool, N.E. tarn (cp . Sans. dar,a hole, pit, and N.H.G. loch, a lake and a hole).Celtic, Corn. and Wel. darn, a piece, fragment, Wel. darnio, topiece, also break in pieces (cp. Sans. drnati) , O. Ir. dair (gen. darach) ,an oak, Wel. derw, dar, Corn. dar, darak, an oak, O. Ir. daire, Gael.and N. Ir. doire, an oak wood, O. Ir. drui, ³ Wel. derwydd, a magician,Druid, Ir. and Gael. druim, a ridge, hill, back of a man, Gael. andIr. dearn, hand-breadth (see above, Gk. Sŵpov).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, compounds and derivatives of Sépua, as epidermis, hypodermatous, dermatology, pachyderm, dermal, taxidermy, &c.; dryad,hamadryad, dendro-bion, a class of orchids, rhodo-dendron (lit. rosetree). Druid (thr. Lat. -Gall. Druidæ ' ) , larch (thr. Lat. and F. fromλάριξ=δάριξ), are uncertain.' Originally for the comfort of those who had to lean their backs against the walls, as well as for ornament.2 The Gk. Adpi , Lat. larix, the larch, is referred by Stokes and Bezzenberger tothe same source as opûs, Lith. derva, Ir. dair, with the not infrequent change of 1 to d.• Theconnection of Ir. drui (gen. druad) , Wel. derwydd, Gael. draoidh, a magician,Druid, is not accepted by Stokes and Bezzenberger. Brugmann, on the other hand(i. 221 ) , places the O. Ir. and the Latinised Gallic Druidæ in the equation with Spus and Goth. triu.Druide may have been a direct derivation from the Celtic, or borrowed fromAristotle.KK498 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Latin, dorsal (as from * dorsalis) .L. Latin and Romance, dossal, endorse, -ment, drupe (fr. Gk. thr.Lat. ), drupaceous (coined, as from Lat. drupaceus).¹Teutonic, tear, torn, tire, untirable, tiresome, -ness, tree, tar, tarry(adj.) , tar-paulin, tarn (a north-country word from O.N.).Celtic, Drum- in Ir. or Scotch names of places as Drum-lanrig, &c. ,Derry, from doire, an oak wood.(2) Eur-Ar. √DER-, to observe, have regard to, respect, mind.Sanscrit, dr-, dri- , in a-driyate (compound a +driyate), respect,honour, a-dritas, honoured, esteemed.Zend, der-, in dereta, honoured.Greek, Spa-, in Spáw, Spŵ, to see, look at, cited by Liddell andScott from Etymol. Magn. ' 287, Bekker's ' Anecdota,' 549.6L. Latin and Romance, Prov. atirar, o.F. atirer, to adorn, M.E.atiren (s. s. ) , M.E. atir , adornment, N.E. attire, tire, (vb. ) to dress, (subs. )dress, clothing, apparel, from O.N. tire, a.s. tir; Ital. tiro, a drawing, ayoke ofoxen, a set ofthings, Prov. tiera, teira, a row, also adornment,attire, O.F. tiere, a row, rank, order, O.F. tire, a course, N.E. tire, tyre,teer, now spelt tier, perhaps from A.S. tir or tier, or O.N. tirr.Teutonic, o. and N.H.G. zart, beloved, dear, fine, O.H.G. ziarī, N H.G.zier, splendour, beauty, O.N. tirr, A.S. tir, glory, honour, O.H.G. ziari, zēri(adj. ) , precious, magnificent, N.H.G. zieren, to adorn (see Kluge ad vb. ) .ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, tire, attire (probably thr. Romance, andnot directly from A.S. ); tier, tirade, tirailleur , retire, -ment.Eur-Ar. √DERÃ-, to see, behold, observe, notice .Sanscrit, derç-, in derçe, to see (p. p. drshtas), seen, drçayati (caus. ) ,show, drçi, sight, drçyas, visible.' Diez, Brachet, and Skeat connect with Goth. tairan or O.N. tæra the followingRomance words: Ital. tirare, Prov. tirar, O.F. tirer, to draw, pull, shoot, Ital. tirata,Prov. and Span. tirada, O.F. tirade, a drawing, pulling, N.F. tir, a shooting, N.F.tirailler, to pull, pester, (as a military term) to skirmish, tirailleur, a skirmisher, O.F.retirer, to draw back, with the Eng. loan-words, tirade, tirailleur, and retire, -ment.Körting rejects this derivation as untenable, and prefers Vaniček's explanation fromLat. tiro, a recruit, young beginner, from Eur-Ar. ✔ter-, to rub, wear away. He givesno reason for this, and, if the explanation of Diez is not accepted, it seems better torefer these words to O.N. tirr, or A.S. tir, with the sense of drawing out in regularorder: cp. Span. ' de una tirada, ' in one stretch, tiro, a string ofmules, Eng. ' a tireof ordnance ' =a row ofguns (Hakluyt), later tier.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 499Zend, darç-, in dareça, sight, seeing, darsti, seeing (subs. ) , N. Pers.or Arab. tark-hun (loan-word from Spáxwv, or Spaкóvтiov) , tarragon.Greek, δερκ-, in δέρκομαι (perf. δέδορκα, aor. ἔδρακ-ον) to see,look at, Spáros, the eye, Soprás, the gazelle (so called from its largebright eyes), Spákwv, a dragon (the ' seer, ' from its supposed keenness ofsight), Spákaiva, a she-dragon, ôpaкóvτiov, a plant, dragonwort, ArumDracunculus, Apákov (pr. n. of an Athenian magistrate).Latin, draco, -onis , -contis, dragon, standard of a cohort (cp. ' intemplis referre dracones, ' Valer. Fl. ), Gk. loan-word, dracena, shedragon, draconarius, a standard-bearer, dracontium, dragon-wort.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. dragone, o.F. dragon, M.E. dragon, dragune, a dragon, (later sense, introduced probably from Spain) a standard, ' also the soldier who followed it, a dragoon, Ital. dragontea, M.E.dragaunce (from Lat. loan-word dracontium), Span. taragontea, taragona, dragonwort, N.E. tarragon.2Teutonic, Goth. ga-tarhjan, to take notice of, O.H.G. trahton, N.H.G.trachten, betrachten, A.S. trahtian, to consider, regard attentively,O.H.G. Zoraht, A.S. torht, bright.Celtic, O. Ir. derc, Gael. and N. Ir. dearc, an eye, Gael. and N. Ir.dreach, face, Wel. drych, a loók , looking-glass, O. Ir. conderc-ar, ‘ isseen,' Gael. dearc, Ir. dearc-aim, to see.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Dorcas, pr. n. (N. T.) , Dragon (thr. Lat. and F.) , Tarragon(thr. Arab. and Span. ) , Draconian, epithet applied to a severe code oflaw.L. Latin and Romance, dragoon, dragonade (fr . Gk. ).Eur-Ar. /DER-, to sleep.Sanscrit, dr-, dra-, in dra- ti, sleeps , ni - drā (ni, down, + drā), sleep,nidritas, asleep (comp. of ni , down, +dritas, asleep) , from which isderived Hind. nind-i (for nindri by loss of r) , sleep.Greek, δαρ-, δαρ-θ- ( = Eur-Ar. dh-), in δαρ- θάνω (aor. ἔδραθον),to sleep.' On the standard was probably worked or painted a representation of the devilunder the form of a dragon being overcome by St. Michael; cf. Du Cange.2 Taragona was from tarkhun, the Arabic form of dракóνтιov, a name learntfrom the Greeks of the Lower Empire and imported by the Arabs to Spain.KK 2500 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Latin, dor-, in dormire, to sleep (p. p. dormitus), dormitorium, asleeping-room.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. dormir, to sleep, O.F. dortour, dortoir,M.E. dortour, dorter, a sleeping-room (Lat. dormitorium, L. Lat.dortorium), O.F. dormeur, a sleeping-chamber, N.E. dormer in dormerwindow, a bedroom window ( now applied to a window in the roof) , o.F.dormant, sleeping, M.E. dormant, used of something that remains permanently though not always in use: cp. Chaucer, ' Cant. Tales,' Gen.Prol. 355, His table dormant in his halle alway stood redy covered,al the long day.Balto-Slav. , drem-, in O. Slav. drēm-ati , Russ. dremati, sleep.Latin, dormitory.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, dormer-window, dormant, dormancy.Eur-Ar. DRE , to run, hasten.Sanscrit, drā-, drā-m-, in drāti, run, hasten, go about, in dandram-yate, run about.Greek, δρα-, δρα-μ, in δι-δράσκω, to run (aor. ἔ-δραμ- ον, δραμ-εῖν),to run, ἀποδράναι, to run away, δρόμων, α quick-sailing vessel, δρόμοs,a course, race, running, a race-course, Spoµaîos , swift, Spoµaîos káµnXos, a riding camel, iππódpoµos, a race-course for chariots.Latin, dromas (Gk. loan-word) , a dromedary; later dromedariuswas coined from the Greek, and took the place of dromas.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. dromont, dromon, a ship of war, aswift-sailing ship, M.E. dromound, dromoun (s.s. ) , Ital. dromedario,Prov. dromedari, O.F. dromadaire, M.E. dromedari, dromondari, N.E. dromedary; Ital. trottare, o.F. trotter, M.E. trotten, N.E. trot (loan-word fr.O.H.G. trotton).2Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. drumu, a road, perhaps a loan-word fromδρόμος.Teutonic, tre-d-, tre-p-, extensions of tre-, in O.H.G. tre-t-an,1 Dormouse has been referred to a F. dormeuse, sleepy, but without any satisfactory evidence. It is more probably a compound word (dor + mouse). Skeat suggestsa connection of dor with O N. dura, asleep, dar, benumbed, stupefied. Mätzner thinksthat it may be from A.S. dora, a locust or grasshopper. The explanation of dormousehas still to be given; see under ✔dhu- es-.2 Diez derives trottare from L. Lat. *tolutare, to trot, formed from Lat. tolutim ,on the trot, which is generally referred to tollere, to lift, as if tolutim = lifting thefeet.Kluge's explanation is safer.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 5011=N.H.G. treten, A.S. tre-dan, Goth. trudan, o.N. trodha, M.E. treden, totread, M.E. tred, trod, a foot-mark, M.E. trade, a track, road, path, wayof life, later a man's ordinary business, his ' trade ': cp . ' to blowtrade ' to blow steady in one direction, as the trade-wind, the constantwind (see Skeat under ' trade ') , O.H.G. trotton, to tread quickly (intens.ofO.H.G. tretan, Kluge); Goth. trimpan (p. t. tramp) , in anatrimpan,to tread upon, M. and N.H.G. trampeln, O.N. and Swed. trampa, M.E.trampen, to tread, trampelen (freq. of trampen) , to tread heavily,from tramp-, nasalised form of trap-, in L.G. and Du. trappen, totread, O.N. trappa, Dan. trappe, M.H.G. treppe, trappe, N.H.G. treppe,a step in a stair, a stair, O. Qu. trappe, A.S. treppe, a step, stair, alsoa trap (i.e. one which opens by an animal's tread-the oldest way ofcatching wild animals); M.E. trippen, to step quickly or shortly, Du.trippen, Dan. trippa, to trip, O.N. trippi, a colt, M. Du. and M.E.tranten (fr. a nasal base of tretan) , to walk slowly about, M.E. tranter, apedlar.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, hippo-drome, M.E. dromound (thr. o.F. dromont) .Latin, dromedary (thr. Prov. or O.F.) .Teutonic, tread, trod, trodden, tread-mill, &c. , treddle, trade, tradewind, trades-man, &c.; trader, tramp, trample, trap, trapper, entrap,trap-door, trap-ball, trap-rock (so called from its steplike arrangement) , &c.; trip, tripper; Tranter, found still as a surname, butobsolete in its original sense of pedlar, trot (thr. Rom. ) .Eur- Ar. * √/DRE * DER , with sense of doing (?) .Greek, Spā-, in Spáw, to be doing, to accomplish, fulfil (aor. #Spāσa,perf. δέ- δρα-κα) , δραίνω, to be ready to do, δρηστήρ, a working man,Spâ-µa, a deed, action, its representation on the stage, Spaμaτikós ,dramatic, SpaoTiKós, efficient.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, drama, melodrama, dramatic, -ise, -ist ,drastic.For the earlier meanings of ' trade ' see the following:-' Hath tracted forth some salvage beastes trade.'-Spenser, Fairy Queen.' A common trade to passe through Priam's house.'-Surrey, neid.'Thy sin's not accidental but a trade.'-Shakespeare, Measurefor Measure.502 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. DREK, DREGH , to grasp, hold fast, seize, hurt.¹Sanscrit, dragh-, in dragh-ati, cause pain.²Greek, δρακ-, δραχ-, δραγ-, in δράξ, δρακός, the fat of the hand(Hesych. ) , dáρkes = déopaι, bundles (Hesych.) , Spáσooμai, fromSpákioμai, to hold in the hand, grasp, Spaxµń, Spayuń, a drachma(lit. as much as the hand can hold, a handful) , an Athenian weight= 66½ grs . , a silver coin = about 92d. , Spayµls, three fingers full, apinch.=Latin, drachma (loan-word from Greek) , a small Greek coin, ɑweight =about ofthe uncia.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. dramma, Prov. dragma, O.F. and м.E.dragme, drame, N.E. drachm, dram, a small weight, also a smallquantity ofspirits.Balto- Slav. , O. Slav. derzati, hold, dręsel, sad.Teutonic, Goth. trigo, grief, pain ( = λúπη) , 0.H.G. trāgi, N.H.G.träge, O.N. tregr, A.S. trāg, sad, dull, slow, O. Sax. tragi, A.S. trega,sorrow, vexation, M.E. treye³ (s. s .) , L.G. tergen, N.H.G. zergen, A.S.tergan, to vex.Celtic , Gael. dream, a tribe, Ir. dream, a handful, Bret. dramm, asheaf, from *dreg-mo, cp. Spayuń.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, (thr. Lat. ) drachm, (thr. Lat. and F.) dram.Eur-Ar. DERBH , a bundle, anything tied together.Sanscrit, darbh-, in darbha, a tuft ofgrass.Teutonic, O.H.G. zurba, L.G. turbe, O.N. and N.H.G. torf, Dan. törf,A.S. turf, M.E. turf (pl. turves) , N.E. turf, a sod ofgrass, peat.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, turf, turfy.Eur-Ar. √DREP , with unascertained meaning.Sanscrit, drāp-, in drāp-i, a mantle, covering, drapsa, a drop, spark,a banner.Balto-Slav. , Lith. drapana, a cloak.Compare this root with dherĝh-.

• See Kluge, Etym. Dict. under ' Träge.'

This word has become obsolete, but perhaps the later try ( O.F. trier) hassucceeded in some respect to its meaning of vexing, saddening; ' trial ' and ' trying 'being used almost as equivalents of sorrow and vexing.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 503L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. (in a manuscript of the seventhcentury) drappus, ' cloth, Ital. drappo, Prov. drap-s, o.F. drap, cloth,Ital. drapiere (L. Lat. drapiarius), Prov. and o.F. drapier, draper, M.and N.E. draper, Ital. drapperia, O.F. and M.E. draperie, N.E. drapery,F. drapeau, a flag.ENGLISH DERIV. L. Latin and Romance, drape (vb. ), drapery,draper, (orig. ) maker or seller of cloth, now used in more general sense,as linen-, woollen-draper.(1) Eur-Ar. √DI-, √/DIE , with extension √DIEK , to soar, fly, moverapidly, set in rapid motion.Sanscrit, di-, in diyati, fly, fly about.Greek, Si-, Sik-, Siāk-, in Síɛµai, to speed, hasten, diɛpós, swift,δίκω, to throw, δίσκος, a quoit (for δίκ-σκος) , δίκ- τυον, a net, δισκοBoxos, a quoit-thrower, Siów, to pursue, cause to run, diákovos,³diýkovos (Ion. ), a servant, minister, a deacon (ecclesiastical) , diákтoрPOS,a guide, messenger (Homer), Stakovéw, to minister.Latin, discus, a quoit, dish, disc of a sun-dial, diaconus, a deacon(both Gk. loan-words) , diaconatus, diaconate.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. desco , Prov. des, O.F. deis, dois, N.F.dais, a table, the canopy over the table, the raised portion of the hall onwhich the principal table stood, M.E. deis, deys, N.E. dais; L. Lat. discus,desca, with sense of writing table, Ital. desco, o.F. desque, M.E. deske;Ital. diacono, O.F. diacne, M.E. diacne.Balto-Slav. , Lith. dit, dancing.Teutonic, O.H.G. tisc, a table, dish, N.H.G. tisch, a table, O.N. diskr,A word of unknown history. Gröber says that being first found in a manuscript of the seventh century, it must be a Romance, not a Latin, word, and offoreign origin, though neither Greek, Celtic, nor Teutonic.' Körting questions thisconclusion; Ascoli thinks it may be a Latin word. It is not found in classicalLatin. Diez refers it to an O.H.G. trabo, the border of a garment, found in a Glossaryof the twelfth century. Littré also assigns it to a German source.2 The Latin jacere, jacere, and N.H.G. jagen, to hunt, chase, are referred to✔diek- by Prellwitz, by loss of initial d, as in Jovis from Diovis. Kluge considersthe connection of jagen with ✅diek- as questionable. Fick, in his third edition,assigns jacēre, ja-cère, to ✔ie-, extended by -k = √iek-, but in the fourth editionconnects it with diek- phonetically; either explanation may be accepted (see under√i- √ei-, to go).The old derivation of this word from diă + кóvis , running through the dust, ismade untenable by the long vowel ā in diākovos , which was first shown by Buttmann,and the explanation here given from *diākw, a lost form of diúkw, but apparentlyretained in the Homeric diákтороs, seems the more probable.504 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.a dish, bowl, A.S. disc, aplate, table, L.G. disk, disch, a table, M.E. disch,disc, dissh, N.E. dish; O.N. deakn, A.S. diacon, deäcon (from Lat. ) , M.E.decon, deken .Celtic, O. Ir. dian, hasty, swift, dianas, swiftness.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, discus, disc, discobolus.Latin, diaconate, archidiaconate, -al, formed from Lat. diaconus.(Gk. loan-word) , deacon, archdeacon, through A.S. deäcon (loan-wordfrom Latin) .6L. Latin and Romance, dais, desk (fr . Gk. thr. Lat. ) .CTeutonic, dish, dish-clout, &c. dish (vb. ) , in the phrase to ' dish awheel,' to make or become concave, like a dish. See A. W. Greely,' Arctic Service, ' 370, 387: Seven hours travelling dished a wheel; 'The wheel dishing frequently.' Also ' Ingoldsby Legends ': ' For ofthis be assured, if you " go it " too fast, You'll be dished. ' Hence dishbecame used in a general sense, to damage, frustrate, over- reach, as inLord Derby's expression, ' dishing the Whigs. '(2) Eur-Ar. √DI-, to shine, gleam, be visible, appear, look at, desire,seek after.Sanscrit, di-, in di- dhidyati, shine, gleam, please, look at, dī-dhīti ,n. brightness, splendour, reflection, devotion, dina, a day, sudinas, (adj .)clear, bright, (subs. ) a fine day, Hind. din (s. s. ); dip, dvip, a lamp, anisland, Dipala, Hindu festival of lights or lamps, now called Dewali,a festival, held on the day of the new moon in the month Kartik;dip-yati, to shine, illuminate.Zend, di-, in doithra, the eye, N. Pers. didan, to see.Greek, di-, in dí- nμai, *Sidiāμai, to seek after, Çáτnµɩ Æol. (fromδιάτημι), ζητέω (Att. ) , to seel, δῆλος, clear, manifest ( =Hom. δέελος,for δείελος), εὔδηλος, εὐδείελος, easily seen, very clear.Latin, di-, in nundinus, of the ninth day (novemdinus) .Celtic, Gael. dealan, dealanach, lightning, Ir. dealan, a spark,flaming coal, Gael. and Ir. dealan-dē, a butterfly, also in Gael. thering of light caused by whirling a lighted stick, (lit. ) the spark of God(see Macbain, p. 112).ENGLISH DERIV. Sanscrit, Dewali, Hindu festival, -dive in Laccadive, Mal-dive, the names given to two groups of islands in the IndianEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 505Ocean. Seren-dib or Selēndib, an old Indian name of the island ofCeylon, meaning the island of Selen, which the Dutch called Zeylan,and the English Ceylōn, omitting the termination -dib."Eur-Ar. VDI-U- DI-U- √DIEU , day, the sky, name of the supremeGod.Sanscrit, div-, dyu-, dyo-, in div-yati , gives light, shines, dyau-sh,heaven, the sky, a day, title of God, in Dyaush-pitar, father (orruler [?] ) ofthe sky, Dyau-sh (used as a personal name for God) , gen.Div-as, Dyos (for Dyav-as), dat. Dyav-e, acc. Div-am; div-as,divasa (in comp. diva-), the sky, day, divya-s, heavenly, deva-s, (adj . )Godlike, (subs .) God, deva-daru, the deodar, (lit. ) God's tree.Zend, Daeva, God, Aeshma-daeva, ' God of envy ' or ' desire,' Asmodeus, daeva-vant, God-fearing, daeva-zusta, loved by God.Greek, Si-, Sif-, dɩɛv- ( =Zɛv-) , in Zɛús ( =díeus, Sans. dyaush)gen. Acós (= def-ós), dat. Aı-i ( =Aıf-í) , acc. Aía ( =▲íf-a) , personalname ofthe supreme God, Zɛû πaτÉP (voc. ) , O father Zeus. The senseofsky, heaven,' is lost in Greek and Latin, and ' Zeus-Taтýp,' ' Jupiter,'are treated as personal names, not as descriptive titles; * Si - es = * Sıf-es,' day, the sky,' found in ɛv-di-ɛi-vós (for ev-di-eo-vós) , clear, ev- diéoTepos, vdios, at mid-day, in the open air, sudios, calm, fine (of theweather: cp. Sans. su-dinas fr. di-); Sios, heavenly, god-like ( = SîF- os),Aiwvn (= dif-iwvn) , name of a goddess applied in Epirus to Hera(Strabo; cp. Lat. Juno Diuno); Æol. Záv ( = Aif-xav), Att. Zýv(=Aif-nv), cp. Lat. Dian-a ( = Jan-a) and Dian-us (=Jan-us). ALcorresponds in Gk. to Z, in Lat. to J.=Latin, diu-, div-, ju-, jov-, dju-, djov-, in ( 1 ) *dius, a day (subs.neut. with gen. -eris) , in perdius, interdius, diur-nus ( =dius-nus),lasting a day, daily; ( 2) dius, day (subs . masc. with gen. -ūs, abl. -u) ,from which diu, for a long time; (3) dium (subs. neut. with gen. -i),the sky, from which ' sub dio, ' under the sky, pran-dium, the early partofthe day, the forenoon, the morning meal; pran- is an old adjectivalform of prep. pro (cp. Gk. πpátos, early in the day, πрwía [subs. ] ,early morning, Doг. πрáv for πрóav, early); (4) dies, m. and f. (fordiev-es: gen. die, dies, diei, dii) , dialis, relating to the day, hodie,to-day, quoti-die, every day, meridies, midday, south, meridianus,hodiernus, quotidianus, diarium, a daily allowance of food, diary.Divus (adj .) , Godlike, divine, divus (subs. ) , a god (cp. Sans. devas) ,divinus, -itas, divinare, to divine, -atio; Deus (cp. Sans. devas) , God,506 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√DI-U-√/DI-U-✓DIEUdeitas, deity, deificare, to make a god, deify, Deodatus, God-given,Amadeus, God-lover; Jāna, Diāna ( *Div-ana) , the moon goddess, Janus( =Dianus, *div-anus), sun-god, old Latin divinities, Dialis ( = * divalis), the priest of Jupiter; Dis, for Div-s , an old name of Jupiter,later applied to Pluto; dives, -itis, splendid, shining, rich, (contractedform) dis, ditis (adj .: cp. ' Dites Indi,' ' Ditem Asiam,' ' the wealthyIndians,' ' wealthy Asia ') , divitiæ, wealth, ditare, to enrich; Jupiter,Juppiter, *jus- piter, *jous-piter, Diespiter, the name of the supremegod (cp. Sans. Dyaush-pitar, Gk. Zevs-πaτýp); Jovis (older formsDjovis, Diovis), -vi, -vem (cp. Sans. and Gk. cases above) . Jovialis,relating to Jove, Juno (for Diuno, cp . Gk. Aɩávn) , the supreme goddess,(originally) the moon goddess ( = Diana): as such she was invoked as' Juno novella ' at the new moon, and Juno Lucina, as presiding overthe birth of children, sharing this surname with Diana. The oldLatin names for the sun and moon deities, ' Dianus, Diana, weresupplanted by later forms connected with the Greek mythology, andthe identity of the old national deities was almost lost in the changeof name, and by the influence of Grecian thought.L. Latin and Romance, O Deus, an old Norman oath, from which,according to Skeat, has come M.E. dewes, N.E. deuce, with loss of theoriginal meaning 2; diale, a measure of land ( = a day's ploughing);Ital. giorno, Prov. jorn (L. Lat. jornus) , O.F. jorn, jor, N.F. jour, thespace of a day, day (Lat. diurnum), L. Lat. jornata, a day's work ortravel, O.F. jornée, N.F. journée ( = L. Lat. * diurnata) , L. Lat. jornale(Lat. diurnale) , Ital. giornale, O.F. jornal, N.F. journal, a measure ofland, a daily account-book; L. Lat. * subdiurnare, sojurnare, literallyto pass the day at a place, to stay at, Ital. soggiornare, O.F. sojorner,sojourner, N.F. séjourner, M.E. soiornen, N.E. sojourn; o.F. ajorner, M.E.¹ Janua and Janus, a gate, were not so called because the image of Janus wasplaced upon public gateways and arches of which he was regarded as the guardian(cp. Hor. Epist. ii . 1 , 255: Claustraque custodem pacis cohibentia Janum '; Ovid,Fasti, i. 257: Quum tot sint Jani, cur stas sacratus in uno, Hic ubi juncta foris templaduobus habes? ') There is no etymological connection of one with the other. Janus,a gate, is from the Eur-Ar. ✔ie-, to go, that which you can go through, the gangway.2 The following explanations of deuce are given:(1 ) From Dusius, a Latinised Celtic word, with sense of an evil spirit, perhapsthe same as Breton dus, teuz, a spectre, goblin; Dusius is cited by Du Cange as fromIsidorus, and explained as ‘ dæmo apud Gallos,' mauvais génie '; Augustin ( Civ. Dei,xv. 23) mentions ' quosdam dæmones quos Dusios Galli nuncupant. '(2) From O.N. thurs (pronounced thuss ) , a giant, a goblin, Norwegian tuss (8.8. ),which the Century Dict. connects with O.H.G. turs, M.H.G. turse, durse, A.S. thyrs,a giant, goblin, and L.G. forms droos, droes, L.G. and O. Fris. dūs, with the samemeaning, and used in the same way as deuce in English, as ' de droos, ' the deuce!' das ti de druus hale, ' the deuce take you!EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 507ajornen, properly to dawn, now to postpone to another day; o.F. dismal (really two words = Lat. dies mali), evil or unlucky days,' M.E.dismall, dismale, dismal, written as a single word, and used first (assubs. ), with the sense unlucky, evil day or time, e.g. ' in the dismale,'cited by Murray ' Hist. Dict. ' from documents of the dates of 1310and 1400; secondly as adj . , with sense of evil, unlucky, and generallyrestricted to day or days, e.g. ' Her disemale daies and fatal hours,'1420; Dismall daies, dies nefasti , atri dies, dies Ægyptiaci,' 1552;If his journey began on the dismall day,' 1608. From this timedismal was more generally applied to anything gloomy or unfortunate. It. Dio, Prov. Deus, Dieus, O.F. Dieus, N.F. Dieu, God."Balto- Slav. , Lith. devas, O. Pruss. deivas, God.Teutonic, O.N. Tyr, gen. Tys, A.S. Tiu, gen. Tives, O.H.G. Ziu, Zio,gen. Ziwes, the War God, O.N. tysdagr, A.S. * Tives-däg, O.H.G. zies-tac,M.H.G. zīs-tac, zins-tac, dins-tac, N.H.G. Dienstag,2 Tuesday.Celtic, Gael. di- (in comp. ) , as di-luain, Monday, Ir. die, dia, Wel.dydd, dyw, Corn. det, Bret. dez, a day, O.Ir. indiu, O. Wel. hediw,Wel. heddy, Corn. he-theu, to-day; Gael. and Ir. dia, O. Wel. duiu,N. Wel. duw, Corn. duy, Bret, doe, God.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.6Sanscrit, Mahadeva or Mahadeo, the great God,' a Hindoo deity,Deodar.Zend, Asmodeus (Latinised form) , God of envy or desire.6(3) Bezzenberger compares with Eng. deuce, Lith. dusas, mist, dwase, breath, aspirit, hikta dwase, a bad spirit, spectre, M.H.G. ge-twast ( s.s.) , from Eur-Ar. ✔dhues-.¹ In the medieval calendars the days were noted according to their use orcharacter, dies sacri, dies communes, dies pingues, dies jejunii , &c. Two days in everymonth were noted as dies mali or atri, or Egyptiaci: the latter, because theircomputation was attributed to Egyptian astrologers. Dismal is mentioned in adocument of 1256 as the English or Anglo-French name for ' les mals jours. ' Oredirrai des jours denietz que vous dismal appeletz ' ( Now I will tell of the forbiddendays which you call dismal) . Further on, ' Dism al les appelent plussours, c'est a direles mals jours ' (Art de Kalender of Rauf de Linham) . In an Icelandic treatise of1363 there is the following passage, ' Here tells of the dismal days ' [ in the O.N.dismala taga]; ' there are two days in every month, that in the book-language [i.e.Latin] are called dies mali. ' The Icelandic agrees with the Anglo- French calendar inits list ofthe dies mali, and the tradition of them survived in Scotland till the closeof the eighteenth century, as is shown by the following extract from Bourne'sPop. Antiq. 1777. The dies mali of the medieval calendar for May were the thirdand twenty-fifth, and Bourne writes: ' Pennant says a Highlander never begins anything of consequence on the day of the week on which the third of May falls, whichhe calls the dismal day.' The above seems to leave no doubt as to the origin andhistory of the word dismal, although some medieval writers erroneously connect O.F.dis mal with the ten plagues of Egypt, as if it represented Lat. decem mala, the ' ten evils.'2 M. and N.H.G. dinstac, diens-tag, are (according to Kluge) from a god whoseLatinised name was Thinxus. (see p. 419) .√DI-U√DI-U-✓DIEU-508 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Greek, Dion, and many proper names compounded with Dio-,Diodorus, Diogenes, Diodotus, Diotrephes, Diocletian, Dionysius.Latin, diurnal, ' sub divo, ' ' sub dio, ' ' under the sky,' in the openair, divine (subs. ) , divine (adj , ) , -ity, divine (vb.) , -er, -ation , deist,deity, deify, -ication, Dives, Dis (Pluto), the ' realms of Dis,' the netherregions, Dian, Diana; Jupiter, Jove, jovial, -ity, originally applied toone born under the planet Jupiter, the most auspicious of the planets,hence to one of a cheerful sanguine temper; Juno, dial, diary,meridian, meridional.L. Latin and Romance, deuce (?) , journey, journeyman, journal,-ist, -ism, adjourn, -ment, sojourn, -er; Denis (Dionysius), and surname Dennis; dismal.Teutonic, Tuesday.Eur-Ar. √DELGH-, √DLGH-, √DERGH , √DRGH , long, long-lasting.Sanscrit, dirgh-, in dirgh-as, long, dirghayus, long-lived.Zend, daregh-, in daregha, long.Greek, doλx-, in doλixós, long.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. dlugu, long.Teutonic, Goth. tulgus , hard, lasting, strong, O.N. tolgr, L. andN.H.G. talg, A.S. tealg, tallow (?) . ¹ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, compounds of dolicho-, as dolicho-cephalous, &c.Teutonic, tallow (?).Eur-Ar. * DEL-, 2 of uncertain meaning, perhaps to split, slice, spreadout.Sanscrit, dal-, in dalitas, split.Teutonic, O.H.G. zelt, gizelt, N.H.G. zelt, a tent, O.N. tjald , a curtain,' Suggested by Dieffenbach, but not approved by Kluge. The wide divergence ofmeaning between Goth. tulgus and O.N. tolgr makes the connection between them highly uncertain.2 Prellwitz (Etym. Gr. Dict. ) connects the following words with ✔del-:Greek, déλTOS, (Cyprian) dáλros, a writing tablet, dnλéoµai, damage, spoil, raste,destroy, dnλnthplos, noxious.Latin, delere, to abolish, destroy, blot out; dolare, to her, chip, dolabra, an axe.The English derivatives from these are:Greek, deleterious.Latin, delete, -ion, delible, indelible.Fick, in his fourth edition, gives the same explanation .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 509tent, A.S. teld, geteld, Dan. telt, a tent, A.S. beteld-an, to spread out,cover.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, tilt, the covering of a wagon.Eur-Ar. * /DEL- (perhaps a variant of √DER-, to respect, consider) , withmeaning to instruct, inform. The only traces hitherto found ofthis root are in the Teutonic branch, where it has spread widely. "Teutonic, tal-, in Goth. talzjan, to teach, instruct, Goth. untals, untaught, O.H.G. zellen (from zaljan) , to count, O.N. telja, narrate, inform,A.S. tellan, M.E. tellen (p. t. tolde, talde, p. p. itold , talden), to tell,count, O.H.G. zalon, to count, N.H.G. zählen (s . s. ), O.H.G. zala, N.H.G.zahl, a number, O.N. tal, A.S. talu, M.E. tale, a number, a narrative,M.E. talken (formed fr. M.E. tellen, as hark from hear), to speak, converse, ¹ O.H.G. zol, N.H.G. zoll, O.N. tollr, A.s. toll , a tax, a payment madefor certain privileges.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, tell, told , teller, tale, perhaps tattle, aredupl. , talk, &c.; toll, toll-bar, toller, collector of tolls (now a surname).Eur-Ar. * √/DREU- * /DRU (perhaps an extension of √DER , to haverespect for, consider, or a variant of √DHREU´) , firm, strong,true.Greek, SpoF-, in Spo-ós, from SpoF-ós (Hesych. ) , firm, strong.Teutonic, tru-. trew-, in Goth. triggw-as, O.H.G. triu, N.H.G. treu,O.N. tryggr, A.S. trywe, treowe, M.E. trewe, N.E. true, honest, reliable,Goth. triggwa, a compact, O.H.G. triuwa, N.H.G. treue, A.S. treow,tryw, treowth, M.E. trewthe, trowthe, N.E . truth, troth, O.N. trygdh, truth,confidence, faithfulness; Goth. trauan, O.H.G. truën, N.H.G. trauen, O.N.trua, A.S. treowan, M.E. trowen, to trust, believe, Goth. traust, a compact,alliance, o. and N.H.G. trōst, confidence, consolation, O.N. traust, confidence, M.E. trust, also tryste, an agreement to meet, a pledge (from O.N.treysta), N.E. trust, tryst, O.H.G. trosten, N.H.G. trösten, to console, inspireconfidence, M.E. trusten, trosten, trysten, to trust, O.N. treysta (s. s. ) , M.E.treowes, trewes, triwes, pl. pledges of truth (from A.S. treow) , N.E. truce,(early) trewse, truse, M.E. trewe, truth, a pledge of truth, a compact,Ital. tregua, Prov. treva, F. trêve, a truce, from Goth. triggwa, orO.H.G. triuwa, a compact, trust, M.E. (Spenser) tregue, a compact; O.H.G.trut (orig. p. p. ) has the sense of beloved, betrothed, (as subs. ) a personFor alternative derivation sec under tel-, to bear, lift, &c. , p. 459, n. 3.510 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.1betrothed, perhaps also a sweetheart, a girl in general (cp. Gertrude,said to mean spear-maiden) , M.E. drud, darling.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. drudo (from Teut. drud, [later] trut),Prov. drutz, O.F. drud, dru, gallant, amorous, Ital . druderia, o.F. druerie,M.E. druwerie, druery, drurie, drury, gallantry, love-making.Balto- Slav. , O. Pruss. druw-is , trust, O. Slav. drugu, a friend (?) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, true, truth, truism, truly, untrue, &c. , trow, troth, betroth,-al, trust, -y, -iness , trustee, intrust, mistrust, distrust, truce, tryst.L. Latin and Romance, druery (dial.) , courting, Drury lane, Love orLovers' lane.(1) Eur-Ar. √DEU, DU, to be capable, have power, influence, rank,honour.Sanscrit, du-, in du-v-as, ' doing honour to ' (Brugmann, i . p. 151 ) .Greek, Sv-, in Súvapai, to be able, powerful, Súvapis, power,might, Svvaμikós, powerful, dvvarós, strong, possible, Svváoτns, aruler, Suvaorɛía, dominion, lordship.Latin, dvo-, dve-, du-, in O. Lat. duonus, * duenus, (later) bonus,with by-form *benus, 2 good, honest, ofgood standing, bonitas, goodness;bene, well, benignus, kind, -itas, beneficus, beneficent, bene-facere, to dowell, to benefit, beneficium, a benefit, beneficentia, benedicere, to speakwell of, bless , benedictus, -io, benevolus, well-wishing, benevolentia;bellus (from * benulus), handsome, fine, pleasant; durus, hard, duritas,duritia, hardness, durare, to make hard, to last, endure, durabilis,lasting, durescere, to grow hard, indurare, to harden (trans. ) , indurescere, to harden, (intrans. ) grow hard, obdurare, to harden, holdout obstinately.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . buono, Prov. and o.F. bon, Norm. F.boon, M.E. bon, boon, bone, good (adj . ) ³; Ital. bontà, Prov. bontat, O.F.bonteit, bonte, M.E. bountee, goodness, a good deed, o.F. bonëur, N.F.bonheur, happiness, good fortune (from Latin bonum augurium, a goodaugury), F. bonhomie, kindliness, geniality, the quality of a bon-homme;L. Lat. Bonifacius, a prop. n. ( either ' good-looking,' from Lat. boni-' Cp. bis from dui , two, bellum from duellum.2 Found in bene, well, bellus for benulus, good, fine.3 Boon is used in modern English as an adjective in boon-companion. The subs.boon has no connection with bonus, but is from O.N. bone, boen, Dan. bön, A.S. ben,M.E. bene, a petition, a prayer. The more usual M.E. bene is obsolete, and theNorthumbrian boon has survived, which is very generally used in the sense of afavour,gift, a good thing, from a confusion with F. bon.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 5111facies, or well-doing, from L. Lat. bonifacere) , F. bonne, name given toa nurse (' good woman '), O.F. bontif, M.E. bontivous, bountyvous, afterwards changed to bounteous; Ital. bene, Prov. and O.F. ben, N.F. bien,well, O.F. benigne, M.E. bening, benign, o.F. benigniteit, M.E. benignete,benignite; Ital. benefatto, O.F. benfet, N.F. bienfait, M.E. benfeet, benefet, N.E. benefit, O.F. and M.E. benefice, a good deed, a fief, a churchliving, M.E. benediht, benedight, blessed¹; O.F. and M.E. benivolent, N.E.benevolent; Ital. bello, Prov. bel, o.F. bel, beal, bial, (later) beau,biau, N.F. beau, fine, handsome, M.E. bel, beau, fine, M.E. beldam,grandmother, an old woman, M.E. belami, my good friend ' (found asa surname, Bellamy) , belsire and beau-sire, grandfather (perhaps stillfound in the surnames Belcher, 2 Bosher); Ital. beltà (Lat. bellitatem) ,O.F. beltet, bialte, biaute, beaute, N.F. beauté, M.E. bealte, beaulte,bewte, beaute, N.E. beauty; Ital. duro, F. dur, hard, Ital. durezza, O.F.duresce, hardness , M.E. duresse, constraint, hardship, F. durer, endurer,to last, endure.Teutonic, o. and M.H.G. tun,3 N.H.G. zaun, a hedge, fence, enclosure,o. and a.s. and O.N. tun, an enclosed space, M.E. toun, farm-house, hamlet, town, A.S. dun, a hill (from Celt . ) , M.E. doun (s. s. ) , A.S. of-dune,adune, M.E. adown, from the hill, down.Celtic, dun-, in Latino-Gallio -dunum, with sense of fortress, e.g.Sorbio-dunum (Salisbury) , Lug-dunum (Lyons) , Camalo-dunum (Colchester), &c . , Wel. Brit. din, dyn, in Lon-dinum (London) , a fortress,Pendynas (Pendennis in Cornwall), the fort on the headland,' O. Ir.dun, a fortified place, a hill, dunaim, I barricade, Gael. Dun- Aidain(Dunedin) , Aidan's fort (now Edinburgh) , dunadh, a carn, Gael. Ir.dur, stubborn, hard, duras, a house, fortress, Latino-Gallic -durum, afortified place, in Augusto-durum, Brivo-durum, &c.; Ir. duine, Wel.dyn, a man, Ir. duineamlas, manliness 4; O. Gael. Dun- Callden , DuniCallen, Eng. form Dunkeld, Gael. Dun Chaillin, explained by Windischas fort ofthe woodlanders, fr. cald, root of Coille. Another explanationof Caledonia is from Coille duine, men of the woods.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, dynamic, dynamite, dynasty, -ic.Latin, bonus (subs.), Boniface, benefactor, -ion, beneficent, -ence,1 For other derivatives from benedicere see under deik-, to show, point, &c.2 Belcher is also a local name.³ The original meaning is afence protecting an enclosed space with any buildingsit may contain, and was applied later to a farmhouse and building, to a hamlet or toa town, or a fortified place used as a refuge or for resistance.So Wh. Stokes, but Macbain connects duine with Gk. Oaveiv, fr. Eur- Ar.✔dhuen-.512 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.beneficial, -iary, Benedict; duration, -ble, -bility, indurate, -ion,obdurate, -acy, indurescent.L. Latin and Romance, (boon in boon-companion) , bounty, -eous,-iful, &c.; bonhomie, bonne (a nurse), bonnie, bonny (Scot. from F.bonne); benign, -ity, -ant, benefit, benefice, benevolent, -ce; beldam,Bellamy, Belcher (?) , Bosher (?) (surnames); beau, belle, Beauchamp,Belcham, Beecham (surnames), Belvedere, Beauvoir, Beevor, Beaulieu,Bewley, Leighton-Buz-zard (for Beau-desert); beauty, -iful, -eous; dure,-ing, -ance, -esse, endure, -ance, -able, -ability.Teutonic, town, -ship, -hall, &c. , Townsend, Townley (surnames) ,-ton in names of places and persons, as Leaming-ton, Northamp-ton,&c.; Newton, Thornton, &c . , originally names of places.Celtic, down, a hill, adown, down (adverb and prep. ), from thehill ' (A.S. a-dune) , downward, downfall, -right, &c.; Dun-edin (Celticname of Edinburgh), Pendennis, Dun-keld, Caledon, Caledonia,Dundee, &c.; dour ( Scot. ) , hard, obstinate (fr. Gael . dur?)(2) Eur-Ar. √DEU-, to be stirring, restless, to miss, want, be far from,be behind.Sanscrit, du-, in du-vas, restless, moving, dura, far from, comp.dav- iyams, superl. dav-ishta.Greek, dɛF-, in déw (from défw) , Sɛów (Epic and Æol. ) , to miss,want, lack, ask for, beg, to be far from, stand apart (cp. the phrase' πOλλOû dɛî,' ' there is need of much ' = is far from, ' πoλλoû Séw¿πoλoyɛîolai,' ' I am far from defending myself '), dɛî, it is needful,necessary, dεúτEpos, second.¹ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, Deuteronomy (the second law).Eur-Ar. √DEU-K-, to lead, draw, guide, consider, care for, perhaps anextension of the preceding root or of DEU , to be strong.Greek, Sɛvк-, in dɛúkɛɩ (Hesych. , = opovтíÇɛı) , cares for, found inthe composition of personal names, as Ioλvdεúкηs, much-caring,Δευκαλέων.Latin, duc-, douc- , in ducere, duxi, ductus (O. Lat. douc-ere) , tolead, draw, conduct, guide, ducalis, relating to a leader, ducatus, leader1 Brugmann connects this with deúw and Sans. dura, far, i.e. that which is wantingandfollows either in time or in space. See ii . 2, p. 469 and 656, and cp. Lat. secundus,second, from sequor, to follow.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 513ship, ductarius ( adj . ) , of or for drawing, ductilis, ductile, ductio, aleading, ductare, to lead, draw, (with bad sense) to cheat, ductor, aleader, dux, ducis, a leader; ab-ducere, to lead away, abductio,adducere, to lead to, conducere, to draw together, to hire for one's ownuse, to contribute, to promote, conductio, conductor, deducere, to drawdown, deductio, educere, to draw out, inducere, to draw or lead in orto, inductio, -ivus, introducere, to lead into, introductio, -orius, producere, to lead forward, bring forth, beget, productio, reducere, to leadback, reductio, seducere, to draw aside, seductio, subducere, drawaway, carry off, master, traducere, to carry over, lead along, to exhibit,(generally with bad sense) to expose to ridicule or blame, aquæ-ductus,an aqueduct, educare, to bring up a child, -tio.=L. Latin and Romance, Byzant. Gk. Soûra, acc. of Soû (Lat.dux) , Ital. duca, Prov. and o.F. duc, M.E. duc, N.E duke, Ital ducato(Lat. ducatus), Prov. ducatz, O.F. duch*et (m. ) , duch*ee (f. ) , M.E. duch*ee,duchie, N.E. duchy, Ital. ducato , F. and E. ducat, a coin struck for thedukedom ofApulia by Roger II. , King of Sicily, in 1140 A.D.; Ital .duch*essa, O.F. and M.E. duch*esse, N.E. duch*ess; Venet. doge¹ (fromL. Lat. * dox, docis dux); Ital. docciare (as from a L. Lat. * ductiare ,to draw water) , pour out, with subs . doccia, a water-pipe, F. doucher,to pour, F. douche, a kind of bath, Ital. doga, a water channel, canal,ditch2; L. Lat. conductus, with sense of escort, defence, Ital . conducere,condurre, p. p. condotto, Prov. and o.F. conduire, to lead, Ital . condotto, O.F. conduit, M.E. conduit, condut, an escort for defence, also awater channel, Ital. condottiere, leader, guide, F. conducteur, N.E. conductor; Ital. ridotto , p. p. of ridurre (Lat. reducere) , F. réduit andredoute, ³ N.F. redoubt, an entrenched place of retirement; o.F. souduire(Lat. subducere) , M.E. soduen, (later) subduen, to subdue; Ital. toccare,Prov. tocar, o.F. toquer, tochier, N.F. toucher, to pull at, touch, twitch,as toccare il liuto, to twitch the lute,' O.F. toc-sing, N.F. toc- sin,striking the signal bell (toquer + sing Lat. signum) . Ital . toccare,&c. , are borrowed from L.G. tukken, tokken, Ital . toccata, a prelude.=Teutonic, Goth. tiuhan (p. t. tauh), O.H.G. ziohan (p. t. zōh, zōg) ,N.H.G. ziehen (p. t. zug) , o.N. tjuga, toga (obsolete except in part.toginn), A.S. teohan, teogan, teon (p. t . teah, teag, pl. tūgon) , M.E.¹ Ital. dogana, Prov doana, O.F. doane, N.F. douane, custom- house, though thespelling has been influenced by Ital . doge, is from the Pers diwan, a collection , a hallofpublic assembly, a bureau, through Ar. ad-diwan, Span. aduana.2 Doga is found in Gregory of Tours with the meaning of canal, water-pipe. Itsorigin is uncertain. Some refer it to Lat. ducere, and regard it as a doublet ofdoccia. Diez is inclined to connect it with Gk. doxń , a receptacle, and gives ' a vesselto hold water' as its meaning. In N. Ital. doga means the stave ofa barrel.By confusion with F. redouter, to dread, as alse Eng redoubt.√DEU KL L514 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√DEU K- teën, to pull, O.N. ' toga af,' to draw off shoes and stockings; L.G.tukken, tokken, O. Du. tocken, to pull together (cp. o.N. toga, M.E.toggen, tozen, towen, N.E. tow), O.H.G. zogon, M.H.G. zogen, to drag,pull, restrain, O.H.G. zucchen, M.H.G. zucken, to twitch, shrug, M.E.tuggen, fr. a L.G. form; N.H.G. zögern, to hesitate, hold back (intensivefrom M.H.G. zogen), O.H.G. herizogo, army-leader, N.H.G. herzog, duke,A.S. here-toga, army- leader, O.H.G. giziugon, to testify, M.H.G. ziugen,N.H.G. zeugen, to produce, bring forth, make, testify; O.H.G. giziuc,M.H.G. ziuc, N.H.G. zeug, O.N. tygi, Dan. toi, Du. tuig, stuff, gear,implements, &c. , Du. speel-tuig, playthings; O.H.G. zugil, N.H.G. zügel ,O.N. tygill (pl. tuglar) , a string, strap, rein, M.E. tizen, tyen, tien, asfrom A.S. *tygan, tigan, to bind, fasten, tie, O.H.G. zoum, ¹ N.H.G. zaum,O.N. taumr, a bridle, L.G. toum, progeny, a team, a rein, a bridle, a.s.team, a progeny, a set of horses or cattle harnessed together, M.E. teem,team (cp. ' P. Plowman,' xix. 257, ' a teem of foure grete oxen ') , alsoa family, race, lineage (cp. quotation in ‘ Cent. Dict. ' ' gentille teme,'ofgentle race), A.S. tyman, tēman, to produce, bring forth, M.E. temen,to produce, N.E. teem, to be pregnant, productive, full of; Goth. taujan, ²O.H.G. zawan, zawian, O.N. tyja, work up, prepare, A.S. tawian, prepare, make ready, beat, scourge, A.S. ga-teawe, implements, Du. touwen,M.E. tewen, N.E. taw, tew, to prepare or curry leather; O.N. tō, a tuftof grass, also of wool, O.N. pl. tōl, tools, A.S. tol, M.E. tol, tool , N.E. atool, instrument.³Celtic, Gael. and Ir. duil (fr. *dukli) , an element ( Stokes, whoconnects it with N.H.G. zeugen, to produce , O.N. tygi, stuff) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, ducal, duct, ductary, ductile, abduction, adduce, conduce,conduct, conduction, conductor, conducive, -ness, deduce, -ible, deduct,deduction, educe, induce, -ible, inducement, induction, -ive, induct (toinstal into a benefice), introduce, -tion , -tive, -tory, produce, -ible, -er,product, -ion, -ive, reproduce, &c .; reduce, reducible, reduction,The Teutonic base is tougm- ( =Eur-Ar. deukm-); the literal meaning of zaum,therefore, is the leading or guiding ' rope or strap. The underlying sense of the variousmeanings of team seems to be that of preparing, arranging, setting in order, so, a set,series, family, lineage.2 If a guttural has been lost from Goth. taujan, &c. , O.N. and A.S. tōl, as fromN.H.G. zaum, O.N. taumr, A.S. team, they may be brought under Eur-Ar. ‹ deņk-,otherwise not, but they belong phonetically to ( 1) ✔dex-, to be capable, or to (2)✔deu, to be stirring, &c.Perhaps O.H.G. zahi, N.H.G. zäh, A.S. tōh, tough, i.e. capable of being drawn orpulled without breaking, may be referred to deuk. Kluge attaches it to a Teutonicbase tanh- Eur- Ar. ✅denk ✓dņk, and connects it with A S. getenge, ‘ intimate,related,' and O. Sax. bitengi , ' pressing upon.'=2EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 515Eseduce, -er, seduction, -ive, traduce, -er, traductive, aqueduct, viaduct,educate, -ion, -or.L. Latin and Romance, duke, duchy, duch*ess , ducat, doge, dukedom, douche, dock (see p. 513 , note 2 ) , conduit, conductor ( of abus or tramcar) , redoubt, subdue.Teutonic, tuck, to sew or pull together, tug, perhaps togs, thingsdrawn on and off(a common expression for clothes, especially trousers);tow, tow-rope, &c. , toy, tie, untie; team, teamster, teem (to beproductive), teeming; taw, tew (to curry leather) , taw (subs. ) , a strap used forflogging (Scot. ); tow (coarse hemp: cp. O.N. to, a tuft ofwool) , touch,touchstone, &c. , toc-sin, tucket (Shak. Hen. V.' iv. 2 , 35), a flourishon a trumpet (thr. F.).(3) Eur-Ar. √/DEU-, √DU-, to burn, vex, afflict, destroy, spoil.Sanscrit, du-, in da-noti, burns, grieves, davas, a brand (trans. andintrans.), du-kh, pain, du-nas, burnt, pained.Greek, Saf-, in Saiw (from SáFiw), to burn, to set on fire (p. p.dedavµévos, burnt) , Sýïos, dáïos (for SāFios) , hostile, destructive (usedspec. as an epithet of πûp) , unhappy, wretched, Sai's, a torch, firebrand(gen. Saldos), Sún, misfortune, misery.Latin, tæda, a torch (?): according to a conjecture of Pott's, a loanword from the Etruscan, which is averse to medials.Teutonic, O.N. ty-na, to lose, destroy, perish, ty-ning, destruction, A.S.teona, M.E. teone, tene, vexation, A.S. teonian, to vex, irritate. From aTeutonic nasalised form extended by -dh, tun-d-, tan-d(=Eur-Ar.√dnd-, √dend-) , Goth. tund-nan, set oneself on fire, tandjan, to kindle,O.H.G. zunden, to glow, N.H.G. zünden, to kindle, O.N. tendra, A.S. tyndan,tendan, M.E. tenden, teend, to kindle, N.E. (dial. ) tind, A.S. tyndre, M.E.tinder, tunder, N.E. tinder.Celtic, O. Ir. doim, I burn, scorch, do-dha, conflagration.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, teen ( Shak. ' Temp. ' i . 2, 64) , teend, tind(obs. or dial.) , tinder.Eur-Ar. * DEU S- * √/DUS (perhaps extended from preceding √DEU) ,is cited by Kluge as the base of several Teutonic words, withthe general sense to pull, tear, to tousle, and the followingderivatives.Teutonic, O.H.G. zuson, zusen, in erzusen, zirzuson, to tear to pieces,N.H.G. Zausen, to tousle, Bavarian dial. zaisen, A.S. tæsan, * tāsan, L.G.LL 2516 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.täsen, tösen, Du. teesen, tee*zen, M.E. tesen, taisen, tosen, toosen, to pull,drag, to comb or tease wool: cp. O.N. tæta, to tease wool; O.H.G. Zeisala ,A.S. tæsl, M.E. tesel, N.E. teazel, the head or burr of a plant used toraise a nap on woollen cloth, L.G. tuseln, N.H.G. zauseln, to tousle.ENGLISH DERIV. , tease, teazel, touse, tousle.Eur-Ar. DUS , to be spoiled, become bad; in composition, with senseof bad, painful, hard, amiss.Sanscrit, dush-, dus-, dur-, in dush-yati, to be spoiled, corrupted,become bad, dushtas, defiled; in comp. bad, hard, amiss, dush-kar,hard to do, dushkritas, ill- done, dus- taras, difficult to be crossed,duriti, difficulty, distress, dur-manas, ill-minded, dur-jāti, misfortune, &c.Armenian, t-, in t-get, unwise.Greek, dus-, in composition ( = Eng. prefix un- or mis-) , also hasan intensive force increasing the bad sense of a word, e.g. dúoßaTOS,impassable, Svodaiµwv, unfortunate, unhappy, SvoεvтEpía , dysentery,Súσɛpis, very quarrelsome, dvoµɛvýs, hostile, dvoπɛía, bad digestion, Súσπvola, difficulty in breathing, &c.CTeutonic, Goth. tuz-, O.H.G. zir-, zar-, zur-, M.H.G. zur-, zer-, N.H.G.zer-, O.N. tor- , A.S. tō- , prefix, carrying an intensive sense, (spec. ) of separating, going in pieces,' e.g. brechen, to break, zerbrechen, to break inpieces; sometimes it has a bad sense, as O.H.G. zur-lust, ill-will, N.H.G.zerlesen, to spoil with reading, misread. In o.N. tor- has generallythe sense of difficulty, as tor-kenndr, hard to recognise, torfæra, adifficult passage, which passes over occasionally to sense of Eng. mis-,as tor-tryggja, to mistrust, or has only an intensive force, as in tortyna, to destroy, from tyna, to lose , destroy. The A.S. and M.E. tō- hasa separative, negative, or simply intensive force, as to-breken, to breakin pieces. Except in Goth. the Teut. words change s to r, A.S.to- *tos-.Celtic, do-, with sense of hard, ill, mis-, as O. Ir. dodhaing, difficult, dodacht, an evil action, do-dhuine, a bad man, do-gar, sad,unhappy, &c.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, dysentery, -ic, dyspepsia, dyspeptic, dyspnoea, &c.Teutonic. The use of to- as a prefix is obsolete in modern Eng. , butto-brake ' is still found in Judges ix. 53, ' all to brake his skull '(for ' all to-brake ') , ' completely broke his skull in pieces '; to- gether,altogether..EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 517Eur-Ar. DUO , DUUO , in compounds and some derivatives DỤI ,two.Paradigm of2 (Cardinals and Ordinals).Sans. , dvau (m.) , dvě (f. &n. ) , two,Zend, dva (m. &n. ) , duyẹ (f. ) ,Greek, δύω (m . & f.), δύο(orig. n. )dvitiya-, second.1999 bitya-,"δεύτερος,from δεύω. 29duve (f. & n. ),Latin, duo (m. & n.) , duæ (f.) ,Lith. , du (m. ), dvi (f.) ,0. Slav. , dva, duva (m.) , dve,Goth. , tvai (m.) , tvōs (f. ) , tva"" secundus, ""antras, ""sequor.cp. Sans. an-yas.vutoru,u-bhau. "" ""(n. ),anthar, "" 29 anyas.O.H.G., zwene (m. ), zwo (f.) ,zwei (n.) ,"" andar, " "" anyas.N.H.G., zwei, for all genderssince the 17th cent. , zweiter, but ander-t- "" ""O.N., tveir (m.) , tvær (f. ) , tvau(n.) ,halb, 1 ." annarr, forantharr, ""Sans, anyas.A.S., twegen (m.) , two (f. ) ,tu (n.),""O. Ir. , dau, do, da (m. ) , di (f. ) , ""Paradigm of Twelve and Twice.Sans. , dvadaça, duva-daça, twelve, dvis, duvis."" anyas.cp. Lat. alius.odher,aile,Zend, dva-dasa, bis. ""Greek, δώδεκα, δυώδεκα, "" dis (= dFis).Latin, duo-decim, "" bis, O. Lat. duis ( =Eur-Ar.Lith. , dvy-lika, ""O. Slav., dava na desete, 2on 10,""duiies).dvi-sykius, compound of dvi +sykis, a stroke.dvašdi, compound of dva +sidi,a going.Goth. , tvalif, twis. ""O.H.G. , zwelif,zwir-or. ""N.H.G., zwölf, "" zwei-mal, two times (zwei +mal).O.N. , tolf,twis-var, tvistr.A.S., twelf, """"twiwa, twiges.O. Ir. , du-deai, ""ཝfo di, ( =di fo) , two turns orgoings.518 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.DUODUUODUICompounds and Derivatives of dạo, dui.Sanscrit, dvayas (adj. ) , double, dvayi (subs.) , duplicity, falsehood,dvi-dha, split in two, dvika, consisting of two parts, dvi-padas, havingtwo feet, dvi-varnas, oftwo colours, dvi-varshas, two years old, dvi- dant,having two teeth.Zend, dvaya, double, bimahya, of two months.Greek, Solós (from SFotós, cp. Sans. and Zend dvaya), doiń, doubt,uncertainty (cp. Sans. dvayi, falsehood) . Síxa, in two, apart (fromδείχα, cp. Sans. dvika) , δισσός, Att. διττός, Ion. διξός (from δεικμός),double; Siá (from Sfi- á), Aol. Cá ( =diá, monosyllabic) , through (i.e.cutting asunder into two parts) , diáßoλos, a slanderer, the devil, SiaBýrns, passing through, (medical) a disease, diáyvwois, a distinguishing, Siάypaµµa, that which is marked out by lines, diaɣávios, fromangle to angle; diádnμa, something bound round, a fillet, diálɛois, adisposition, habit, Si- alpeois, division, Stáλoyos, a conversation,SiάλEKTOS, a common language, way of talking, diaλEKTIKŃ, the art ofdiscussing, logic, διάμετρος, the measure through, διαπασών (sc. χορδῶν) ,concord, through all chords, Stáppola, a flowing through, diárovos,stretching through, Siarpiẞń, a pastime, amusem*nt, a discourse (lit. awearing away, i.e. oftime); Siapavýs, transparent, diapopηTIKós, carrying through, i.e. by perspiration (med.) , diáppayμa, a partition, wall,(med.) the muscle separating the thorax from the abdomen, Siolknois,lit. house-keeping, administration, (eccles.) a bishop's jurisdiction,Síoπτрa, instrument for measuring heights, τà SIOTтρikά, the science ofdioptrics, StovρnTixós, promoting urine, Supapa, a view or scene; di- incomp. with sense of two, double, Sídvμos, a twin, SíπTEρos, having twowings, Sikotvλndúv, having two seed-lobes , Síkvkλos, two- wheeled,Sí-λnµµa, an argument of two propositions each of which confutes,Sí-μiros, ofdouble thread, Sıπλoûs, two-fold, Siπλwµa, a folded paper,a recommendation, letters of licence or privilege granted by the Emperoror by magistrates, di-πovs, two-footed, Síπτνxos, double-folded, dí-orixos,oftwo rows or lines, di-p0oyyos, of two sounds, dixo-Toμía, a cuttingasunder.Latin, dualis, containing two, dualitas, dubius, ' doubtful, waveringbetween two, dubietas, doubtfulness, dubiosus, dubious, dubitare, to doubt,dubitatio, -bilis; perduellio, hostility to one's country, treason, O. Lat.duellum (from dues-lum), contest between two persons or parties, Class.Lat. bellum, war, bellare, to make war, bellicus, warlike, bellicosus,' The termination -bius is a variant from -bus in super-bus, and is from Eur-Ar bhen, to be.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 519bellicose, Bellona, the goddess of war, belliger, carrying on war, belligerare, to carry on war, rebellare, to revolt, rebel, (lit. ) to fight again,rebellis, a rebel, rebellio, rebellion; duplex, -icis , two-fold, double, duplicitas, doubleness, duplicare, to double, duplicatio, reduplicare, todouble again, reduplicatio, duplio (subs. ) , the double, duplus ( adj . ) ,double; bis, twice, bini, two apiece, binarius, containing two, combinare,to put twotogether, combinatio, biceps, two-headed, bimus, two years old(bi +hyems), duidens, bidens, having two teeth (cp. Sans. dvi-dant),biennium, space oftwo years, biennalis, lasting two years; bifurcus, twopronged, bi-gamus, twice married, bilanx, having two scales, bilinguis,double-tongued, bipartire, to divide in two parts, bipes, -edis, having twofeet, bisextilis , containing an intercalary day, bisextus, the intercalaryday, vi. Kal. Mart. (February 24) , which was doubled once every fouryears. Dis, ' di-, in composition, with a separative or negative force, asdifferre, to scatter, separate, distract, putoff, delay, differ, diffidere, to distrust, dibalare, to bleat abroad, diducere, to part, di-gerere, to carry apart,diluere, to wash away, dimittere, to send away, dinumerare, to countover, dirumpere, to break asunder, discribere, to assign to several persons, dispicere, to see in different directions, di-stare, to stand apart,dividere, to divide, dis-cedere, to depart, dispartire, to distribute, dissolvere, to dissolve, distorquere, to distort, dissimilis, unlike, dispar, unequal, &c.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. due (O. Ital. duo) , Prov. and o.F. dui,doi, dous, deus, N.F. deux, two, Ital. duetto, a duet, Ital. duello, F. duel,afight between two (Lat. duellum); Ital . dubitare, dottare, Prov. dobtar,dotar, o.F. douter, M.E. douten (afterwards corrected to doubten) , N.E.doubt, O.F. redouter, to fear, O.F. and M.E. redoutable, N.E. redoubtable;O.F. rebelle, rebellious, M.E. rebel (s.s. ) , N.E. rebel (adj . and subs. ) , O.F.and M.E. rebellion; o.F. duplicite, Ital . duplo, Prov. doble, O.F. and M.E.duble, doble, double, Prov. doblar, O.F. dobler, doubler, M.E. doblen,doublen, N.E. double; o.F. douzaine, M.E. doseyne, N.E. dozen, o.F. andM.E. doblet, doublet, a quilted or lined undergarment, O.F. doublure, thelining of a garment, Span. doblon, a coin ( =2 pistoles) , F. doubloon.Bi-, bis-, bes-, ber-, in composition, besides the radical meaning twice,have a diminutive or depreciative force: Ital. bilancia (Lat. bilanx) ,O.F. , M. and N.E. balance, Ital. binocolo, F. binocle, N.E. binocular, aglass for both eyes, Ital. bis-cotto (Lat. bis + coctus, twice- baked), Prov.biscueitz, O.F. bi -cuit, bis-cuit, M.E. biscot, biscut, N.E. bisket,(later) biscuit, a biscuit, Prov. and O.F. biais, N.E. bias, a slant,1 Dis- becomes dif- before -f, as in dif-fidere-, to distrust, and di- before b, d, g1, m, n, 1, sc, sp, st, v, and sometimes before j; it is unchanged before c, p, s, and t.DUODULODUI-520 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.DUODUUODUI-=Sardin. biasciu, awry, Prov. ' via biayssa,' a cross-road (of unknownorigin, but the first syllable is probably bi = bis: cp. Span. bis-ojo,squinting). O.F. des-, o . and N.F. dé-, in composition, representLat. dis and (de + ex) , ' and have the same force: Ital . sbarraredisbarrare) , O.F. desbarrer (des + barre, of Celtic origin, a bar orrail), to unbar, but N.E. debar, to bar out, exclude, Ital . dibattere, O.F.desbattre, debatre, to debate, dispute, Ital. sbarcare (disbarcare), o.F.desbarquer, to debark; o.F. desbaucher, to corrupt, debauch ( = L. Lat.dis-balcare, formed from L. Lat. balco, a shed, workshop, and with theoriginal sense, to entice awayfrom the workshop 2) , Ital . sboccare (disboccare) , O.F. des-boucher, to disembogue, debouch, O.F. desbuter, tomiss aim, N.F. débuter, to lead at billiards (i.e. by a miss), N.F. début, opening stroke at billards, first appearance, a beginning; Ital.scampare (discampare), o.F. descamper, to decamp, O.F. descrier, M.E.descrien, to publish abroad, spy out, N.E. descry, to spy, decry, to cry down,as though a compound of Lat. de, o.F. des-cant (Lat. dis-cantare) , tochant psalmody, o.F. desfacer, M.E. deffacen , N.E. deface, Ital . diffalta,O.F. deffaute, M.E. defaute, N.E. default; o.F. desfait, deffait, defait,M.E. defet, N.E. defeat (Lat. dis + facere ) , O.F. deffaisance , defeasance,a making void, undoing (Lat. dis + facere); Ital . diffidare, O.F. desfier,deffier, defier, M.E. deffien, defien, N.E. defy, o.F. deffiance, defiance;Ital. diffamare, o.F. defamer, diffamer, M.E. diffamen, N.E. defame(Lat. diffamare); Ital. diffalcare, to abridge (dis + L. Lat. falcare, tocut with a sickle or pruning-hook) , O.F. deffalquer, to deduct, abate, M.E.defaulke, N.E. defalcation, a withdrawal or embezzlement offunds orprofits; Ital. differire, O.F. differer, M.E. differren, N.E. differ, defer, Ital.dilata (Lat. dilatio , delay, from dilatus, p. p. of differre) , O.F. and M.E.delai , N.E. delay (subs. ) , Ital. dilatare, dilajare, O.F. delaiier, M.E. delaien,delayen, N.E. delay (vb. ); o.F. defiler, to march or pass in a row or file(from Lat. filum, O.F. fil , a thread, row, line) , N.E. defile (s.s. ) , o.f.3¹ Körting gives several compounds of des- in which he considers that it represents the coatraction of de + ex. Murray (Hist. Dict. ) does not recognise this use ofdes-, and the use in Italian of dis- or di- in words corresponding to the Frenchwords so explained ( e.g. Ital. dibattere = O.F. des- battre [ de + ex] battere, accordingto Körting), so far seems to be against this explanation , although the original senseof the words favours it . If dis ( = de + ex) be accepted , the words formed from it donot belong here.2 This is Diez's explanation, but must be regarded as doubtful. Bauche is fromO.H.G. balcho, palcho, a scaffolding, O.N. balkr, a partition, a beam, A.S. balca, aheap (?) , Gael. balc, a boundary. Diez quotes Menage as the authority for an O.F. bauche = a workshop.³ This change of meaning may arise from the fact that accusations and offences were proclaimed publicly, which gave descrien a bad sense. Descrien had also thesense to discover, spy out, of the modern Eng. descry, which Mätzner regards as aconfusion with M.E. descriven, to describe.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 521defilée, a narrow pass through which soldiers must march in file, N.E.a defile; o.F. defrayer, deffroier, M.E. deffray, N.E. defray, to pay thecost (des +frai , frais, fres, cost, charge, = L. Lat. fredum, fr. O.H.G.fridu, peace), a fine for breaking the peace, any tax, cost or charge;Ital. diluvio (Lat. diluvium), o.F. deluve, ' deluge (cp. sav-oir, sage) ,aflood; Ital. dimettere, O.F. desmettre, demettre (p. p. desmis, demis) ,to dismiss, displace , M.E. demise (vb.) , to transfer by lease or will,legal term, (as subs. ) conveyance of an estate by lease or will, decease,' demise ofthe crown,' transfer of the royal power to a successor; Ital.dimidiare, to divide in the middle, to halve, O.F. demi, N.E. demy, aparticular size of paper, Ital . desinare, disinare, Prov. disnar, o.f.disner, ' se disner,' to break one's fast (from * disjunare, for disjejunare,to breakfast, o.F. des-jeuner, dejeuner, s.s. ) , N.F. dîner, M.E. dinen, tobreakfast, (later) to dine,² N.E. to dine, M.E. diner (subs. ) , breakfast,dinner, N.E. dinner; Ital. dis-nodare, dinodare (Lat. dis +nodus) , o.F.desnouer, denouer, to untie a knot, with (subs. ) denoûment, unravelling;Span. , Port. despartir, Ital. di-partire, to depart, divide, O.F. départer,to part, depart, Ital. dispiegare, to unfold (Lat. displicare) , O.F. despleier,desployer, unfold, display, M.E. displaien, N.E. display, deploy, a militaryterm, to open out, used of troops, borrowed from N.F.; O.F. des-ranger,deranger (from des +rang, formerly reng = 0.H.G. hring, a circle, ring,but with sense of order, rank, row) , to throw out of order; M.E. dirge, afuneral psalm, so called from the antiphon in the Office for the Dead,beginning with Ps. v. 8, ' Dirige Domine Deus meus '; Ital. direzzare(as from *directiare, to make direct, set straight, put in order, Span.derezar, Prov. dressar, O.F. dresser, to arrange, dress, M.E. dressen,drissen, to direct, put in order (cp . Wycl. O.T. Gen. xxiv. 40, ' He schaldresse thi weie,' diriget viam tuam) , to prepare or dress meat (cp. ‘ Bokeof Curtasye,' 557, ' mete dresset with honde ' ) , to put on clothes, armour(Octouian, 1035, ' When Florent was alredy drest in hys armure ') , O.F.drechoir, L. Lat. dressorium, M.E. dressour, N.E. dresser, a table onCited by Mätzner.2 That dinen, diner, originally referred to the breakfast or first meal of the day isevident from the following: ( 1 ) Pr. P. (p. 121 ) gives jentare, jentaculum, as theLatin equivalents of dinen and diner; but jentare is a contracted form of *jejunitare, to fast, and jentaculum the meal taken fasting—the breakfast. Suetonius namesthe three Roman meals, jentaculum, prandium, cœna, i.e. the early morning, noontide, and evening meal, answering to the breakfast, dinner, and supper of an earlierdate to breakfast, lunch, and dinner of the present day. (2) The quotation fromSeven Sages, He will cum and dyne with the To morn at prime, ' i.e. the first hourof the day. Lydgate, Min. Po.: First to dyne and after go to Messe ' (which wassaid in the early part of the day) . The shifting of the meal from an earlier to alater hour, while it still retains the same name, may be noticed in prandium =theearly meal, but later the noon- tide meal.4DUODUVODUI-522 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.DUODUTODUIwhich meat was dressed (cp. ' Boke of Curtasye, ' ' At dressour also heshalle stonde, And fett forthe mete dresset with honde ') , Ital. dritto,O.F. droit, right (Lat. directus) , O.F. desservir, to remove the dishesfrom the table, O.F. dessert, the fruits and sweets which follow theremoval; Ital. dismagare, smagare, Span. desmayar, O.F. desmaier,esmaier, M.E. desmaien, dismaien, to terrify, make powerless from fear,frighten to death (from dis +Goth. magan, strength, might), O.F. desmanteller (from dis +mantellum) , to take the cloak off, dismantle, O.F.destacher, detacher (dis- +tacher), unfasten, detach; Ital. distornare,O.F. des-tourner, M.E. desturnen, to divert, turn aside, N.F. détour, acircuit, roundabout way; Ital . distagliare (dis- + tagliare), to cut inpieces, O.F. destaillier, detaillier (s.s.) , N.E. detail , (vb. ) to tell circ*mstantially, (subs. ) a small part, a minute description; O.F. se desporter,deporter, M.E. desporten, to divert oneself, to sport, to carry oneself,behave, M.E. desport ( subs. ) , diversion, N.E. sport ( contracted form ofdesport) , O.F. devis (adj .: Lat. divisus), exact, accurate, M.E. ' at pointdevys, ' Ital. divisa, way, method, device, Prov. devis ( m. ) , divisa (f. ) ,O.F. devis (m. ) , divisa (f. ) , anything devised, a device (in heraldry) , N.F,devis, an estimate, N.F. device, a device, Ital. divisare, Prov. devisar,O.F. deviser, M.E. devisen, to imagine, devise.CTeutonic, A.S. betveonan, M.E. betweonen, bitwenan, bitwene, &c . ,N.E. between, A.S. betwixt, betwuxt, M.E. bitwix, bitwixen, bitwixt,O. Fries. bitwischa, O.H.G. Zwisk, zwiski, N.H.G. zwischen, N.E. betwixt;O.H.G. Zwig, N.H.G. zweig, Du. twigg, A.S. twig, N.E. twig, shoot of atree, i.e. its growth, or parting into two, O.H.G. zwinal (adj .) , twin, O.H.G.zwine-ling (dim. ), N.H.G. zwilling, a twin, A.S. getwinne, (pl . ) twins,O.N. tvinnr, twin; O.N. tvinna, A.S. * twinan, M.E. twinen, to twine, Du.twijn, a double thread, cp. Swed. tvinnträd, twin-thread, N.E. twine,O.H.G. Zwirnōn, N.H.G. zwirnen, M.E. twisten, ' to twist thread, N.H.G.zwirn, a double thread, Dan. tvist, strife, and thread, N.H.G. zwist, L.G.tvist, discord, a.s. twist in mæst-twist, a rope to stay a mast, N.E. twist(subs. ) , O.H.G. zwilihh, N.H.G. zwillich, Scot. tweed, N.E. twill, apeculiar mode of weaving (a German adaptation of Lat. bilix, of twothreads), cp. L.G. twillen, to double, A.S. twelf (two left over), A.S.tventig, twenty (two tens), Goth. tweifls, O.H.G. Zwi-fal, N.H.G. Zwei-fel,with variant O.H.G. zwifo, zweho, O.N. tyja, a.s. tweo, doubt. All theseI The base common to the Teutonic dialects is tvisna, in O.H.G. zwirno (s beingchanged to r) from Eur. duis. The double meaning of the L.G. and Dan. tvist,shows the identity of Sans. dvish-, to hate, with Eur. dui-, two. Duality impliesboth pairing and separation, the latter becoming difference and opposition; so Lat.duellum, bellum, has come to mean strife, war, while Dan. tvist, strife and thread,unites the two senses of pairing and separation.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 523forms rest upon a Eur-Ar. duiq- (cp. Sans. dvika), an extension ofdui by -q-, which has been labialised in Goth. twei-fis , O.H.G. Zwi-fal, ¹zwi-fel, while the guttural pronunciation has been retained in O.H.G.zweho, O.N. tyja, A.S. tweo (for twe30); O. Du. tweelicht, M.E. twyelyghte, N.E. twilight, a divided light, half-light, a.s. deoful, devil (loanword from Gk. through Lat. ).Celtic, Ir. da, dau, do, Wel. dau, fem. dui, Corn. dou, fem. diu,two, Bret. daou, diou, two, Ir. da- bheathach, amphibious, Gael. dithis,a pair, dachasach, two-footed.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, devil (through Lat. and a.s.) , diabetes, diagnosis, diagram,diagonal, diadem, diathesis, diæresis, dialogue, dialect, -ic, diameter,diametrical, diapason, diarrhoea, diatonic, diatribe, diaphanous, diaphoretic, diuretic, diaphragm, diocese, -an, dioptrics, diorama; Didymus, dicotyledon, dilemma, dimity (thr. F.?) , diploma, -cy, -tic ,diptych, distich, dichotomy.

Latin, dual, -ity, dualism, dubious, dubiety, dubitation, -ble; perduellion, duel, -ling, -list (thr. F.) , bellicose, belligerent, Bellona, rebel(vb. , adj. , subs.) , -lion, lious (thr. F.) , duplex, duplicity, duplicate(vb. , adj . , subs.) , -ion, reduplicate, -ion; binary, combine, -ationcompounds of bi-, as biceps, a muscle of the arm, bicycle, biennial ,bifurcate (vb. , adj . ) , -ion, bigamy, -ous, bilingual, bisect (bi +secare),-ion, biped, bisextile (leap year) , billion, second power of a million(coined word) , &c.; compounds of dis-, as diffident, -ce, differ, diffuse,distract, distrust, dissolve, distort, discern, dissimilar, dissert, &c.Compounds with di- = dis-, as digest, -ion, -ive, -ible, diruption,di-stant (standing apart) , diluvial, divide, -ision, -sible, individual, -ity,-ism, &c .L. Latin and Romance, deuce, two (on dice and cards), duet, doubt,-ful, -less, redoubtable, double (vb. , adj . , subs. ) , -ness, doublet, dozen,doubloon; compounds of bi-, bis-, as balance, binocle, binocular, biscuit, bias, &c.; compounds of dis-, des-, and de- ( dis) , as discard, disease, dismay, -al, discover, distemper, display, dismantle, &c. , descant(to discourse upon), despatch, dessert, debar, debate, debark, -cation,debauch, -ee, debouch, -ment, début, descry, decry, decamp, scamp,scamper, deface, default, -er, defeat, defeasance, defy, -fiant, -fiance,defame, -ation, defalcation, defer, delay, -al, defile (vb. , subs. ) , defray,' Kluge, who gives this explanation, does not himself seem quite satisfied, as itleaves obscure the formation of the noun zweifal; but may it not be a compoundword (such, e.g. , as zwei +fall , a case, accident) expressive of a double possibility and therefore of doubt!DUODUYODUI-524 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.-al, -ment, deluge; demi- in comp. as demi-god, demy, demise (vb. andsubs. ) , dine, dinner, déjeuner, dénouement, depart, deploy, derange,dirge, dress , address, redress, dresser, adroit, -ness, detach, détour,detail, disport, sport, -ive, deport (to behave) , deportment, device,devise.Teutonic, two, with its compounds two-fold, &c. , twain (A.S. twegen,M.E. tweien), twice, twelve, twenty; between, betwixt, twixt, twig,twin, twine, entwine, twist, twill, twilight, twissel, a double fruit, afork ofa tree (dial. ).Eur-Ar. DUEI- DUI-, to fear.Zend, dvae-, in dvaetha, fear, terror.Greek, SFɩ-, SFO-, in dɛídw, perf. (Hom. ) , for dédƑw, from dɛdfo(¿)a,I am afraid, Séos (from SFEL- os), fear, dɛivós, fearful (Cor. Afeivías, ¹n. pr. ) , dɛiλós, cowardly.Latin, di-, in dirus, terrible.Celtic, Ir. doel, fear.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, dino-saur, dinothere.Latin, dire, direness.(2) Eur-Ar. DUIS , with sense of apart, opposed to, hostile, to hate,identical probably with the preceding root, both being fromDUI , twin (cp. Lat. duellum, bellum, enmity, war).Sanscrit, dvish-, in dvish-ati, to be a rival or hostile, to hate, p. p.dvistas, hated, hostile, dvesha (m. ) , hatred, dveshas, a hater, anenemy.Zend, tvista, hostile, ill-disposed, dvaesanh, hostility.Teutonic, O.N. and Dan. tvist, strife, O.N. tvistra, to scatter, L.G.twist, strife, N.H.G. zwist, s.s.Cited by Prellwitz.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 525DHEur-Ar. √DHE, to place, put, lay, establish, fix, order, &c. ,' withextension DHE K.Sanscrit, dhā-, in dadhāti, places (p. p. dhitas, hitas [later]) , dhaty,a supporter, founder, creator, dhasi, a laying down, a proposition,dhaman, home, habitation, family, inmates, law, custom, dhā- ka, areceptacle, dhaya, a layer; dha- is widely found in composition, aspari-dha, to place round, çrad-dha, to trust, san-dha, to put together,san-dhi, a putting together, san-dhitam, conserves, pickles, vi-dha, toplace apart, sva-dha, custom, wont, svadus, sweet, &c.Zend, dhai-, in da-dhai-ti, places, establishes, &c. , datar, author,founder, daman, making, construction, maz-dha, pay, reward.anGreek, Oŋ-, Oɛ-, in ríoŋμ , to place, put, &c . , Оýêŋ, a chest, place ofdeposit, On-σavpós, a treasure, Onµŵv, a heap, Oýs, Ontós, a labourer,Oépa, a deposit, Oéμis, right, justice, Oéois, a proposition; àváleμa,anything dedicated, in bad sense ' devoted to evil, accursed,' ȧvalɛματίζω, devote to evil, ἀνάθημα, a votive offering; ἀντίθεσις, απopposition, contrast, åvтiðεTIKós, contrasting, àπо¤ýкη, a storehouse;διάθεσις, disposition, διαθήκη, a testament, ἐπίθετον, a descriptivename, Taρévoɛσis, an insertion, πaρevlɛтiкés, by way of insertion,προθετικός, placed before , προσθετικός, added to, σύνθεσις, a puttingtogether, ovvOETIKós, combining, synthetic, iπóbeσis, a supposition,The final dh- of many Eur-Ar. and Sans. roots is the remains of dheadded to another root to emphasise or modify its meaning, as is still usual in themodern Hindi with -de, e.g. rakh- na, to place, becomes rakh-dena, with an intensireforce. This dh- becomes in Greek 0, as in μio- 0- ós, a reward, µa- 0- in ễµadov( =μa + -OE, Tú- Ow, Bpí- 0w, &c.; in Lat. it is d as in ab-d-ere, to put away Sans. apa-dha.In Teutonic -d- or -th, -t, takes the place of dh-, as Goth. re- d-an, O.N. radha, O.H.G.rāt, from Eur- Ar. re-dh.=-dhe- is used also in conjugation of the verb, e.g. in Onv, -Onooμal, the terminationsof the 1st aor. and 1st fut. pass. of Gk. verbs. The final d -t of the past tense ofTeutonic weak verbs is the representative of the last syllable of the reduplicatedperfect form of dhe-, e.g. Sans. dedhau, Goth. dedjau, A. S. dy- de, N.E. di- d , O.H G.tha- t, N.H.G. lieb-te lieb(tha-) te, Eng. I love- d = I love(di- )d. For fuller explanationof grad- dha, vidha, see under kred-dh-, vidh-.=526 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.DHE-✓DHE KvπоОýÊη, a pledge, mortgage; Oos (from σfe-Oos: cp. Sans. sva-dha) ,custom; 0os (lengthened form of Oos), habit of mind, moral disposition, noirós, relating to morals, dús, sweet (from ofɛ-dus: cp. Sans.sva-dus), ñdoµai, to be pleased (cp. Sans. svā-dati, is pleased, lit.' makes one's own,' ' suits one's self') , ýdový , pleasure: cp. Sans. svadanam (s.s.); μισθός, pay, wages; ἕζομαι (from σεδιομαι οι σε-σδopai, Eur-Ar. √se-d-), to sit, seat oneself.¹Latin, de-, in -dere, fa-, fa-c (= dhe-k), an extension of √dhe-,in ab-dere,² to put aside, ad-dere, to put to, to add, con-dere, to puttogether, construct, abscondere, to put out of the way, hide, recondere,to stow away, shut up, indere, to put in; per-dere, to destroy, lose,perditio, destruction, pestis (from perd-tis), a plague, pestilens,pestilent, pestilentia, pestiferus, plague-bringing, subdere, to placeunder, subject, substitute; condire (condio), to season, preserve fruit,conditor, a confectioner, condimentum, seasoning, spice; sua-dēre,suasi, suasum, to represent as suitable to oneself, persuade, advise, dissuadere, to dissuade, dissuasio, persuadere, persuade, persuasio; suavis (fromsua-d-vis) , sweet, suavitas, suavitudo, sweetness; sodalis, a comrade, mate,solere,³ to become accustomed to (for * sodere) , solitus, accustomed, insolens,unaccustomed, arrogant; perhaps solari, consolari, to comfort, may be asimilar case of the change from d to 1, solatium, comfort, consolation;sedere, to sit, sedare, to seat; thesaurus, apotheca, hypotheca, ethicus(Gk. loan-words); Osc. faama, a house, household (cp. Sans. dhaman),Osc. faamat, he dwells, famel, a servant, Lat. famulus, a house servant,domestic, familia, the household, familiaris, (subs. ) one of the household,(adj.) relating to the household, intimate, pater-familias, the housefather; fa-c-ere, feci, factus , to do, make, factum, a deed, factor, adoer, tactio, a doing, a party, factorium, an oil-press, factura, a modeof doing, factiosus, factious, facticius, artificial; facilis, easy, -itas,difficilis, hard to do, difficultas, N.E. difficulty, facultas, ability; facies, 5make, appearance, face (cp. figura, fr. fingo) , superficies, the upper side,For fuller explanation ofand N.H.G. sitzen, N.E. sit, &c.4Couai see under sed-, as also for Lat. sedeo, sido,Se- d- is placed under dhe- on the suppositionthat it is a compound of (se + dhe); cp. Sans. e-dhas, a seat.2 Abdomen is sometimes derived from abdere. Another explanation given is thatit is a contraction of adipomen; and a connection with omentum, the membrane enclosing the bowels, may be supposed, but as yet no satisfactory account of the wordhas been given.3 Cp. solium from sedere, olor and odor, lingua and dingua, &c.• Besides the compounds of dhe- here cited there are many others in which✔dhe- gives an intensive force to another root, as fendere ( = ghen, to strike, + dhe) ,fundere ( =ğhu, to pour, + dhe- ), jubēre, to bid do something ( = √iu-, to move, stir, +dhe-), &c.Or from bhe-k, an expansion of bhe-, to shine, appear.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 527surface, -alis, facinus, a deed (generally in a bad sense); afficere,-fectus, -fectio, to affect, affectare, to strive after, affectatio, a strivingafter, conficere, to accomplish, confectio, confectura, a compounding,deficere, (trans. ) to loosen, ( intrans. ) to run out, cease, fail, be wanting,defectio, -ivus; efficere, to effect, effectus (subs.), -ivus, efficax, -cia,inficere, to put or dip into, to stain, infect, infectio, a dyeing, infectivus,relating to dyeing; officere, to hinder, obstruct, perficere, to complete,perfectio, -tus, præficere, to set over, place at the head, præfectus,-tura, -torius, proficere, to go forward, to increase, to be useful to, profectus (subs. ), advance, profit, success; reficere, to remake, restore,refresh, refectio, restoration, refreshment, refectorius (adj . ) , refreshing ,sufficere, (trans.) to put under, to supply, grant, ( intrans. ) to suffice;pate-facere, to lay open, madefacere, to moisten, calefacere, to warm,tepefacere, to tepify, satisfacere, to satisfy, satisfactio, stupefacere, tostupefy, putrefacere, to putrefy, benefacere, to do well, benefactor, -um ,-io, beneficus, -ium, -entia, -iarius, malefacere, to do ill, malefactor,-um, -io, maleficus, -ium, -icentia, magnifacere, -tio, magnificus, -cens,-centia, munificus, making presents, bountiful, -ium, -ens, -entia;ædificare, to build, ædificium, a building, amplificare, to make large,-tio, magnificare, to magnify, gratificare, to make pleasant, -tio, sanctificare, to make holy, -tio (eccles. ) , justificare , to make just, -tio ( eccles. ) ,sacrificare, -ari, to offer a sacrifice, ' sacrificati ,' Christians who in timesofpersecution sacrificed to heathen deities, sacrificium, a sacrifice; *fex,a doer, only found in the final syllable of compounds, arti-fex, -icis,a worker in the liberal arts, an artist, artificium, the profession of anartist, ingenuity, cunning, artifice, artificialis, relating to arts, artificial,carnifex, an executioner, aurifex, a goldsmith, opi-fex (ops +fex) , aworking man, a mechanic, opificīna (contract. form officina) , a workshop; officium (contracted from opi-ficium = ops, opis, power, ability,help, support, +facere) , a voluntary service, a favour, a ceremonial,observance (especially of a solemn nature) , an obligation, duty, anofficial employment, officialis , (adj . ) official, (subs. ) a magistrate's servant; pontifex, ' a Roman high priest, pontificalis , pontificatus.The meaning given at a later period to pontifex was that of bridge- or roadmaker, from ignorance or forgetfulness of the old Sabine form of the word, *pompifex, and its original meaning. The " pompi- fices were five commissioners, of whom*one was called pompifex (pontifex) maximus, who constituted a college, having thecharge of the sacrifices and other religious rites; and the literal meaning of the wordwasthe five sacrificers, fex being used in the sense given to facere, of ' performing anysacred rite,' and pompi- meaning five, and being only a variant of ponti- ( with thesame meaning) in ponti-fex; Lat. pompi: ponti- = Téμπe: Tévтe, Lat. Pompeius:Pontius. The pompifices were appointed by Numa Pompilius of Sabine race (cp.Livy, i. 20, Cic. De Rep. ii. 14) , and their original name was doubtless the Sabineform Pompi-, which was afterwards changed to Ponti-fices.DHE✓DHE K528 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.DHE-√/DHE-KL. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. absconsum, absconsa, sconsa, O.F.esconse, esconce, a dark lantern, a hiding place, O.N. skons, a darklantern, a candlestick, skonsa, a dark corner (L. Lat. loan-words) , M.E.sconse, sconce, scons, a lantern, candlestick, N.E. sconce, a candlestick,a place ofretreat, a screen, cover, a bulwark, a helmet, headpiece, head(vulg.): all fromLatin abscondere; Ital. sollazzo, Prov. solatz, O.F. soulas, M.E. solas, N.E. solace, L.Lat. solatiari (from Lat. solatium), Ital. sollazzare, Prov. solazar, O.F. solacier, soulacier, M.E. solacien, solacen, N.E.solace, N.F. consoler, to comfort; O.F. perdicion, M.E. perdicioun, ruin, destruction, F. peste, a plague, F. suave, suavité, dissuader, persuader, Ital.tesoro (Lat. thesaurus), Prov. tesaurs, O.F. and M.E. tresor , N.F. trésor;N.E. treasure, Ital. bottega (Lat. apotheca) , Prov. botiga, F. boutique,a shop, especially for the sale of drugs, Ital. apoticario, F. apothicaire,M.E. apotecarie, potecarie, an apothecary; Ital. famiglia,, Prov. familla,O.F. famille, family, O.F. and M.E. familier, familiar; Ital. fare (Lat.facere) , Prov. far, faire, O.F. faire, to do (perf. fis, p. p. fait); Ital.fatto (Lat. factum) , Prov. and o.F. fait, M.E. faite, feites, a deed, a feat,Ital. fazione, Prov. faisso-s, O.F. fazon, façon, fachon, M.E. facioun,fassione, N.E. fashion, Ital. fattura, work, Prov. faitura, work, witchcraft,O.F. faiture, fashion , M.E. feture, N.E. feature, make, shape, Ital. fattoria,Span. factoria, (orig. ) an establishmentfor traders in a foreign country;Ital. fattizio (adj . ) , artificial, o.F. faitice, elegant, skilful, M.E. fetis,Port. feitiço , ( adj . ) artistic, ( subs. ) magic, charm, images &c. supposedto have a magical power, Ital . faticcio, F. fetiche, N.E. fetish; F. facile,easy, of a yielding temper, F. facilité, easiness, F. faciliter, to makeeasy,O.F. faisable, M.E. feasable, N.E. feasible, O.F. malfaisance, evil-doing,N.E. malfeasance, o.F. mesfaisant, pr. p. of mes-faire, to do amiss, N.E.misfeasant (legal term) , doing a wrong, committing a trespass, M.E. misfeasance, misfeason, O.F. and M.E. faculte, O.F. difficulte, M.E. difficultee;L. Lat. facia, Ital. faccia, Prov. fassa, o.F. and M.E. face, F. facette(dim. of face), a fucet, F, façade, afront view ofa building, F. sur-face(sur super) , the upper-fuce, O.F. defface, M.E. defacen, N.E. deface; Ital.affare (affacere) , O.F. afaire, M.E. afer, affer, N.E. affair, a matter, business, employment; O.F. and M.E. affecte, inclination, liking, Ital. confetto,O.F. and M.E. confit, N.E. comfit, a sugar-plum, fruits preserved in sugar,O.F. confection, M.E. confeccioun, a composition, confiture, confectionery;L. Lat. discon-ficere, Ital. disconfiggere, sconfiggere, Prov. desconfir,O.F. desconfire, descumfire, to put to route, disconcert, O.F. desconfit (p. p. of desconfire) , M.E. disconfiten, -comfiten, scomfiten,N.E. discomfit, to defeat; Ital . disfare (Lat. * disficere, to undo), O.F. desfaire, defaire, to make null and void, to defeat, O.F. desfaisance,EUR- ARYAN ROOTS. 529defeasance, an undoing, making void (a legal term), o.F. defait (p. p.of defaire), a defeat, M.E. defaiten, to defect, defait, a defeat, O.F. andM.E. effect; Ital. contrafare (Lat. contra +facere), Prov. contrafar, O.F.contrefaire, to imitate, make a counterpart, O.F. contrefait, M.E. countrefet, N.E. counterfeit, a copy, M.E. contrefeten, N.E. counterfeit (vb. ); Ital.perfetto, Prov. perfeitz, O.F. and M.E. parfit, parfeit, N.E. perfect(corrected to the Latin), O.F. and M.E. prefect, a president, chief, N.F.préfet, Ital. profitto, O.F. and M.E. profet, gain, advantage, Ital. profittare, Prov. profeitar, O.F. profiter , M.E. profiten, N.E. profit; 0.F.and M.E. refection (reficere) , L. Lat. refectorium, refectory, O.F. suffire(p. p. suffis, pr. p. suffisant) , M.E. suffisen, N.E. suffice (Lat. sufficere);Ital. sufficiente, -za, O.F. and M.E. suffisant, -ce, N.E. sufficient, -ce(restored to the Latin form); O. Ital. forfare, Prov. and o.F. forsfaire,forfaire, L. Lat. foris-fare, to act outside (the law) , L. Lat. forisfactum,an act contrary to law, a transgression, fine or penalty for the same,O. Ital. forfatto, Prov. and o.F. forfait, M.E. forfet (s. s. ) , N.E. forfeit,only in the sense offine, penalty, M.E. forfeten, N.E. forfeit, to pay afine or penalty; Ital. forfattura, a crime, imposition, O.F. forfaiture, M.E.forfeture, N.E. forfeiture; Ital. soprafare, to overcharge, O.F. sorfaire,surfaire (s. s .) , O.F. sorfait, surfait, excess , overcharge, M.E. surfet , anovercharge, excess , especially in eating and drinking, N.E. surfeit, M.E.surfeten, N.E. surfeit (vb. ) , to over-eat, Ital . far-niente, doing nothing,O.F. fait-neant (from facit +nec +entem, he does nothing), an idle person; Ital. benefatto, o.F. bienfet, M.E. bienfet, benfeet, benefet, N.E.benefit (subs. and vb. ) , o.F. and M.E. benefice, N.E. benefice . Frenchverbal compounds terminating with -fier ( = Lat. -ficere, -ficare) , asputréfier, to putrefy, amplifier, justifier, gratifier, &c. French adjectives terminating with -fique ( =Lat. -ficus), as magnifique, horrifique,terrifique, &c. French substantives terminating with -fice ( Lat.-ficium), as bénéfice, office, artifice, édifice, &c. Ital. pontefice, o.F.and M.E. pontife, N.E. pontiff, F. officier, an officer.Balto- Slav. , dē, in O. Slav. deti, to put, dejati, does, dēti, a deed,Lith. deti, to put, place, lay, Lith. iž-das, a treasure, už-das, expense,in-das, a vessel, ab-das, clothing.Teutonic, O.H.G. tu-on, ' N.H.G. thun, A.S. dōn (p. t. dyde, p. p .gedon), M.E. dōn (p. t. dude, dide, p. p. don, ydon), N.E. do, did, done,Goth. dedhs, in gadedhs, O.H.G. tāt, N.H.G. that, O.N. dadh, A.S. dæd,As from tho-, a Teutonic variant of Eur-Ar. dhe-. The past tenses ofO.H.G. tuon, &c. as A.S. dyde, &c. are reduplicated forms, and were used as abbreviatedsuffixes -te, de, -t, -d, in the past tense of weak verbs, as the Moso- Gothic suffix-dedyau, in lagi-dedyau, I lay-did = I laid.DHE-✓DHE- KM M530 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√DHĚ-✓DHE KM.E. dede, N.E. deed; Goth. dōms, O.H.G. tuom, O.N. dōmr, A.S. and M.E.dōm, N.E. doom, a decree, judgment, A.S. domes-dæg, M.E. domes-day, theday ofjudgment, Goth. gadomjan, O.H.G. tuomen, O.N. dœma, A.S. déman,M.E. demen, N.E. deem, to judge, decree (cp. Sans. dha-m-an, Gk. Oépis);-domr, -dom, -thum are used as Teutonic suffixes with the sense ofjurisdiction, condition, state, as O.N. konung-domr, A.S. cyne-dom,N.H.G. König-thum, a kingdom, O.N. helgi-domr, N.H.G. heilig-thum, A.S.halig-dom, M.E. halidom, holiness; ¹ Goth. suts (from *svotis), mild,gentle, sweet, O.H.G. suozi, N.H.G. süss, O.N. sætr, A.S. and M.E. swete,N.E. sweet (cp. Sans. sva-dha). Fick derives A.S. widu, wudu, O.N.vidhr, a tree, from Eur-Ar. vidh (vi +dhe-) , to divide, cleave, as Sans.dru, Gk. Spûs, a tree, from √der-, to cleave. Another explanation isfrom Eur-Ar. Vui-, to twine, already given under that root. O.N. des,u heap, hey-des, a heap of hay, N.E. (dial. ) dass, dess, hay-dass (s.s.) ,dess (vb. ) , to pile up, to cut hay from a stack. The final -d, -t ofmany Teutonic roots represents the Eur-Ar. √dhe-, as Goth. val-d-,O.H.G. wal-t-, to rule, Goth. re-d-, O.H.G. ra-t-, to think over, A.S. hla-d-,to load, &c.; O.N. skons, a dark lantern, skonsa, a dark nook, M.L.G.schantze, a screen or defence (loan-words from Romance probably:Kluge says, ' of obscure origin ') .Celtic, db from du, in fe-db, a widow ( =Sans. vi-dhava, O. Slav.vidowa), Gael. and O. Ir. , fiodh, wood, a tree, N. Ir. fid , Wel. gwydd,Corn. guiden, Bret. gwezenn, tree; Gael. deimhinn, Ir. deimhin,certain; Gael. dais, a heap of hay or peat, O.Ir. dais , a heap, pile, rick.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, thesaurus, Themis, thesis, theme, anathema, anathematize,antithesis, -etic, diathesis, epithet, parenthesis, -etic, prothetic, prosthetic, hypothesis, -etic, hypothecate, synthesis, -tic , ethics, ethical,hedonism, -ist.Latin, add, addition, -al, abscond, recondite, perdition (thr. F.) , pestilent, -ce, pestilential, pestiferous, condiment, paterfamilias; insolent,-ce, console (thr. Fr.) , consolation, -tory, disconsolate, inconsolable, sodality; fact, factor, factious, factitious, faction, facilitate (coined as fromLat. facilitare, in imitation of F. faciliter), factory (perhaps thr. Span. ),facial, superficies, superficial, -ity, facinorous; affect (vb. ), affection,-ate, affectation, disaffected, -ion, defect, defection, -ive, deficient, -cy,effect, -ive, effectual, effectuate, efficient, -cy, infect, infection , -ive,-ious, disinfect, -ion, -ive, -ant, perfect, -ion, -ible, imperfect, -ion,proficient, -cy, sufficient, -cy; manufacture (Lat. manu +factura) ,The German loan- words from Gk. hêŋ are apotheke, bibliothek, pinacothek, &c.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 531madefaction, calefaction, satisfaction , putrefaction, tepefaction, stupefaction, benefactor, beneficent, -ce, beneficiary, malefic, malefactor,magnific, -ent, -ence, munificent, -ce, edification, amplification, gratification, sanctification, mortification (mors, death, +-ficare) , justification;artificial, officinal, official, -ism, officiate, -ous, -ousness, pontifical,-ate.L. Latin and Romance, sconce, ensconce, solace (subs. and verb),console, pest, suave, ' -ity, suasion, -ive, dissuade, -sion, -sive, persuade,-sion, -sive; treasure, boutique, apothecary, Pottinger (surname);family, -iar, iarity, feat, fashion, -able, feature, feasible, mis-, malfeasant, -ance, -or, fetish, facile, facility, difficult, -y; face, deface,-ment, efface, -ment, facet, façade, surface; affair , effects (pl. subs. ) ,comfit, confiture, discomfit, -ure, confection, -er, -ery; defeat (vb. andsubs. ) , defeasance, counterfeit (vb. , adj . , subs . ) , prefect, prefecture,profit, -able, unprofitable, suffice, forfeit (vb. and subs. ) , -ure, surfeit(vb. and subs. ) , fainéant, benefit, benefice, -ial; verbs in -fy = F. -fier,as edify, ampli-fy, magni-fy, &c .; adjectives ending in -fic = F. -fique,as terrific, horrific, &c.; substantives ending in -fice ( = F. -fice, Lat.-ficium) , as office, artifice, benefice, &c . , pontiff, officer.Teutonic, Do, did, done, ado, doer, deed, indeed, misdeed, undone,doff (do +off), don (do +on) , dout (do +out); deem, deemster, dempster(also found as a surname) , doom, doomsday, doomster (Scot.) , -dom (incomposition), as Christendom, halidom, kingdom, dukedom, earldom,whor*-dom, wisdom, freedom, &c.; sweet, sweeten, sweetness, -bread,&c.; wood, woody, -en, &c . , (dial . ) dass, dess.2Eur- Ar. DHE √DHEI-, to suck, suckle.Sanscrit, dha-, in dhayati (p. p. dhitas) , to suck, drink, dhāpayati ,to give suck, nourish, dhātu , dhenu, a milch-cow , dhātreyi, a fostersister, dhāyas, nourishing, sucking, drinking (adj . and subs. ) , dhāru,a sucking, dhinoti (weakened form) , to nourish, refresh, dhasi , milkbeverage, Hindi dhãe, a wet-nurse.Armenian, dai-, in dai-l, the first milk after parturition, day-eak,a nurse.Greek, On-, in On-λn, the teat, Oñ-λvs, female, feminine, TíT-Oŋ, a1 Though no letter of the original root is now found in Lat. suavis or F. suave,Lat. sua-vis represents an original sua-d-vis; so, too, does F. and Eng. suave.2 'Wood' can only be brought under ✔dhe-, if Fick's derivation from vi - dha beaccepted. The O. Ir. fiodh, a tree, is in its favour.M M 2532 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.DHĚ-✓DHEInurse, τιτ- θός, a teat (reduplicated forms) , θηλάζω, *θάω (in θῆσθαι,1 aor. inf.) , to suckle.•Latin, fe-, fi-, in felare, to suck, femina, a woman (she whogives suck) , femella, a young woman, ' femininus, feminine, effeminare,to make womanish, filius , a son, filia, a daughter, orig. sense a suckling,cp. Umb. feliuf, a suckling, ' sif feliuf,' the suckling of a sow, filialis,filial (St. Aug.) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. femina, Prov. femena, femna, O.F.femme, a woman; Prov. and O.F. femel, M.E. femel, femal, N.E. female,N.F. femelle, female (adj . and subs. ); L. Lat. feto , gen. -onis, the youngofan animal, O.F. feon, faon, M.E. fawn, fown, N.E. fawn; Ital. figlio ,Prov. and O.F. filz, fils, M.E. filz, filtz, fitz, N.F. fils , a son, O. Span.fidalgo, N. Span. hidalgo (hijo , son, +algo, something) , son of a manwho owns land, a gentleman,3 Port. fidalgo (s.s.) , O. Span. afijar,N. Span. ahijar, Port. afilhar, N.F. affilier (as from Lat. * affiliare) , toadopt as a son; Ital. tetta, zizza, zitta, Prov. teta, O.F. and M.E. tete, N.E.teat, Ital. tettar, Span. tetar, F. teter, to suck the breast, to give suck,from a L.G. titte. The Ital. zitta, zizza are from M.H.G. zitze; all theseforms are reduplicated ( cp. Gk. TÍTON).Balto-Slav. , de-, doj- before vowels, in O. Slav. dete, a child,suckling, O. Slav. doiti , gives suck, O. Slav. deva (f. ) , a female infant,Lith. pirm-dele, a mother for the first time, Lith. dele, a leech, Lett.deji, to suck, dels, a son, O. Slav. doi-līca, a nurse.Teutonic, Goth. daddjan (from dajan) , O. Swed. döggja, O.H.G.taen, (Austrian dial. ) daien, A.S. dian (in diende, sucking) , to suck, givemilk, O.N. deigja, -deia in comp. , a dairy-maid, female servant, M.E.deye, a dairy-maid, deieri, a dairy, O.N. dilkr, a sucking lamb or pig,O.H.G. tila, the breast, A.S. dile, M.E. dille , the breast, nipple, N.E.(dial. ) dills, the paps of a sow (cp . Dan. dæl , s.s.) , M. and N.E. dilling(Eng. dial. ) , the child at the breast, the youngest child, L.G. titte, A.S.tit, M.H.G. zitze, a teat, O.H.G. tilli , N.H.G. dill (a L.G. form) , a.s. dile,M.E. dille, N.E. dill, the herb anise.¹ Fetus, fecundus, are from Eur-Ar. ✔bhe- ✔bhu-, to be or become, as Lat. fio, *fuo,Gk. púw. The Latin f is the phonetic equivalent of Eur-Ar. -gh- -dh- or -bh-, andin determining which of the three aspirates it represents, regard must be had to thesignification of the word itself and of the root to which it is referred. Perhaps L.Lat.feto were better referred to bhu-.2 These spellings are found in P. Plowman; the t in filtz, fitz , is inserted to produce the dental sound of the French z =ts.Latin filius de aliquo.' The h in N. Span. represents a Lat. f, as hermosa =formosa. The Port. retains the f in fidalgo, as did also the O. Span.Goth. -ddja corresponds to Sans. dhaya, O.N. -ggja (cp. Goth. tvaddje = O.N.tveggja, duorum ').EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 533Celtic, Ir. dinim, I suck, drink, dith 3rd sing. p. t. , dinib, a drinking, Ir. dinu, dinit (dim. ) , a lamb, Ir. delech, a milch-cow, Ir. dedel,a calf, Wel. diod, O. Corn. diot, Bret. diel, a drink, Wel. did, didi, ateat, Gael. deat, an unshorn year-old lamb, Gael . deal, a leech, Gael.daoghail, to suck, Gael: and Ir. dalta, a foster-son (Macbain) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, feminine, effeminate, -cy, filial , filiation , affiliate, -ion (thr.F.?) .L. Latin and Romance, female, fawn, Fitz-, a prefix to surnames( son of), as Fitz-patrick, Fitz-herbert, Fitz- roy; hidalgo, teat¹ (fr.Teutonic thr. Rom. ).Teutonic, dairy, dairy-maid dill in dill-water (breast- water) ,dilling, dug, a teat (cp. O. Swed. döggja); tit, titmouse, &c.Eur-Ar. √DHEUGH √DHUGH , to milk, to draw out the good of anything, to yield, grant, with variant √DUGH .Sanscrit, dugh-, in dogh-āti , duha-ti, milks, extracts, (p. p. ) dughdas, duh, duhas (adj . ) , milking, yielding milk, dudhas (s.s) ,dudha, a milch-cow, dugh-dam, milk, duhitri, daughter, Hindi dudh,milk.2Zend, dug-, in dug-dar, daughter, N. Per. dokhter.Armenian, dustr, (in comp. ) ducht-, daughter.Greek, Ovy-, in Ovɣáτηp, a daughter.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. dusti, Lith. dukte, duktera, Russ. doche, adaughter, Lith. daug, much, Lith. dauk-sinti, to increase.From O.F. tete. Tit, titty, also used commonly as a vulgar word, are from A.S.tit. While teat came into general use among the more cultivated classes, tit wasretained to denote anything very small, as titmouse, tit, a pony, tom-tit, tit- bit, &c.2 Milk-maid is the meaning generally given to duhitri, daughter, &c. , as themilker of the cattle belonging to the family; but it is at least equally probable thatdaughter may mean the ' useful ' one, from ' dheugh- ' in the sense of being useful,profitable: cp. N.H.G. magd, a maid, from magan, to be able. In the primitive timesof marriage by purchase, when a good- looking or hard-working girl was worth a price,a fathermust have considered his daughter as representing so much property, and exchangeable for cattle, as now among the S. African tribes. It must be remembered, too,that in the nomad stage, before cattle were used in agriculture, the milk of the tribalherds and flocks was one of their most valuable products, so that, combining thesetwo reasons, it does not seem altogether impossible that daughter, Sans. duhati,milks,' and N.H.G. taugen, may be derived from the same root. Kluge derivesO.H G. tugan, N.H.G. taugen, from Eur-Ar. ✔dhugh-, and mentions the derivation oftochter from a Eur-Ar. ✔dugh-, which must be a variant of the aspirated formdhugh-. He considers, however, the derivation of tochter from dugh- as verydoubtful, though very generally accepted.534 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Teutonic, Goth. dauhtar, O.H.G. tohter, N.H.G. tochter, O.N. dottir,A.S. dohtor, M.E. doghter, doughter, N.E. daughter, Goth. dugan, O.H.G.tugan, N.H.G. taugen, O.N. duga, A.S. dugan, to be serviceable, strong,able, M.H.G. tühtic, L.G. dügtig, O.N. dygdhigr, A.S. dyhtig, M.E. duhti,douhti, doughti, useful, worthy, capable, N.E. doughty, strong, cupable,O.H.G. tugund, capability, usefulness, N.H.G. tugend, virtue, A.S. dugudh,M.E. dugedh, doudh, (Scot. ) dought, ability.Celtic , Ir. dear, a daughter.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, daughter, do, in the phrase ' it will do,'i.e. ' it will suit, be useful,' doughty, -ness.Eur-Ar. DHEQ- DHEG-, to reach, attain to, thrust in, fasten, withvariant ✓DHIG DHEIGSanscrit, dhag-, in dhagnoti, reach, attain to, dhag-ati, reachbeyond, pass.hit.Greek, Oty-, in Oiyyávw ( 2 aor. Oyov) , to touch, handle, reach,Latin, fig-, in fig-ere, -xi, -xum, ¹ to fix, fasten, fibula ( = fi[g]ue-bla),a buckle, fixura, a fastening, affigere, to affix , præfigere, to prefix, suffigere, to suffix, transfigere, to transfix.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. figicare, Ital. ficcare, Prov. ficar,O.F. fichier, N.F. ficher, M.E. ficchen, fichen, to fasten, fix, N.F. fiche,fichu, F. afficher, to stick bills, affiche, a placard, O.F. fixer, M.E. fixen,N.E. fix (vb. ) , Ital . diga, F. digue, Span. dique, a ditch, dike (from Du.dijk); Ital, daga, O.F. dague, a dagger, prob. from Celt. (see below) ,L. Lat. daggerius.Teutonic, L.G. dik, Du. dijk, o.N. dik, A.S. dic, M.E. dike, diche,M.H.G. tich, N.H.G. deich, a dam, dike, teich, a pool, L.G. diken, Du.dijken, A.S. dician, M.E. dichen, diken, (lit.) to make a dike, to dig,M.E, diggen (fr. an o.F. *diguer formed fr. digue, subs. ) .Celtic , O. Gael. daga,² Gael. dag, Bret. dag, dager, a dagger, (later)a pistol, Ir. dig, dighe, a pit.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, fix, fixture, fixation, fixedness, fixity, affix, infix, prefix,refix, suffix, transfix (thr. F.) .¹ Fivere, figuere, were older forms of figere (cp. vivere: vixi = fivere: fixi) . (SeeBrugmann, i. 371.)2 Macbain regards the Celtic words for dagger as loan-words from Teutonic. Thegeneral view is that both the Romance and Teutonic words are borrowed from theCeltic. (See alternative and, I think, preferable explanation under ✔dek-, p. 476.)EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 535L. Latin and Romance, affiche , fichu.Teutonic, dike, ditch, dig.Eur-Ar. DHEIGH , DHIGH , with senses to stroke, smear over,plaster, mould, knead.Sanscrit, dih-, deg-, in deg-dhe (p. p. deg-dhas) , to anoint, smear,cement, plaster, dehi, mound, wall, deha, the body, the case or coveringofthe soul, digdhas, smeared, poisoned (of arrows).Zend, diz-, daez-, in pairi-daezaya (caus. ) , to surround with amound or wall, pairidaeza , a surrounding wall, place so enclosed, N.Pers. firdus, a garden, Zend us-daeza-, heaping up.Armenian, dez, a heap, mound, pardez, an enclosed garden.1Greek, Tεl-, TOL (for Oɛı-, Ooɩ-) , ¹ in Tɛîxos, the wall ofa city, a fortification, Toixos, the wall ofa house, πapádɛiσos, an enclosedpark, garden, used in the Septuagint for the garden of Eden (a Persian loanword).Latin, fig-, fing-, in fingere, finxi , fictum, to touch, stroke, to mould,shape as a potter or statuary, to alter, change, make up, (with a badsense) to feign, dissemble, figulus, a potter, figura, a form, shape;figurare, to form, shape, figuratio, a shaping, figurativus, figurative,figmentum, a formation, figure, fiction; fictor, a maker ofimages ofwood,clay, &c. , a sculptor, a feigner, fictio, a fashioning, feigning, a fiction,fictilis, made ofclay, ficticius, artificial, counterfeit; effingere, to fashion,effigies , a likeness , portrait, image; configurare, to fashion or shapealike, configuratio, a similar formation, trans-figurare, to transform,transfiguratio, a transforming, paradisus, a park, garden, (eccles. ) thegarden ofEden, paradise, paradisiacus, relating to paradise.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . fingere, to write poetry, fiction , to feign,Prov. fenher,, O.F. feindre, feigner, M.E. feinen, feignen, to composefiction, feign, dissemble, Ital . finto, feigned (p. p.) , Prov. feint, O.F.feint, feigned, O.F. faint, weak, M.E. feint, faynt, feigned,2 weak, M.E.feinten, faynten, to become weak, to faint, M.E. feyntliche, fayntli,feignedly, weakly, O.F. feintise , M.E. fayntis, (later) fayntness, N.E.faintness; F. fiction, figure, o.F. desfigurer, M.E. disfiguren, F. configuration, o.F. (late) transfigurer, M.E. transfiguren (Chaucer) , to transfigure;Ital. paradiso, Neap. paraviso, paradise, an upper gallery, O.F. parvis,When the initial and final letters are both aspirates one or other of them ischanged to the tenuis: so * θεῖχος to τείχος.2 The O.F. phrase ' se feindre de,' to excuse oneselffrom, to pretend inability, to bedisinclined or backward in doing anything, shows how the primary meaning to feignpasses over into the secondary, to be faint.536 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.1 the portico of a church, L. Lat. paradisus, paravisus, the portico, orporch ofa church, the outer hall of a palace or any great building, analtar or chapel where the host is placed on Holy Thursday, the portionofa ship set apart for passengers. The English parvise is the porticoofa church, also the upper room above it, sometimes used as a school.2Teutonic, dig-, in Goth. deigan, digan, to mould, shape, ga-dig-is,a shape, image, Goth. daig, O.H.G. teic, N.H.G. teig, L.G. deeg, O.N.deig, A.S. dag, dah, M.E. dagh, dogh, douw, N.E. dough, O.N. laf-di, A.S.hlæf-dige, M.E. laf-diz , lafdi , ladie, N.E. lady, lit. the loaf-kneader ³;O.H.G. tegal, N.H.G. tiegel, O.N. digull, Dan. digel, a tile.¹་Celtic, O. Ir. dengaim, p. t. dedaig, to press, thrust, N. Ir. dingim³5(s.s), Gael. dinn, to force, squeeze, Ir. ding, a wedge (Brugmann, ii. 999).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Zend, paradise (thr. Gk. and Lat. ) , paradisiacal (thr. Gk.), parvise(thr. Gk. , Lat. , Ital. , o.F.) .Latin, figment, fictitious, fictile, figurate, -ive, effigy, configurate,figure, disfigure, -ment, transfigure, -ation, configuration, fiction.L. Latin and Romance, feign, feint (subs. ) , faint, -ly, -ness.Teutonic, dough, duff, lady, -ship, -bird."Eur-Ar. DHEGH-, to burn.Sanscrit, dagh-, dah-, in ni-dāghhas, heat, dāhati, burns, dāgdha,burnt, dāhayati (caus. ) , set on fire, cause to burn, Hindi dahna, toburn.Zend, dazh-, in dazh-aiti, burns, dagha, a branding, N. Per.dagh (s.s.).¹ So called, according to Littré, because in the old religious plays, performed inthe church, the portico represented paradise.2 The Oxford ' responsions ' (first examination, usually called ' little go ' ) weredescribed as held ' in parviso.'$ Cp. O.N lavardhr, A.S. hlaford, M.E. laford, lauerd , N.E. lord, the bread-warden.It is possible that these were the names of the chief male and female servants, which,when their original meaning of bread-keeper and bread-kneader was lost, retainedonly the secondary meaning of authority over others. For a similar change of meaning cp. marshal, constable, &c.4 O.H.G. ziagal, N.H.G. ziegel, A.S. tiġele, a tile, are loan-words from Lat. tegula;O.N. digull, Dan. digel, O.H.G. tegal, are genuine Teutonic words ( see Kluge, undertiegel). Eng. tile is from O.F. tuile ( = Lat. tegula, p. 411) .5 Perhaps, M.E. dingen, dyngen (with p.t. dang, p.p. dungen) , to throw down,beat, press heavily, together with A.S. and M.E. dung, excrement, may be etymologicallyconnected with Celtic ding, or some Teutonic base formed on a nasal form of ✔dhigh-;cp. Dan. dynge, a heap, mass, Swed. dynge, muck, Dan. dange, to bang, beat." In the compounds lady-bird, lady-smock, lady-slipper, lady stands for ' OurLady,' as may be seen from their German equivalents, Marien-käfer, Marien-mantel,Marien-schuh; also in Lady-chapel, Lady Day.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 537Greek, Tɛ-, for lɛp-, in téópa, ashes of the funeral pile (?) .Latin, fav-, fov- ( =Eur-Ar. √dhogh-) , in favilla, glowing cinders,hot ashes (?), fovere, to warm, keep warm, fotus (a warming), fomes,-itis, touchwood, tinder, fomentum, a warm lotion, fomentare, to foment,fomentatio (see Brugmann, ii. 1152) .L. Latin and Romance, F. fomenter, to foment, fomentation.Balto-Slav. , Lith. degu, degti, to burn, dagas, daga, harvest time,(orig.) the hot time of year, O. Slav. žegą, žesti ( fr. older * džesti) , toburn (see Brugmann, i . 289, but Miklosich is opposed) .Teutonic, Goth. dāgs, O.H.G. tāc, N.H.G. tag, O.N. dagr, dögr, a.s.dæg, M.E. daz, dai, dei, N.E. day, (orig. ) the bright or warm time of thetwenty-four hours, in opp. to night, the day time, when the sunshines and gives warmth; O.H.G. tagalih, N.H.G. täglich, O.N. dagligr,A.S. dæglic, M.E. daili , N.E. daily, O.H.G. tagen, L.G. dagen, O.N. daga,A.S. dagian, M.E. dazien, daien, dawe, to become light, A.S. dagung, M.E.dawunge, dawynge, dawinge, ' the break of day, N.E. dawn, M.E. dawnen, to dawn, M.E. daigening, daiening, dawening, N.E. dawning, A.S.dægeseage, M.E. daieseighe, daiesie, N.E. daisy, A.S. dægleoht, M.E.dæiliht, N.E. daylight, O.H.G. taga- sterne, o.N. dagstjarna, A.S. dægsteorra, M.E. daistarne, daisterre, N.E. day- star.Celtic, Ir. dogh-aim, I burn, scorch, dogha, a conflagration, O. Ir.daig, fire.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, fomentation, foment (thr. F.) .Teutonic, day, daily, dawn, dawning, daisy, daylight, day-star,dayment, arbitration, daysman, an arbitrator, from an obsolete vb.to day, to appoint a day for anyone, espec. for arbitration in a dispute (cp. Job ix. 33, ' Neither is there any days-man betwixt us ') .Eur-Ar. DHEI√DHĨ , to think, reflect, perceive, design, be intelligent,devout.Sanscrit, dhi-, dhya-, in dhi, intelligence, devotion, purpose, dhīti(subs. ), reflection, dhitam, thought, dhitas (adj . ) , thought of, dhyāti,think, di-dhyāti, observe, didhet, regarded, considered, dhyasānas, attentive, devout.Zend, di-, dhai-, in dita-, a looking, observing, di-dhaei-ti , observe,seek after.' Dawyn ( = dawynge) is found in the middle of the fifteenth century; whencethe somewhat later ' dawn ': cp. ( Piers Pl. cxxi. 471 ) Tyl the day dawede, thesedamseles daunsede '; ( Old Scotch Ballad) ' To fight it in the dawing.'538 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓DHEI√DHI1Greek, Oɛa- (for Oɛia-) , in Oɛáoμai, to behold, regard, perceive withthe mind, Oέa, a view, place for seeing, seat at a theatre, Oéāpa, asight, spectacle, Oέāтρov, a theatre; Dor. Oɛapós, Att. Oɛwpós, aspectator, a state officer sent to consult an oracle, Oɛwpía, a looking at,contemplation, a theory, speculation, Oɛwpéw, to contemplate, theorise,Oεwρnτikós, fond of contemplation, speculative, Oɛópnµa, a proposition;Oάoμai, Dor. Oâµai, to gaze on, wonder at, admire, Oaûµa, ¹ Ion.θώυμα, θώμα, an object of wonder, something to be looked at, θαυμάζω,to wonder, lavuaтovpyós, a worker of wonders; Oɛós,² God (þɛós,Epirote dial . , in Δωροφέα =Δωροθέα, on an inscription in Naxos,500 B.C. , Boot. and Lacon. Otós, Dor. Oɛús), 0ɛá, a goddess, Oɛoyovía,the genealogy of gods, Θεοδόσιος, God-given , Θεόδοτος, Θεοδωρητός,(s.s.), OEorpaтía, theocracy, Oɛoλoyía, the science of God and the divinenature, -ikós, *Oɛodwpós, gift of God; Oɛoσopía, knowledge of thingsdivine, OEOTÓKos, mother of God (the Virgin Mary) , Oɛopávɛia, themanifestation of God in Christ, Oɛópiλos, the friend of God, dear toGod; ȧπoléwσis, a deification; ev0ɛos, later evlovs, full of God,inspired, ¿v0ovoláw, to be inspired , possessed by the God, be in ecstasy,ἐνθουσιαστής, -μός, -τικός.Latin. All the Latin words falling under ✔dhei- are borrowed fromthe Greek.L. Latin and Romance, F. théâtre.Balto- Slav. , O. Slav. div-esa, wonderful, Lith. dyv-as, a wonder,Russ. Feodor, Theodore.tion.Teutonic, Goth. filu-deisei, prudence, wisdom, (lit.) much observaCeltic, Wel. Tewdor (Theodore).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, theatre (thr. Lat. and F.) , theatrical amphitheatre (thr.Lat. and F.); theory, -ise, -ist, -em, -etic; thaumaturgy, -ist, thaumatrope' The connection of lavµa, leós (which seem to demand Eur-Ar. ✅dheu-) with✔dhei- is very doubtful, and can be regarded as no more than provisional. Theyhave been brought under this root on account of their similar meaning, and as✔dhen- may perhaps be regarded as a variant from ✔dhei- on the strength of Lith.dyvas, wonder, although no such root with this sense is found in Sanscrit. The sameremark applies to θεωρός.2 Prellwitz refers eós to Eur- Ar. ✔dhues-, an extension of dheu-, connecting itwith Lith. dvesti, to breathe; odoμaι, laîµa, he also refers to the same root. Liddelland Scott offer a suggestion that beds may be connected with @éoσaola , and fromEur-Ar. ghedh-, to wish, beseech, pray (see p. 344); and cite Toλú- 0EσTOS, ' the muchprayed to,' which is analogous to Sans. puruhutas, the much invoked, an epithet of theGod Indra (see p. 397) . If this could be received as sound etymologically, the ideaof beds would be the same as that of God, viz. the being to whom men pray.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 539(a toy); Theist, -ism, -istic, Atheist, &c. , Pantheist, &c. , polytheist,&c. , monotheist, &c.; theogony, theology, -ian, -ical, theocracy, -tic,theosophy, -phist, Theotokos, theophany, apotheosis, and the followingnames: Theodosius, Theodotus, Theocritus, Theodoretus, Theodore, -a,Dorothea, Dorothy, Theophilus; enthusiast, -asm, -astic.Celtic, Tudor.Eur-Ar. * DHE BH-, to be fit, useful, capable (an extension of √DHE ,to place, establish) .Greek, Oiß-, in Oißpós¹ (Hesych. ) , delicate, tender, elegant (?).Latin, fab-, in faber² (adj . ) , skilful, ingenious, faber (subs .) , aworker in wood, stone, metal, &c. , fabrica, a workshop, a fabric, fabricari, to frame, forge, construct, fabricator, -tio, fabrilis, relating to anartificer, fabrilia, mechanical tools, aurifaber, a goldsmith.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. fabbro, fabro, Prov. fabre-s (faur-s),O.F. fevre, N.F. -fèvre (in orfèvre = Lat. aurifaber), a smith, workman,Ital. fabbrica, (Piedmont. ) forgia, Prov. farga, O.F. and M.E. forge, asmithy; Prov. fargar, faurjar, O.F. forgier, forger,3 M.E. forgen, towork as a smith, to make, fabricate, N.E. forge, to work as a smith, tomake a counterfeit, N.F. fabrique, a fabric, factory.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. doba, fit time, opportunity, dobru , good, dobli,brave, Lith. dabinti, to adorn, dabšnus, elegant, Russ. doba (subs. ) ,ornament.Teutonic, Goth. ga-daban, to happen, to be opportune, convenient,A.S. gedafan, gedafnian, to suit, be agreeable, Goth. ga-dobs, ga-dofs,suitable, decent, A.S. ge-dæfte, dæfte, suitable, decorous, pleasant, L.G.deftig, becoming, proper, M.E. defte, daffte, gentle, modest, becoming,N.E. deft, skilful, delicate, A.S. dæftlice, M.E. deftli , N.E. deftly, O.H.G.tapfar, grave, important, N.H.G. tapfer, brave, L.G. dapper, brave, active,M.E. daper, N.E. dapper, smart, neat.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, fabricate, -or, -ion, Faber (surname).A word of disputed meaning (see Liddell and Scott, ad vb. ).? Brugmann refers faber to dhebh-, but the final -ber looks like the frequenttermination -ber, -brum, in mulci-ber, candela-brum; in which case it would be fromdhe-. This is Breal's view.' The process of change is this: fabr- icare, favr-icar, faur-iare, faur-gar, faurjar,forgier, forger.540 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.L. Latin and Romance, forge, -er, -ery, fabric, fabrication.Teutonic, deft, -ly, -ness, dapper.Eur-Ar. * DHEBH , with sense to strike, to dig, deepen.Sanscrit, dabh-, in dabh-ati, to hurt, injure, suffer damage, destroy,strike down.Greek, Oaπ- for lap-, in láπтw (see Prellwitz, p. 117) , to payfuneral rites to the dead, rápos, a burial, grave, tomb, Táþpos, a ditch,trench, Tappɛów, to dig a trench, έtiτápios (adj . ) , over or at the grave,λόγος ἐπιτάφιος, an oration at the grave, κενοτάφιον, an empty tomberected in honour ofthe dead.Teutonic, L.G. and M.E. dabben, to strike gently, dab, dabble, M.H.G.tappen, to grope about, O.F. tapper, M.E. tappen, to tap, to strike gently,O.N. tapsa, to tap; N.H.G. tappe, Dial. dopen, a paw, M.E. tappe, a pat,a slight blow.¹Celtic, Gael. and Ir. dabh-ach, a large tub or vat (Fick, Macbain).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, epitaph, cenotaph.Teutonic, dab, dabble, dab-chick, tap.¹ Skeat and the Century Dict. are inclined to regard tap, a slight blow, as animitative word. Kluge says of the German tappen, tappe, ' origin and historyobscure.' Tap, aplug, a spigot, a pipe for drawing liquor from a cask, Skeat connects with O.H.G. zapfo, N.H.G. zapfe, O.N. tappe, A.S. tæppa, M.E. tappe, N.E. tap(all with s. s. ) , also Du. tap-toe, ( lit. ) taps- to, N.E. ( early) taptow, taptoo, (later) tattoo,a beat ofdrum calling soldiers to their quarters, equivalent to N.H.G. zapfen- streiche,(lit.) tap-stroke, L.G. tappen-slag, tap- closing; N.E. tattoo therefore means taps to, orclosed. The original meaning of O.H.G. zapfo, &c. , was a wisp or roll of somematerial (e.g. tow) round a peg, to stop a hole (cp. Swed. tapp with that sense); andKluge connects these words with O.H.G. zopf, a point, end, N.H.G. zopf, a tuft of hair,top-knot, pig-tail, O.N. toppr, a tuft of hair, forelock, top of a mast, Swed. topp , Dan.A.S. and N.E. top, the point, end; M.H.G. zipf- el , a point, end, O.N. typpi, M.E. typ,tippe, N.E. tip, are weakened forms of zopf, toppr, &c. From O.N. topt, toft, tuft, awooded knoll, a clump of trees, a green grassy place, a piece ofground, homestead (seeVigfusson), are derived N.E. toft, a homestead, a farm, tuft, a bunch of anything,as of hair or grass. Besides these words, N.E. tam-pion ( from O.F. tampon, nasalisedform of tapon), a plug, tapster, O.F. toupet, Ital. toppare, O.F. toper, to cover a stake,to pledge in drinking, N.E. topple, tipple, tip, to cause to slant, tipstaff, tipcat, tiptoe,&c. , may be referred to a Teutonic base tap-, as also tope, toper, though Littré regardsF. toper as from top, representing the sound of a clap of the hand to express accep- tance of a wager.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 541Eur-Ar. √DHAM √DHAM-B, to blow, inflate.Sanscrit, dham, in dhamati, ' blows,' dhamas, blowing, melting,Hindi dham, breath.Teutonic, M.H.G. dampf, tampf, O.N. dampr, L.G. damp, smoke, steam ,vapour, M.H.G. dämpfen, to extinguish, suffocate, L.G. dempen, M.E.dampen, to put out the fire, choke.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, damp (adj. , subs. and vb. ) , damper,dampness.Eur-Ar. DHER-, to hold, bear, hold in, withstand, support, keep safe,confirm, with a variant DHEUR .Sanscrit, dhr-, dhar-, in dharati, bear, hold, withstand, support,dhārayati (caus.) , cause to bear, strengthen , dharas, dharunas, bearing,supporting, dhariman, a balance, weight, form, figure, dhartṛ , a bearer,dharma, a statute, established law, dharma-matha, consisting oflaw orvirtue, dharman, foundation, support, order, custom , dhāra, dhāraka,holding, bearing, dharitram, a holding.Zend, der-, in der-tar, a holder, darethrem, supporting, holding.Greek, θερ-, θρα, in θράω, to set, θρήσασθαι, to seat oneself, θρᾶνος,a bench, Opĥvvs, a footstool, Opóvos, a seat, chair, throne, ¿vėpovíÇw, toenthrone, Oépay, Oɛрáπwv (Prellwitz, p . 119) , an attendant, servant,companion in arms, Oɛpañɛúw, to attend, serve, pay reverence to, takecare of, to treat medically, Oúpağ, a breast-plate, breast-work of a wall,papéτpa, ¹ a quiver, a holder, case (? cp. Zend darethrem).2Latin, for-, fir-, in forma, contour, figure, design, kind, nature,formula (dim.) , a rule, method, regulation , formalis, having a set form,formosus, well-formed, formabilis, that may be formed, formatio, formatura, aforming, formularius, a drafter of legal forms, formare, to shape,fashion, conformare, to form symmetrically, conformatio, deformare, ( 1 )to design, delineate, (2) to put out of shape, deform, deformatio, disfigurement, deformis, misshapen, deformitas; informare, to give form to,describe, instruct, informatio, reformare, to remould, reformatio, -bilis,transformare, transform, transformatio, multi-formis; firmus, strong,firmitas, firmitudo, strength, solidity, firmare, to strengthen, firmamentum, a stay, support, the sky fixed above the earth (late and eccles. ) ,infirmus, weak, infirmitas, affirmare, to assert, confirmare, to establishconfirm, affirmatio, -ivus, confirmatio, -ivus; formido, ³ fright, terror,' Liddell and Scott derive from pépw.2 Brugmann compares forma with Sans. dhariman, form, figure (ii. 164).3 The difference of meaning makes this explanation (which is Corssen's) very questionable. He suggests that formido is thefear that paralyses and stuns.542 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✔DHER formidare, to terrify, strike with fear, formidabilis; fretus, relying on,supported on; frēnum, frænum, a rein, curb, refrenare, to hold back,rein in; thronus (throne) (Gk. loan-word) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. , Prov. forma, F. forme, L. Lat. *formaticus, shaped in a press or mould, Ital. formaggio, Prov. formatje,fromatje, o.F. fromage, cheese; F. conformer, déformer, réformer, transformer, M.E. conformen, deformen, reformen, transformen; Ital. fermo,Prov. ferm-s, o.F. ferm, M.E. ferme, N.E. firm, Ital . firma, L. Lat. firma,an oath or signature confirming a contract, land let on payment ofrent, contract for the right of collecting a tax, o.F. ferme, an agreement for letting,land and house let on rent, fermier, one who farms a tax or rents land;Ital. fermare, to affix signature to a contract, to confirm, Prov. fermar,O.F. fermer, M.E. fermen, to confirm, make sure, to take on hire or rent, N.E.farm, N.F. fermer, make secure, close, shut, M.E. fermour, fermer, asteward (Wycl. St. Luke xvi. 1 ) , N.E. farmer; L. Lat. *infirmaria, O.F.enfermerie, M.E. fermerie, N.E. infirmary, O.F. and M.E. firmament, O.F.afermer, M.E. affermen, o.F. confermer, M.E. confermen, o.F. fermison,M.E. fermisoun, the close period for game, Lat. firmation(em); o.F.and M.E. trone (Lat. thronus) , N.E. throne, corrected to the Gk. ,L. Lat. enthronizare (from Gk. ¿vėpovíčew ), O.F. enthroner (as frominthronare) , M.E. enthronen, O.F. desthroner, N.E. dethrone; O.F.refreiner, M.E. refreinen, N.E. refrain, to rein back.Teutonic, A.S. feorm, fearm, M.E. ferme (loan-word from Romance),with the special sense of a feast, a set meal, table equipment, allowancein lieu offood; perhaps M.H.G. tūren, used impersonally, ' mich tūretein ding, ' or ' eines dinges, ' ' a thing is too costly for me,' M.H.G. dūren,türen (which Kluge regards as a loan- word fr . Lat. durare, o.F. durer);N.H.G. dauern, to last, endure, also to feel pity; the latter has also thesame impersonal sense as turen, es dauert mich, ' ' it sorrows me,' ' itpitieth me.'16ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, throne (thr. F. corrected) , therapeutic, thorax, -acic; perhaps Rhadamanthus the name of one of the judges in hell-a twistedform of Sans. dharmamatha, law-abiding, just.It is possible that the following Teutonic words may be referred to ✔dher-, orto a variant of it with a different vocalism, as dheur-, derivations of which have as yetbeen found only in the Teutonic group: O.H.G.tiuri, N.H.G. teuer, O.N. dýrr, A.S. dÿre,deore, M.E. deere, dere, N.E dear, with original sense of costly, later beloved, A.S.deorling, M.E. derlyng, dearling, N.E. darling, a favourite, one much loved;O.N. dýrr, O.H.G. tiurida, M.H.G. tiurde, türde, O.N. dýrdh, high price, calue,esteem, M.E. derth, N.E. dearth, dearness, scarcity. The absence of cognates in otherKur-Aryan languages and of a corresponding Gothic form (in the place of whichswer-s, valued, highly prized, is found) , renders this explanation uncertain; but theEUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 543Latin, formal, -ity, -ist, -ism , informal, &c. , formation, mal-formation, conformation, -ble, conformist, -ty, non-conformist, -ity (coinedfrom Lat. ); information, -ant, deformation, reformation, -tive, -tory,transformation, -tive, multiform, bi- tri-form, formula, formulate,-ion, formulary; firmament (thr. F. ) , firmamental, infirm, infirmity ¹(thr. F. [?]); affirmation, -bly, -tive, confirmation, -able, -tive, -tory,formidable.L. Latin and Romance, form, conform, deform, -ity, inform, -er,reform , -er, transform, -er, affirm, confirm, infirmary, farm, farmer;dethrone, -ment, enthrone, -ment, refrain.Teutonic, dear, -ness, dearth, darling, endear, -ment (?) .1Eur-Ar. ✓DHERS , DHRS , to be bold, dare, venture, to attack,injure.Sanscrit, dhṛsh-, dharsh-, in dhṛsh-no-ti, dhṛsh-ati , to be bold,dare, p. p. dhṛsh-ta, bold, daring, dharsh-yati (caus. ) , to attack, violate,overwhelm (p. p. dharsh-ita), dhṛsh-ti, boldness, dhṛsh-ya, assailable,dhṛsh-nu, courageous.Zend, dar-š-, in darš-is, violent, bold, O. Pers. a-darš-naus, hedared.Greek, θαρσ-, θρασ-, in θάρσος, θράσος, θάρρος, boldness, daring,courage, Æol. Oέpoos, Oεpσíτns (Hom. ) , the braggart, ‘ the audacious,'Opáowv, a comic character, a braggart soldier, Opacús, hold, courageous,Opaσúτns (cp. Sans. dhṛsh*tā, fem. ) , boldness, Opaσú-ßovλos, bold incounsel, θρασύνω, θαρσύνω, to encourage, θαρρ-έω, θαρσέω, to be bold.Latin, fas- (for fars- 2) , in fastus, arrogant, haughty, disdainful,fastosus, proud, fastidium, distaste, aversion (perhaps for fastitædium, as stipendium for stipi-pendium), fastidiosus, squeamish,fastidious; Thraso, a comic character (borrowed from Greek).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. fastidiare, Prov. fasticar, fastigar, O.F.fascher, N.F. fâcher, to offend (as from a L. Lat. fastidiare, fastidicare).apparent identity of O. and M.H.G. tiuri, tiur, dear, costly, with N.H.G. dauern, andits double sense of to last and to cause pity or sorrow, is in its favour.Wycl. has infyrmitee ( 2 Cor. xi. 30), and there is a F. infirmité, but the M.E.word may have been taken directly from the Lat. infirmus, on the analogy of so many other similar forms.2 Cp. Lat. fastigium (for farstigium, a gable, peak, highest point, from Sans.bhrsh-tis, a peak, summit); so fastus for farstus, from Sans. dhṛsh-tas: Lat. f =Eur- Ar.bb-, dh-, gh-.544 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. derzu, Russ. derzkij , bold, brave, Lith. dristi,to be bold, drąsus, bold (cp. Gk. Opaσús, s.s.).Teutonic, Goth. ga-daurs-an, O.H.G. ki-turran, M.H.G. türren,O. Sax. gi-durr-an, A.S. durran (inf.) , dearr (pres. t. ) , dorste (past t.),dorren (? p. p. ) , M.E. durre, durn, dorn, darn (inf. ) , dearr, dear, darr,der, dare¹ (pres. t. ), dorste, durste (past t. ) , dorre, durst (p. p. ) , N.E.dare (inf. and pres. ), durst (past t. ) , dared (p. p. ); dorring do, (lit. )daring to do, N.E. derring do.2Celtic, Ir. dorr, dorrach, harsh, rough, Gael. and Ir. dorran,anger (?)ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Thersites, Thraso, Thrasybulus (pr. n. ) , thrasonical.Latin, fastidious, -ness.L. Latin and Romance, fash ( Scot. ) , to vex , trouble (fr . o.F.fascher) .Teutonic, dare, daring, durst.Eur-Ar. DHREGH DHREK (?) , to sweep, glide as a bird or thewind, to stroke, draw along.Sanscrit, dhraj-, dhrak-, in dhrajati, sweeps, glides, dhrak, holding,bearing, supporting.Balto- Slav. , O. Slav. dryzati, Lith. drezeti, to hold, attract, keep,charm, stimulate.Teutonic, Goth. dragan, O.H.G. tragan, tracan, N.H.G. tragen, O.N.draga, A.S. dragan, M.E. drazen, drahen, drawen, N.E. draw, M.E.draggen (formed from A.S. dragan, with intensive force) , to draw orpull violently, to drag; O.H.G. tragar, Dan. drager, L.G. dræger, M.E.drawer, one who draws, the servant in an inn who draws liquor, later¹ Dare remained unchanged as the 3rd pers. sing. pres. t. with intrans. sense to themodern period, during which the transitive senses were developed; but early in thesixteenth century dares, dared, were used to express the trans.; though ' he dare ' was,and is still , used in the 3rd sing. pres. t. to express the intrans. senses ( see Murray,Hist. Dict. ad vb. ) .·2 Derring do is a mis-spelling of M.E. dorring do. This expression is found inChaucer's Troilus: ' Troylus was in no degre seconde in dorryng don that longethto a knight.' Here dorryng is a verbal subs. of M.E. dorre, durre, with the sense ofa daring; don is the M.E. infinitive to do; dorryng do is therefore a daring to do.Lydgate borrowed the expression dorryng do from Chaucer, which in the sixteenthcentury editions (1513 and 1555) was misprinted derrynge do, and was used bySpenser in that form, and as a compound substantive with sense of ‘ manhood andchevalrie.' Walter Scott took the phrase from Spenser as a substantive with sense ofcourage. The explanation found in Vigfusson under dreugh- is incorrect.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 545a compartment in a table or chest which draws out; O.H.G. traht, N.H.G.tracht, o.N. drāttr, L.G. dracht, A.S. droht, M.E. draht, draght, drauzt,N.E. draught, draft, a drawing, in various senses, as in draught-horse,horsefor drawing, draught of fish, a drawing offish, draught of liquor ormedicine (usually spelt draft) ¹´ of air, ' the indrawing of the outer air,a move at chess, the drawing of the piece from one square to another(' With a dragt he was chekmate ' ) , the game of draughts =the gameof moves; a drawing of words or figures on paper, as in the phrase ‘ arough draft or draught '; a draught for payment of money, the drawing ofan order for that purpose (in this sense the word is generallyspelt ' draft ' ); A.S. dræge, in dræge-net, Swed. dræg, a cart fordrawing, a dray, Du. dreg-net, a drag-net, from which o.F. drege, a netused for oysters; A S. drehnigen, drehnian, M.E. drainen, to drain,draw off gradually (cp. O.N. drag-na, to draw along).ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, draw, draught, draft, draughts, draftsman, drawer (a tapster), drawers (sliding receptacles for clothes , &c. ,underclothing) , withdraw, drawing-room, drag, draggle, dray, drag-net,dredge, dredger (thr. o.F. drege, loan-word from Du.) , drain, -er, -age.Eur-Ar. * ✓DHRENGH , nasalised form of the above, only found in theTeutonic, in which it has taken the place of the Eur-Ar. pi- po-,to drink.Teutonic, Goth . drigkan, O.H.G. trinchan, N.H.G. trinken, O.N.drekka, A.S. drincan, to drink, dranc (p. t. ) , druncen (p. p. ) , Goth.dragkjan, O.H.G. trenchan, N.H.G. tränken, L.G. dränken, O.N. trekkja,A.S. drencan, M.E. drenchen, to give to drink, drench, A.S. druncnian,M.E. druncnien, druncnen, drounen (formed from druncen, p. p. of A.S.drincan), to be drenched in water, be drowned.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, drink, drank, drunk, drunken, -ness,drunkard, drench, drown.Eur-Ar. * DHREGH , of uncertain meaning, perhaps to sweep, drawoff.Latin, frac-, in fraces, dregs ofoil.The spelling ' draft ' seems to be gradually supplanting the earlier and correcter' draught.' In some instances the earlier spelling is still more usual, in others thelater: no precise rule can be applied; ' draft ' is the ' phonetic ' spelling of the laterpronunciation of ' draught. 'NN54.6 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Balto-Slav. , O. Pruss. dragios, O. Slav. drozdije, leaven, N. Slav.dropu, lees.Teutonic, O.H.G. trebir (pl.), N.H.G. träber, treber, ' husks, grains,O.N. draf, husks, grounds, drabbe, barm, leaven, A.S. dræfe, dregs, lees,yeast, A.S. drabbe, grounds, dirt, M.E. draff, N.E. draff, drab, refuse, dregs,Du. drabblen, to soil, pollute, O.N. drafa, to talk thick as drunken persons;O.N. dralla (for dragla) , Du. dralen, loiter, linger, M.E. dravelen, N.E.drawl, O.H.G. trestir (for tref-stir), N.H.G. trester, remains, grounds,A.S. dærstan (for dærf [dræf] -stan) , lees, yeast, O.N. dregge, M.E.dreg, dirt, mire, dregges (pl.) , dregs, lees, sediment.Celtic, Ir. drab, a spot, stain, drabh, grains, refuse, drabaire, adirty fellow, drabog, a slu*t, a dirty slovenly woman.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, draff, drab, drabble, drawl (?), drivel.Celtic, drab, a slu*t.Eur-Ar. * √DHREB , only found in Teutonic, Goth. draban, to strike(as from √dhrebh-?) , in O.H.G. treffan, N.H.G. treffen , to strike,hit a mark, reach, attain, meet, fight, O.N. drepa, A.S. drepan, M.E.drepen, to touch, strike, hit upon, Swed. drabba, Dan. drabe,strike, N.E. drab, (Dial.) drab.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, M.E. drepen, N.E. drub, drab, drop (?) ,in phrase drop upon.Eur-Ar. * DHREUB-, only found in Teutonic and perhaps in Celtic,with sense to drop, perhaps a variant from Eur-Ar. √DHREP- 2Teutonic, O.H.G. triofan, N.H.G. triefen, o.N. drjupa, Swed. drypa,to drip, a.s. dreopen, to drip, drop, A.S. drypan, let fall, drop, withtrans. sense, L.G. drippen (s . s. ) , M.E. dryppe, a drop, O.H.G. tropfo,N.H.G. tropfen, O.N. dropi, Swed. droppe, a.s. dropa, M.E. drope, N.E.drop (subs. ) , A.S. dropian, Du. droppen, druppen, M.E. droppen, N.E.drop (vb. trans. and intrans. ) , O.N. drupa, M.E. drupen, droupen, N.E.droop, to lower, sink, let fall, o.N. drup (Scot. ) , droup, afeeble person.¹ The labials b f represent the Eur-Ar. guttural g, which is found unaffected bylabialisation in ' dregs. '2 The Sans. has drapsa, a drop, spark, drapsavant, draps-an, falling in drops,which may be referred to a Eur-Ar. ✅dhrep- ✔dhreb-, from which the Teut. basetreup-, trup-, is formed, and to which Lith. drapstyti may be assigned.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 547Celtic, Gael. and Ir. druchd, ' dew, druchtan, cheese, whey, a drop.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, drip, dripping, the fat that drops fromroasting meat, dribble (?) , freq. of drip, drip-stone (fr. A.S. drypan)drop, droplet (fr. A.S. dropian), droop (fr. o.N. drupa) .Eur-Ar. ✓DHREUBH-, only found in Teutonic.Teutonic, Goth. drob-jan, to move, trouble, confuse, O.H.G. truoben,N.H.G. trüben, O. Sax. drobhian, druvian, L.G. dröven, A.S. drefan, M.E.dreven, to afflict, trouble, disturb, O.H.G. truobi, N.H.G. trübe, turbid,sad, distressed, L.G. druv, A.S. dræfe, M.E. dref, melancholy, muddy, dirty,A.S. drōf, M.E. drof, turbid, sad, M.E. drobli, drubli, turbid: the word isobsolete in modern English, but N.E. (dial. ) drubby, muddy.Eur-Ar. * /DHREIBH- √DHRIBH , only found in Teutonic with senseto drive:Goth. dreiban, O.H.G. trīban, N.H.G. treiban, O.N. drīfa, o.s. drībhan,A.S. drífan (p. t. draf, p. p. drifon) , M.E. drifen, driven (p. t. droff, drāf,drove, p. p. drifen, driven), N.E. drive; M.E. drift (formed from vb.drifen), a driving, anything driven, a herd, the pasture to which cattleare driven (cp. N.H.G. trift, a snow-drift, cp. o.N. drift, the motive, intention, purpose, that impels, in Swed. drift, impulse, instinct, N.E. drift,the purport, the point towards which anything tends, the set of a currentofair or water, snow driven by the wind, &c. , M.E. drof, a herd of cattle,N.E. drove.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, drive, driver, drift, drove, drover.Eur-Ar. √DHREUGH , with sense of enduring, extending, bearing,accomplishing, being sufficient, strong, &c. , probably a variant of√dhergh-, to hold fast, carry on, from √dher-, to be strong.Teutonic, Goth. driug-an, to serve as a soldier (p. t. drauh) , o.N.drygja, to endure, commit, perpetrate, A.S. dreogan (p. t. dreah), to bear,complete, continue to the end, M.E. drizen, dreien, dreën, Scot. and' The Irish druchd corresponds with a Eur-Ar. dhreugh- to which the Teut. basedhreub- would (by labialisation) also correspond, but Sans. drap- san requires a final por b for the root (i.e. Eur-Ar. drep-) , unless labialisation be allowed in Sans. , which atpresent is not sufficiently proved.NN 2548 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Northumbr. dre, dree, to endure, accomplish, in the phrase ' dree hisweird ,' i.e. endure or fulfil his fate; Goth. drauhts, a soldier, A.S.dryht, M.E. driht, O. Sax. druht, O.H.G. truht, a guard or attendant,also a retinue, troop of soldiers , O.N. drōtt, household, people, theking's bodyguard, O.H.G. truh-sæze, N.H.G. truchsess, O.N. drott-seti,chief of the retinue, major-domo, who had charge of the table andarranged places at the meal, M.H.G. droste, administrator ofa district,A.S. drighten, M.E. drihtin, O.N. drottin, O.H.G. truhtin, Lord, used onlyof God and Christ, Ure Drihtne's halie passiun ' (cited by Mätzner, ‘ O.Eng. Dict.' under ' drihtin '); o.N. drengr, a brave, valiant man, drengsdādh, deed of a drengr, ' a derring do ' (Vigfusson); M.E. druggen,drugge, to drag along heavily, perhaps from drengh-, a variantformation of dregh (see footnote to drugair) .(Celtic, Gall. drungos, a troop, Ir. drong, a crowd, O. Bret. drog, aparty, faction, Gael. drugair, ¹ Ir. drugaire, a bondman, a drudge.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, dree (Scot. ), derring do (archaic), 2perhaps drudge.Eur-Ar. √DHRGH , extended from VDHER-, found in Latin withsense of enduring, strong, brave.Latin, forc- for-, in fortis 3 (O. Lat. forctis), brave, strong, fortiter(adv. ) , fortitudo (Brugmann, i. 237) .L. Latin and Romance, It. forte, Prov. , o.F. and M.E. fort, strong,L. Lat. fortis (subs. ) , It. forte, o.F. forte, a strong place, a fort, Ital.fortalizio (L. Lat. fortalitium), o.F. fortelesse, M.E. fortelace, N.E. fortalice, a small fort, O.F. forteresce (doublet of fortelesse) , M.E. fortresse,N.E. fortress; L. Lat. fortia, Ital. forza, Prov. forsa, O.F. force, M.E. fors ,¹ There is great doubt about the connection of M.E. druggen, N.E. drudge, withGael. drugair and Ir. drugaire. Skeat connects the English words with drugair, anddenies connection with either A.S. dragan or dreogan. Mätzner derives druggen anddrudgefrom A.S. dragan, and quotes from Chaucer ' drugge and drawe ' as a proof ofidentity of meaning; while Skeat considers the combination as only alliterative.Macbain derives the Celtic words from M.E. ' druggar, a dragger.' Shakespeare,Tim. of Ath. iv. 3, uses ' drugs ' in a sense which may be either serfs or drudges, butthe epithet passive ' may be thought to accord rather with serfs. On the whole Iincline to the derivation from a Teutonic base dhrugh-, either in the sense ofdragging or enduring."2 See note 2 under ✔dhers, p. 544.• Some connect hortor, to encourage, exhort, with fortis, brave, strong, and referboth to Eur-Ar. ✔ğher-, to like , be glad. The initial f of fortis admits of this, but thesense scarcely falls in with those of ✔gher-, while it agrees with those of ✔dher-, toendure, be strong. Brugmann refers fortis to ✅dher-, i . 237, and hortor to ✔gher-,i. 238.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 549force, N.E. force, strength, power, L. Lat. fortiare, Ital. forzare, Prov.forsar, o F. forcer, M.E. forcen, forsen, N.E. force (vb. ) , Ital. forzato ,Prov. forsat, F. forçat, one condemned to forced labour; Ital. fortificare ,F. fortifier, N.E. fortify; Ital. sforzare, to force, to enervate ( L. Lat.exfortiare) , O.F. esforcer, N.F. efforcer, s'efforcer, to make an effort, Ital .sforzo, O.F. esfort, N.E. and M.E. effort, O.F. enforcer, M.E. enforcen, N.E.enforce, to strengthen, O.F. conforter, M.E. conforten, comforten, N.E.comfort, to encourage, cheer, O.F. desconforter, M.E. disconforten, N.E.discomfort.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, fortitude, a fortiori .L. Latin and Romance, forte, fortissimo, piano-forte (musical terms)fort, fortalice, fortress, force (subs. and vb. ), forcible, forçat; fortify,-ication, effort, enforce, -ment, comfort, -less, -able, dis-comfort, uncomfortable, reinforce, -ment.Eur-Ar. VDHUER DHUR DHREU DHRU , with extended forms✓DHREU GH- DHRU- GH- and √DHUER GH DHUR GH-, withsense to damage, hurt, deceive, destroy.Sanscrit, druh-, dhvar-, dhur-, dhrug-, in druh-ati, injure, druhas,a hurtful demon, dhvaras, deceitful, dhur-va-ti, injure, dhruti , deception,droghas, drohas, hurtful, deceitful, droghdar and drōdh-ar (s.s. ) .Zend, druz-, druj-, in druzaiti, injures, deceives, drugvant, deceitful,druj, an evil spirit, O. Pers. drauga, N. Pers. darogh, a lie.1Greek, Opv-, Oрvπ- (for Opvp-) , ¹ in Opaúw, to break in pieces,Opavorós, brittle, Oрúπтw, to break down, enfeeble, aor. ¿τpúþ-nv,ἐθρύβην.Latin, frud-,2 in O. Lat. frus, frudis, Class. fraus, fraudis, deceit,fraudare, to defraud, defraudare (s.s.) , fraudulentus, deceitful, -tia,deceitfulness; frustrā (adv. ), in error, under a delusion (cp. Plaut.nunc mulier, nei frustra sies , mea non es ') , without effect, in vain,frustrare, to deceive, disappoint, make of no effect, frustratio, disappointment; frustum, a small piece, frustare, to break inpieces (cp. Opavotós).6L. Latin and Romance, O.F. and M.E. fraude, deceit, o.F. defrauder,M.E. defrauden, to deceive.Teutonic, O.H.G. trio-gan, N.H.G. trügen, triegen, O. Sax. bidriogan, toGk. is the labialised form of Eur-Ar. gh-.2 Cp. Sans. drodhar =droghdar.550 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.deceive; O.N. draugr, A.S. dreag, O. Sax. gidrog, M.H.G. getroc, a ghost,evil spirit, O.H.G. troum, N.H.G. traum, o.Ñ. draumr, a dream, O. Sax.drom, A.S. * dream, M.E. dræm, drem, N.E. dream, ¹ M.E. dremen, to dream,O.H.G. traumāre, N.H.G. träumer, L.G. drömer, M.E. dremer, N.E.dreamer; O.H.G. twerg, N.H.G. zwerg, M.L.G. dwerch, dwarch, L.G. dwarf,O.N. dvergr, a.s. dweorg, dveorh, M.E. dwergh, dwerf, N.E. dwarf.(Kluge doubtfully connects these words with dhrug-.)Celtic, Ir. droch (also droich- in comp.), evil, bad, with the samesense in compounds, as drochbheatha, an evil life, droichread, wickedness; droich, a dwarf.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, fraudulent, -ce, frustrate, frustum, a piece of a cone orcylinder.L. Latin and Romance, fraud, defraud .Teutonic, dream, -er, -y, -less, dwarf, -ish.Eur-Ar. DHREU-GH-, extended from DHREU , to be or makefirm,hard; only found in Teut. with sense of dry.Teutonic, O.H.G. trochan, trucchan, N.H.G. trocken, L.G. dreuge,A.S. dryge, drige, M.E. druze, druie, dreze, drie, N.E. dry; O.N. draugr, adry log, Du. droog, dry (adj . ) , droogen (subs. ) , dry herbs and roots,O.F. drogue, ² M.E. drogges, Span. droga, spicery, dried herbs for seasoning, medicaments, drugs, A.S. drygan, drigan, L.G. drögen, N.H.G.trocknen, Du. droogen, M.E. druzen, druien, drizen, drien, to dry, A.S.drugadh, Du. droogte, M.E. druzdh, droght, drougth, N.E. drought,(Scot. ) drouth, Ital. droghetta, O.F. droguet, a stuff half silk half wool.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, dry, -ness, dry-nurse, -salter, &c. , drought,-y, drouth, -y, drug (thr. F. drogue), druggist, drugget, a coarse woollencloth (see Skeat) .Eur-Ar. ✓DHREUS , DHRUS , to fall, drop, sink, cause to fall,sprinkle; cp. √dhreu-b.Greek, Spos-, in Spóσos, dew (?) .Teutonic, Goth. ga-drausjan, to throw down, driusan, to sink, drop,faint, A.S. drusian, to sink down, become sluggish, M.E. droosen, to slumAll from the general Teut. base draug-m-.2 The Romance words are derived probably from L.G. droog.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 551ber, A.S. dreosan, M E. dreosen, Dan. drysse, to fall in small drops, tofall, drop, O.H.G. truren, to cast down the eyes, to look dejected, N.H.G.trauern, to mourn, be sorrowful, O.N. dreyra, to bleed (intrans. ) , ¹ A.S.dreoran, drop, fall, O.H.G. tror, O. Sax. dror, o.N. dreyri, a.s. dreor,blood, gore (that which falls or drips from a wound) , O.H.G. trurac,N.H.G. traurig, sad (orig. gory) , O.N. dreyrig, gory, bloody, A.S. dreorig,gory, sad, M.E. dreori, dreriz, dreri, N.E. dreary, O.H.G. truosana, M.H.G.druosene, N.H.G. drusen, A.S. drosn (pl.) , lees , dregs, Du. drosem,sediment, that which sinks to the bottom, lees, dregs, dross (cp. A.S. dros[sing. ] , from vb. dreosan) .ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, dreary, -iness, dross, drizzle, drowsy.Eur-Ar. DHRE, to sound, to make a droning noise, with extension✓DHRE-N-, √DHREM-.Sanscrit, dhra-, in dhra-nati, ² to make a prolonged sound, dandhramni, to sound, dhara, ³ a voice.3Zend, dre-n, in drenj, to murmur.Greek, Ope-, in Opéoμai, to cry aloud, shriek, Opĥvos, a dirge, lament,θρηνέω, to wail, θρηνωδία, a lamentation (θρῆνος + ἀείδω, to sing),τενθρήνη, τενθρηδών, θρώναξ (Lacon.), α drone, θρῦλος, noise.Teutonic, O.H.G. treno, N.H.G. drohne, from O. Sax. dran (pl. drani) ,A.S. drān (pl. dræn) , M.E. drane, N.E. drone, the male bee, Goth.drunjus, a sound, o.N. drunur (f. pl.) , drynr, a roaring, thundering,O.N. drynja, to roar, Dan. dröne, to peal, rumble, Du. dreunen, to makea trembling noise, M.E. drounen, to roar, to low, N.E. drone, to make ahumming noise, N.H.G. dröhnen (s . s. ) , borrowed from L.G. in theseventeenth century, A.S. dream, M.E. dreem, sound, music, joyfulshouting (as from √dhre) .54Celtic , Gael. durd, Ir. dord, Wel. dwrdd, a sound, Gael. drannd, Ir.draint, a hum, snarl.' With reference to the oozing or dripping of the blood from the wound.2 Cited by Prellwitz and by Fick ( 4th edition) , but a doubtful word.Cited by Liddell and Scott.

• See under ✔dhreugh-, to deceive, delude, for dream, a vision.

It is doubtful whether Eng. drum can belong to this root. Dan. drumme, toboom, suggests ✔dhre-, but O.N. thruma, a clap of thunder, thrymr, an alarm, noise,corresponds with a root dre-. Kluge gives O.H.G. trumpa, trumba, O.N. trumba, apipe, a stalk, M.H.G. trumbe, a drum, a trumpet, N.H.G. trommel, a drum, andderives the Rom. tromba, trombetta, F. tromp, trompette, from O.H.G. trumba.552 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, threnody, threnetic.Teutonic, drone, the male bee, the drone ofa bagpipe; perhaps drum,trump, trumpet, trombone (the latter thr. Romance fr. Teut.),Eur-Ar. DHEN-, flat, level, low, extension of dhe-, to place.Sanscrit, dhan-, in dhanu, a sandbank, a sandy shore, dhanvan, alevel, a beach, space.Greek, Oɛv-, Ow-, in Oévap, the palm of the hand, the flat of thefoot, a level surface, åλòs Oévap, the surface of the sea, Ois, Oivós (for

• Ows, *Oifos), a sandbank, beach.

Teutonic, O.H.G. tenni, N.H.G. tenne, Du. denne, a threshing-floor,platform (the Du. has also the sense of cave, den) , A.S. denu, a valley,M.E. dene (s.s.) , still found in names of places, A.S. denn, M.E. denne,den, a cave, hollow, sleeping-place, N.E. den.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, den, -den, -dean, -dene, in place-namesand personal names derived from them, as Tenter-den, Rotting-dean, 'Deep-dene, Brog-den, the badger's (brock) den or place of covert,Wolfenden, Ramsden, Oxenden, Soden (Sowden) , &c.Eur-Ar. DHE LDHOL, with sense of low, level, an extension ofDHE , to place, &c.²Greek, Ooλ-, Oaλ-, in Oóλos, a round building with a vaulted roof,Páλapos, an inner chamber, the bridal chamber, the hold of a ship,in which the lowest bench of rowers sat, hence called Oaλapîraι,Tilaráμios, relating to a bridal, used as a subs. ( uvos or dńunderstood), the bridal song.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. dolu, a hollow, a cave, Russ. doluka, a cave.Teutonic, Goth. dals, dal, O.H.G. tal , N.H.G. thal, O.N. dalr, A.S. dæl,M.E. dæle, del, N.E. dale, dell , N.H.G. thaler,³ Du. daal-der, Ital. tallero(borrowed from N.H.G.) , a dollar.¹ Level spaces, where cloth- stretching (from tenter, a stretcher) , and flax - steeping(from retting or rotting, steeping) were carried on.2 Dieffenbach connects the Teutonic forms with ✔del-, to split, cleave.Thaler is an abbreviation of Joachims-thaler, so- called because coined fromsilver obtained in the mines of Joachims-thal, a valley in Bohemia, about 1518 A.D.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 553ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, epithalamium.Teutonic, dale, dalesman, dell, dollar.Eur-Ar. DHE L √DHEIL, an extension from DHE √DHEI-,with sense to cleave, divide, distribute.Sanscrit, dal-, ' in dal-ati, split, cleave, dal, split peas, dalitas,cloven.Balto-Slav. , Lith. dalis, a portion, daly-ju, to distribute, O. Slav.dēlu, a part, Russ. dēliti, to divide.Teutonic, Goth. dails, O.H.G. teil, N.H.G. theil, O.N. deila, A.S. dæl,M.E. dæle, deel, N.E. deal (subs. ) , a share, division, Goth. dailjan,O.H.G. teilan, N.H.G. theilen, O.N. deila, A.S. dælan, M.E. dælen, dealen,N.E. deal (vb. ) , A.S. dælere, a dealer, distributor, A.S. dal, gedal, M.E.dale, dole, anything distributed, given, N.E. a dole, deal; O.H.G. urteli, ²N.H.G. urtheil, A.S. ordel, or ordal, M.E. ordal, a judgment, N.E. ordeal,ajudgment by some severe test, lit. a dealing out.'Celtic, O. Ir. fo-dalim, to distribute, Ir. dail, a decree, sentence,share, dailchath, a pitched battle, trial by battle (?) , Ir. dal, a share,division, tribe, found in Irish and Gaelic names of places and persons,as Dal-ready, Dal-keith, Dal-meny, Dal-rymple, &c.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, deal (vb. and subs. ), dealing, -er, misdeal, dole, ordeal.Eur-Ar. * DHEL GH , an extension of the preceding, with sense ofowing.Latin, dulg-, in in-dulgere, to concede, allow, grant, be kind, pardon.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. dlugu, a debt, duty, Russ. dolg (s.s.).Teutonic, Goth. dulgs, a debt, dulgis, a debtor, dulgahaitja, acreditor, O.H.G. dilgian, to wipe out, remit a debt, N.H.G. tilgen, L.G.delgen, A.S. dilgian, M.E. dilzhen (s.s.) , N.E. obsolete.Celtic, Ir. dlighim, ‘ I owe, ' Gael. and O. Ir. dlighe, duty, right, a1 From the unaspirated form of the root; see under ✔del-.3 O.H.G. ur = N.H.G. er-, as in ertheilen , to impart, allot (see p. 44) .554 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.law, Gael. and Ir. dligheadh, law, right, Wel. dyled, dled, Bret. dle,a debt, Corn. dylly, to owe.ENGLISH DERIV. Latin, indulge, ' -ent, -ce.Eur-Ar. * DHEL BH-, to dig, hew, shape.Balto- Slav. , O. Slav. dluba, to cut, carve, scrape (from a base delb-,dolb-), dluboku, deep, Russ. dolbiti, to dig.Teutonic, O.H.G. bi-telpan, a.s. delfan, M.E. delven, to dig.Celtic, Ir. dealbh, figure, statue, dealbhaim, I frame, form, dealbhadoir, a statuary.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, delve, delver.(1) Eur-Ar. DHUDHEU, to shake, toss, agitate, fan, kindle, swing,move violently, wave, roll, with extended forms √DHEU-BH-√DHEU-M- √DHEU‍S .Sanscrit, dhu-, in dhu-noti, shake, toss, &c. , dhunas, in violentmotion, dhav-itra, a fan, dhumas, smoke, vapour, dhumavant, smoking,steaming, dhumra, smoke-coloured, dark, dhumāyati, fumigates, dhupāyati, causes to smoke, fumigates, dhuli, dust, dhulika, mist, dhu-kas,wind, dhupas, smoke, incense, dhumapatha, sacrifice (lit. path ofsmoke), dhusara, colour of dust, grey, darkish.Zend, dun-, in dun-man, vapour.Greek, Ov-, in Oúw, Oúvw, Ovvéw, to rush on, dart along, moveviolently, Oúvvos, the tunny-fish from its quick darting motion; Oúw, tosacrifice, Oúos, a sacrifice, (later) incense, Oúov, a tree, the wood ofwhich was burnt as a perfume, Ovμiáw, to burn incense, fumigate,θύμον, θύμος, thyme; θύελλα, a storm, τύφω, 1 aor. ἔθυψα (forOúπw, by transposition of the aspirate), to cause to smoke (cp. Sans.dhupāyati), Tûpos, smoke, vapour, stupor from fever, tvpádns, smokelike, used by Galen and Hippocrates as a medical term for one indelirium and for the fever causing it, rúpws, Tupŵv, a furious whirlwind, a typhoon; Tupλós, blind, dark, Tupλóv, intestinum cæcum,'' I think that Lat. indulgere should be brought under ✔dhel-gh rather than✔del-, as it corresponds so closely both in form and sense with O. Slav. dlug-u, Russ .dolg, Tent. dulg and dilgian, and with O. Ir. dlighim.2 An alternative derivation from gheu- has been given, which Brugmannsuggests. But on the whole the derivation from ✅✔dhu- seems preferable.• Θύελλα from θύω = ἄλλα from ἄω, to blow.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 5551Ouμós,' the soul, spirit, feeling, passion, èv¤úµnµa, a rhetorical syllogism,enthymerne.Latin, fu-, in fumus, smoke, steam, fumare, to smoke, fumarium, asmoke chamberfor ripening wine, fumidus, fumosus, smoky, fumificare,to cause smoke, fumigare, to fumigate, effumare, to emit smoke, effumigare, to smoke out; fuligo, -inis, soot, fuliginosus, sooty, funus (?) ,funeral rites (with reference to the burning of the body: ' Funus estjam ardens cadaver, quod dum portatur, exsequias dicimus, crematumreliquias, conditum sepulchrum,' Servius ad Verg. ) , funerius, funebris, funereal, funestus, deadly, fatal; fusus, a spindle (from its rapidmotion, Corssen); suffire, to perfume, fumigate; fetēre, fætère, tohave a bad smell, fetor, a stench, fetidus, stinking. Thunnus, the tunnyfish, thymus, thyme, tus, thus, frankincense, are all three Gk. loanwords; from the last are derived thurifer, incense burning, thuribulum,a censer, thurible. Furere, to rage, furor, rage, Furiæ, the Furies, furiare,to enrage, furiosus,³ furious.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. fumo, Prov. and o.F. fums, N.F. fumée=fumata), M.E. fume, smoke, N.E. fume, vapour, smoke, agitation ofmind, Ital. fumare, Prov. fumar, F. fumer, to smoke, Ital . fummosterno(corruption from Lat. fumus terræ) , O.F. fumeterre (from fume deterre) , M.E. fumetere, fumitere, N.E. fumitory, a plant used for medicine(lit. earth-smoke, N.H.G. erdrauch, probably so called from its smell) ,Ital . fummoso, F. fumeux, smoky, M.E. fumose, causing flatulence (prob.a medical term taken direct from Lat. ) , N.E. fumous, producingvapour, F. parfumer, to perfume; L. Lat. funeralis (adj. ) , relating toburial, M.E. funeral (adj . ) , s.s. , as in ' funeral-service,' ' fest funeral, 'funeral feast, (as subs. ) burial; L. Lat. fusata (lit.) , cotton wound ona spindle (from fusare, to turn a spindle) , O.F. fusee, a spindle-ful,according to Brachet a piece of artillery of that shape, but prob. a rodwound round with cotton kept alight and used for firing the gun¹;hence N.E. sense of fusee, an explosive match; the cone of a watch roundwhich the chain winds is also called fusee, from its resemblance to aDHU-✓DHEU1 From θύω: cp, Plato, Crat. 419 E: ἀπὸ τῆς θύσεως καὶ ζέσεως τῆς ψυχῆς.2 From sub +fio, to smoke, from Eur-Ar. dhu-iio; cp. fio , to be made, from Eur-Ar.bhu-iio-.• For alternative explanation see under ghuer-.• The N.E. fuse in the sense of a pipe filled with combustible material to fire ashell, formerly spelt as fusee or fusel, is , according to Skeat, a corruption of fusil,which is not derived from L. Lat. fusillus, diminutive of fusus, but from focile,diminutive of focus. If, therefore, fuse and fusee are originally the same word withfusil, fusee in the sense of match must also be referred to focus, but in the sense ofpart of a watch, to fusus.556 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VDHU- spindle. Ital. tonno, O.F. thon, M.E. tonny, tuny, N.E. tunny; Ital.✓DHEU timo, O.F. thym, M.E. tyme, N.E. thyme.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. dunati, dymati, blows, breathes, duha, breath,fragrance, dusa, the soul, dyma, smoke, Lith. dusa, dusti, vapour,Lith. duszia, the soul, dumas, smoke, Lith. dvesti, to breathe, dvase,spirit, breath.Teutonic, O.H.G. toum, M. Du. dom, smoke, vapour, Goth. dauns,a smell, breath, O.H.G. tunist, storm, breath, N.H.G. dunst, ' vapour,breath, O.N. daunn, a smell, daunsna (vb.) , to smell, sniff at; A.S. dust,O.N. dust, fine powder, dust, Du. duist, meal dust, O.N. and Swed. dunn,down, soft plumage; Goth. daubs, daufs, stupefied, O.H.G. toup, N.H.G.taub, O.N. daufr, A.S. deaf, L.G. doof, M.E. dæf, deef, N.E. deaf, A.S.deafian, to be or make deaf, O.N. deyfa, to blunt, stupefy 2; Goth. dumbs,dumb, O.H.G. tump, dumb, deaf, N.H.G. dumm, (early) deaf, (later)dull, stupid, O.N. dumbr, A.S. dumb, M.E. dumbe, N.E. dumb, O.N.dumba, misty, dumbungr, a dark gloomy sky, M.H.G. dumpf, damp,hollow, musty, (orig. ) smoky, misty, Dan. dump, dull, low, Swed. dial .dumpin, melancholy, (p. p. of Swed. dial. dimba, to smoke, reek, aweakened form of * dumba) , M.E. dumps, a state of sadness, ill plight;O.N. dupt, N.H.G. duft, smell, fragrance, o.N. dökkr, O.H.G. tunchal ,tunchar, N.H.G. dunkel, O. Fries. djunk, dark, perhaps A.S. dunn,dark, M.E. dunne, N.E. dun, a dusky brown¹; Goth. dius, O.H.G. tior(by change of s to r) , N.H.G. thier, O.N. dyr, A.S. deor, dior , M.E. deor,der, a wild animal in general, exclusive of birds and fishes, later in M.E.with special sense of N.E. deer.5Kluge derives dunst, &c. , from ✔dhuen-.2 All from dhey-bh, an extension from dheu-; cp. Tupλós. Kluge does not think this a well - established derivation.• Skeat connects donkey, ( earlier ) donky, donkie, with dun, as generally approaching to that colour. He supposes it to be a contraction of a provincial diminutive donnockie or donnickie.' Kluge refers the O.N. and O. Fris. words to a Goth. *digq-, pronounced ' ding,'corresponding to Eur-Ar. dheng-, a weakened form of ✔dheung-, which correspondswith O.H.G. tunchal. If this be so, the preceding Teutonic forms, Goth. dumbs, &c. ,may be labialised forms from ✔dhen-ng- or ✅dheu-nk. Skeat suggests a connectionof A.S. deore with N.H.G. dunkel by interchange of r and n, but very doubtfully.A.S. deorc may be for an older *deosc (cp. A.S. deor = Goth. dius, a wild animal), theoriginal of M.E. deosk (whence N.E. dusk) from Eur-Ar. dheus-: Skeat cites fromAncren Riwle (1230 circ. ) ' This word is deosk ' = This is a hard saying, and comparesdeosk with Swed. (dial. ) duska, to drizzle, duskug, misty. Murray considers A.S.deorc to represent an earlier form *derk, with which he compares O.H.G. tarchanjan,to conceal, hide = a L.G. darknjan, M.E. derkn-en, N.E. darken. Neither explanationis satisfactory.From dheu-s (extension of ✔dheu-) with sense of breathing; cp. O. Slav. dusa,the soul, and the equation aveµos, wind, anima, breath, animus, the mind, animal, abreathing creature.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 557Celtic, Gael. and Ir. dubh (adj . ) , black, dark, (subs . ) ink, dubbac,melancholy, dubhaim, to blacken, dubh-glas, dark gray, dubhlaod,wintry weather, O. Wel. dub, N. Wel. du, Corn. duv, Bret. du, GalloLat. dubo-, black, Dubis, name of a river (the dark) , now the Doubs,Gael. donn, brown, Wel. dwn, dun, dusky, Gael. dearg, O. Ir. derg, red(Macbain, who compares A.S. deorc)? Gael. dubhdan, smoke, soot, Gael.and Ir. deo, breath (Macbain).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, tunny (thr. Lat. and F.) , typhus, typhoid, typhoon (?) , ¹typhlitis, enthymeme, thyme (thr. Lat. and F.) .Latin, fumose (obs. ) , fumigate, -ion, fuliginous, funereal, fetor, fetid,assa-fetida, thurifer, thurible (from Gk. ); Fury, -ies, furious, infuriate (?) .L. Latin and Romance, fume, fumitory, fumous, perfume, funeral,fusee (ofa watch), perhaps also fusee (a match) .Teutonic, dust, dusky, down, downy, deaf, deafen, deafness , (dial . )deave, deeve, to stupefy (perh. duffer, from o.N. daufr), dumb, -ness,dumps, dusk, perhaps dark, -en, -ness, &c. (see note ³) , deer, deer-hound,-horn, &c., dun, perhaps donkey, (dial. ) dunkey, to rhyme with monkey.Celtic, Dove, name of a river, also a surname variously spelt Dewe,Dew, Dow, Duff; Dublin, the dark pool (dubh + lynn), Douglas, the darkgrey man, Doubs, a river in France, Dougal (dhu +gall) , the darkforeigner, O'Dowd (Dubhda), son of the dark man, Duggan = (Dubhagain) , Downes Dubhain, &c.; dun (brown colour) found as a surname, Dunn, Duncan, &c. Perhaps also the rivers Don and Danube,N.H.G. Donau (see Miklosich under ' Dunavu ') .=(2) Eur-Ar. DHEU , with sense to flow , run, trickle, rinse, wash.Sanscrit, dhav-, in dhavati, run, flow, dhav-ati, run, stream, pour,wash (p. p. dhota), Hindi dhobi , a washerman.Greek, OɛF-, in Oéw (from Oéf-w) , to run, fut. Oɛú-ooµai, Bon-léw,to run to help, Bonlóos, Bontós, helping, Boń0ɛia, help.Teutonic, O.H.G. tau, tou, N.H.G. tau, O.N. dögg, Swed. dagg, A.S.deav, M.E. daw, deu, N.E. dew, Dan. duglap, dewlap.' As first used in England the word was spelt typhōn and was undoubtedly theGreek word. But as now spelt, typhoon, (more properly) tyfoon, is ascribed, with allappearance of truth, to the Chinese ‘ ta fung,' great gale, the name given locally tothe violent storms prevailing in the Chinese seas, and adopted by the earlier Europeannavigators.558 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Boethius (pr. n. ) .Teutonic, dew, bedew, dewy, dewlap, dewberry.(3) Eur-Ar. √DHEU-, with sense to die (Teutonic).Teutonic, Goth. diwan (p. t. dau), O.H.G. towan, tauwan, N.H.G.(obs. ), ' o.N. deyja, M.E. deizen, dyen, dien, N.E. die (from o.N.), Goth.dauth-s, O.H.G. tot, N.H.G. todt, tot, O.N. daudhr, A.S. deâd, M.E. dæd,diad, diead, N.E. dead (orig. a p. p.); Goth. dauthus, O.H.G. tod, N.H.G.tod , O.N. daudhi, A.S. deadh, M.E. deadh, dædh, dieadh, dethe, N.E.death, Goth. dauthjan, O.H.G. toten, N.H.G. tödten, to put to death.Eur-Ar. DHEUGH , with sense to dip.2Teutonic, O.H.G. tuhhan, N.H.G. tauchen, L.G. duken, Dan. dukke,to dip, sink, M.E. duken, N.E. duck (with trans. and intrans. sense);O.H.G. duhen, L.G. duken, Du. diuken, M.E. doke, duke, N.E. duck, O.H.G.tuhhari, N.H.G. taucher, L.G. duker, M.E. doukere, a kind of waterfowl.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, duck (vb. ) , to dip, (subs.) the bird, duckling, duckweed.Eur-Ar. ✓DHEUBH √DHEUP , perhaps an extended variant of√DHEBH-, to dig, deepen, to dip.Sanscrit, dub-, found in Hindi dubna, to dip, sink (intrans. ) , dubānatrans. ).Greek, Suπ- in Súπτw, to dive, duck, Súπτηs, a diver.Balto-Slav. , Lith. dubus, deep, dube, a pit, O. Slav. dupina, hollow,dabu, a hole, pit.Teutonic, Goth. diups, O.H.G. tiof, N.H.G. tief, O.N. djopr, djupr,A.S. deop, M.E. deop, dup, dep, N.E. deep, Goth. diupji, O.H.G. tiufi,N.H.G. tiefe, O.N. dype, A.S. deope, M.E. deope, depe, N.E. depth, Goth.diupjan, O.H.G. tiufan, N.H.G. tiefen, O. Fris. diupa, N.E. deepen; Goth.The place of the O. and M.H.G. word was in N.H.G. taken by sterben, and in A.S. steorfan.2 Perhaps an extended variant of ✅DHEG-, to reach, attain, to thrust in. Outside the Teutonic group no derivatives from this root are cited.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 559daupjan, O.H G. taufan, N.H.G. taufen, L.G. dopen, Du. doopen, ¹ A.S.dypan, dippan, Swed. dyppe, M.E. depen, dippen, N.E. dip, plunge in,ouptize, 2 O.N. dyfa, A.S. dyfan, (older) dufan, M.E. diven, N.E. dive; Goth.dubo, O.H.G. tuba, N.H.G. tauba, O.N. dufa, A.S. * dufe, M.E. duve, N.E.dove, (lit.) the dipper or diver, A.S. dufe-doppa, any diving bird (usedto translate Lat . pelicanus) .Celtic, Gael. and Ir. dobhar, Wel. dwfr, Corn. dofer, Bret. dour,Latinised Gallic dubrum, water, Gael. domhan, the universe, O. Ir.domun, Gallic dubno, dumno, the world, found in comp. of personalnames, as Dumnorix, world-king (Macbain, p. 123; Brugmann, i. 286,381 , and ii. 62) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, deep, -ness, -en , depth, dip, dive, diver, dove, didapper.Celtic, Dover, Douro, Dubnorix, Dumnorix.Eur-Ar. DHUER-AM, a door.³4Sanscrit, dvär, dvaram, a door, gate, Hind. darwan, doorkeeper.Zend, dvara, gate, door, court, N. Pers. darwāza, dwārin, doorkeeper.Greek, Oúpa, a door, ai Oúpaι, the door, Ovpáv, a court.Latin, foris (sing. ) , fores (plur. ), a door, foras, foris, out of doors,outside of, (post- class.) fors; forum, the portico in front of the door,area before a tomb, a fore-court, a market-place, a court of justice,forensis, ofor relating to a court, forus, forum, a gangway between twobenches ofrowers. Forum is found in many names of towns, as ForumJulii (Fréjus) , Forum Æliani (Ferrara); cp. Eng. Market and Chippingused in a similar way, as Market-Harborough, Chipping- Norton.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . fuora, fuori (Lat. foras, foris), Prov.foras, fors, for, o.F. fors, (for- in comp. ) N.F. hors, outside, L. Lat. forisfacere, O. Ital. forfare, o.F. forsfaire, forfaire, to do outside (i.e. transgress) the law, O. Ital. forfatto , O.F. forfait, M.E. forfet, an offenceagainst the law, penalty of the offence (N.E. forfeit retains only thelatter sense), M.E. forfeten (from forfet), to offend against the law, to¹ In O.N. Cristna, to make a Christian, was used instead of a Teutonic word.2 Cp. depe and cristni is al on,' Ayenb. p. 107.The primary meaning of dhver- is uncertain.✦ Brugmann accounts for the change of dh to d by the fact that dhvar wasoriginally used more frequently in the dual and plural with the aspirated inflections-bhyam, -bhis, -bhyas in the oblique cases; so that, to avoid the double aspirate, dhwas changed to d. This frequent use of dvara in the plural extends to Greek, Latin,and Teutonic, implying, originally, a double door; cp. Gk. Oúpa , Lat, fores, Lith. durys,O.H.G. turi.560 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.pay the penalty, N.E. forfeit (vb. ) , with the latter sense only; Ital.forchiudere (Lat. foris claudere) , O.F. for-clorre, to shut out (p. p.forclos, shut out) , N.E. foreclose, to shut out, bar, L. Lat. foris stallare(from Teut. stall, a market-stall) , lit. to sell out ofmarket, ' M.E. forstallen, forestallen, L. Lat. *foraneus, a canon out of residence, adealer, foreign trader, O.F. forain, M.E. forein, N.E. foreign; Ital. foresta,O.F. and M.E. forest, N.F. forêt, from L. Lat. foresta, Ital. forestiere, aforeigner, O.F. forestier, M.E. forester, forster, foster, N.E. a forester; N.F.hors, outside, in hors de combat, lit. out of the fight, hors d'œuvre(' extra operam ') , something extra, hormis, except (foris +missum), leftout, omitted, dehors ( de foris), outside.2Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. dviri, door, O. Slav. dvori, a house, Lith.dvaras, duris, a door, O. Slav. dvirnika, a doorkeeper (f. ) , Russ. dveri,a door, dvoru, a yard, court.Teutonic, Goth. daur (only in pl. daurons) , O.H.G. tor, a gate, turi,pl. , a door, N.H.G. thor, a gate, thür, a door, O.N. dyrr, A.S. duru, dyre,M.E. dure, dore, dor, N.E. and A.S. dureweard, M.E. dureward, a doorkeeper, M.E. duretre, dore-tree, the door-post, O.H.G. forst, M.H.G. vorst,N.H.G. forst, forest.3Celtic, Ir. dor, doras, Gael. dorus, Bret. dor, Corn. daras, O. Corn.dor, Wel. drws, a door, Ir. doirseoir, Gael. dorsair, a doorkeeper.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, forum, forensic.L. Latin and Romance, forfeit, -al, -ure, foreclose, -ure, forestal,-ment, foreign, -er, forest, -er, -ry, Forester, Forster, Foster, surnames,Fréjus, Ferrara.Teutonic, door, in-doors, doorpin, -post, &c. , Durward, surname.Eur-Ar. ✓DHU ES-, √DHU-ENS , sink, fall to dust, perish (intrans. ) ,scatter, disperse (trans. ), an extension from √DHU , shake,agitate, &c.Sanscrit, dhvns-, dhvas-, in dhvņsati , sink down, perish, dhvasta,Cp. Du Cange: ' Arrêter sur les chemins les céréales pour les acheter, sansqu'elles aient été mises en vente au marché. '2 Originally the land outside the limits of the town or village and leftuncultivated.There are, besides, M.H.G. vorest, forest, undoubtedly taken from L. Lat. Ital.foresta. It is doubtful whether O.H.G. forst, M.H.G. vorst, are Romance loan-words.Some regard them as taken directly from Lat. foris. Kluge suggests in preferenceO.H.G. foraha, fir-tree.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 561p. p. fallen, decayed, dhvasti, cessation, destruction, dhvasiras, dhvasra, scattered.Teutonic, L.G. dusel, dizziness , O. G. tusig, A.S. dysig, M.E. dysy,foolish, silly, N.E. dizzy, L.G. dwaas, A.S. dwæs, stupid, stupefied , O.N.dasask (reflexive) , lit. to stupefy oneself, Swed. dasa, to lie idle, M.E.dasen, to be stupefied, to stupefy, N.E. daze, O.N. dæstr, exhausted, Swed.däst, weary, M.E. dastard (dast +-ard), a dullard, a coward; M.H.G. tor,N.H.G. thor, afool (by change of s to r: cp. Goth. dius, O.H.G. tior,an animal); O. Du. doten, Du. dutten, M.E. dotien, doten, M.H.G. tuzen,to mope, doze, dote, O.N. dusa, to doze, Dan. dösig, drowsy, O.N. dūrr(for dusr?) a nap, a sleep, dura, to take a nap, Eng. (Dial. ) dor, to sleep,dorrer, a sleeper, perhaps also dormouse, M.E. dormows, a dormouse,(lit. ) sleeping mouse. From the nasalised form dhuens- may be derived O.N. dvīna, A.S. dwinan, L.G. dwinen (dwin- for dwins?), to fadeaway, M.E. dwynen, Dial. dwine.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. duine, Wel. dyn, Corn. and Bret. den, a man,i.e. the mortal.' So Macbain, who connects the Celtic words withSans. dhvnsati, Gk. Oaveîv, to die (for alternative explanations seeunder deu, to be able, p. 511; and √ghen-, p. 345) .ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, dizzy, dizziness, daze, doze, dormouse,dote, -ard, -age, dotterel, a dotard, a kind of plover, Dial. dwine,dwindle; dazzle, dastard (?) .Eur-Ar. /DHU EL , DHUL , with sense to confuse, delude, probablya byform of DHU-ER, to injure, deceive.Sanscrit, dhvar-, in dhvaras, deceitful (see under √dhu-er) .Greek, Soλ-, Ooλ-, in dóλos, deceit, Ooλepós, confused.Latin, fal-, dol-, in fallere (fal-nere) , to deceive, falsus, false, fallax,deceitful, fallacia, a deceit, infallibiliter (Augustine) , refellere, torefute; dolús, craft, trick, deceit, Osc. dolud (abl. ) , by deceit, dolosus ,deceitful, dol-ere, to feel pain, grieve for, dolor, pain, grief, dolorosus,painful, sorrowful, condolere, to suffer with another, indolentia, freedomfrom pain, insensibility.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. fallire, to deceive, fail, Prov. falhir,O.F. faldre, faudre, to be wanting, be necessary, N.F. falloir, to be wanting,fail of, ' il faut ' (impers. ) it is needed; o. and N.F. faillir, to err, fail,M.E. faillen, failen, N.E. fail, O.F. faille, M.E. faile, error, fail (subs. ) ,N.E. fail, in without fail,' Ital. faltare, fail, falto, failing, wantiny,Ital. and Prov. falta, a want, O.F. faulte, faute, M.E. faute, N.E. fault,0 0562 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓DHU EL✓DHU LItal. diffalta, O.F. defaut, a default, O.F. fautif, M.E. fauti, N.E. faulty;L. Lat. falsificare, F. falsifier , N.E. falsify, O.F. false, N.F. faux, M.E. fauce,false; Ital. dogliere, dolere, Prov. doler, O.F. doloir, douloir, to feel painor grief, Ital . doglia, duolo, Prov. dols, o.F. dolour, M.E. dolour, pain,grief, N.F. douleur, pain, O.F. duel, N.F. deuil, M.E. duel, doel, deol, dole,mourning, grief, Ital. doloroso, F. douloureux, mournful, dolorous.Balto-Slav. , Lith. pulu, ' to fall, from an original *pholo.

Teutonic, Goth. dwals, foolish, O.H.G. tol, tul-isc , N.H.G. toll , A.s.dol, M.E. dull, mad, silly, stupid, N.E. dull, M.E. dult, blunt, stupid, N.e.dolt, a dull stupid fellow; Goth. dwalitha, folly, O.H.G. dwala, delay,gitwola, infatuation, O.N. dvöl, a short stay, a halt, A.S. dwala, dwola,ge-dwola, delay, O. Sax. dwalm, infatuation, M.E. dwale, dwole, delusion,name ofa plant, the deadly nightshade, 2 supposed to cause illusionsO.H.G. twelan, to sleep soundly, O.N. dvala, to delay, A.S. dwelan, to betorpid, in a deep sleep, M.E. dwelen, to be sound asleep, the child laidweling,' O.H.G. twalian, twellan, M.H.G. twellen, to cause delay, O.N.dvelja, to delay, make a halt, stay at a place, A.s. dwellan, to lead astray,retard, cause to stay, M.E. dwellen, to tarry, abide, linger, N.E. dwell, toinhabit, live at a place, to linger (in the phrase ' I need not dwell upon,'&c .); O.H.G. fallan, N.H.G. fallen, O.N. falla, A.S. feallan, M.E. fallen, N.E.to fall (vb.) , O.H.G. val, N.H.G. fall, A.S. fiel, fyll , M. and N.E. fall (subs. ),O.N. fella, A.S. fellan, fyllan, M.E. fellen, N.E. fell ( vb. ), to cause to full,A.S. fals (a late A.S. word borrowed from o.F. false) , N.E. false, M.H.G.valsch, N.H.G. falsch, false (a later formation from O.H.G. gi-falscon, tofalsify, an adaptation of a L. Lat. * falsicare, to falsify); M.H.G. velen,N.H.G. fehlen, to err, fail, deceive (borrowed early in the thirteenth century from F. faillir, cp. M.E. failen, to fail) , M.E. falteren, to falter, a formation either from A.S. feallan or from O.F. faldre.Celtic, Ir. dall, blind, puzzled, dallaim, I blind, puzzle, dalladh, daille,blindness, darkness, dallma, delay.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, indolent, -ce, condole, -ment, -atory, falsification, fallacy,fallacious, fallible, -ity, infallible.L. Latin and Romance, dolour, doleful, -ness (O.F. duel, M.E. doel +The equation Lat. fallere: Lith. pulu: N.H.G. fallen and fehlen, Eng. fall and fail, must be regarded as provisional. Brugmann seems to prefer it to the connectionwith Gk. σpáλλw, and Kluge regards this connection as scarcely probable for theGerman fallen.2 Cp. Gower, iii . 14, ' Wel I knowe by thy tale, That thou hast drucken of thedwale.'EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 563suff. -ful) , dolorous, tic-douloureux, Scot. dool, grief; fault, -y, -iness,-less, default, -er, falsetto (Ital. loan-word), falsify, fail, -ure.Teutonic, dull, -ness, dullard, dolt, -ish, dwell, indwelling, dweller,-ing, dwale, the deadly nightshade; fall (vb. and subs. ) , befal, downfall,fell (vb. ) , false, -ness, -hood, -ity (Lat. thr. o.F. and a.s.) , falter.¹Eur-Ar. DHUEN-, to make a noise, roar.Sanscrit, dhvan-, in dhvanati (p. p. dhvanit), to sound, dhvanayati,to cause to sound, dhvani, dhvān, sound, noise, murmur, dhun-ayati,rustle, murmur.Teutonic, O.N. dynja, to rustle, rattle, as hail falling, a.s. dynnan,to make a noise, M.E. dunnen, dinnan (s. s. ), O.N. dynr, a din, Dan. dön,a rumbling sound, A.S. dyn, dyne, M.E. dune, dene, din, a noise, M.E.dunning, making a noise.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, din, dun (to ask payment ofa bill).·The English words fell, fierce, cruel, malignant, terrible, keen, shrewd, and felon,(adj. ) cruel, wicked, base, (subs. ) a villain, traitor, criminal, have been connected bysome with Latin fallere, Gk. σpáλλew , Germ. fallen; but their etymology is altogetherobscure, and of the various explanations given no one is satisfactory. Murray, Hist.Dict. , prefers, as most probable, the derivation of L. Lat. fellon-em from Lat. fel(gen. fellis) , gall, with the sense of one filled with gall and bitterness.' Körting andDiez refer them to an unrecorded O.H.G. *fillo, a scourger, knacker, a derivative ofO.H.G. fillan, to scourge, flay, from O.H.G. fel, the skin ofbeasts and men, and applied toany low, vicious, cruel person. Skeat derives N.E. fell from an A.S. -fel, found in twocompounds wæl-fel, fierce for slaughter, an epithet of the raven, and eal-felo, all- malignant (?) , usually applied to attor, poison; he cites also M. Du. fel , which Murrayderives from an O.F. fel, Prov. fels, of which felon is the accus. (Diez, 136); but Skeatregards the A.S. and Du. words as only possibly connected with felon. Mätzner gives,without comment, the equation, A.S. -fel ( in wæl- fel) , O.F. fel , Prov. fel , felh ,fello, Du. fel, N.E. fell , cruel, fo.; he cites also from Wycl. Gen. iii . 1, ' The edderwas feller than ony lifers of the erthe,' ( in the Authorised Version) ' The serpent wasmore subtil than any beast of the field .' Macbain gives the equation, Gael. feall (adj.and subs. ), deceitful, deceit, Ir. feall, (earlier) fell (s.s.) , Wel. gwal, defect, Bret. goall(s.s.) , Corn. gal (adj . and subs. ) evil, which he connects with Lith. apvilti, vilioti,to cheat, Lett. wilat, deceitful, O.N. vel, a deceit, N.E. wile, from Eur- Ar. ✔uel- andadds, ' Stokes hesitates between this and uel from u(p)el (by loss of p) , from Goth.ubils- (see ✔uel- , ✔uer-, p. 133). Skeat also thinks felon ' olearly Celtic,' though atthe same time he connects the Celtic words with Lat. fallere. But Murray thinks⚫the Celtic words are out of the question; the O.F. word cannot have come from Walesor Ireland.' Notwithstanding, my own preference is rather in favour of Macbain's explanation than of the others.0 0 2564 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.N.Eur-Ar. NA NA (reduplication of NA) , a child's term ofaffection formother, nurse, &c.Sanscrit, nana, mother.Greek, vévvos, uncle, vávva, aunt, vívvn, grandmother, mother-inlaw, vóvvos, vóvva , (late Gk.) titles of monks or nuns.Latin, Nonnus (St. Jerome), title of a monk, tutor, guardian,nonna, title ofa nun or nurse.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. nonne, M.E. nonne, nun, O.F. nonnerie,M.E. nunnerie, nunnery; Ital. nonno, grandfather, Ital. ninna, a nurse'ssong to put a child to sleep, Span. niño, niña, a child, Ital. ninno, ninna(s.s.) , pequinini, a Cuban corruption of Sp. pequeno-niño, little child.Teutonic, A.S. nunna (loan-word from Latin) .ENGLISH DERIV. L. Latin and Romance, nun, nunnery (or fromA.S. nunna); nana, child's name for its nurse, piccaninny, ninny, asimpleton.Eur-Ar. NE, N, EN, AN-, negative particle, not.Sanscrit, na, (in compos. ) a- ( = Eur- Ar. n) before consonants, anbefore vowels, as nanu, by no means; interrog. is it not? ( = Lat.nonne), a-yug-as, unyoked, an-apta- s, unfit: cp. Lat. ineptus (s.s.) , &c.'Zend, na, a-, an-, as in Sans.Greek, vn-, (in compos. ) a- ( =Eur-Ar. n) before consonants, avbefore vowels, in νήνεμος, windless ( = νη + ἄνεμος) , νη-πενθής,without suffering (νη +πένθος, sorrow) , νη-κερδής, profitless, ἄ-βατος,untrodden, ävvdpos , waterless, &c.Latin, ne-, nei-, ni- (later and more rarely) , ne-g (in comp. ) = not,no, ne-que, nec, nor, nunquam ( = ne +unquam), never, non ( = ne+œnum, not one) , not, nullus ( = ne +ullus) , none, ne-mo ( = ne +hemo,not a man) , no one, ne-fas , unlawful, nolo ( = ne-volo), to be unwilling,Sans. ni-r, with a privative sense =Eng. -less , maybe added to those in the text.-EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 565nescire, to be ignorant, neuter ( =ne +uter) , neither of two, neg-are, todeny, say no, ¹ negligere (neg +legere), not to pick up, neglect, neg-otium,business (negotium); ni, in ni-hilum, nothing ( = ni +hilum, according to Festus, the black fibre at the end ofa bean = filum: cp. hostis =fostis), nihil, nil, not a whit, nothing (see p. 395) , nimis, too much(ni +me-t-, measure, not according to measure) , nisi , not if, unless. TheLatin neg. pref. is in- Eur-Ar. an- before vowels and all consonantsexcept b, p, when it becomes im-, and before l , m, r, when it isassimilated, as impotens, imbellis, illegitimus, immensus, irreverens.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. and Prov. non, not, no, no, non,no, ne, not, Ital. ne, Prov. ni, ne, F. ni , neither, Ital. niente, O.F. nient,N.F. néant, nothing ( = Lat. nec-ent[em] , not a being) , Ital. far-niente,doing nothing, O.F. faineant (s.s. ) , O.F. nen, no ( Lat. non) , O.F.nennil ( Lat. non illud) , N.F. nenni, no; Ital. denegare, o.F. deneier,denier, M.E. deneien, deny, Span. renegado, a renegade, M.E. renegat,corrupted in early N.E. to runagate (Ps. lxviii. 6) , o.F. and M.E. nichil(fr. Lat. nihil) , no assets, a sheriff's return of worthless debtors,M.E. nichil, (vb. ) to make such a return; words derived from Lat.compounds of in - not, as inceste, &c.; o.F. nonper (non +par = Lat.impar, unequal) , later forms nomper, M.E. nompere, noumpere: the nbecame attached to the article, so that ' a numpire ' became ' an umpire,'perhaps with a mistaken reference to the Lat. impar. Ital . nescio, Prov.nesci, o.F. nice, niche, ignorant, lazy, simple, M.E. nyce (s.s.) , fastidious.Balto- Slav. , Lith. and O. Slav. ne, no, not, Lith. ne-gi, O. Slav.ne-gu, not.Teutonic, Goth. ni, O.H.G. ni, O.N. and a.s. ne, not, Goth. andO.H.G. ne, O.N. nei, a.s. nā, nō ( =ne- a, lit. not ever), M.E. nai, nay, nā,no, N.E. nay, no (cp. N.H.G. nie, never) , O. and N.H.G. nein, O.N. neinns(=ne +eins) , a.s. nan ( =ne +an, lit. not one) , M.E. nõn (cp. Lat. non=ne-unum), none, but N.H.G. nein =no; O.H.G. niwiht, M.H.G. niht,N.H.G. nicht, A.S. nawiht, naht, not a whit, M.E. naht, noht, naught, nott,N.E. not, naught, nought, M.H.G. nuhts, nothing, A.S. na-hwæther, withcontracted forms nawther, nather, nother, &c. , M.E. nawther, nether,neyther, nother, nor, N.E. neither, nor; A.S. næfre ( =ne + æfre, ever),M.E. nævre, nefre, nevre, N.E. never, nauztie, N.E. naughty, Goth. nih( Lat. neque) , O.H.G. noh, N.H.G. noch (lit. and not) , neither; O.H.G.niware, were it not, M.H.G. newære, nær, neur, N.H.G. nur.The A.S.neg. pref. is un- = N.H.G. un- in unglück, Goth. un-, O.N. ū-, ō-, forun- (=Eur-Ar. an-). This neg. pref. is etymologically entirely distinctA verb formed from ne-g-, an intensive of ne-, to say no; cp. al- áÇew , to affirm,say yes, N.H.G. bejahen (s. s. ) , verneinen , say no. ( See Brugmann, ii . 1116.)NENENAN-566 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.from the other Eng. pref. un-, which corresponds to Goth. and-,O.H.G. ant-, N.H.G. ent-, A.S. and-, in andswarian, answer (see p. 26) .Celtic, Corn. , Wel. , Gael. na, ni, ne, no, not.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, words derived from Greek compounds of a-, av-, not, asa-neroid, a dry barometer, i.e.without liquid (å, not, vnpós, wet), a- damant(a+Saµáw), that cannot be broken, Hades (à, not, +√id- = Eur-Ar.√uid-, to see) , the unseen; the older form is Ades: the soft was probablychanged to the rough breathing when the digamma lost its value.A-mbrose (from ȧ+µßporós), mortal, immortal, ambrosial, atheist (å,not, Oɛós, God), &c. , an-æmia ( = åv +aîµa, blood) , bloodlessness,anomaly (åv, not, óµaλós, regular), irregular, &c. , nepenthe, anEgyptian drug (perhaps haschish) , removing sorrow (see Od. iv. 221) .Latin, null, nullify, nullity, annul, &c. (see p. 564) , nefarious,nescience, neuter, neutral, -ity, negation, -ive, abnegation, neglect,negligent, negotiate, &c . , nil , nihilist, annihilate, &c.; words fromLatin compounds of in- (not) , as inaccurate, inert, incest, indifferent,&c. , impious, impossible, illegal, immense, irreverent, &c.; compoundsof non-, as non-age, non-entity, non-conformist, &c.L. Latin and Romance, faineant, far-niente, deny, renegade, &c. ,runagate, umpire, nice (original sense ignorant), nicety, -ness, nichil,nichel ( 1716) , ' in case any sheriff shall nichil any debt, ' also ' theclerk of the nichels.'Teutonic, no, not, none, naught, -y; nor (contracted form of M.E.nother), neither, never, nay; the negative prefix un- in un-like, unmanly, un-real, &c, but not un- which reverses the action of a verb,as un-mask, un-cover, &c. (see p. 26).Eur-Ar. NE , N-, NEI , NI-, down, with various extensions.Sanscrit, ni, a- ( =Eur-Ar. n) , in a-dha ' ( = Eur-Ar. n +dhe, toplace), down, a-dharas, a-dhamas, with by-forms andharas, andhamas,lower, lowest; ni, down, frequent in composition, nitaram, lower(comp. ), nīdas (= ni-sd-as), a nest (ni + sed, to sit) , literally a place ofSee p. 30, where Sans. adhas, Lat. infra, Goth. untar, with the other equivalentTeutonic words, have been independently treated under Eur-Ar. an-dhas, ndhas. Theerror was there made of connecting Umbr. hondra, beneath, with Lat. infra, whichhas been corrected on p. 379, where hondra has been placed under Eur-Ar. ghem-,the earth, and connected with Lat. humus.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 567Gasitting down, ni-ghanas, (adj . ) subject to , ni-drā, sleep; ni-dāna, torevile, vilify, (ni +d) nindati (s.s.), nasalised form, connected withnadati, cries, shrieks, a-ned-yas, unblameable.Zend, ni-, down, in nitema, lowest, nis-ta (2nd plur.) , ye blame.Greek, véρ0ɛ, éveρle, from below, vépтepos, the lower, evɛpoi, ' thosebelow,' the dead, the gods below, o-veld-os (with prothetic o) , shame,ovɛidíçw, to blame, abuse, cp. ovoolɛ, ye blame, ovootós, blameable(from o-vod-) .Latin, nidus ( =ni-sd-us) , nest, Umbr. nertro, left hand.=L. Latin and Romance, Ital. nidio, o.F. nid, nest, Ital. nidiace,taken out of the nest, simple (formed from nidio with adjectivalending -ace Lat. -ax), Prov. nizaic, niaic, O.F. niais, taken fromthe nest (faucon niais, a falcon taken from the nest) , then simple, silly,niaiserie, silliness; Prov. nec, silly, stupid, probably from nido, cp.niaic and Span. niego, a nestling (Diez); F. nigaud, a stupid fellow,has the same origin.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. nizu , downward, niziti, to humiliate, Lith.lizdas ( =nizdas, 1 for n) , O. Slav. (g)nezdo , a nest (g unexplained);N. Slav. nid, hate, Lett. naids (s.s. ) , Lett. nisti, to hate (p. t. nidu).Teutonic, ni-, un- ( = Eur-Ar. n) , in O.H.G. nidar, N.H.G. niedar, O.N.nidhr, A.S. nidhar, nidhe, down, A.s. neodhr (adj . ) , lower, nether, Goth. (notfound) , A.S. beneodhan, M.E. benethe, N.E. beneath; O.H.G. nest, N.H.G.and A.S. nest, Eng. nest (cp. Goth. sitl, a nest, from sitan, to sit); o. andN.H.G. nord, a.s. north, M. and N.E. north, O.N. nordhr, Noregr (for

• Nordhvegr in Latinised Northwagia), Norway, Norskr, Norse, Nordmenn (pl. ), Northmen, Nordh-ymbrar (pl. ) , a.s. Northhymbrisc, Northumbrians. From - are Goth. undar, o.H.G. undar, untar, N.H.G.

unter, O.N. undir, A.S. under, A.S. odh, udh (cp. Sans. adha) , O.H.G.untan, N.H.G. unten, under, beneath; Goth. undaurni mats, breakfast, a between-meal, O.H.G. untarn, A.S. and M.E. undern, probablythe time midway between sunrise and noon, and between noon andsunset, O.N. undorn, mid-forenoon, mid-afternoon, N.E. (dial .) aunderorndorns. From nei-dh-, Goth. naiteins, calumny, ganaitjan, to revile,Goth. neith, O.H.G. nid, N H.G. neid , O.N. nidh, A.S. nidh, anger, envy,reproach, A.S. and M.E. nidhering, calumny, slander, O.N. nidhringr, avillain, M.E. nithing (s.s.).¹ A conjectural derivation on the assumption that the Gk. vép0e, Umbr. nertro, arecognate with the Teut. nordh. Kluge remarks that if the connection with the Greekexists, the word must have received the meaning ' north ' when the Germans weredescending the northern slope of a mountain range and looked down upon the plainbeneath. The Umbr. nertro, to the left, supposes that the country to the north-thatis, to the left of a person facing east-lay also lower (cp. Hyper- boreans, p. 313).NENNEINI568 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Celtic, Gael. and• Ir. nead, O. Ir. nett (gen. nitt), Wel. nyth,Corn. neid, Bret. nez, neiz, a nest.Latin, nidification.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES..Teutonic, nether, most, -neath in beneath, underneath; nest,nestle, nestling; under, underling, -most, -neath, frequent in compos.with verbs and nouns, as under-lie, under-ground, undertone; aunder,orndorns (provincial) , ' a lunch, an intermediate refreshment. Perhapsnorth, Norse, Norman, Norway, Northumberland, &c.Eur-Ar. VNIK , with sense to put down, overcome, an extension of√NI-, down (Brugmann, ii . 241) .Sanscrit, ni-ch-us, downward.Greek, vi-k- in víkŋ, victory, vikáw, to conquer, found frequentlyin the composition of personal names, as Νικόμαχος, Νικόλαος,• subduer of the people, Ανδρόνικος, Νικηφόρος, &c.Balto- Slav. , O. Slav. nici, bending forward or downward, Lith.ly-k-stu, disappear (cited by Brugmann as connected with víxn).ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, Nicolas, Nicholas, Nicolaitans (an oldsect of heretics), Nicomachean (thr. L. Latin and Romance, Ital.Nicolò, O.F. Nicole), Nicol, Nicolls, Nicholls, Nicholson, Nick, Nicks,Nickson, Nix, Nixon, Nickoletts, Colin, Collins, Collinson, Colet,Collett, Cole, Coles, Coleson (surnames); nicotiana (botan. ) , nicotine,so called from Jean Nicot, French ambassador at Lisbon, who sentthe first tobacco plant to Paris.?Eur-Ar. NE, N, NE, an intensive and demonstrative particle, usedespecially as a pronominal and case-forming suffix.Sanscrit, -na, a-nas, e-na, a-na-ya, this, &c." Zend, -na in kem-na, whom then.'Greek, -vn, -vai, encl*tic, vý, vaí, independent, a demonstrativeand affirmative particle, as in yóvn, túvn, ‘ I, thou, indeed,' vǹ TòvThe O.H.G. untarn has various forms and meanings in the later German: e.g.untern, to take a rest, especially for draught cattle (Oberdeutsch); undern (Bavarian),a slight meal taken in the forenvon and afternoon; onnern ( Westerwald), a mealat 4 p.m.; unnern (Hessian) , a resting placefor cattle. The original meaning of theword was probably mid-forenoon and mid-afternoon, and the meal or short rest thentaken was known as the ' undern ' meal. It was a general practice in Germany tohave a Zehn- Uhr Brod in the forenoon, a Vier-Uhr Brod in the afternoon.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 569(Ala, yea, by Jove,' vaì µà tódɛ σêîπтρо , ' yea, by this sceptre,' ň-v-ví, lo here, this here.Latin, ne, næ, affirmative particle found in classical Latin onlywith pronouns, as ne ego, ne tu , I, thou, verily, &c. , e.g. ' ne egoinfelix fui,' ' I was indeed unhappy,' also, as in Greek, in strongaffirmations, as ' ne tu hercle, ' ne ista edepol, &c.; nam, for (originallyacc. sing. fem. from an adjectival base, *no-s from nē) , introducingthe confirmatory clause to a preceding statement, and also used as anemphasising interrogative suffix, as quisnam, who, indeed? Num isthe masc. acc. sing. of the same, used as an interrogative expectinggenerally a negative answer. E-n, ' this here ' (cp. Gk. ηv, žvɩ, here),late Gk. - probably represents the Eur-Ar. pronom. demonstrativebase, E-, EI-.Teutonic, -na is found as a case suffix in Goth. meina, O.H.G. min,A.S. min, and in Goth. theina, &c. , N.E. mine, thine; Goth. tha-na,acc. sing. masc. of tha, the, that, A.S. thone, thäne, acc. sing. masc.of se ( =*te), the, that, A.S. this-ne, acc. sing. masc. of thes, this;cp. N.H.G. diesen, de-n, &c. , Goth. than, then, thereupon, O.H.G. danne,then, for, N.H.G. dann, then, denn, for, A.S. thänne, thanne, thonne, then,than; O.H.G. dannana, dannan, N.H.G. dannen, A.S. thananne, thanôn,M.E. thennes, thence. Na is also found in the corresponding forms oftheTeutonic relative and interrogative base hwa, represented in Eng.by when, whence.¹ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, mine, thine, than, then, thence, when,whence, &c.Eur-Ar. NES, NOS, NS, N-SME, for NS SME, compound of NS +suffix-SME.Sanscrit, nas, asman (Eur-Ar. p-sme) , acc. plur. ‘ us, ' nas, asme(gen. and dat. pl. ) , nau (gen. dat. and acc. pl. ) .Zend, no, na (acc. plur. ) , us, no (gen. and dat. pl . ) .Greek, ȧs- (for * ys-) , in dialectic aµµe (for άoµɛ) , Attic. ñµâs, us(= Eur-Ar. psme), acc. plur.; possessive adj . μétεpos, ‘ ours. 'Latin, nos (nom. and acc. ), nostri, nostrum (gen. ) , nobis (dat. andThe suffix -na is found in very many other directions than those here noted,which it would be impossible to bring together under one article: e.g. ( 1 ) as aninfinitive suffix, represented in English by -en in such words as hasten; (2) as aparticipial suffix in broken, done, &c.; (3 ) as an adjectival suffix =-vos, -nus, -num inGk. and Lat. , -an Teut., represented in Eng, by n or -en, as in vernal: Lat. vernus,wood-en, plenary: Lat. plenus, &c.; and (4) as a nominal suffix, in wine: Lat.vinum, Gk. olvos zone: Gk. (ú- vn ( = (wovā) , an- nu-al: Lat, an-nus ( = at- snos) , &c. ,pen Lat. pen-na ( = pet-na), reign: Lat. reg-num, &c.570 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.abl. ) , we, us, with an older form enos found in the Arval chant,and perhaps formed on Eur- Ar. -ena, a compound of pronom. base e-,with suffix -na; noster, possessive form (=Eur-Ar. nōs +comp.suffix -tera on the analogy of Gk. ýµétepos) , ours.our.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. noi, F. nous, we, Ital. nostro, F. nôtre,Balto-Slav. , Lith. mus (for *nus), O. Pruss. mans (for *nans),O. Slav. ny (acc. plur. ) , us. The substitution of m for n in Lith.and O. Pruss. is due to the influence of ma-, the base of sing. obliquecases of 1st pers. pron.; Lith. musu, O. Pruss. nouson, 0. Slav. nasu,gen. pl. , of us.Teutonic, Goth. uns, uns-is, O.H.G. unsih, N.H.G. uns, O.N. oss, A.S.us, acc. plur. ( = Eur-Ar. ns); Goth. unsara, o. and N.H.G. unser, A.S.ure (contracted from unsere); M.E. ure, oure, gen. plur. and possessiveadj . N.E. our.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, nostrum, Paternoster.Teutonic, us, our, ours.¹Eur-Ar. NEU, NU, with imperfect reduplication NU-N, now.Sanscrit, nu, nū, nūnam, now.Zend, nu, now.Greek, vv, vvv, vûv, now: the two former, according to the oldgrammarians, denote sequence, but vûv only time.Latin, nun-o, now: c is here the representative of Eur-Ar. demonstrative suffix -ki, as in hic-ce, hic.Balto-Slav. , Lith. nu, nu-gi, O. Slav. nyne, now.Teutonic, Goth. , O.H.G. , O.N. , A.S. nu, N.H.G. nun, now, Goth. nauh,O.H.G. noh, N.H.G. noch ( = nu +-h = Lat. -que, Sans. cha, and) , andnow, still.Celtic, O. Ir. nu, no, until.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, now.¹ The nom. dual and plural of the first pers. sing. in the Indo- Iranic and Teutonicare formed on the Eur- Ar. bases iu-, ue, uo (see p. 20); the Eng. we stands thereforein no phonetic relation to us.On p. 20 only the base iu- is given as the base of the second plur. pers. pron. ,but the bases ue-, uo-, should be added, from which are formed not only Lat. vos,vester, Sans. vas, Zend. vo, O. Slav. vy (acc. plur. of second pers. pron. ), with severalother cases of the same in dual and plural, but also Goth. weis, O.H.G. wir, O.N. ver,A.S. we (nom. plur. first pers. pron. ), Lith. ve- du, O. Slav. ve, A.S. wi-t (nom. dualfirst pers. pron. ) we two.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 57114Eur-Ar. NEU-OS, new; related to the preceding.Sanscrit, nav-, in navas, nav-yas, new.Zend, nav-, in navas, new.Greek, vɛf-, in véos ( = véfo-s) , new, véos (subs. ) , new soil, or onlyonce ploughed, véatos (adj .) , fallow, vɛapós, new, Nɛáπoλis, new city,Naples.Latin, nov-, in novus, new, novellus, fresh, new, novitas, noverca(for noverica), stepmother ( the new one ' ) , nov-are, to make new, innovare, to innovate, renovare, to renew, novalis, land once ploughed,novicius, new, fresh; nuntius, a messenger (explained as for *noventius,anews-teller, from novent-, the base of a hypothetical pres. p. ofnovēre,to bring news), nuntiare, an- de- e- pro- re- nuntiare; nuper (novumper) ,lately (cp. parumper).L. Latin and Romance, Ital . nuovo, Prov. nou, nueu, F. neuf,new, Neufville, Newtown; Ital. novello, new, fresh, modern, o.F. novel,nouvel, M.E. novel, N.E. novel (adj . ) , N.F. nouveau (Lat. novellus, cp.beau bellus) , Prov. novelitat, o.F. novelete, M.E. novelte, N.E. novelty,N.F. nouveauté, novelty, Ital. novella, O.F. novelle, N.F. nouvelle, the firstnews, a tale, story, N.E. novel (subs. ); Ital. annunziare, Prov. annunciar,O.F. anuncier, M.E. anounce, N.F. annoncer, N.E. announce, Ital . Annunziata, a title of the Virgin Mary, Ital. nunzio, papal delegate; Ital .Napoli, F. Naples.Balto-Slav. , Lith. naujas, navas (cp. Sans. navyas) , O. Slav.new, Russ. novyj (in Novgorod, new city) .novu,Teutonic, Goth. niujis (cp. Lith. naujas), O.H.G. niuwe, N.H.G. neu,O.N. nyr, A.S. niwe, M.E. newe, N.E. new, M.E. newes (subs. plur. , prob.a translation of F. nouvelles), N.E. news.Celtic, O. Ir. nue, nuide, Gael. and Ir. nuadh, Wel. newydd,O. Bret. nouuid, N. Bret. neuez , new; Latino-Gall. Novio (s.s.) , inNovio-dunum, Newtown.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, words compounded with neo-, as neo-logy (new science),neoteric, recent, &c.Latin, novel, -ty, -ist, innovate, renovate, -ion, noviciate; an- dee- pro- re- nunciation.L. Latin and Romance, Neville (Neuf-ville), Naples (Gk. thr. Fr.) ,an- de- pro- re- nounce, -ment; nuntio, novice.Teutonic, new, -ness, news, renew, -al; Newton, Newman, Newburgh, -berry, -bury, -by, -cross, &c.: names of places and persons.572 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. , NEUN, ENUN, ENUEN, nine, NEUN TO, ninth.Sanscrit, nava, navan, nine, navamas, ninth.Zend, nava, nine, naoma ( = * navema), ninth.Armenian, inn, nine, plur. inun-k.Greek, *iva, nine, in Ion. εἶνα-κόσιοι, Att. ἐνα-κόσιοι, 900,εἴνατος (for ἔνfατος), Att. ἔνα-τος, ninth, ἐννέα, nine, originally acollective abstract denoting a sum or total of nine, as decade an aggregate of ten objects.Latin, novem (for * noven, after the analogy of septem, decem) , nine,novies, nine-times, noveni, nine each, Novembris, the ninth month ofthe Roman calendar; O. Lat. noun-dinus (=noven-dinus), (later)nundinus, relating to nine days; nundinæ, sc. dies, market day, so calledbecause it was held every ninth day; nonæ, the nones, from nonus theninth, i.e. the ninth day before the Ides, which were on the 13th ofevery month except March, May, July, and October, when they wereon the 15th; the nones were accordingly on the 5th or 7th of theRoman month; nonagenarius, consisting of ninety.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. nove, Prov. nove, nou, o.F. nuef, N.F.neuf, nine, neuvième, ninth, O.F. neuviesme, as from a Latin form

• novesimus, Fr. neuvaine ( Lat. novena) , a special service lasting nine

days; L. Lat. nona, a religious office originally read at the ninth hour,i.e. three p.m.; but after the union of nones with sexts (the prayersat mid-day) , the combined service was called nona, O.F. none, inEnglish nones, and the name given to the hour of the service(twelve o'clock), was in M.E. none, noyne, in N.E. noon.nōn-tid (a compound of the loan-word nōn with A.S. tid, time) is usedfor the ninth hour of the day, while the corrresponding English noontide denotes mid-day. M.E. nunchin, ' nunchion, nunscion, nonechence(rare), N.E. (early) , nunchion, noonshun, a noontide refreshment, perhaps(orig.) a noon-drink (cp . Florio, ' nunchin, beuer and andersmeate, 'i.e. a drink and a between-meal; cp. Goth. undaurni-mats, p. 567) .The A.S.Balto-Slav. , Lith. devyni, for *navyni (cp . lizdas for nizdas),¹ Skeat has given the best explanation of this word, from ' nonechenche, ' the termused in a record (temp. Edward III . ) for a donation for drink to workmen, equivalentto the Germ. ' trink-geld.' The correct spelling is none-schenche (lit. a pouring outof drink at noon), from M.E. schenchen, A.S. scencan, to pour out; cp. O.H.G.schenchen, N.H.G. schenken, O.N. skenkja, to give to drink, O.H.G. schencho, N.H.G.schenk, the servant who fills the glasses, the cupbearer. These words have theirorigin in O.H.G. schincho, A.S. soeonca, N.H.G. schenkel , N.E. shank (cp. N.H.G.schinken, ham ) . This derivation implies that the hollow shank- bone of animals wasused as a pipe to pour out fluids from any vessel. The hill tribes of the Himalayause still the shank- bone of animals, and even of men, as a kind of flute or pipeThrough a confusion with lunch ( = lump, i.e. of bread), nuncheon has been transformed into luncheon. (See Skeat under nuncheon, and Kluge at schenk) .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 573O. Slav. deveti, for *novęti; nine, Lith. deviñtas; O. Pruss. newisstas; O. Slav. devętu, ninth.Teutonic, Goth. and O.H.G. niun, N.H.G. neun, O.N. niu, A.S. nizan,M.E. nizene, nyne, N.E. nine; Goth. niunda, O.H.G. niunto, N.H.G.neunte, O.N. niundi, A.S. negodha, negedha, M.E. nietthe, nynt, neynd,N.E. ninth; Goth. niunte-hund, o.H.G. niunzug, N.H.G. neun-zig, O.N.niutigir, A.S. nizontiz, M.E. uizenti, N.E. ninety.Celtic, O. Ir. noi, O. Wel. , Corn. nau, nine, O. Ir. nomad, O. Wel.naw-uet, ninth, Gael. , Ir. noin , Wel. nawn, noon, Gwal, neoinean, Ir.noinin, the daisy. 'nōn.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, November, nones (of the month) , nona-genarian, novena.L. Latin and Romance, nones (the religious office).Teutonic, nine, -teen, -ty, &c . , ninth, noon, from A.S. loan-wordEur-Ar. √NEU-, √NU-, to move slightly, to incline, nod.Sanscrit, nu-, nav-, in navati, turns towards.Greek, vɛv- in vɛúw, nod, beckon to, give assent, incline, veûpa, nod,sign ofcommand, assent.Latin, nu-, in nu-ere, in ab-nuere, renuere, to reject, disapprove bya nod, innuere, to nod to, hint, numen, the divine will, sway, nutare, tonod, sway, to command by a nod.2ENGLISH DERIV. Latin, nutation, innuendo.The connection between the words denoting nine ' and ' new,' in all theEur-Aryan languages is remarkable. It has been traced to the earliest system of counting byfours (from the four fingers): the number eight (okto) , which has a dualformation, is thought to represent two fours, and beyond this no number is supposedto have had a name until a later period , when the thumb of each hand was includedand the decimal system came into use; the next number to eight then received the nameof ' the new,' or nine, and ten the name of dekņ, or ' the show ofthe whole hand, ' from ✔dek-, to show. This hypothesis, however, rests on nothing else than the resemblancebetween the terms for new' and ' nine, ' and the dual form of okto and does notaccount for the intervening numbers 5, 6, 7. Brugmann, however, connects O. Slav.pestis , fist, and peti-, a tale offive, with Eur- Ar. penge, fire, with reference to thefive fingers; O.H.G. faust, fist, i.e. the five fingers clenched, he also connects with pęti(see Brugmann, ii . 288, and i . 310, 401 ) , and below, pp. 622-23) .2 The English nod, M.E. nod- den, are derived from a Teutonic base hnu-d (cp.O.N.G. hnoton, hnuoton) = Eur-Ar. ✔qneud- kneud-, and Pott supposes the sameorigin for the Latin and Greek words; but the absence of any guttural in theSanscrit does not support the supposition, though neither does it forbid it.574 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS .Eur-Ar. √NĒDH , to seek aid, afford aid.Sanscrit, nāth-, nādh-, in nāthati, begs for aid, nātham, refuge, aid,nathas, a protector, nathitas, wanting help, being in need, nādhas,refuge, aid, nadha-manas, seeking aid; Jagan-nath, lord of the world.Teutonic, Goth. nithan, to help, rescue, O.H.G. ginada, N.H.G. gnade,help, favour, grace, N.H.G. gnädig, gracious; O.N. nād, rest, peace,grace (in eccles. sense), nadh-hus, place of refuge, nadha, to givepardon.ENGLISH DERIV. (fr. Sans. ) Jagannath, commonly spelt Juggernaut), from jagat, world, +nath, lord, protector.(1 ) Eur-Ar. √NEUD NUD , to enjoy, divert, amuse.Sanscrit, nud-, in nudati (s.s. as above).Teutonic, Goth. niutan, to take part in, ganiutan, to catch, O.H.G.niozan, giniozan, take part in, N.H.G. nützen, geniessen, o.N. njota,to enjoy, use, take pleasure in, A.S. neotan, to take, catch, use, acquire,share in, enjoy, O.H.G. ginoz, N.H.G. genoss, O.N. nautr, njotr, A.S.geneat, Du. genoot, a companion, messmate, sharer with, Eed-genooten(1550) , Huguenots (see p. 237, n. 3); O.H.G. noz, O.N. naut, A.S. neāt,a beast ofburden, cattle, oxen, A.S. net, nett, N.E. net ' (cp. Goth. nuta,a fisher, a catcher).L. Latin and Romance, F. ( 1550) Eiguenoten, N.F. Huguenots.Balto- Slav. , Lith. nauda, use, profit, O. Slav. nuta, an ox.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, neat ( Sc. nout) neatherd; perhaps net.'L. Latin and Romance, Huguenot.(2) Eur-Ar. √/NEUD √NUD , with variants √NEUDH- √NUDH-, topush, impel, incite, &c.Sanscrit, nud-, in nudati, impels, &c. , nudas (adj .) , thrusting,hurting, injuring.Balto- Slav. , O. Slav. nuditi, to compel, necessitate, Russ. nuditi, tocompel, nuda, need.Teutonic, Goth. nauths, O.H.G. not, N.H.G. noth, O.N. naudh,naudhr, A.S. nead, nyd, need, compulsion, M.E. nede, N.E. need; Goth.For another explanation see under ✅NE , NO ,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 575nauthjan, O.H.G. notegon, N.H.G. nöthigen, a.s. nydan, nidan, neadian,to have need, to force, compel, M.E. neden, A.S. anydan, to drive away,expel, O.H.G. notag, N.H.G. nöthig, O.N. naudhigr, A.S. neadig, necessary,needy.ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, need, -y, -iness, -ful, -less, need- fire,Scot. neidfire (i.e. forced fire) , fire produced by the friction of the firedrill on other wood, to which superstition attached a peculiar virtue.Eur- Ar. √NER-, to be lost, vanish, die; trans. to destroy, kill.Sanscrit, naç-, in naçati, vanishes, is lost, naças, death, nash-tra,danger, destruction, naçyati, destroys, naçukas, destructive.Zend, naç-, in naçu, a corpse, naç-ista , very destructive.Greek, vɛK-, in véкus, a corpse, vɛкpós (s.s.) , also adj . dead,νεκρόμαντις, one who calls up the dead to reveal the future; νοσέω(Ion. vovośw), to be sick, vóoos, sickness (for vokσos?) . ¹Latin, nec-, in nex, necis, death by violence, nec-are, to kill, in lateLatin used with especial sense to kill by drowning (Sulpitius Severus:' deductique ad torrentem necati sunt,' and being led to the riverthey were drowned '); internecio (f. ), -um (n. ), a massacre, internecinus, murderous; pernicies, destruction, perniciosus, destructive;nocere, ui, to hurt, noxa, hurt, an offence, nocuus, noxius, nocuosus,hurtful, innocens, -tia, innocuus, innoxius, harmless, obnoxius, subjectto punishment, responsible for, liable to.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. negro-mante, nigro-mante, one whopractises magic, Ital. negromanzia, O.F. nigremance, magic, a loanword from the Greek vɛкpoμavτɛía, but popular etymology confusedGk. rekpós with niger, black, and through this error magic receivedits name as the ' black art '; Ital. negare, Prov. negar, O.F. neier,noier, N.F. noyer, to drown (see quotation from Sulpitius above): hencenoyade, the name given to the massacres by drowning during the firstyears of the French revolution; Ital . nuocere, Prov. nozer, o.F. nosir,nuisir, N.F. nuire, to hurt, pres. p. nuisant, hurting, Ital. nocenza,Prov. noisenza, nosenza, O.F. noisance, M.E. noisaunce, N.F. nuisance, ahurt, offence, O. Span. noxa, a dispute, wrangling noise, O.F. noxe,noisse, noise, Prov. nausa, nuiyza, noysa (s.s.) , M.E. noyse, noise, N.E.noise, clamour, outcry, any sound. Diez and Brachet, influenced byG. Curtius refers both vóros and Lat. nocere, noxa, to this root. The primaryform of város, he says, is vykios; whence, by regular change of -- to σσ, voooos isformed, in Ionic voûσos, Att. város , This, however, cannot be regarded as certain.576 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.the Prov. nausa, connect the O.F. and M.E. forms with nausea, sickness,disgust. The o.F. forms, however, favour a connection with Span.noxa, and the Prov. nausa may be a corruption due to a popularetymology from nausea.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. nāvi, Lett. nawe, a corpse (for nazve?) .Teutonic, Goth. naus (pl. naveis) , o N. na-r (pl. nair) , a.s. nā (pl.neas), a corpse, Goth. ga-navi-ston, to bury. Grimm supposes Goth.naus *nag-us.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Necropolis, city ofthe dead, necrology, necromancy (restoredto the correct Greek form, from the Romance) , noso-logy.Latin, internecine, pernicious; noxious, obnoxious, innocuous,innocent, -ce.L. Latin and Romance, noyade, nuisance, noise, -y, -iness.Eur-Ar. √NER √ŅÃ-, to attain, reach to, get, come near to.Sanscrit, naç-, aç- ( =Eur- Ar. nk), in naçati , attains to, açnomi,I reach.Zend, naç-, nanç-, in naç-ant (pr. p. ), obtaining, ananç-at, aor.obtained.Greek, vɛyк- in évéykew , to bring, carry, bear, ŏykos, a load,-ŋvɛkýs, in comp. as πodηνεкýs, reaching to the feet.Latin, nanc-, nac-, in nancisci, nactus, to get, obtain, Osc. nesimum,nearest.Balto-Slav. , Lith. neszu, neszti, O. Slav. nesu, nesti, to bring,carry, Lith. nesztas, a load, that which is carried.'CTeutonic, Goth. ga-nauh-an, to suffice, ganuh, it is enough, ga-nohjan, to satisfy, O.H.G. ginuogan, N.H.G. genügen, O.N. nægja, A.S.ginogan, to suffice, satisfy, Goth. ganohs (adj . ) , sufficient, O.H.G. ginuog,N.H.G. genug (adv. ), enough, O.N. gnogr, inogr, nogr, sufficient, O.N.nogu, nog, enough, A.S. genōh, inōh, nōh, M.E. zenoh, ynow, enogh,enow, N.E. enough; Goth. nehwa, O.H.G. näh, N H.G. nahe, O.N. na-(only in comp. ) , nainn (adj . ) , A.S. neah, neh, M.E. neigh, neih, neh,N.E. nigh, near (adj . and prep.), A.S. nearra, near, nyr (comp. ) , A.S.neahst, nehst, nyhst (superl. ) , M.E. neher, near (comp. ) , nehest, nest, next(superl. ) . The modern Eng. near is therefore really the comparativedegree, although in forgetfulness of the fact it is used as the positive,to which nearer and nearest serve as comp. and superl. O.H.G. nahisto,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 577N.H.G. nächste, O.N. næst, Scot. neist, N.E. next; Goth. * nehwa-gibur,O.H.G. nah-gibur, N.H.G. nach-bur, O.N. na-bur, A.S. neah-gibur, neahbur, M.E. neigh-e-būr, one who dwells near, a compound of neah (&c.)+ O.N. bur, a dwelling (from o.N. buan, Goth. bauan, O.H.G. buan, N.H.G.bauen, to dwell, build, cultivate, cp. Eur-Ar. bheu- bhu-, tobecome, be).ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, enough, nigh, near, nearest, nearmost,nearness, nearly, next, neighbour, -ly, -hood.Eur-Ar. NOQT , night, √ṆQT-. 'Sanscrit, nakta, nakti (f. ) , night, naktam, by night.Greek, νύξ, νυκτός, night, νύκτερος, νυκτερινός, nocturnal,VUKTаλwπía, night-blindness, výkтwp, by night.Latin, nox, noctis, night, noctu, by night, nocturnus, nocturnal,noctua, an owl, æqui-noctium, the equinox.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. notte, Prov. nuech, O.F. nueit, N.F.nuit, night.Balto-Slav. , Lith. nakti, O. Slav. nosti (for nokti), night.Teutonic, Goth. nahts, O.H.G. naht, N.H.G. nacht, O.N. nott, A.S.neaht, niht, N.E. night, O.H.G. nahtigala, N.H.G. nachtigall, the nightsinger, A.S. nihte-gale, M.E. nightegale, N.E. night-ingale.Celtic, O. Wel. Corn. nos, Bret. noz, night, O. Ir. innocht, thisnight.2This variant of NOQT- is given by Schrader as the base of Sans . aktu ( = Eur-Ar.nqt-u) light, day, Gk. åктís , beam, Lith. anksti, early, Goth. ühtvô, the earliest morning,twilight. His remarks on the double form noqt-, nqt-, are as follows:-In theprimeval period there were two vowel gradations of the stem, poqt- and nqt-, theformer for the black night, the latter for the end of the night (i.e. for the firstbeginning ofday), so that we have here an instructive example of the genesis of agradually developing contradiction of meaning (night-day) . In exactly the sameway, it would seem, Goth. maurgins, Eng. morning, must be connected with O. Slav.mruknati, become dark, Russ. zmrok, twilight, and Germ. dämmerung, twilight, withSans. tamas, Lat. tenebræ, darkness. ( See p. 429, also Schrader, Prehist. Antiq andKluge, Etym. Dict. ad vb. )2 Schrader (Prehist. Antiq. p. 311 ) observes that in the primeval period theEur-Aryan people measured time, not by the sun, but by the moon (i.e. the measurer,Sans. mās [ = mans] from √ma-, to measure) , and therefore computed it by nightsrather than by days. This custom has left its traces in language and rests onhistorical testimony. In Sans. niçaniçam (niça, night) , ' night by night ' means' daily,' and daça-rātra (ratrī, night) , ‘ ten nights, ' stands for ten days. A Vedic hymnsays, Let us celebrate the ancient nights,' i.e. days. In the Avesta (Zend) kshapan(nights) occurs instead of days. The complete day of twenty-four hours theAthenians called vuxehμepov (a night-day), the day being supposed to begin atsunset (cp. Gen. i .: ' The evening and the morning were the first day ' ). TheRomans considered the day to begin at midnight. Tacitus says of the Teutons,PP578 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Greek, nyctalopia.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, nocturn, nocturnal, noctilucous, shining by night, equinox,-ctial.Teutonic, night, se'nnight, fortnight, nightmare, &c. , nightingale.Eur-Ar. VNOG , naked, ' in NOG NOS.Sanscrit, nag-, in nag-nu-s, naked.Zend, maghna, naked: according to Justi by dissimilation, from anoriginal nag- na.Greek, not found, unless yvμ-vós, naked, may be thought to stand(by metathesis) for µvy-vos ( = Sans. nag-na; Zend, magh-na?).Latin, nug-, in nūdus (for nug- dus), naked, nuditas, nakedness,denudare, to strip.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. nudo, Prov. nutz, O.F. nut, N.F. nu,naked, N.F. dénuer, to strip naked.Balto-Slav. , Lith. nugas, O. Slav. nagu, naked.Teutonic, Goth. naq-aths (cp. O. Slav. nagu-) , O.H.G. nac-chut,nahhut, N.H.G. nackt, O.N. nackt, A.S. nacod , M.E. nakyd, N.E. naked.Celtic, O. Ir. nocht, Gael. nochd, O. Wel. noeth, Corn. noyth,naked.' They count by nights, not days '; and Cæsar, of the Celts, ' They begin their celebrations of birth- days and of the newyear with the night ' (' ita ut noctem dies subsequatur '). It is, doubtless, due to this general custom that every Eur-Aryan people hasretained the same name for the night, while the names for the day differ not only inroot, but in suffix, e.g. Sans. dyaus, Lat. dies (from ✅div-, të shine) , Gk. Яuépa, Armen.aur, from nes-, to be bright, shine) , Goth. dags ( from dagh-, to be hot, warm). TheSanscrit and Zend employ other names for night by the side of those formed on thebase noqt-, e.g. Sans. niça, ratri- kshap, Zend khshap, khshapara, but these are of thenature of descriptive synonyms rather than plain denominatives Niça is explainedby Pott as a compound of ni-, down, + çi- , to lie, which gives niça the literal meaningof ' lying-down time.' The absence in niça of the root vowel of çi- is hard to explainbut in niçita, another form of niça, the root vowel is found and makes Pott's explanation more probable. The Sans. rātri, night, is from the root ra-, to rest, anddenotes the time of rest, while ✅kshap-, with the cognate Zend form is referred byPott to a transposed form of the root ska-, to cover, whence Gk. σxía, Goth. ska-dus,shade. Perhaps, however, they are better referred to the root ✔kshe-, to dwell,abide, settle, be at rest, in which case the three Sanscrit names for night would allrepresent night as the time ofrest.' The meaning of the Eur-Ar. ✔nog- is not further ascertained; it has beenreferred to ✔ng-, ong-, to anoint, smear (by metathesis), also to an extended form of√(s)ne- ne-, to bathe, wash; but without proof. The use of a word to expressnakedness, common to all, establishes, however, the fact that some kind of clothingmust have been known and used in the earliest period, while the Eur-Aryan peoplesstill lived side by side and used the same speech.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 579ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek (from yvuvós), gymnasium, gymnast, -ic; compounds withgymno-, as gymno-sperm, &c.Latin, nude, -ity, denude, -ation.Teutonic, naked &c.Eur-Ar. √NOGH- √ṆGH- √NEGH-, to scratch, pierce, in NOGH-LOS,NOGHOS, a nail, claw, hoof.Sanscrit, nakh-, nagh-, in nakhas (for naghas) , a nail, nagha- mara,itch, mange.Zend, not found, but N. Pers. nakhun, a nail.Greek, ovx- ( =ngh-) , in ŏv(v) §‚¹ öv(v)xos (with auxiliary vinserted), a nail of finger or toe, claw, hoof, also the onyx, from itsresemblance to the nail in colour and partial transparency; perhapsalso voow, to pierce, dint.Latin, ung- (cp. Eur.-Ar. ngh), in unguis, nail or claw , ungula, hoof.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. unghia, Prov. ongla, Fr. ongle, a nail.Balto-Slav. , Lith. nagas, O. Slav. noguti, nail, claw, Leth. naglas,wooden or iron nail (perhaps a loan-word from Teutonic), Lith. nezas,itch.Teutonic, Goth. *nagls, not found as subs. , but contained innagljan, to nail, O.H.G. nagal, N.H.G. nagel, A.S. nægel, a finger- or toenail, also wooden or metal nail; but O.N. has nagl, finger-nail, nagli,wooden or metal nail; O. Fris. ong-neil, O.H.G. ung-nagal, A.S.angnægel, M.E. agnail (a compound of √eng-, to press or pain, + nægel,nail, i.e. of wood or iron) , a corn or wart on the flesh, like the head ofa nail (cp. wer-nægel, a man-nail, a warnel [ dial. ] , wart: so Murray,' Hist. Dict. '); Goth. nagl-jan, N.H.G. nageln, A.S. næglian, to nail; O.H.G.nagen, N.H.G. nagen, A.S. gnagan, O.N. gnaga, M.E. gnazen, gnawen,N.E. gnaw, to gnaw; but N. Icel. naga, Swed. nagga, to nibble.2Celtic, O. Ir. inga, dat. plu. ingn-ib, O. Wel. eguin, a nail; cp.Lat. unguis.' Perhaps the ò in övvέ may be regarded as prothetic.2 Skeat thinks O.H.G. nagan &c. to be the original form, and the initial g- inthe O.N. and A.S. words to be the remains of the Teutonic prefix ge-; as does alsoNoreen (Abriss) . Kluge, on the other hand, regards gnag- as the original base, whichwould imply an earlier Eur-Ar. ✔qnagh.. The Norw. snaga, to thrust, rub, snag,a wound caused by a knock or byfriction, imply an old form (s )nagh-, ( s) negh-; cp.Eng. snag, a projecting piece of woodor rock. This will coincide with Skeat's explanation, but is opposed to Kluge's. For alternative explanation see under qnagh-, p. 232.PP 2580 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, onyx, sardonyx.Latin, ungulated.Teutonic, nail, nailor, Naylor (as a pr. n ); nag, to scold, gnaw,naggle, niggle.Eur-Ar. , NEPŌ T, a nephew, grandson, descendant, kinsman.Sanscrit, napāt, naptar, a grandson, descendant in general, napti,naptri, daughter, grand- daughter.Zend, napāt, grandson, N. Pers. napti, kindred.Greek, ȧveriós, nephew.Latin, nepos, nepotis, grandson, later nephew.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. neptia, Ital. nipote, nieto, Prov.neps, nebot, O.F. neud, nevod, nevo, M.E. nevow, nevew, nephoy, N.F.neveu, nephew, grandson, N.E. nephew, brother's or sister's son, Ital.nipote (f. ), nieta, nezza, Prov. nepta, O.F. niepce, niece, niece, granddaughter, M.E. niepce, N.E. niece, brother's or sister's daughter.Balto-Slav. , Lith. nepotis ( cited by Fick), nephew, O. Slav. netij( =neptij) , nephew, O. Slav. nestera (for nepstera, a niece).Teutonic, O.H.G. nevo, nefo, sister's son, N.H.G. neffe, nephew, O.N.nefi, sister's son, kinsman, A.S. nefa, M.E. neve, grandson, nephew, O.H.G.nift, (dim.) nifula, L. and N.H.G. nichte, O.N. nipt, a.s. nift, sister'sdaughter, nithjis , cousin, O.N. nidhr, descendant, A.S. nidhdhas, men.¹ENGLISH DERIV. L. Latin and Romance, nephew, niece, nepotism(thr. Fr.).Eur-Ar. NEBH , √NBH-, to burst, break forth.Sanscrit, nabh-, abh- (for nbh-) , in nabhati, bursts, nabhas, cloud,mist, vapour, atmosphere; abhras (for abhras, mbhras, ņ to m beforemedial b) , a rain-cloud (cp. Vabh-, water, p. 13) .Greek, ved- ( = nebh-), oµß- ( = √nbh¯) , in védos, veþéλn, a cloud,mist, vúµôn, bride, young woman, a demigoddess inhabiting sea, rivers,woods, &c. , ὄμβρος, a shower or rain, ὀμβρηρός, rainy, perhaps ἀφρέω,to froth, foam, após ( =Eur-Ar. nbhros), foam (cp. Sans. abhra-s),'Appodíτn, Venus, the foam-born (?) .Latin, neb-, nub-, nimb-, imb-, umb-, in nebula, mist, nebulosus,misty, nūbes, a cloud, nubilus, cloudy; nubere, nupsi, nuptum, to cover,' Brugmann (i. 384) derives these from the proto-German form nithia, and thisfrom Eur-Ar. neptio.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 581veil (cp. ' aqua nubat terram,' water may cover the land, Arnob. iii . 118),said of a bride veiling herself for the bridegroom, so to marry, nubilis,marriageable, connubium, marriage, nupta, a bride or wife, nuptiæ, thewedding, nympha, a nymph (loan-word from Gk. ); nimbus ( =nembus) ,a rainstorm, also the bright cloud enveloping a god when he appearsto men in Church Lat. a saint's aureole; imb-er, a shower or rain,imbrix, a tile (for carrying off rain), imbricatus, tiled; umbra, shade,penumbra, the outer edge of shadow, Umbria, the rainy or cloudy land,umbrare, to shadow, umbrosus, shady, umbella, a parasol; perhapsebrius, drunk, one who is filled with drink (cp. madidus, wet and drunk),so-brius for so-ebrius, sober (cp. so in so-cors [so- priv. +cors] , dull,without heart); amnis (for abnis) , a river.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. nuvolo, nugolo, Prov. nubles (fromnubilus), o.F. nue, a shadow, cloud (Lat. *nubus) , O.F. nuer, to shade,nuance, a shade, N.F. nuage, clouds (as from L. Lat. *nubaticum) , Ital.nozze, Prov. nossas, O.F. noces, a wedding; ¹ Ital . ombra, O.F. ombre,shade, ombrelle (dim. ) , Ital. umbrella, O.F. ombrelle, parasol, o.F.ombrage (L. Lat. *umbraticum), a screen of trees, a clouded look,dissatisfaction, O.F. sombre, N. Sp. sombra, shadow, O. Span. solombra,(for * sobombra from * subumbrare), cp. o.F. essombre (from * exumbrare), a shaded spot, Prov. sotz-umbrar (subter-umbrare), Span.sombrejar, sombrear, sombrar, to overshadow, Ital . terra d'ombra, acoloured earth used for painting in shadows.Balto-Slav. , Lith. debesis (for nebe-sis: cp. lizdas for nizdas), Q.Slav. nebo, the sky, clouds.Teutonic, Goth. * nibls (not found) , O.H.G. nebul, nepal , N.H.G.nebel, fog, mist, O.N. nifl, fog, mist, darkness, A.S. nifol, dark, O.N.Nifl- heimr, the home offog or darkness, O.H.G. Nibelunc, ² applied to thedark north (Pott).Celtic, O. Ir. nell, nel, for nebl, Wel. niwl, cloud, mist, O. Ir. nem,heaven; Gallic ambes, rivers.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, nymph (through Lat. ) , and words compounded withnympho-, as nympho-mania, &c. , Aphrodite, aphrodisiac.Latin, nebula, nebular, -ous, -osity; nubile, connubial, nuptial;nimbus, the circle of light round a saint's head; imbricated; Umbrian,Körting thinks that these words are due to a popular etymology from novius,a newly married man, through an imaginary *novtiæ, a corrupted form of nuptiæ.2 Vigfusson disputes the connection of O.H.G. Nibelunc with O.N. Nifl- heimr,on the ground that the latter has an older form Hnifl-heimr; yet under this word hesays that the initial h of Hnifl- heimr is only an alliterative addition.√NEBHNBH-582 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.umbel, umbelliferous (Botan. ) , adumbrate, to shadow forth, sketch;ebriety, inebriated, sober, -ness, sobriety (?).L. Latin and Romance, nuance, umbrella, umber (a brown-colouredearth), umbrage, umbrageous, sombre, sombrero.Teutonic, Nibelung, the name of an old German poem.Eur-Ar. NOBH NBH, to break, burst, force, pierce through;identical with the preceding root.Sanscrit, nabh-, in nābh, an opening, nābhi-s, navel, nabhyam, naveofa wheel, nabhilam, the pudenda.6Zend, nab-, in naba-nazdistas, nearest to the navel, ofnearest kin.'Greek, ἀμβ-, ὀμφ- ( =Vnbh-) , in ἄμβη Ion. , ἄμβων Att. , crest ofahill, a raised bottom or edge of a cup ( äµßwv was later applied inChurch use to a reading- desk or pulpit), óµpaλós, the navel, boss of ashield.Latin, umb-, in umbo, boss ofa shield, convex elevation, umbilicus,the navel.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. ombelico, Prov. ombelic, umbril, o.F.nombril, the navel. The two latter are formed on a L. Lat. dimin.umbiliculus (cp. péril from periculum). The initial n in nombril isdue either to the influence of the Germ. nabel, as Littré supposes,or, according to Diez, who compares the Catalonian llomrigol, standsfor 1 in an old form lombril ( =l'ombril) , which afterwards becamenombril; o.F. nombles (pl. of nomble for l'omble, orig. perhaps thenavel) , M.E. noumbles, numbles, the parts of the deer between the thighs,later umbles, the entrails of a deer: cp. Pepys's Diary, ' I had a wholedoe sent me, and I had the umbles of it for dinner.' The umbleswere the kidneys, heart, liver, and entrails, which were made into apie and set before the huntsmen at a hunting feast, while the gentryhad the joints.Balto-Slav. , O. Pruss. nabis, nave of a wheel, O. Slav. nabozu, anauger.Teutonic, Goth. * naba, O.H.G. naba, N.H.G. nabe, o.N. nöf, A.S.nafu, nave of a wheel,' Goth. *nabala, O.H.G. nabola, N.H.G. nabel,' While the name for the nave of the wheel is the same in all languages of theEur-Aryan family, that for the spoke of the wheel varies ( Sans. ará, Gk. кvhun, Lat.radius, O.H.G. speihha) . This indicates that the primitive wheel was without spokes,as it still may occasionally be seen in some parts of India. The oldest cart had itstwo wheels and axle all in a piece cut from the same tree trunk, but an advance hadbeen made upon this some time before the separation of the people, viz. that ofEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 583O.N. nafle, a.s. nafela, M.E. navele, N.E. navel, O.H.G. nabager, N.H.G.naber (for nabger), O.N. nafarr, a.s. nafogar ( = nafu +gar, a speàr, apointed tool) , a boring tool, M.E. navegar, nauger, N.E. auger ( = nauger),with n attracted by the indef. article, and a nauger changed to an auger(cp. a nadder an adder, &c. ).Celtic, Gael. imleag, Ir. imleacan, the navel.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, ambo (a pulpit).Latin, umbilical, -ate.L. Latin and Romance, umble-pie, a pie made of the entrails andcoarser parts of the deer, and eaten by the servants: erroneouslycalled ' humble pie '; hence the phrase ' to eat humble pie, ' equivalentto taking up a low position.Teutonic, nave (of a wheel) , navel, auger.Eur-Ar. NEM VNM- NM MM (by assimilation) , of indeterminatemeaning. 'Sanscrit, nam-, in namati, bends, bows, yields to , aims at, namayati,cause to bend, namasyati, do homage to , worship, namas, bow, obeisance,also abode, pasture ground, nāman, a name, also a bending.Zend, nem-, nam-, to bend, bow, turn to, namayeiti , cause to bend,naman, name, nemanh, N. Pers. namaz, prayer.Armenian, anw-an, anun, name.manufacturing the axle and the wheels separately and fastening them together by alinch- pin. The wheels were at first solid discs of wood; spokes and the felly were later inventions. This advance is indicated by the name for the nave being commonto all the Eur-Ar. languages, while the other parts of the wheel are known under differ- ent names.The various words in the several Eur- Ar. languages, and even in the samelanguage, though phonetically connected with this root, diverge so widely in signification that from this point of view it is difficult to assign to their phonetic root theoriginal leading sense or senses. With the exception perhaps of the Latin nomenthere is little proof that an initial ğ has been lost in the words which I have referred to this root. Corssen, indeed, takes this view, and refers véuw, vóμos, nummus, numerus to the root ğna- ✓ğno- with loss of g, as in notus for gnotus, nobilis for gnobi-lis, &c. But Brugmann, on the contrary, connects Sans. namas, Gk. véµw, Goth.namo, &c. , with ✔nem-. Curtius suggests that by the side of ğna- there was, evenwhile the Eur- Aryan peoples dwelt side by side, a duplicate form ✔na-, which theIndo-Iranian, Armenian, Slavonic, Teutonic, and Celtic people used, the Græco.Italic alone retaining the earlier form ✔ğna, from which at a considerably laterperiod they also dropped the initial g. This seems difficult to account for, and I amdisposed to assign Lat. nomen (which has been treated under ✔ğno-) to √nm.. SeeBrugmann, ii . 345.584 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.NEM-√NM-√MMGreek, vɛµ-, voµ-, vμ-, in véµw, to deal out, distribute, vépoµai(with reflexive sense), to distribute to oneself, take possession of, dwellin. From Pindar's time véμew was used with similar meaning, tohold, rule over, administer, also to pasture, graze; véμos, a woodedpasture, a glade; véµnois, a distribution, veμeoáw, to be justly indignant, be wroth with, vepeońμwv, wroth, véµeois, (orig. ) rendering adue reward, (afterward) a poetical impersonation of divine wrath atwrong-doing or unmerited prosperity, jealousy, vengeance; voµń, voµós,a pasture ground, one of the districts into which Egypt was divided, anome; voµás (gen. -ádos) , roaming about for pasture, nomad, vóμos,a custom, law, frequent in compos. as oiko-vóμos, a steward, autó̟-νομος, independent, ἀντι-νομία, an ambiguity in the law, νοῦμμος,(written also vópos by Epicharmus the Sicilian poet) a coin used bythe Dorians in lower Italy and Sicily of the value of 24d. , or alittlemore, stated by Varro and Festus to have been introduced at Romefrom Sicily. It was called in Latin nummus, or nummus sestertius,or simply sestertius, because it was equal to 24 asses, which in thetime of Augustus was worth about 2d. in English money. Noμisw,to hold as a custom, make common use of, with special sense to use ascurrent coin, vóμioμa, an established custom, the current coin of thestate; öv(0)µa, name (√ņm-), with auxiliary o (cp. O. Pruss. enm-a);συνώνυμος, synonymous, ὁμώνυμος, hom*onymous, παρονομασία, αplay upon names, a pun, ávávvpos, nameless.Albanian, nam-, in name, a curse.·Latin, nem-, num-, em-, in nemus, wooded pasture, grove (Gk. loanword) , numerus (*num-e-sos), number, numerosus, numerous, numerare,to number, count, -ator, -abilis , -atio, enumerare, super-numerarius;nummus, a coin, money, numisma, nomisma, a coin, the stamp or image ona coin (both Gk. loan-words) ¹; emere, emi, emptum, to buy (cp. emptor,a purchaser, emptio, a purchase) , but with the original sense to take 'still retained in compos.: comere (co-imere) , take or bring together,arrange, adorn, eximere, to take out, exemptus, exempt, eximius , select,exemplum, exemplar, a selected pattern; perimere, to take away, destroy, kill, peremptus, peremptor, a destroyer, peremptorius, destructive,final, putting an end to argument or excuse, promere (proimere), prompsi,-tum, take out, produce, promptus, ready at hand, præmium (frompræimere, take first), a prize; red-imere, to buy or take back, redemptor,-io; sumere (sub-imere), to take up, sumpsi, sumptum; sumptus, takingThe Latin nomen, with its derivatives (Lat. , Romance, and Eng. ), which has beentreated under gna- ✔gno-, should be referred to this root; butagnomen ( = ad-gnomen), cognomen ( = co- gnomen), are from ğno-.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 5852up, expense, cost, sumptuosus, costly, assumere (ad-sumere) , con- præ- NEMre-sumere, with formations -sumptio, as consumptio.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. numero, Prov. and Fr. nombre, M.E.nombre, numbre, N.E. number, Ital. numerare, Prov. numbrar, O.F.nombrer, to number; O. Ital . assemplo, essempio, Prov. eissemples, O.F.example, essemple, exemple, ensample, M.E. asaumple, ensample, sample,a pattern, N E. example, sample; o.F. redimer, M.E. redeme Ital. redenzione, Prov. redemcios, o.F. raenson, raanson (Lat. redemptionem ,with elision of d between two vowels) , M.E. ransoun, N.F. rédemption,rançon, N.E. ransom; Ital. sontuoso, F. somptueux, costly.Balto- Slav. , Lith, inmu, O. Slav . imą, take, Lith. namas, one's owndwelling, namu, home; O. Pruss. enma, Lith. imu, O. Slav. ime,But O. Slav. zna-me, a token (cp. Lat. agnomen for adgnomen),is from gna-.name.Teutonic, Goth. nim-an, O.H.G. nem-an, N.H.G. nehmen, O.N. nem- a,A.S. nim-an, M.E. nime, to take, N.E. ( slang) nim, to steal, O.N. numinn(p.p. of nema), taken, seized with , A.S. numin (p.p. of niman) , taken,M.E. nome (s.s. ) , N.E. numb; O.N. næmr, quick in taking, learning,active, A.S. numul, numel, M.E. nymil, nimil, with same sense (fromnim-an); Goth. O.H.G. namo, N.H.G. name, O.N. nafn (for namn) , A.S.noma, nama, N.E. name; Fick cites an O. Frankish nimid, pasture,cp. Lat. nemus.Celtic, O. Ir. and Gael. ainm, Wel. enw (cp. Armen. anw-an),Bret. hanv, a name, O. Ir. nemed, a shrine (cp. Latino-Gallic -nemetoin place names, as Augusto-nemetum, &c.); O. Ir. nem, Gael. and Ir.neamt, O. Corn. nivet, heaven (in cam-nivet, the rainbow), Wel. andCorn. neff, O. Bret. neff, N. Bret. env, heaven; O. Ir. nama, Gael. and N.Ir. namhaid, an enemy (cp. Gk. véμeois , vepeσáw) , Wel. , Corn. , andBret. nam, blame (cp. Zend nemanh, a prayer, imprecation, Albanianname, a curse), Gael. neimb, Ir. nimb, poison (something given ortaken) , cp. N.H.G. gift, something given, poison, F. poison , fr . Lat.(potionem, something drunk) (see Macbain, ' Gael. Dict. ' pp. 234, 235,236). Latino-Gallic nanto, in trinanto (three valleys), Nantuates,Wel. nant, Corn. nans, nant, a valley.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, nemesis, nome, nomad, -ic, economy, -ic, -ist, autonomy(self-governing), antinomy, antinomian (eccles. term) , opposed to thelaw, metronome (mus. ) , measure ofthe rhythm, time, or beat; numismatics, synonymous, hom*onymous, anonymous, paronomasia, onomatopoeia .NMMM-586 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Latin, numerate, -tion, -tor, -ble, numerous, enumerate, -ion, supernumerary; emptor, -tion, pre-emption, exempt, -ion, exemplar, exemplary, peremptory, prompt- er, -itude, -ness, impromptu, premium,redemption, -orial; assume, consume, presume, resume (thr. F.) , withformations assumption, consumptive, resumption, presumptuous, &c.,sumptuary; nominal, -ate, nomenclature (see p. 366) .L. Latin and Romance, number, -less; example, ensample, sample,sampler; redeem, -er, ransom, -er; sumptuous; noun, renown.Teutonic, nimble, nim (slang), numb, -ness, benumb; name, -ly, less,-sake, surname, nickname.Celtic, the surnames Nivett, Nevett (?) , and place-names, Nantes,Nancy, Nant-yglos, Nankivel, &c.Eur-Ar. , √NER √NR , a man, hero , chief.Sanscrit, nar-, in nara-s, a man, hero, nrtu , hero, nar-yas, manly.Zend, nar-, in nara, a man, nariya, manly.Greek, vep- in ȧ-výp (a prothetic before v), a man (gen. ȧvdpós, inFpic poetry ἀνέρος), ἀνδρεῖος, manly, ἄνθρωπος (ἀνδρο + ὤψ), ΑνδροΑνδρο- in comp. , especially in personal names, as 'Ανδρέας, Ανδρομάχη,Ανδρο-κλῆς, Αλέξανδρος, &ο.Latin, ner-, in Nero (pr. n. ) , cp. Sabine nero, brave, manly, nerio,manliness, Umbr. ner, a chief.Celtic, O. Ir. nert, Gael. and N. Ir. neart, Wel. and Corn. nerth,Bret. nerz, strength, courage, so-nirt, brave.Teutonic, Njördr, father of Frey and Freya, one of the old northerngods; cp. Nerthus, Latinised name of a goddess mentioned by Tacitus,' Germ.' 40.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, compounds of anthropo- and andr-, with many surnames, asanthropoid, -logy, -phagous, -morphic, polyandry; Andrew, Anderson,Ghilanders (servant of St. Andrew), Alexander, Saunders, Sanders,Saunderson, Sandie, Sandys, Sands, Sandison, Sawney.Latin, Nero, pr. name.Eur-Ar. NES , to depart, go home, to fare well.Sanscrit, nas-, in nas-āmi, consort with.Greek, νεσ-, in νέομαι for νέσομαι (loss of σ between vowels), togo or come, vioooμai, to go away, vooréw, to return.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 587"Teutonic, Goth. ganisan, O.H.G. ginesan, N.H.G. genesan, A.S.genesan, to recover health, Goth. nasjan, to save, heal, O.H.G. nëren,nërian, N.H.G. nähren, O.N. næra, A.S. nerigan, to nourish (by changeof s to r), O.N. and A.S. nest, viands, provision.ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, nostalgia, disease brought on by desire toreturn home (vóσTOS + äλyos) , Fr. nostalgie.Eur-Ar. NES-OS, NOS- OS, ' nose.Sanscrit, nas-as, nose, nasika, nostril.Zend, naonha, O. Pers. naha, nose.Latin, nasus, nose, nares, the nostrils, nas-turtium, a kind of cressnasi-tortium), so called ' a narium tormento,' Plin. xix. 8, 44,nasutus, long-nosed, nasalis, Nasica, Naso (surnames), long- nosed.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. naso, Prov. nas, naz, O.F. nez, a nose(cp. casa chez) , pince-nez, a kind ofspectacles.Balto-Slav. , Lith. nosis, O. Slav. nosu, a nose.Teutonic, Goth. *nasa, O.H.G. nasa, N.H.G. nase, O.N. nös (olderform snös), A.S. nosu, nasu, the nose, A.S. nosthyrel, nosthyrl, nostril,(lit.) the nose drill,' or hole, a.s. næs, O.N. nes, a headland.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, nasturtium, nasal, nasute.Teutonic, Naze, -ness, in Dunge-ness, Caith-ness, Furness; nose,nosegay, nostril , nozzle, &c.NIGER (Latin), black. Root uncertain: it has been associated withSanscrit niça, night, and Eur-Ar. noqt-, but Lat. g is notthe equivalent of either Sans. ç or Eur-Ar. q; nigellus, dim. ofniger, nigrare, to blacken or be black, nigrescere, to grow black.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. nero, Prov. negre, neir, O.F. negre,nigre, neir ( =niger), N.F. noir, black, Span. negro, black, a black man,Probably from a root sne-, be moist, to flow, later form ✔ne-. The existenceof an initial s is indicated by O.N. snös, also by O.N. snafdhr. having a keen scent, bythe side of O.N. nef, nose; Du. sneb, by the side of neb, a beak, O.H.G. snab-ul; cp.also snout, snore, snivel, sniff, snuff, snuffle, snaffle, &c. (cp. Gael. and Ir. sron, thenose, with srey- , to flow, Gael. and Ir. sruth, a stream , defluxion.588 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.O.F. negre, a black man, a negro, M.E. neger, negar, (' Smith's Travels,'1600 circ. ) , N.E. (vulgo) , ' nigg*r, ' L. Lat. nigellare, Ital . niellare (fromL. Lat. nigellare, to blacken) , Prov. nielar, o.F. nieler, neeler, to workin adark enamel on silver or gold, M.E. anelen, to enamel glass, to anneal,to fix colours on glass.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, nigrescent, Niger (the dark river) .L. Latin and Romance, rouge et noir, negro (Span. ), negress,nigg*r; anneal, Nigel, the dark man ¹; Neale, Nielson, Nelson, Mac-neill,proper names.(1 ) Eur-Ar. √NĒ NEU-, with older form √ (S)NE- √SNEU-, to be fluid,flow, float, swim.Sanscrit, nau-, nāv-, in naus, a boat, navaja, navikai, a mariner,pilot, naukā, a small boat, nauchar, a sailor, navya, navigable.Zend, nāv-, in navaya, flowing, floating, O. Pers . navi, ship.Greek, vaf-,2 vef-, in váw, to flow (from vář-w, cp. vaúw, Hesych. ) ,véw (1 aor. evevoa), to swim (from véf- w) , vîjσos, Dor. vâoos, an island,(lit.) the floating land, xepoó- vnoos, a peninsula, a dry island; Naïás(for Nafiás), a water or river nymph, Nŋpɛús, a sea-god, vnpós , fluid,liquid; ναῦς ( = var-s) , a ship, Ion. νηύς, ναύτης, ναυτίλος, a sailor,ναυτικός, nautical; Αργόναυται, sailors of the Argo, ναυσία, seasickness, vavoióɛis, seasick, vaûλov, freight-money, vaúкλnρos, captainor owner ofa ship, vavapxos, admiral, vavμaxía, sea-fight.Latin, nā-, nāv-, in nare, to swim, float, sail, flow, natare, to swim,natatio, natatorius, relating to swimming, natrix, a water snake, adnare,annare, to swim or sail to , (later) to go, to come to , enare, to swimaway, sail through, trans-nare, tranare, to swim or sail over, to pervade,penetrate; Notus (?) , the south, i.e. the moist, wet wind: cp. Ovid,' madidis Notus evolat alis '; navis, a ship, navicella, naucella, a boat,1Macbain contests this derivation and derives the English names Neale, Neill ,Nielson, Nelson, &c. , from Goth. and Ir. Neall, of which the root is found in O. Ir.nia (gen. niath), a champion. Adamnan, Abbot of Iona, A.D. 704, gives Nellis(= Neith- or *Neidh-los, by assimilation * Neillos) as the form of the name Niall ( seeMacbain, 236 and 309) . Hence the Scotch name MacNeill. The name was borrowedinto Norse, as Njall, Njal, and passed over into English, where it appears in Domesday Book as Nigel, as though from Lat. nigellus, dim. of niger. I think, therefore,that the English names are really Celtic, and their supposed connection with nigerdue to the clerical error in Domesday Book.² Schrader (Prehist. Antiq. ) regards the original sense of vaƑós, vaós, vaûs, as thetrunk of a tree, afterwards transferred to the earliest boats, made of the hollowedtrunks of trees (see pp. 277, 278). This explanation would scarcely apply to the other words, véw, vñoos, nare, natare, &c.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 589navita, nauta, a sailor, navalis, relating to ships, navicularis, (adj. ) √NËrelating to small ships, ( subs . ) a shipowner who hires out vessels for √NEUmoney, shipmaster; navigare, to sail, go by sea, navigator, -tio, -bilis,navigium, a vessel, navi-fragium, naufragium, a shipwreck; loanwords from Gk. nauclerus, naulum, naumachia, nausea, nauseosus,nauticus.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. anare (Lat. adnare, annare) , Ital .andare (with inserted d) , Prov. anar, O.F. aner, and aler (by changeof n to 1) , ¹ N.F. aller , to go, O.F. alee, a gallery, M.E. aley, N.E. alley;Ital. nocchiere, Prov. nauchier, F. nocher, a pilot, Ital . navigare, F.naviguer, to sail, It. natare, O.F. noer, N.F. nager (as from navigare) , to swim, O.F. navie, M.E. nauie, a fleet of ships, N.E. navy,Ital . nave, Prov. nau-s, a ship, O.F. nef, a ship, the nave of achurch, F. nacelle, a wherry, a bout (Lat. navicella) , F. navale, naval,Ital. nausea, seasickness, disgust, Prov. nausa, a quarrel, noise, O.F.nose, noise, a quarrel, noise, M.E. noise, ² a troublesome sound (? seeunder √nek-) , Ital. noleggiare, F. noliser, to hire a ship, nolis , freight.Teutonic, O.H.G. nahho, N.H.G. nachen, O.N. nökkve, A.S. naca, aboat,³ O.N. nō-r, a ship, also an inlet, estuary (still used in Danish, asFalster-nōr) , N.E. the Nore.Celtic, Ir. nave, a ship, navire, a sailor, naochath, sea-fight, Gael.innis, O. and N. Ir. inis, Wel. ynys, Corn. enys, Bret. enez, an island.4ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Chersonese, Naiad, Nereus, Nereid, aneroid, a barometerwithoutfluid, nausea, -ous, nautical, nautilus, Argonauts, Chersonese,(Gk. thr. Lat. ) .Latin, natation, -ory, navigate, -or, -ion, -ble, navvy, vulgar con-' Cp. orphaninus to orphelin Panormus to Palermo, &c. This explanation findsthe widest acceptance, but cannot be regarded as established . The change of sensein adnare from swimming to a place to going from it is hard to explain, but seemsto have occurred. Papias (A.D. 150, circa) uses adnare as synonymous with venire.The derivation is, however, much disputed; Körting ( 2818) gives twelve differentderivations, all doubtful.2 See Diez, p. 647 ( ' noise ' ), who is followed by Körting and Brachet; all reject aderivation from ' noceo.' The English noisome, noyous, noyful, annoy, and Ital.annojare, nojare, Prov. enoiar, O.F. anoier, anuier, M.E. anoien, noien, to vex, causetrouble, are from a L. Lat. *inodiare, a verb formed from ' in odio ' = in odio habere, todislike, hate. (See Körting, 4319, Diez, p. 224, noja.' )•• By change of nav- to naq-, as Lat. ' viv-us,' living, to ‘ quick .'• Macbain derived these Celtic words from * nss, and suggests a Lat. form of thebase, *inssa, of which insula, island, is the dim. cp. Sans. ati (for nti ) , a water-fowl,Gk. vñoσa, a duck, Lat. anas, -atis, O.H.G. anut ( s. s. ) . If this is sound, N.E. isle isa derivative thr. Ital. isola, Prov. isla, O.F. ile , isle , M.E. ile , ille , isle; also insular,insulate, isolate, and should be placed under this root. Sans. ati, and the othernames for duck, may be referred to ✔ne-, with the sense of the swimmer.√(S)NE-√( S) NEU-590 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.(traction of navigator,' applied originally to labourers on canals; circumnavigate.L. Latin and Romance, andante (mus. term), moderate slow movement, alley; navy, nave, naval (Lat. thr. F.); noise, noisy, -iness.Teutonic, the Nore, an inlet at the mouth of the Thames; perhapsadder.¹Celtic, the names Innis. Innes, Ennis, Ennis-killen, Inch in Inchkeith, &c.(2) Eur-Ar. * NEU, from earlier (S)NEU, to flow, cause to flow, bemoist, &c. , with special sense to suckle, give milk, nourish, foundonly in Latin.2Latin, nu-, in nutrire, -ivi , -ītum, to suckle, nurse, nourish, nutrix,-icis, a nurse, nutricula (dim. ) , nutricius, (adj . ) nourishing, (subs. ) aguardian, tutor, nutrimentum, nourishment.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. nutrire, nodrire, Prov. noirir, o.F.norir, N.F. nourrir, M.E. nourice, N.E. to nurse, Ital. nutrice, nodrice,Prov. noirissa, O.F. norice, nourice, N.F. nourrice, M.E. norice, nurishe,nurys , N.E. a nurse, M.E. ( from O.F. noris-, base of pres. p. norisant)norisen, nurishen, nurschen, nourishen, N.E. nourish, to feed, bring up,foster, &c. , O.F. norriture, nourriture (from L. Lat. nutritura), M.E.noriture, norture, N.E. (early) nourture, later nurture, bringing up,sustenance, &c. , F. nutrition, nutritif.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, nutrient, nutrition, nutritive, nutritious, nutriment .L. Latin and Romance, nurse (subs. and vb. ) , nursery, nourishment,nurture.Eur-Ar. VNE VNO, with older forms VSNĚ-VSNO-, to tie, bind on,fasten, spin, weave.Sanscrit, na-h (for na-dh-, an extension by -dh) , in nah-ati (p. p.¹ Goth. nadrs, O.H.G. natara, N.H.G. natter, O.N. nadhr, O. Sax. nadra, A.S.næddre, M.E. neddere, naddre, later addere, addre, N. E. adder ( by adhesion of initialn to the indef. art. , an adder = a nadder), are sometimes connected with Lat. natriz,a water-snake, the swimmer (from aare, to swim) , together with Gael. and N. Ir.nathair, O. Ir. nathir, Wel. neidr, Bret. azr, a snake. Kluge is not inclined to connectthe Teutonic words with Lat. natrix, as that belongs to Lat. nare; but may not theTeutonic names have been given first to a water- snake, and afterwards transferred tothe adder? Skeat suggests a connection with nere, to spin, from the supposedresemblance of the adder to a cord or string; this is scarcely probable. Feistaccepts the explanation from ✔ne-, to swim.2 See Corssen, Nach. p. 293.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 591naddha) , to tie, bind on, especially used ofputting on armour, nāhayati,cause to tie together, nahanam, a tying round, bond, fetter, nahushas, race,lineage, a neighbour, comrade, name of an ancient king.Greek, vé-, vŋ-, in véw (from véw), fut. výσw, to spin, vñµa, thread,yarn, vý-0-w, to spin ( = nē +dhe-), vɛvpń, vevpá, a string or cord, asinew, a harp-string, vɛûpov (from σvn-F-pov), a sinew, muscle, fibre ofa plant, bowstring, a nerve (Galen) , vñтρov, a spindle.Latin, ne-, in nēre (from neiere) , to spin, nectere, nexi, nexus, fobind, tie, fasten, nexio, nexus, a binding together, nexi, debtors bound towork out their debts; annectere, to attach, annexus, a joining together,connectere, to connect, connexus, connexio, connection, nexare, to interlace, bind together, nervus, a sinew, nerve, nervosus, nervous, strong,enervis, nerveless, enervare, to weaken, enervate, nassa, a wicker basketfor catching fish, a snare, net.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. nassa, F. nasse, an osier, net, F.annexer, to annex, O.F. and M.E. nerfe, N.E. nerve, Ital. nervoso, F.nerveux, nervous.Balto-Slav. , Lith. nitis, O. Slav. niti , thread.Teutonic, Goth. nethla, O.H.G. nādal, N.H.G. nadel, O.N. nal , A.S.nædl, M.E. nedle, nedel, N.E. needle, O.H.G. najan, N.H.G. nähen, to sew,Goth. nati, O.H.G. nezzi, N.H.G. netz, O.N. and A.S. net, a net; ¹ O.H.G.nezzila (dim. of nazza) , N.H.G. nessel, L.G. netel, A.S. netele, M.E. netle,N.E. nettle (so called from its thread-like fibres, Kluge) .²Celtic, Corn. noden, Bret. neuden, a fillet, headband, Wel. nyddu,Corn. nethe, Bret. nezaff, to spin; with other derivatives from sne-.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, neurosis, -tic, neuralgia (vɛûpov + äλyos, pain).Latin, annexation, connect, disconnect, connexion, connective, -tor,enervate.L. Latin and Romance, annex, nerve, -ous, -ousness, nerveless,unnerve (vb. ).Teutonic, needle, net (subs. and vb.) , -ting, nettle (subs. and vb.) .NE-√NO-✓SNĚ-✓SNO-¹ See, for another explanation, under neud-. The one here given seems preferable, as better suiting the sense of the word.2 For another explanation see under ✔qne-, which seems the better of the two,as the stinging properties of the nettle would probably attract earlier attention.(For derivatives in Celtic and Teutonic with initial s, as N.H.G. schnur, Eng. snare ,Ir. snāth, see under ✔sne-).592 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. NEIGH , to snow, be moist, stick to, found in the GræcoLatin group from an older √(S)NEIGH- retained in the Aryan,Balto- Slav. , Teutonic, and Celtic.Greek, vip-, in vipa (acc. from a nom. vi ), snow, vipás, asnow-flake, viþóɛis, snow-capped, víów, to snow (fut. ví¥w).Latin, nig-, in nix (gen. nivis), snow, niveus, nivalis, nivosus,snowy, ninguere, to snow.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. neve, Prov. niew, o.F. neif, noife, N.F.neige, snow, Ital. nevare (from popular nivare), nevicare, Prov. o.F.neger (from *niveare) , N.F. neiger, Span. nevar, to snow, Span. nevada,snowy, snow-capped (in Sierra nevada, ' the snow-capped range '), F.Nivose, snowy, the 4th month of the republican calendar.¹Eur-Ar. NEIG , with sense to wash, purify, also with older form,√SNEIG-.Sanscrit, nij-, in nijāna, to wash, perf. ni-neja, ava-nejayati, washoff, nenekti, wash, niktas, washed, purified.Greek, νιδα (for νιγ-) , νιβ-, in νίζω (νίδ-χω) , νίπτω, to wash,Xépvi↓ (-ißos), water for washing the hands before meals, Xépvißes,purifications by holy water, víπτрov, basin for washing.Latin, Neptunus, 2 sea-god.Teutonic, O.H.G. nihhus, a crocodile, water spirit, M.H.G. nikkes,N.H.G. nix, a water-spirit, L.G. nikker, O.N. nykr, a water demon, withshape of the walrus, the walrus, A.S. nicor, crocodile, water demon, M.E.nikker, nykyr, a water spirit, O.H.G. nicchessa, M.H.G. nixe (in wassernixe, a female water spirit), N.E. nixie, Swed. nickel, abbrev. fromSwed. koppar nickel, a base ore of copper, a name given in derision,being a diminutive either of nick, nicker, a demon, or of St. Nicholas.Celtic, Ir. nighe, bathing, washing, nighim, I wash, (p. p. ) nighte,washed (cp . Sans. nikti) , nigheach, detergent.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, Neptune (the bather).Teutonic, Nixie, Nick, in Old Nick.'31 For Sanscrit, Balto-Slav , Teutonic, and Celtic derivations retaining initial 8, asSans. snehati, O. Slav. snegu, N.H.G. schneo, Eng. snow, see under ✔sneigh-.2 Cp. Sans. ( 8)nap- ayati, washes, bathes, from √(8)na-p- = Eur-Ar. sne- p-, towash, &c.Or an abbreviation of St. Nicholas, who was popularly regarded as the patronsaint of clerks and thieves. In Germany, December 6, the festival of St. Nicholas,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 593Eur-Ar. NEGH-RO-S , ' the kidneys, testicl*s .Greek, vɛópós, the kidneys (in plur. , rarely in sing.).2Latin, (Prænestine dial. ) nefrones, (Lanuvian) nebrundines, kidneys, testicl*s.Teutonic, O.H.G. nioro (for " niozro) , N.H.G. niere, O.N. nyra, M.E.kidnere, kidneer, ³ kideneiren (plur. form), kidenei (sing. ) , N.E.kidney.Balto- Slav. , N.Slav. nera, Russ. nyrka, kidney.Greek, nephritis.Teutonic, kidney."ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Eur-Ar. √NEU-- √NU-ô, probably for √QNEU-Ê √QNU-Ñ-, anextension by -- of Eur-Ar. qnen- qnu-, found in Latin, ofwhich ✔qneu-d, qnu-d- is an extension by -d- (see p. 231) .Latin, nuc- in nux, nucis, a nut, walnut, nucalis, like a nut,nucula, nucla (dim. ) , nucarius, a nut tree, nucleus, a kernel, nucleolus(dim.) , nucleare, to become like a kernel, to harden round a core orcentre, enucleare, to take out the kernel; nugæ, trifles, toys, (perhapsorig.) nutshells (cp. Sard. nughe, nuts), nugatorius, trifling; naucus,naucum, a thing of no value. Breal refers both nugæ and naucusto nux.in the earlier part of the century was observed as a family feast, when the elders,dressed as demons, tigers, bears, &c. , and provided with bags of sweets and fruits,and carrying rods, emptied their bags among the assembled children of the houseand their friends, using their rods as the children scrambled. This was called the' Alte Klaus ' (Nicolaus) feast.¹ Brugmann gives this as the Eur- Ar. form. Fick prefers nebhr-os-.2 The Lat. for kidneys is renes ( pl. ) , also denoting the loins, and sometimes theseat ofthe affections, as we use heart, O.F. reins, M.E. reines, N.E. reins, are derivedfrom it); ren (sing. ) is not found, but Gk. øphy is probably the same word, with senseof midriff, the mind or heart, as seat of the affections, thought, intellect. Homer uses φρήν οι φρένες for the præcordia.Kluge derives this from A.S. *cyd-neore (not found), a compound of A.S.cwith, N.E. (dial. ) kite, belly, + neore, in order to distinguish from the other senseoriginally attached to the words (see p. 340) .The Celtic words for kidney, viz. O. Ir. aru, N. Ir. ara, ( pl.) airne, Gael. aïrnean,Wel. aren, are referred by Windisch to a base * abhrann, which may be connectedwith a variant from √nbh, or ✅mbh, of ✅nebh-, to break forth, burst (extended byr), to which belongs Sans. nabhas, Gk. vepéλn, Lat. nebula, imber, O.H.G. nebul,O.N. nifi. In this case Fick's assumption of a base " nebh-ros is to be preferred,== the Teut. base new-ro-. Chitterlings, entrails, is also from A.S. cwith.Q594 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. noce, Sard. nughe, Prov. notz, F. noiz,a nut, Prov. noguier-s (Lat. nucarius), Port. nogueira, o.F. noyer,a walnut tree, Prov. nogalhs (Lat. nucalis), O.F. nuyal, nual, N.F.noyau, a kernel, Span. nozul, a nut tree, M.E. nuell, nowell (from o.F.nual, nueil), the central pillar of a winding staircase.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, nucleus, nucleated, enucleate, nugatory.L. Latin and Romance, noyau, a liqueur made from peach kernels,&c. , newel.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 595IP.Eur-Ar. VP - VPO. Originally one of the earliest articulate soundsmade by infants, which in most of the Eur-Ar. languages hasbeen received as the child's name for its father and food, andon which have been based in a later and more advanced stageof language the words relating to father and food, protection,ruling, pasture, &c.Sanscrit, pă-, pi-, in pāti, (p. p. ) pāna, protect, watch, govern,pātar, protector; gō- pā, cowherd, pāyu, pāla, herdsman, pitṛ, father, pitu,food, nourishment, patis (pa + suff. -ti) , husband, master, patni, mistress,pat-yati, possess, acquire. In the child's names for father the Sanscrituses the medials b, d, and tenuis t, as well as p-, as baba, dada, tata .Zend, pa- in paiti, herds, protects, pātar, payu, protector, patar,pitar, father, paiti, husband, master, Pers. Pad-i-shah, the king, Padzahr, the bezoar stone (lit. protector from poison).Greek, πα-, που, in πάππας (reduplicated πα), χαρα papa (Nausicaacalls her father'яáтяа píλe ') , also ráπas, father, used as the titleof a bishop or priest, πáππоs, a grandfather, Tаππálεw , to say'papa,' to prattle as a child (cp. ' babble,' to say ba-ba); wáoµai,to guard, possess, Taтnρ, father, Taтpiórns, fellow-countryman,πaτριáρɣns, patriarch (first father), taтpwvvμiñós, belonging to thepaternal name; πŵÿ, sheep (the ' herded ': cp . Sans. pāyu, herdsman) ,πоιμýν, shepherd, wóσis ( for πótis), husband, tótvia, mistress (cp.Sans. patni, s.s.) , -πórηs (in deσ-Tóτns) , lord of the house or village(for δεμσπότης: see p. 492); παστή, mess of food ( ep. πάσσομαι =ἐσθίω, eat, Hesych. ) , N. Gr. πάστος, food, πατ-έομαι, to feed on, Πάν,gen. Пlâvos, a rural deity worshipped in Arcadia (later Pan wasregarded as the productive power of nature deified), πaviкós, panic(sounds heard by night in mountains and valleys , and causing suddenfear were attributed to Pan), πáoµai, to acquire, possess.¹' Prellwitz derives πâs, all, from Spa- with sense of full possession, and connectsit with doua . Brugmann regards râs ( for Tavт- s) from a base Tavт- ( = Eur-Ar.442596 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.PEPOLatin, pa-, po-, in papa, păpa, the infant's call for food, name forfather, (in ecclesiastical Latin) title ofa bishop, pappus, term for an oldman, papula, dim. of pappa, the breast-nipple (child's name), pappare,to eat pap; pater, -tris, father, paternus, -itas, paternal, -ity, patrius,relating to a father, patria (sc. terra), native land, repatriare, to returnto one's native land, patronus, patron, advocate, patrocinium, protection,patricius, patrician, patrimonium, patrimony; patrare, to execute, complete, perpetrare (s.s.), impetrare, accomplish, obtain by entreaty, patrioticus, ofthe same country, Ju-piter, hospes, -itis, hospita, host, guest (lit.protector ofstrangers: cp. Sans. ghas-pati), hospitalia, guest chambers,hospicium, &c. (see p. 355) , hospitality, an inn, sos-pes, -itis (Eur.-Ar.sovo- +pe-) , safe keeping or kept; potis, pote, able, powerful, in compos,-otis, able, impos, unable; possum ( =potis sum), I am able, potestas,power, potens, &c. (for other derivatives of possum see under √ES-, tobe, p. 72) , potior, to acquire, possess; pasco (pa + incept. -sco) , pavi,pastum, to feed, pastus -ūs, pastura, pasture, pabulum, food, pastoralis,pastoral, pastorium, a tether for horses while feeding; pānis , bread,panarium, bread-basket, pasta, paste, pastillum, a little loaf or roll ofbread, used especially in offerings, pastillus, s.s. , also medicine administered in theform ofa lozenge; penum, penus, -oris, n. , penus, ūs, f. , penus,-i, m. , food, provisions, an inner place for storing the same (?) , the innermost part ofthe temple of Vesta; Penates, the household gods, penes, inthe possession, power, or house of any one, penitus (adj . ) , inner, interior,penetrare, to place inside, enter, penetrate, penetralis, innermost, penetrale (n. ), a secret place, sanctuary; Pales, goddess of shepherds and cattle,corresponding to the Arcadian Pan (cp. Sans. pāla, shepherd), Pălatium, name of one of the seven hills of Rome, the original site of thecity (Greek forms Παλάτιον, Παλ-λάντιον) , so called according toVarro, because the cattle pastured there, but according to Festus,because Palanto, the daughter of Hyperboreus, and mother of Latinusby Heracles dwelt there; others connect the name with the local worship of the Goddess Pales.¹ Augustus had his residence there, andfrom his time palatium became the name of a palace. Palatinus (adj .),kunt- from Kvéw, to be strong), and compares for sense kupos, supremepower, and Sans.açvas ( = Eur-Ar. ekues) and Gk. Yπоs for the phonetic change of Eur-Ar. Ku- toGk. (Brugmann, Ausdrücke der Totalität, p. 60) . The English compounds of panas panegyric, panacea, Pan-Anglican, &c. , may be referred to ✔kue- (p. 271 ) .! Corssen derives Pălatium, Pălatua, the tutelary goddess of the hill, from på +suff. -la, found in Sans pālas, protector, and interprets Pălatium, ' the protected place';the change of quantity, which is a difficulty, he regards as a low gradation of theroot vowel. A second difficulty is that he connects it with pălare, to strengthen withstakes; but pālus , a stake, is connected with the Eur. ✔per-- Sans. paç-, Gk. whyvuµı,Lat. paotus.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 597relating to the Palatine hill, to the imperial palace; palatinus (subs. ),an officer ofthe palace, a chamberlain; po-mum, fruit, pomus, fruit tree,Pomona, the goddess offruit.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . Papa, o. and N.F. Pape, M.E. pape, pope,the Pope, Ital. padre, Prov. païre, O.F. pere, father, compere, god-father,gossip, M.E. comper, cumper, in the sense of associate, comrade (Chauc.' his friend and his comper ' ); Ital. repatriare, Prov. repairar, O.F. repairer, M.E. repairen (all from Lat. repatriare), to return to one's nativeland, to go to, settle at, Ital. patrono, a patron, patrone, captain ofa ship,padrone, house-master, O.F. patron, M.E. patrone, a patron, L. Lat. patrunnus (Du Cange) (a corrupt form of patronus) , a pattern to work by,O.F. patron (s.s.), M.E. patrone, Pr. Par. ' ' I draw as a workman doth apatrone¹ with his penne '; o.F. repast, N.F. repas (Lat. re +pastus),refreshment, O.F. pasture, pasture, also a horse's tether while at pasture,N.F. pâture, pasture, O.F. pasturon, M.E. pastron, pasterne, N.F. pâturon,Ital. pastoja, pasturale, a tether, also the part of a horse's foot betweenfetlock and hoof, by which he was tethered, Ital. impastojare, o.F. empestrer, N.F. empêtrer, M.E. impester, to tether a horse at pasture (L.Lat. impastoriare) , in general sense to clog, encumber, hinder, worry;Ital. pane, Prov. pans, o.F. pan, N.F. pain, bread, O.F. paniere, breadbasket (cp. Lat. panarium), o.F. paneterie (L. Lat. panitaria), breadroom, L. Lat. companium (cum +panis) , eating bread together, It. compagnia, O.F. companie, M.E. compainie, companie, cumpani, N.E.company, It. compagno, Prov. companhiers, O.F. compain, compaignon,M.E. compainoun, a mess-mate, companion, Ital. accompagnare, O.F.acompaigner, accompany; Prov. apanar, o.F. apaner, to provide withbread (L. Lat. * appanare) , L. Lat. apanagium, an allowance made bythe fatherforthe maintenance of younger children, O.F. apanage, appanage, now applied to a district or estate given to princes of theblood royal for maintenance; L. Lat. companagium (from Lat.cum+panis) , companaticum, a collective term for whatever is eaten asa relish with bread, It. compagna, more fully camera della compagna,the room of a mediaeval galley in which the companaticum wasstored, O.F.compaigne, steward's room in a galley. The room is described in the' Armata navale,' a book published in Rome in 1613, as that inwhich wine, saltmeat, cheese, oil, vinegar, &c . , were kept.' In Dutch andEnglish the name has been transferred to other parts of the ship: Du.kompanje, kampanje, quarter- deck, Eng. companion, the covered entranceor staircase to the captain's cabin or saloon in modern ships, the sashIn M.E. patron was sometimes spelt pattern: ' parson and pattern of thisparish ' (monumental brass of sixteenth century in Warwickshire).PEPO-598 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.PEPOlights with their frames on the quarter-deck. O.F. paste, N.F. pâte, paste,O.F. pasté, pastée (L. Lat. * pastata) , made of paste, N.F. pâté, N.F.pasty, patty, o.F. pastille, a pastille, It. pastello, F. pastel, a roll ofcoloured paste used as a crayon (Lat. pastillus, a little loaf or roll);O.F. pomme, apple, O.F. pomel, the boss on a sword hilt or saddle, M.E.pomel, O.F. pome-granate, M.E. pomgarnet (pomum granatum) , N.E. pomegranate; It. pomada, pomata, a lip-salve made of apples, F. pommade,N.E. pomatum; It. paladino, palatino, O.F. paladin, palatin, N.E. palaține, an Imperial officer, a title of rank, N.E. paladin, a famed knight(applied specially to the knights of King Arthur and the EmperorCharlemagne) , Ital . palazzo, Prov. palatz, O.F. and M.E. palais, N.E.palace; Ital. fodero (fr . Teut.) , Prov. fuerre-s, O.F. fuerre, fodder, Ital .foderare (vb. ) , L. Latin * foderaticum, fodragium, foragium, Ital.foraggio, O.F. fourage, M. and N.E. forage, fodder, straw, N.E. foray, aforaging expedition, from M.E. forayen (north. dialect) , to go foraging,make a raid.up,Balto-Slav. , Lith. papas, the breast, O. Slav. pitati, nourish, bringLith. patis, husband, master, Lith. vesz-patis, village lord, O. Pruss.wais-patin (s.s.) , O. Slav. gospodi , host (cp. Sans. ghas-pati) , Bohem.hospodar (cp. Lat. hospes, hospíta) , Lith. patis, pats, master, pati ,mistress (cp. Lat. utpote ipse, &c. ) , Lith. põnas, ¹ O. Slav. pānu, Lord,Lith. pemu (gen. pemens: cp. Gk. πoiµýv) , a shepherd, Lith. peneti,to nourish, feed, penas, food, fodder (cp. Lat. penus).Teutonic, fa-, fo- (pa- is found only in borrowed or imitativewords), M.E. pappe, the breast, papmete, child's food, M.H.G. pap, N.H.G.pappe (s.s.) , O. Swed. pappe, the breast, A.S. papa (loan-word fromLat.), pope, N.H.G. pfaffe (borrowed but Germanised form of Lat. papa),priest, N.H.G. Pabst, Papst, the Pope; Goth. fadar, O.H.G. fater, N.H.G.vater, O.N. fadhir, A.S. fäder , father; Goth. bruthfaths, bridegroom,Goth. födjan, O.H.G. fuotjan, O.N. föda, A.S. fedian, to feed, A.S. foda,M.E. fode, O.N. fada, food; Goth. fodhra, O.H.G. fuotar, N.H.G. futter,O.N. fodr, A.S. fodor, fodder, M.E. fodderen (vb. ) , O.H.G. vuostar, O.N. fōstr,A.S. fostur, nourishment, nursing, A.S. fostrian, nourish, nurse; O.H.G.pfalanza, pfalinza, M.H.G. phalenze, pfalze, pfalz, ² the palace of a spiritual' God and Christ are addressed as Pōns Deus, Pōns Christus; Lith. mels poné =dear Sir. Gr. Tóтvia, Lady, Sans. patni, Lord, imply perhaps an older form potnasfor Lith. pōnas, patnu for O. Slav. pānu.2 Littré derives O.F. palletoo , N.F. paletot, from an O. Du. palt-roc, palts-roc (byloss of r). He supposes it to be connected with O. Du. pals-stock, a contraction ofpalster-stock, apilgrim's staff, and gives, therefore, to paltroo the sense of a pilgrim'scoat. But Skeat connects it with M.H.G. pfalz, O. Du. pals, a palace, and gives itthe meaning of a palace- coat, a court-dress. Körting, however, following Diez,makes O.F. pale-toc, palletoc , Span. paletoque, Bret. paltōk, M.E. paltōk, a compoundEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 599=or temporal prince, borrowed from the Greek IIaλλávтiov or LatinPallantium Palatium; N.H.G. Pfalzgraf, Count-palatine (see p. 609) .Celtic, O. Ir. athir, Gael. athair, father; Gael. ith, to eat, O. Ir.ithim, I eat, O. Ir. ith, Wel. and Corn. yd, Bret. ed, it, corn (all withloss of initial p: cp. Sans. and Zend (p)itu, food. O.Ir. ith, &c. , havebeen placed under √ed-, to eat; Macbain refers them to √pē-, to feed,as also does Wh. Stokes, and I think that this is the correct explanation .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Persian, Pacha, Bashaw, bezoar.Greek, patriot, -ic (thr. Lat. and Fr.) , patriarch, -al , -ate, patronymic; despot, -ic, -ism; panic.Latin, Pope, popery (thr. A.S.loan-word papa), papal, papist, papacy,(from Gk. thr. late Fr. pape) , papule, papillary; paternal, -ity,patrician, patristic, patron, -age, patrimony, perpetrate, -ion, pasture,-age, pastor, pastoral, pabulum, Penates, perhaps also penury (fr.Lat. penuria, desire offood), penetrate, -tion, -ble, -lia; Palatine,palatial, Palatinate (thr. Rom. ); Pomona, pomiferous.¹L. Latin and Romance, compeer, in the sense of comrade (cp.cumme*r=0.F.commere, godmother, used formerly as a form of addressbetween women of the poorer classes); repair (to go to) , pattern, repast;pastern, pester; pannier, pantry; company, -ion, &c. , accompany,-iment; appanage, companion-hatch, -ladder, &c.; paste, pasty,of Lat. palla, a cloak, + Celtic toc ( = F. toque) , a cap, with the sense of a hooded cloakor coat. Cotgrave gives the O.F. palletoc the meaning ' a long thick pelt or cassock,agarment like a short cloak with sleeves such as pages wear!' In Burgundian Frencha peasant was called paltoquai; from which it would seem that the palle-toc was agarment commonly worn by that class. On the whole, therefore, the explanationgiven by Diez and Körting seems to me preferable. The derivation of palla, a garment, is uncertain: it has been connected with pellis, a skin, and pannus, cloth (pallafor panla =pannula: cp. stella = sterula): but this is only conjectural. Pallium, a cloak,is formed from palla, and from it are derived the English palliate, to cloak, excuse,and pall, a kind of scarf, conferred by the Pope on an archbishop as the symbol ofhis office.For the detailed explanation of Eng. derivatives from Lat. possum, potens, seeunder ES- (p. 73), and for those from Lat. hospes, under ✔GHES (p. 356). For L. Lat. and Romance derivatives and their English equivalents refer to the sameroots. The enumeration of them, however, will be convenient here. They are as follows:From pote + es-:Latin, potent, -tate, im-, omni- potent, potential, possible, posse comitatus.L. Latin and Romance, power-ful, empower, puissant.From ✔ghes-+pote:Latin, hostile, -ity, hospitality, hospitable.L. Latin and Romance, host (an army) , host (in the Lord's Supper), host (themaster of the house), hostess , hospital, spital, Spitalfields, Hospitaller, hostel, -ry,hotel, hostler, ostler, Osler (surname) , hostage.PEPO-.600 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.pastry, patty, pattypan, pastille, pastel; paladin, palace, pommel,pomegranate, pomade, pomatum; forage, foray (from Teut. ) .Teutonic, pap, breast-nipple, infant's food; father, -ly, -land, &c.;feed, food, fodder, (old) fother, foster; Palgrave ( = Ger. Pfalzgraf) ,used as a surname.Eur-Ar. √PE- √PI √PO, with a reduplicated √PI-B (cp. Sans.pi-bami, O. Ir. i-bimm, for pib-imm), I drink; or √BI-B- (cp.Lat. bibere, to drink).Sanscrit, pā-, pib-, in pib-ami, (later) pivāmi, I drink; pāta andpīta (p. p.), having drunk, pāyati, gives to drink, pātri, a drinker,pāna, drink, beverage, panya, (adj . ) drinkable, ( subs. ) a beverage, esp.water (cp. Hindi pānī, water) .Greek, πι-, που, πως, in πίνω ( aor. ἔ-πι-ον, perf. πέ-πω-κα),drink, TóTOs, a drinking, a draught, TOTÓν, Tóσis, a beverage;συμπόσιον, a drinking party, ποτήριον, α drinking cup.Latin, po-, bib-, bu- ( =biv-), potare, -avi, -atum, po-tum, to drink,potatio, a drinking, potus, a drinking, potio, -onis, a draught, (specialsense) a dose of medicine, (in bad sense) a magical or poisonousdraught; (late Lat.) potionator, a poisoner, poculum, a cup; bibere,bibi, bibitum, to drink, bibax, bibulus, bibosus, fond of drinking,imbibere, to imbibe, -buere in im-buere, to soak, cause to imbibe, tinge,steep; bua, child's cry for drink: ' cum cibum ac potionem buas acpapas vocent,' Varro.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pozione, Prov. poizos, a drink, O.F.poison, poison (fr. Lat. potion[ em] ) , Prov. pozionar, O.F. poisoner, M.E.poisonen, to poison; L. Lat. potus, a pot, a measure of wine (' vinipotus, ' 1125), a cup or pot of wine, O. and N.F. pot, M.E. pot, potte, N.E.pot; o.F. potage (L. Lat. *potaticum) , N.E. pottage, soup, broth; Ital.bevere, bere, Prov. beure, o.F. bevre, boivre, N.F. boire, to drink,Ital. bevere, O.F. bevre, M.E. bever, ' the cup of wine allowed to monksin summer after nones, L. Lat. biberagium, beveragium, Ital .beveraggio, Prov. beurage, o.F. beverage, breuvage, M.E. beverache,beurage, N.F. breuvage (by transposition) , N.E. beverage, O.F. embevrer,¹ Infinitives used as substantives. M.E. bevey, beve, N.E. bevy, may be and issometimes referred to O.F. bevee, buvee, a drinking (fr. O.F. bevre). The M.E. bevey,and N.E. bevy denotes a number and in M.E. is found in connection with herons,roes, ladies, larks, quails, and heifers, but in N.E. has a wider use, as a ' bevy of coxcombs ' (Goldsmith) , ' of renegades ' ( Macaulay). The word is supposed to haveapplied to a number of animals going to their accustomed drinking place.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 601embrever, N.F. embruer, to soak, steep, corresponding to a L. Lat.

• imbiberare, to cause to imbibe, M.E. imbrew, N.E. imbrue, M.E. bibben,

to tipple, a loan-word from Lat. bibere.Balto-Slav. , Lith. pota, a drinking bout, Lith. pyvas, beer, O. Pruss.pouton, to drink, O. Slav. piti, to drink, pivo, drink, wine, O. Slav. poją,give to drink.Teutonic, O.N. pottr, Du. and Eng. pot, M.E. potel, probable loanword from the Celtic, N.H.G. potasche, potash, vegetable ashes, fernashes.Celtic, O. Ir. ibim, I drink. (According to Brugmann the initialp fell away in Celtic at a very early period, as in O. Ir. en for pen,afowl, O. Bret. etn for petn [s.s. ] from Eur- Ar. √pet-, to fly, O. Ir.il for pil, much, manifold: cp. Goth. filu from Eur-Ar. pel-, full.)Ir. potaim, I drink, Gael. poit, to drink, Ir. pota, potach, Wel. pot,Gael. poit, Bret. pod, a pot, Ir. poitin, a smallpot. Skeat connects thesewith Lat. potare: so also Macbain; and it is difficult to reconcile aCeltic origin with the early loss of initial p in Celtic unless they areto be regarded as Latin loan-words: cp. Gael. ol for (p)ol, Ir. ol,to drink, used as infin . to ibim for (p)ibim, I drink, O. Ir. oul, a drinking, from a base *potlo- .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, thr. Hindi, brandy- pawnee, Anglo-Indian for brandy andwater.Greek, symposium.Latin, potation, potatory, potion; bibulous, imbibe, bib (subs. andvb.), wine-bibber (M.E. loan-words from bibere), imbue.L. Latin and Romance, poison, -ous, -er; pottage; bever (obs. ),beverage; imbrue; pot, potash, potass, potassium (Latin forms coinedfrom potash); potherb, pothook, &c. , pottle, potter, pottery, poteen, acommon name for whiskey in Ireland.Eur-Ar. √/PEI, √PI , with extended form VPI- , to abuse, hate, behostile.Sanscrit, pi-, piç-, in piyati, to abuse, blame, piyaka, a railer,scoffer, piyū, scornful, piç-una, (adj . ) slanderous, traitorous, (subs. ) aslanderer, traitor.1Greek, Tiк- in Tiêρós, ¹ harsh, bitter, sharp, disagreeable, hateful.Latin, pej-, pec-, in pejor, pessimus ( = pej-es-simus), worse, worst,Referred also to Eur- Ar. peik-, to scratch, cut, write.602 EUR-ARYÁN ROOTS.peccare, ' -avi, -atum, to commit a fault, transgress, peccatum, a fault,sin (cp. Umb. peçetom (s.s.) , showing that the double c of peccare isnot original) , piget, it annoys, grieves , piger, reluctant, backward,pigritia, sluggishness.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. peggiore (adj . ) , worse, Prov. peger,O.F. pejeur (Lat. pejorem) , N.F. pire (adj . ) , worse, pis (adv.) , worse,the worst, Ital . impeggiorare, O.F. empeirer, M.E. empeiren, empairen,to make worse, N.E. impair; o . and N.F. pécher, to sin, Span. peccadillo,a little sin, Ital. pigrezza, Prov. pereza, O.F. perece, N.F. paresse,idleness.Balto-Slav. , Lith. piktas, angry, fierce, pykstu, anger, peikti, todespise, paikas, despised.Teutonic. Goth. faian, to scold, Goth. fijan, fian, O.H.G. feh-jan,fiēn, O.N. fiā, A.S. fian, figan, feogan, to hate, Goth. fjands, fians, O.H.G.fiant, fient, figent, N.H.G. feind, O.N. fiande, A.S. feond, fiond, (orig. )pres. part. , hating, (subs. ) a hater, enemy, fiend, devil, Goth. *faihitha,O.H.G. gafehida, fehida, N.H.G. fehde, O.N. fœd, A.S. fœhdh, M.E. fede,a feud, strife, O.H.G. gifeh, A.S. gefāh, fāh, M.E. 3efo, ifo , an enemy,N.E. foe, an enemy.Celtic, O. Ir. oech (for poech) , an enemy, with usual loss of initialp (cp. Lith. paikas) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, picric, compounds of picro-.Latin, pessimist, pessimism, peccant, peccable.L. Latin and Romance, peccadillo, the phrases ' pis aller, ' an inferiorsubstitute, ' tant pis,' so much the worse, impair (injure).Teutonic, fiend, -ish , arch-fiend, foe, foeman, feud (strife), bloodfeud, fie, exclamation of dislike.Eur-Ar. VPĔI- √PI-, to swell, be exuberant, cause to swell, fill , withextension ✔PIU .Sanscrit, pi-, pay-, in pay-ati, pipeti, cause to swell, swell (p. p.pinas) , fattened, fat, piv-ana, pivara, pīvasa (adj . ) , fat, pīvas, pīvan(subs. ), fat, pitu- daru, the pine (?) .Greek, Ti- (with -F- and -8 extensions) , in πlwv, πí- ov- os (gen. ) , forTrifov-os (cp. Sans. pivan) , fem. πi-sipa, for Ti-Fepía (cp. Sans. pīvara),used mostly ofland, apoupa πisipa, ' the rich cornland,' IIɛpía (a district in the north of Thessaly) , the rich, fat land, IIiɛpides, the Muses,' Brugmann derives peccare from ped- in pedica, a fetter, im-ped-ire, to hinder,and makes peccare stand for ped- care, i.e. pedicare, to fetter, obstruct.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 6037-515PEIPIso called from their haunting Pieria; wiμeλń, fat (subs. ) , π - aívw, to √;fatten. Stokes derives O. Ir. Herin, Erin, Yverddon, Iverddon, Bret.Yuerdon, Ireland, from this root by the usual Celtic omission of theinitial p, and assigns to these names the same sense of rich,fat land ' √PIUthat is given to Gk. IIiepía. Ptolemy Græcises the Celtic names forIreland in the form ' Iovɛpvía, with an adj . ' Iovepvikós, and the nameof the people ' lovɛpvol. Cæsar, Pliny, and Tacitus have Latinisedthe Greek form to Hibernia, perhaps under the influence of Lat.hibernus, wintry; but Ireland was also called Ierna, Ierne, Iverna,Juverna, from the Greek form ' Iépvŋ, found in Strabo. IIid-ów, to gushforth as a spring, πîda§, a spring, πíσσα, πíттa, for πikia, pitch,TÍTUS, the pine, πɛúÊŋ (?) , the pine.Ἰούερνοι.Latin, pi- (with -c extension pi-c), in opimus, in spolia opima,'the best of the spoil, from a supposed base pimo- (cp. Gk. πiμeλń)with a prothetic o, but Corssen refers opimus with greater probabilityto V/OP (see p. 12); pix, pic-is, pitch, piceus, pitchy, picea, the pitchpine, the pine; pinus for pic-nus) , the pine, pinaster, the wild pine,pinifer, pine-bearing, picare, to pitch; Hibernia, Hibernicus.L. Latin and Romance, Span. and Prov. pegare, O.F. peier, poier,N.E. pay, to pitch (Lat. picare), Ital. pece, Prov. pez, O.F. pois, peiz, N.F.poix, M.E. peys, pitch, Ital. impeciare, Prov. empegar, o.F. empeser, topitch, caulk.Teutonic, fait-, original Teut. faid-, representing Eur-Ar. √piextended by -d = (pi-d), in Goth. *faitjan, fatten, a derivative from

• faita-, fat (cp. O.N. feita) , O.H.G. feiz-zen, A.S. fætian, to fatten, Goth.
• faitiths (adj . ) , O.H.G. feizzit (p.p. used as adj .) , O.N. feite, A.S. fæt,

M.E. fet, fat, vet, N.E. fat (subs. and adj . ) , O.H.G. fiohta, N.H.G. fichte(cp. Gk. TεÚKη); O.H.G. peh, N.H.G. pech, O.N. bik, a.s. pic, M.E. pich,pych, A.S. pin, pin-treow, a pine tree. The Teutonic names for pitchand pine are loan-words from Lat. pix.Balto-Slav. , Lith. puszis, pine, puszynas, pine forest.Celtic, O. Ir. Herin, Erin, N. Ir. Eire, Erin, Ireland, Erionnach, anIrishman, Gael. Eireann.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Pierian, sacred to the Muses, Pierides.Latin. pine (thr. A.S. loan-word), pinaster, pinery, pine-apple, &c.L. Latin and Romance, pay, the nautical term for pitching a ropeor seam in a ship (Lat. picare). The proverb The devil to pay and nopitch hot ' =' the devil to pitch and no pitch hot,' implies the occurrence ofgreat need or danger without any preparation to meet it.604 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Teutonic, fat, -ty, -ten, -ness, -ling; pitch (subs. and vb. ) .Celtic, Hibernia, Erin, Ireland, the land of Eire, Irish, Erse (cp.M.E. grisse), Iverdun, name of a Swiss town.¹Eur-Ar. √PI-, used in reduplicated form PI-PI-, to peep, chirp as ayoung bird (an onomatopoeia).Sanscrit, pip-, in pippaka, name of a bird, the chirper.Greek, πîπ-, in πîπos, a young piping bird, πɩπíçw, to chirр.Latin, pīp-, in pip-ire, to chirp, pipio, a young piping bird.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . pipione, piccione, Span. pichon, Prov.pijon, O.F. pipion, pigeon, M.E. pigeon, pijon, N.F. pigeon, a pigeon;O. and N.E. pipe (L. Lat. pipa) , a reed pipe for playing upon, any tube,a liquid measure, a cask of wine, N.F. pipeau, a shepherd's pipe, a birdcall, a whistle, N.F. piper, to whistle, to allure birds, to cheat, Ital. piva,a pipe, pivolo, a peg, O.F. pivot, a peg, a pivot, O.F. piroet, pirouet( = pive +rouette) , a little wheel turning round a peg, a whirligig, N.F.pirouette, a rapid turn; o.F. fifre, a fife (Germ. loan-word), Ital.piffero, a fife, fifer, Ital. piare, to chirp, piulare, whine, O.F. piuler(s.s.) , M.E. peule, N.E. pule, N.E. (early: Sir P. Sidney), pue, to chirp,Scot. pew, to whine, M.E. peuische, pevische, petulant.Teutonic, O.H.G. pfifa, fifa, N.H.G. pfeife, O.N. pīpa, A.S. pīpe, asmall tube, a whistle, a musical instrument, anything tubular, a measureof wine (all loan-words from Lat. pipa), L.G. piepen, M.E. pipen,pepen, an imitative word (cp. o.F. pipier, pepier), to chirp as a youngbird, Du. piewit, N.E. (early) puit, pewet, peewit.Celtic, Ir. pip, a pipe or tube, Ir. and Gael. piob, a pipe or flute(loan-words).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, pigeon, pivot, fife, pirouette, pule, puling,peevish.Teutonic, pipe, pipkin, piper, peep (vb.) , to cry as a young bird,peewit.Celtic, pibroch.Eur-Ar. VPĒK√PĒC √PỠ¨, to bind, fetter, catch.Sanscrit, pāç-, in paças, a snare, a band, pāçyati, pāçu, cattle, esp.small cattle, paçava, belonging to small cattle, pāçuka (s.s.), pājra,fat.1 Another derivation of the names of Ireland is from Gael. iar, west: cp. Sans.avara, western.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 605Zend, pāç, in paçaiti, fastens, binds, pāçu, cattle.√PĚŘGreek, πāу- πny-, in wńyvvμɩ (fut. Tńkw), fasten, fix, máyn, √PEGπayís, a snare, maxús, thick, solid, máyos, a hill, mountain peak,πŵyμa, a structure, a stage, ñáɣvn, hoar frost, rime, πáyovpos , a crab(from the base Tay- + ovρá, a tail, the hard-tailed '); å-πağ, (lit.)one ' fix ' or doing, once for all, at one time: cp. O.H.G. fah, N.H.G.fach, A.S. fæc, a time, a part or division, and N.H.G. einfach, of onekind, simple.Latin, pac-, pang- (with inserted nasal) , in pacĕre, to contract,bargain, paciscor, pactus, to make an agreement, pax, pacis, peace,pacare, to appease, pacificare, to pacify, pacificus, peace-making;pangere, panxi, panctum, and pepigi, pactum, to agree, settle, puttogether, fix, compingere, compactum, put together, compose, agree,impingere, impactum, to strike upon, push against, clash, pag-ina, leafofa book, or the side of one, so called because tied or stitched together;propages, -is, a slip or layer of a plant set in the ground, propagare, toset in, fasten down, to lay down slips of plants, to extend, spread, tohave offspring; pāla (for pagla) , a spade or shovel used by bakersto slide loaves into the oven, pālus (for pag-lus) , a pale or stake, pālare,to prop up with stakes, palatum, the palate, roof of the mouth, a vault,perhaps so called as though supported by the teeth; pagus , a district,a tract marked out by stakes or poles, pagensis, belonging to a district,paganus, ' inhabiting a country district; pignus, -oris, a pledge, pignorare,to give a pledge; pecus, 2 -oris, a collective term for cattle, so calledfrom being tethered (cp. Sans. paçu, paças) , pecu, -ui (dat.) , n. , usedspecially of larger cattle, pecus, pecudis (f. ) , one of a herd, especiallyof small cattle; pecunia,³ property, wealth, money, so called from' As the inhabitants of the country districts of Italy remained heathens longafter Christianity prevailed in towns, paganus became synonymous with heathen.

• Sans. paçu, Lat. pecus, Lith. pekus, Goth. faihu, cattle, show that the pastoral

life had supplanted, at least to some extent, the nomad life before the separation ofthe Eur-Aryan people, and seem to indicate that while the herds of cattle that wentwith the tribes were regarded as common property during the nomad period, a rightof private property was allowed in the pastoral age to the individual in the cattleused by him in the cultivation of his share of the tribal land, fed by day and stalledat night.' See Schrader, Prehist. Antiq. Nowhere can the transition from the old simplemethod of exchange to the use of a currency be better traced than among theRomans. Here the oldest legal fines are fixed in sheep and cattle; gradually, however, the custom grows up of using another measure of value, as well as cattle, thatof copper (æs cuprium). It is unshaped (as rude) and is weighed when sold, untileventually the State fixes a definite form for the copper bars, and stamps the newcast metal with a mark (æs signatum), which, characteristically enough, usuallyrepresents a cow, a sheep, or a pig. It was not until about 451 B.C. that copper wasprovided with a mark indicating its value and made independent of the scales, andthat thus a currency was introduced. (Cp. F. Hulisch, Greek and Roman Metrology )606 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.PĒK-✓PĒỠpecus, cattle, the only wealth of a pastoral people, and at the sametime their medium of exchange and standard of value; peculium,property in cattle, (later) personal property of any kind, peculiaris,peculiar to oneself, not held in common with others, peculari, to appropriate to oneself, embezzle public money; pinguis (with inserted nasal),fat (cp. Gk. Taɣús, τýyvvµɩ , Sans. pājras) .CL. Latin and Romance, Ital. pace, O.F. pais, N.F. paix, M.E. pais,peace (Lat. pax, pacis: cp. o.F. crois, N.F. croix, from Lat. crux, crucis),Prov. apaziar, o.F. apaisier, M.E. apaisen, appesen, N.E. appease, as fromL. Lat. adpaciare; It. pagare (Lat. pacare) , Prov. pagar, payar, O.F.paer, paier, N.F. payer, M.E. paie, N.E. pay (cp. L. Lat. quietantia, a quittance, payment), F. pacifier, pacify; It. impacciare (fr. L.Lat. *impactiare,intensive form from Lat. impactus), Prov. empachar, O.F. empescher,empêcher, with older form empacher (Brachet), hinder, complain of, impeach, M.E. appechen, apechen, pechen (s.s.) , corrupted from empechen( = o.F. empecher) , It. dispacciare, o.F. despescher, despecher, N.F. dépêcher, to despatch '; o.F. pagine, M.E. pagine, N.F. page, apage or side ofa leaf; M E. pagyn, pagen, pagent, pagiant, probably the same word as thepreceding, but with the meaning of stage, scaffolding, or structure (cp.late Lat. paginatus, put together, constructed, solido navem paginatamrobore,' a ship constructed of solid oak; the M.E. word meant originallya moveable scaffold, such as was used in the performance of the mediæval religious plays); It. palo (Lat. palus) , Prov. pal, O.F. pal, pel,piel, N.F. pieu, a stake (O.F. pal has now the special sense of asharpened stake used in the punishment of impaling), O.F. empaler, toimpale; O.F. palisser, M.E. palysen, to enclose with pales, Ital. palizzata,palissade, a palisade; o.F. pale, a fire- or baker's shovel, N.E. ( dial. ) apeel (Lat. pala, a kind of spade or shovel) , Ital . paletta, O.F. palette, aflat blade for spreading plaster, &c . , a painter's slab for mixing colours:L. Lat. palantium, a wall, palenca, a row ofstakes , palantia, the districtof a palatine (see Kluge under Pfalz, and for alternative explanation,supra, p. 598) . L. Lat. paccus, a pack, or parcel, Ital. pacco, o.F. pacque,O.F. pacquet, N.F. paquet (s.s.) . Brachet derives both Fr. and Lat.' Littré connects empêcher with Prov. empedigar, from L. Lat. impactare, orimpedicare, to encumber, hinder; but there is already the O.F. equivalent of thelatter in empegier. It is probable, however, that the two distinct words were confusedwith each other in their meaning, and represent different L. Lat. forms, pactiare, tofasten, fr. ✅pek-, and pedicare, to fetter, fr. ✔ped-: cp. Ital. dispacciare, Span. andPort. despachar, O.F. dapauchier, despecquier, despeschier, despaschier, fr. pactiare,with O. Ital. impedicare, Prov. empedegar, O.F. empegier, N.F. empiéger, to hinder,embarrass, which are evidently from pedicare; while Ital. impacciare, Prov. empaitar, Span. and Port. empachar, O.F. empacher, empecher, to delay, overload, bar, pointto a pactiare; the O.F. g, too, is the more regular change for L. Lat, di, than ch.Both despatch and impeach will therefore belong to ✔pek-.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 607from Celtic pac; ¹ others trace both the German and Celtic words to the √PĒKRomance. It. paese, O.F. pais, N.F. pays (Lat. pagense), It. paesano, √PĒĞO.F. paisan, paisant, M.E. peysan, pesant, N.E. peasant, N.F. paysan,originally an inhabitant of the same district, a fellow- countryman; butalso used of one living in a country district, a peasant; Ital . pagano,Prov. and o.F. paen, paien, M.E. payen, payn, a heathen, (lit.) a rustic;o.F. paienisme, heathendom, M.E. paynyme (s.s.) , but Robert of Gloucester has paynymis for ' heathens,' and Spenser writes of the Paynimbold.' The same false use is in vogue with modern poets and novelists . L. Lat. feudum, feodum 2 (from Goth. feihu or O.H.G. fehu, cattle,property, and with variant forms feum, fevum, fedium) , Ital. fio, feudo,Prov. feo, feu, fieu , O.F. fe, fie , fiet (pl. fiez), fied , also fief,³ fieu, fiu,Anglo-Fr. fee, fie , M.E. fe, pl. fees, feiz , Scot. feu, an estate held undercondition of military or other service, also of a payment in grain ormoney, &c. , O.F. fever, fiever, fieffer, fieuffer, Anglo-Fr. feoffer, M.E.feoffen, N.E. feoff, to put in legal possession, L. Lat. feudalis, feodalis(subs.) , a vassal.' The initial p is against a Celtic origin as well as a Teutonic, and the derivation from the L. Lat. paccus is preferable, though no corresponding word is foundin Classical Latin. It may, however, have been a vernacular word in common use,but from what source is doubtful.

• Diez does not regard the d as radical, but as merely euphonic to avoid the

double u in feu-um ( cp. Ital. chiodo, a nail, for chio-o, fr. Lat. clavus). Othersthink it is due to the analogy of allodium; and others, that feudum is a verbal subs.fr. feudare ( =feum dare), but each of these views has its difficulty. Perhaps Diez'sis the least open to objection.• Brachet compares the change of d to f in fief with that of Judæus to Juif, ofMarbodus to Marbœuf, viduus to veuf; but fief may be a simple variant of fieu, or assimilated to the vb. fiever.• Brachet differs from Diez in deriving feodum, feudum, from an O.H.G. feod, andtherefore in regarding the d as radical; and Skeat seems doubtingly to incline toBrachet's view. I think, however, that the general absence of d in the Romancewords is in favour of Diez's explanation. Murray, Hist. Diot., rejects the derivationfrom an O.H.G. fe-od, ' because such an etymology would yield no other sense thanof moveable property, which is very remote from the sense of feudum as used inearly records, viz. usufruct grantedfor service, and often opposed to alodis, originallymeaning inheritance. A more tenable theory is that O.F. fiu is an adoption of theO.H.G. fehu, in its sense of wages, payment for service, and that the feudal sense is aspecial application of it. But the d of the L. Lat. forms, feudum, feodum, is left unexplained by this hypothesis.' It may be that the O.L.G. od, property, estate,&c., found in O.N. odh-al, Latinised Gothic al-odis, may have caused the introductionof the d in feudum, feodum, which supplanted the earlier forms feum, fevum. Vigfusson (Icel. Dict. ) goes so far as to consider feudal, from L. Lat. feudalis, a vassal,acompound word, fee-odal, or an odal held as a fee or fieffrom the king,' in whichview he is opposed to Murray.The etymology of Goth. al-odis, O.N. odhal, O.L.G. od-, is interesting, and may begiven here. It seems to be from a Eur- Ar. Vedh-, odh-, with the sense of prosperity, happiness, wealth, which in Sans. is found as edh-, aidh-, in edhati, thrives,prospers, gets strong, great, happy, edhayati, makes prosperous or happy, honours,edhas, aidhas, prosperity.The Teutonic bases are adh-, odh-, or ath-, oth-, in Goth. auds, O L.G. ōd, O.H.G.608 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓PEK-✓PEGBalto-Slav. , Lith. pekus, cattle .Teutonic, fah-, fanh-, fang-, fa*g-, in Goth. fahan (p. t. faifah),O.H.G. fahan (p. t. fiang) , N.H.G. fāhen, fangen, O.N. fă (p. t. sing.fekk, plur. fengu, p. p. fenginn); A.S. fōn (for fōhan) , fangan (p. t.feng, p. p. gefongen), to take, catch, Goth. gafahs, O. and N.H.G. andO.N. fang, A.S. fang, feng, M.E. feng, a taking, catch, prey, A.S. feng,N.E. fang, a claw, A.S. fæng-toth, the fang or catching-tooth, Goth.figgrs, O.H.G. fingar, N.H.G. and A.S. finger, O.N. fingr; ¹ Goth. fahjan,O.H.G. fa*gin, fuogen, N.H.G. fügen, A.S. fegan, make fit, suit, Goth. fa*grs,O.H.G. fa*gar, O.N. fa*gr, A.S. fægr, M.E. faier, N.E. fair, pleasing, just,bright, beautiful, Goth. fa*ginon, O.H.G. fa*ginon, O.N. fægna, A.S. fa*gnian,to be or makeglad, rejoice, O.H.G. fa*gin, O.N. feginn, A.S. fægen, N.E. fain,glad, O.H.G. fah, N.H.G. fach, A.S. fæc, O. Fris. fek, fak, a part, division,period of time, arrangement, compartment, &c. , A.S. feccan, fæccan,feccean, M.E. fecchen (dial . ) , facchen, to bring, O. Fris. faka, to prepare,get ready (see Brugmann, ii. p. 508, and for another explanation see-ōt, O.N. audhr, A.S. eād, happiness , wealth, prosperity (but in comp. O.N. aud-, has the sense of chief, and A.S. ead-, of easy); Goth. audags, O.L.G. odag, O.H.G. otag, O.N.audigr, A.S. eadig, M.E. eadi, happy, prosperous, wealthy, O.H.G. ōt-muoti, O. Sax.ōdmōti, A.S. ead- mōd, M.E. ed-mōd, gentle, mild, well- disposed, M.H.G. klein- ot, asmall possession, N.H.G. klein-od, a jewel; Goth. al-auds, Latino-Goth. al-odis,al-lodium, (lit.) entire property ( = al + aud); O.N. odh-al (apparently a transposedform of alauds = odh +al, with same literal meaning as Goth. ), but also with sense ofnature, inborn quality, property: as a legal term, (1) property inherited fromfather to son for three generations, or held by the same person in unbroken possessionfor not less than thirty years; ( 2) an estate granted for services to the king; O.H.G.uodil, O. Sax. odhil, A.S. edhel (the relation of the final syllable to O.N. al isobscure), patrimony, homestead, inheritance; O.H.G. adal, N.H.G. adel, O.N. adhal,edli, odli, inborn quality, descent, ( spec.) noble descent, (as adj . ) chief, O.H.G. edeli,O. Sax. edhili , A.S. ædhele, of noble birth or rank. The English derivatives fromVedh-, odh-. are the following: -Teutonic, udaller, odaller, allodial (thr. L. Lat. ) ,and many personal names, Ulrich ( = uodel-rik) , Uhland ( = uodel- lant) , Adal- bert,Adelheid, Adelaide (nobility) , Ethel, noble, Ethelred (noble council), Etheldreda (f. ),Audrey (Anglo- Fr. form) , Eldred, Elfrida (noble peace), Athelstan, noble stone,Adolphus (Latinised form of Adolf -adal-olf, noble wolf), Alphonso (Span. form ofO.H.G. adalfuns) , Atheling, Odling, Addlestone, Edward, Edgar, strong guardian, orguardian of wealth, Edwy, (perhaps) strong warrior, Edmund, well-disposed, Edwin,noblefriend, Eady, Edie, &c.The thumb was originally counted among the fingers and had its special name:O.N. thumal- fingr, thumb-finger, i.e. big or thick finger (cp. O.N. thumal-ta, big orthick toe; but the names given to the middle and the fourth fingers prove that it wasregarded as one of the fingers. Kluge, who doubts the derivation from the Teut.base fang-, fing-, &c. , given in the text, is more inclined to refer finger to a Eur-Ar.base, *penq- ros, from penge, five. The special names given to the fingers in O.N. andM.E. were as follows:1st finger, O.N. sleiki-fingr, lick-finger, M.E. fore-finger.2nd finger, O.N. lángatöng, long prong, A.S. middle-finger, M.E. middle-finger,fool's-finger, F. le doigt sale.3rd finger, O.N. grædi- (the healing) fingr, M.E. leech finger ( Lat. digitusmedicus), N.E. fourth finger (cp. Rubric in the Marriage Service).4th finger, O.N. litli-fingr, E. little-finger, ear-finger.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 609under √ped-, p. 618 n. 1); o.N. pakki, Du. pak, N.H.G. pack, M.E. pakke, √PEKapack (of unestablished origin); Goth. faihu, O.H.G. fihu, fehu, N.H.G. PEGvieh, O.N. fè, gen. fjar, A.S. feoh, feo, M.E. feih, fee, fe, originallycattle, but later property in general, an estate, a compensation for servicerendered, O.N. felag, a partnership (from fe +lag-, Teut. base of O.N.leggja, to lay), a laying together ofmoney or property, O.N. felage, A.S.(late) feolaga, M.E. felawge, felaze, felawe, felow, N.E. fellow, a partner,one who lays down money in ajoint undertaking with others; O.H.G. phál ,M.H.G. pfāl, O.N. pāll, A.S. pāl, M.E. pāl, pale, N.E. pale, pole (Lat. loanwords); O.H.G. pfalanzą, M.H.G. phalenze, pfalze, N.H.G. pfalz, O. Sax.palinza, palencia (L.Lat. loan-words), lit. a row or circle of stakes, thedistrict so encircled; M.H.G. pfalenz-grave, N.H.G. pfalz- graf, the head ofsuchdistrict, apalatine, Westpfal (Lat. palus); O.H.G. pfant, N.H.G. pfand,Du. and O. Fris. pand, is sometimes regarded as a loan-word from Lat.panctum, a thing pledged, or from O.F. pan, a skirt, a pledge, somethingtaken (from Lat. pannus, a piece ofcloth) , M.E. pawne, a pledge, ' becauseclothing is so frequently taken in pledge ' (neither explanation is satisfactory ¹ ); O.H.G. phantine (from O.H.G. pfant) , phending, phenning,M.H.G. pfenninc, N.H.G. pfennig, O.N. penningr, A.S. pening, penig, olderform (835 A.D.) pending, M.E. peni, a penny, 1-12th of a shilling: theoriginal meaning of the word is therefore a token or pledge of value(see Skeat's Eng. and Kluge's Germ. Dict.). The two-penny piecescoined at Birmingham early in the century were called tokens. '2Celtic, Gael. pog, pag, Ir. pog, O. Ir. poc, Wel. poc, Bret. pok,Manx paag (from Lat. pacem), the kiss of peace; Ir. pac, pacadh,Gael. and Bret. pac, a pack or bundle.Macbain regards pacas an Eng. loan-word. Ir. propa, a prop, propanach, a youth (possiblyloan-words from a corrupted form of propago) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, pachyderm, -atous, with other compounds of pachy-; Areopagus; pachnolite, a mineral compound with frost-like crystals, pagurus.Latin, pact, pacific, pacification, -or; compact (vb. , adj . , subs. ) ,-ness , impinge, impact, paginate, propagate, -ion, pignorate (vb. and1 So Diez, who gives Prov. panar, O.F. paner, Span, apañar, to take away, and connects with the Romance words O.H.G. phant, O. Fris. pand. The taking of theraiment in pledge is referred to in the O.T.; see Exod. xxii. 26; Deut. xxiv. 13 and 17; Job xxii. 6, xxiv. 9 and 10; Prov. xx. 6. The explanation from panctum isdoubtfully suggested by Pott.2 Kluge gives O.H.G. pfropfo, N.H.G. pfropfen, a graft, layer (from Lat. propages=It. propaggine, O.F. provain), and is inclined to regard the N.H.G. pfro- pfen, astopper, a stay, aprop (introduced inthe eighteenth century), as the same word with a changed meaning. Skeat seems to connect the Eng. prop, M.E. proppe, a long staff,with Ir. propa, Gael. prop.R R610 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.adj .); palate, -al , -able, compounds of palato-; pagan, -ism, pecuniary, impecunious, peculiar, -ity, peculate, -ion.6L. Latin and Romance, peace, -ful, -able, &c. , appease, pay, -ment,-able, &c. , repay, &c. , pacify, impeach, peach, to inform against, despatch (lit. to free from hindrance) , page, pageant, -ry; pale, a stake, anenclosed district (cp. Lat. pagus), palings, palisade, Palliser (now aproper name, but originally one in charge of the pales or fences ')impale, (dial. ) peel, palette, palette-knife; packet, package, packetboat; feud, a fief (Teut. through L. Lat. ), feudal, -ism, feudatory,-ary, fief, feoffee, enfeoff (from Teut. thr. L. Lat. and F.), feu, feuar,feuage; paynim, peasant, -ry.Teutonic, fang (vb. and subs. ) , fang, abbrev. of fang-tooth, finger(lit. the catcher), ' fadge (obs. but used by Shakespeare), to suit (A.S.fægan), fair (pleasing, suitable), fairness, unfair, &c. , fain, glad, gladly(I would fain see = ' I would be glad to see '); pack (subs. and vb. ) ,unpack, &c. (Low Germ. from Celt. ); fee, a payment for service;fellow, fellowship (O.N. felag); pawn, penny, pence, penniless, fromO.H.G. loan-word of uncertain origin; Westphalia, Pfalzgraf, Palgrave(surname) , thr. M.H.G. from L. Lat.; pole (from Lat. thr. a.s. pāl).Eur-Ar. √PEK , to pluck, tear, pull, comb.Sanscrit, paks-, in pakshman, eyelashes, pakshmalas, hairy, shaggy(?) .Zend, paç-, in paçnem, eyelashes.Greek, πɛк-, in wέkw, to pluck wool, Téкos, a fleece, πEKTέw, tocomb, shear.Latin, pec-, pect-, in pectere, pexi and -ui, pex-um and pectitum,to comb, pecten, a comb, pectinare, to comb.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pettinare, F. peigner, to comb (Lat.pectinare) , Ital. pettine, peigne, comb, peignoir, hair-dressing gown.Balto-Slav., Lith. pesz-ti, plucks.Teutonic, O.H.G. fahs, A.S. feax, hair, o.N. fax, mane, M.E. pax-waxfor fax-wax (compound of fax, hair, and wax, the tendon in the neck ofanimals). Skeat compares N.H.G. haar-wachs, and quotes a passagefrom Gautier de Biblesworth: Et si ad le wenne ' (fex-wex) ' aucolle derere,' ' and he has paxwax at the back of his neck.'2 O.H.G.fehtan, N.H.G. fechten, A.S. feohtan, M.E. fehten, fihten, N.E. fight.³¹ Both Brugmann and Kluge are disposed to reject the more generally receivedderivation from O.H.G. fah-an ( = *fanh-an); and also that from Eur-Ar. ✔peik-, tostick, paint, from which Lat. pingere is derived through a nasalised form. Theyprefer connecting both finger and fist with penqe, five (see pp. 622, 623).2 Skeat also cites, from Way, O.F. le vendon, thepack-wax.? So Brugmann, who extends the special sense of combing or carding to the moregeneral meaning to pluck, beat, hack, fight. Kluge derives O.H.G. fehtan, &c. , from ✔penge (which see, p. 623.)EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 611EENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, pectinal, comb-like, pectinated, toothed like a comb.Teutonic, Fairfax (prop. n. =fair-haired) , pack-wax, fight, p. t.fought (?) .Eur-Ar. √PEQ-, to cook, digest, ripen.Sanscrit, pach-, pak-, in pachati, cooks, digests, ripens, pak-tis ,cooking, digestion, pak-ha, cooked, prepared, ripe, pak-vas (s.s.) .Zend, pach-, pak-, in pachata, to cook or be cooked, naçu-pāka, bodyburning (adj .) .Greek, πεπ-2, πоπ- (final = labialised Eur-Ar. q) , in Téσow, Homer.(= *TETOW), Att. πéπτw (fut. Té↓w) , cook, soften , ripen, digest; TETτós,cooked, &c. , πεπτικός, able to digest, δυσπεψία, indigestion, πέπων.(adj.) ripe, (subs .) a kind of melon, the digester, ¹ πóπavov, a sacrificialcakе, ȧρто-кóπ-оs, a baker of bread, a cook; -коπ-a, transposed formof Vpoq- (cp. Lith. kepti, to bake).Latin, coq-2, pop- (cp. Gk. Tоπ- in Tóжаvov) , in coquere, coxi,coctum, to cook, digest, ripen, coctilis, baked, coctor, a cook, coquus,(post-class. ) cocus, a cook, con- coquere, concoctum, concoct, decoquere,decoctum, decoct, co-quinus, relating to cookery, coquina (later cocina),a kitchen; culina ( = * coquilina), a kitchen, præcox, -ocis, præcoquus,early, ripe, præcoqua, Mart. apricot, the early ripe fruit, popina, acook's shop, pepo, (acc. ) peponem (Gk. loan-word) , a kind of melon.-L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. cocere, Prov. cozer, O.F. cuire= *cucire) , to cook; Span. cocina, Ital . cucina, Prov. cozina, O.F. cuisine,akitchen, Ital. cuccagna, cucagna, cocagna, Span. cucaña, o.F. cocagne,M.E. co*kaygne,³ fools' paradise; N. Gk. πраιкóккιov (Lat. præcoquum),' Now called in Hindi the Papai fruit, which is credited with the property ofpromoting digestion and of softening meats. If Hindi papai is a Eur-Ar. word, it would demand a Sans. pap- as a by-form of pak-.2 The initial c is for p assimilated to the final of the root (cp. quinque for pinque=Gk. Téμπe (Brugmann). Another explanation is from a Eur-Ar. QEQ- with labialised p in Gk. , but Sans. pach- is against this. There may have been two formsof the root qeq- and peq-, already existing in the Eur-Ar. speech before the partition,of which the labial initial was preserved in Sans. , Zend, Greek, Balto- Slav. generally,but not invariably, and the guttural in Latin and Teutonic.• Cuccagna, co*kaygne, &c. , are connected by Grimm with the German kuchen, by Diez with the Romance forms coca, cocca, couque, all formed on Lat. coquere;Littré and Scheler agree. Diez , however, also suggests connection with popularItal. cucco, an egg, a darling, and the Walloon cocogne, an Easter egg. Cuccagna inFlorio is explained Lubbers- land,' and is thus described in a poem of 1305 A.D. published by the Phil. Soc.:•'Fur in see by west spaygneIs a lond ihote co*kaygne;RR 2612 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓VРЕQ /PEQ- BEрĺкоккOV (Aг. al-berkük, borrowed from the N. Gr. ) , Sp. albaricoque(from Ar.) , Ital. albercocco, O.F. abricoc, abricot (under influence,perhaps, of Lat. apricus, sunny, from which the fruit was supposed toreceive its name), N.E. (early) , aprico*ck, (later) apricot; Ital. popone,Lat. pepo, O.F. pompon, M.E. pompon, pumpion, nasalised form of Lat.pepon(em), N.E. (early) , pumkin, (later) pumpkin, an adaptation of M.E.pumpion, Span. and Port. pepino, Roum. pepene, a cucumber gourd,O.F. pepon, pepin, M.E. pepin, popin, the seed of a melon, &c. , N.E. pippin the seed of a melon, apple, orange, &c. , an apple grown from apippin, O.F. and M.E. pepinerie, a nursery ground where fruit stones areplanted for growing.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. peku, to cook, digest, pečtum (supine), O.Slav. peçene, liver, from peku, to digest (cp. Gk. TEπTÓS, digested),Lith. kepena, from transposed form of peq-, Lith. kepu, kepti, tobake (cp. Gk. áprо-кóπ-os, bread-baker, cook), Lith. kepalas, loaf-bread.Teutonic, O.H.G. choh, N.H.G. koch, A.S. coc, a cook, Lat. cocus, O.H.G.chohhen, N.H.G. kochen, A.S. cocan, M.E. co*ken, to cook, Lat. coquere,O.H.G. chuohho, M.H.G. kuoche, N.H.G. kuche, O.N. kaka, M.E. cake,(Latin loan-words), O.H.G. chuhhina, N.H.G. küche, A.S. cycene, cicene,M.E. kychene, kichene (Lat. or Romance cucina).'·All of pasteiis beth the wallsOf fleis, of fis, of ruh met,The likfullis that man mai et,Fluren cakes beth the scingles alle,Of cherche cloister, boure and halle,The pinnes beth fat podinges.'co*ckney, M.E. co*ken-ay, co*ken- ey ( = co*ken, gen. pl of co*k, a co*ck +M.E. ey=A.S.ægan, egg), ' co*ck's egg.' Cp. German hahnen-eier (s. s.) and Florio's definition of It.caccherelli, cackling of hens, also co*ck's eggs, or, as we say, co*ckaneys.' Murray (Hist.Dict.) supposes that this term was originally applied to the small mis-shapen eggs,popularly called co*ck's eggs, and transferred from them ( 1 ) to a weakly and delicatelyreared child. co*knay, mammotrophus, ' a mother's suckling or darling (1483 A.D.) , ‘ achild that sucketh long ' ( 1590 A.D.) , ‘ a nestle co*ck, one coaks'd or co*ckered, delicatelybred and brought up ' ( 1661 A.D. ); Mammothreptus, a child sucking long, a childwantonly brought up, a co*ckney, ' Ainsworth, Lat. Dict. 1780. (2) To townsmen, asmore effeminate than the country- bred: ' In this great cytees, as London, York, Perusyand such, the children be so nycely and delicately brought up that comonly they canlittle good ' (Whitinton, 1521 A.D.). Cp. Thersytes, sect. xvi. p. 61, ' Whyle beggarshave lyce, and co*ckneys are nyce. ' And (3) it became a special nickname for aLondoner; see Morrison's Itin. 1617 A.D. , Londoners and all within the sound ofBow-bells are in reproch called co*cknies, and eaters of buttered tostes.' co*kayneand co*ckney are thus quite unconnected words, the first being derived from Lat.coquere through a Teutonic or Romance channel, while the last is of English growth,from A.S. co*k (see p. 168). The connection with Ital. cucco, an egg, a darling, andWalloon cocogne, if established, would, however, transfer both co*kayne and co*ckneyto qeq-, p. 167.•Kluge seems disposed to connect with this root PEQ- O.H.G. feigi, doomedto die, destined to death, O.N. feigr, A.S. fæge ( s. s. ) , M.E. feie, faie, N.E. fey, fay, Du.veeg, near to death, N.H.G. feige, cowardly, feig, a coward, Scotch fey, destined fordeath. He cites Sans. pak-vas, ripe, as the connecting link as regards the sense, asthough the root-meaning of these Teutonic words were ripe for death.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 613US3Celtic, Wel. pobi, Bret. pibi, to bake, Bret. pober, Corn. peber, abaker, Bret. poaza, to cook; Ir. cocaire, a cook, coicine, a kitchen (loanwords from Lat.).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit (thr. Hindi) , papai (?) , a kind offruit like a melon andfilled with seeds.Greek, pepsine, peptic, dys-peptic, -sia.Latin, coction, coctile, con- de- coct, -ion; culinary, precocious,-ity, precociousness.L. Latin and Romance, cuisine, co*kayne, apricot '; pippin, anapple grown from seed, fruit seed, pip (shortened form), pumpkin.Teutonic, but from Latin or Romance loan-words, cook, cookery,cake, kitchen, also Scot. fey (see 612, note 1) .Eur-Ar. PET, move towards, fall, fly, descend, light upon, sink.Sanscrit, pat-, in patati, falls, flies, pattra, a feather, wing,patayati, causes to fall, patākā, a flag, pra-patas, flying forward (cp.Lat. præpes, -etis) .Zend, pat-, in pataiti, falls, flies, patara, a wing, feather.2Greek, πετ-, πτ-, in πέτομαι, to fly, aor. ἔπτην, πτέρον, πτίλον,πτέρυξ, a wing, πτερύγιον, α pinnacle or turret, πτερίς, fern, socalled from its feathery leaf; άKUTTÉTNS, ¿KÚTTEPOS , swift-flying, swiftwinged, πÍTT ( = TI-TÉT- w, redupl. ), to fall, πÉ-πτ-шка perf. ,πτώσις, a falling, declension, πτώμα, a corpse, σύμπτωμα, αfalling or occurring together, a symptom, ȧσúµ- πт- WTOs, not fallingtogether, TTalw, to cause to fall (cp. Sans. patay-ati, s.s.).Latin, pet-, in pet-ere, -ivi, -ii, -itum, to go to, seek for, ask, lightupon, penna, a wing or feather (O. Lat. pesna, for petna: cp. O. Ir.etn for [p]etn, a wing) , pennatus, winged, petitio, a petition, petulans,fretful, peevish, saucy (a pres. pt. of obs. petulare, freq. of petere, toassail in word, to be forward, insolent), petulantia; ap-petere, seekfor, desire, appetentia, appetitus, competere (trans. to seek together,(intrans. ) to occur together, be suitable to , sufficient for, competens, -tia,' The sequence is Lat. præcoquus, Gk. Beрĺкoккos, Arab. al-berkuk, Span. albaricoque, Ital. albercocco, O.F. abricoc, N.F. abricot, Eng. aprico*ck, apricot.2 N.E. fern is not derived from Tepis, but from Eur- Ar. per- for √(8)per-, tostretch out; cp. Sans. parn-am, a wing, feather, leaf, O.H.G. farn, A.S. fearn. ( SeeBrugmann, ii . 140, who cites there Lith. sparnas, a wing, i.e. ‘ that which is extended,or the flapper.')614 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√/PET6competitio, competitor, impetere, to attack, rush on, impetus, onset,violence, impetuosus, repetere, to repeat, repetitio, præpes, -etis, flyingforward, swiftly (cp. Sans. prapatas); propitius, flying in advance,favourable (a term of augury used of birds qui secundo auspicio anteeum volant qui auspicatur,' Cic. ) , propitiari, to render favourable,per-pet-uus, continuing through, permanent; pinna¹ (a variant ofpenna), a wing, feather, a key or stop of a water-organ, pinnatus,winged, feathered; accipiter (for *acupiter?) , a hawk (cp. Gk. ¿rvTÉτNS, KÚTTEρOs, the swift-winged, and Lat. acupedius, swift-footed).L. Latin and Romance, Ital . pignone, a dyke, wharf, o.F. pignon,only found with senses a kernel, a pinnacle, a gable (Brachet), fromLat. pinna, a peak, but the M.E. pinion, the joint of a bird's wing,implies a dialectic o.F. pignon 2 with the same sense, from pinna, afeather; Ital. pennone, a flag, a bunch offeathers, O.F. pennon, penon,panon, aflag, pennons, pl. , the feathers of an arrow, M.E. penon, pennon,N.E. pennon, pennant, a flag (t is here redundant, as in tyrant, ancient),see Diez under pennone, and cp. Sans. patākā, a flag; o.F. penne, M.E.penne, a quill, a pen; O.F. repeter, M.E. repeten, to repeat, O.F. appetit,M.E. appetyt, O.F. pimpernelle, pimpinelle, Ital. pimpinella (regardedby Diez as corrupted from Lat. bipennula, L. Lat. bipinella, pipinella,bimpinella, with double wings) , the name ofa flower, pimpernel (the mmay be due to a supposed connection with Lat. pampinus, a tendril) .Teutonic, Goth. *fithra, O.H.G. fëdara, N.H.G. feder, o.N. fjödhr, A.S.fedher, M.E. feder, a feather, A.S. finn, O. Swed. fina, Dan. finne, M.E.fynne, fin, finned, having fins, from Lat. pinna, a wing,³ Goth. finthan,O.H.G. and A.S. findan, O.N. finna, to light upon, find, M.E. fundling, afoundling.Celtic, O. Ir. etn, en, Wel. edn, Corn. hethen, Bret. ezn, a fowl,ni itar, is not found' (by loss of initial p for petn, pen, pitar);O. Wel. atan, N. Wel. aden, a feather, wing.¹ Pinna, in the sense of a sharp point or end, a peak, is probably from the sameroot as spic- a, spic-ulum, spīna = spicna, with common loss of s before p. Pinna (for

• picna), the battlement ofa wall, a turret, may be fromthe same root; or pinna = penna,

used with this sense in imitation of Gk. Tтeрúylov. For Brugmann's explanation seeunder Eur-Ar. ✔pen-.2 So Skeat; and the Century Diot. gives ‘ pinion, plume, feather of an arrow,' assenses of O.F. pignon. Körting gives only the sense of pinnacle, from Lat. pinna(s. s. ), which Brugmann connects with Gk. Tñvos, Lat. pannus, O.H.G. fana, aflag,A.S. finn, and derives from ✔pen-, a later form of √(8)pen-, to stretch; the radicalnotion in these words, he says, is that of ' something extended! This would apply toO.F. pignon, pennon.=• See Brugmann's alternative explanation of Lat. pinna, and also that givenunder ✔pik- (s)pik-. It is probable that the derivatives of these three roots,✓pet- pet- pen- and ✅pik-, have been mixed up with each other, and it is difficult todecide to which root they respectively belong.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 615H159ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, words compounded with ptero-, -pterous, -ptery, as pteropod, ptero-sauria, lepidopterous, coleopterous, &c. , apteryx, diptera;symptom, -atic, asymptotes, ptosis, a falling of the upper eyelid,ptomaine, an alkaloid formed during putrefaction (medical), diptote(grammatical term).Latin, petition, -er, pennate, petulant, -ce; compete, -ition, -itor,competent, -ce, -cy, impetus, impetuous, -osity, &c.; appetence,repetition, propiti-ous, -ate, -ion, &c.; perpetual, -te, -ity, &c; pinnate, pinnacle (?) , accipitrine, hawk-like; centri-petal, seeking orfalling towards the centre, a word coined from the Lat. by Newtonin his ' Principia,' 1687.L. Latin and Romance, pinion (subs. ) , the joint of a wing, pinion(vb.), to fasten a bird's pinions, to tie the elbows behind the back,pennon, pennant (?) , pen, repeat, repeater, &c.; appetite, pimpernel (?).Teutonic, feather, -y, feather-bed, &c.; fin (?) , a Teutonic loanword from Lat. pinna; find, found, foundling.Eur-Ar. √PED- √/POD-, to fall, go, step, tread, obtain, catch, (as subs. )foot, footstep.Sanscrit, pad-, in pad-yati, falls, goes, comes, &c. , pādyati, causes tofall, to bring to ruin, pad-as, pādas, a foot, pace, step , standing ground,position, a word, metrical foot, padāti, a foot-soldier, padyas, relating tothe foot, a pedestrian (cp. Lat. pedes , peditis, s.s. ) , padyam, verse,metre, pad-ra, a village, a district, Hindi tin-pae, a three-footed table.Zend, pad-, in pad-yaita, falls, goes, treads, padhas, in tri- padhas,three-footed, pado, a country, ground, land.Greek, Tεd-, Tod-, in médov, the ground, i.e. the ' trodden,' used withreference also to a particular spot, wedlov, the plain, wéça ( = πéd-ja),the foot, end, edge, extremity of a body, TεÇós ( = πεd-ios), on foot(cp. Sans. padyas), тρáπεça (for тεтρá-πεçα), a four-footed table ,τραπέζιον, a figure of four unequal sides; πέδη, πέδιον, a fetter,πέδιλον, a sandal, ἔμπεδος, firm , strong; πούς, ποδός, αfoot, ποδεῖον,a shoe, Tódiov, a foot-stool, a raised standing-place, Todayρa, afoot- trap,gout in the foot, ¿µπódios , in the way of, тρíπоνS, τρíπоdos , three-footedTλатÚTOνs, broad-footed, avrírodes, the Antipodes (Strabo).Latin, ped-, in pēs ( = peds) , gen. pedis, a foot, peda, a footstep,616 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.PED✓PODpedalis, relating to the foot, bi- tri- quadru- centi- milli- pes, of 2, 3, 4,100 , 1000 feet, pedare, to prop, pedamen, pedamentum, a prop forvines, pediculus, a little foot, pedes, -itis , a foot-soldier, pedester, -tris,-tre, pedestrian, pedica, a fetter, pedum, a shepherd's crook for catchingsheep by the feet; podium (loan-word from Gk. wódiov) , a raised standing place ( podia ternis alta pedibus fabricantes,' Plaut.), speciallya balcony in the amphitheatre next to the arena, for the emperor and hisofficers; impedire, to shackle the feet, hinder, impedimentum, a hindrance,expedire, to set free the feet, remove obstacles , hasten, clear the way,send out, despatch, expeditus, marching with little baggage, expeditio, asending out, expedit (impers. ), it profits, is expedient, pessum, ' to thebottom ground,' from *pedum (in op-pidum) +versum = ped-versum,' ground-ward' (cp. susum, sursum sub-versum), pessum- ire, to go toruin, pessum-dare, to ruin; oppidum, O. Lat. op-pedum (op-pedeis, abl.pl. in Lex Servilia), lit. over against the district (cp. Gk. Tédov,above), a stronghold, ' or place of refuge for the inhabitants, afterwardsa town, also an enclosure in the circus from which the chariots started.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. piede, Prov. pe-s , O.F. pied, a foot,' pied pouldre,' ' dusty foot,' the name ofa court held on market day withthe power of summary jurisdiction and punishment on the spot overoffenders. From the expression ' extranei mercatores ' used byDu Cange, it seems to have been intended to prevent the sale of goodsby traders from other places who had not the right of sale, and weredetected by their dusty feet and other marks of travel. F. cap à piè,from head to foot, Ital. piedestallo, O.F. piedstal, M.E. pede-stal, pedestal(a compound of piede = Lat. pes +O.H.G . stal , a standing-place); Ital .espedire, spedire, to free from hindrances, ² L. Lat. and O. Ital. impedicare, Prov. empedegar, o.r. empegier, N.F. empiéger, to embarrass,hinder (for N.F. empêcher, dépêcher, see under √pek, √peg , p. 606);poggio (Lat. podium) , Prov. pueg, puoc, O.F. puye, pue, M.E. puwe, abalcony, raised seat, a reading desk, in a church an enclosed pew; L.•' 'In the Vedic hymns the " pura ” (Gk. πóλis) was a stronghold strengthened byearthworks and ditches, whither in time of danger (of war and floods -the onlyoccasions on which these were occupied) the inhabitants betook themselves withtheir goods and chattels ' ( Schrader, Prehist. Antiq. p. 140). Among the southernSlavs, as Kraus relates, every župa (the district inhabited by a pleme, i.e. tribe) wasbound to erect a stronghold for its own defence in a spot adapted by nature for thepurpose. The stronghold was the political and, in ancient times, also the religiouscentre of the whole župa; here the elders of the župa assembled for their commondeliberations; this was their base in war, their place of retreat in time of attack'(ib. p. 403).2 The English word speed is not derived from Ital. spedire nor from F. expédier( Lat. expeditare) , but its original meaning is success, and its root Eur- Ar. ✔spēdh-,an extension of spe-) , to increase, thrive, be prosperous (cp. A.S. spedan, &c. , tosucceed, prosper).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 617Lat. appodiare, It. appoggiare, Span. apoyar, o.F. appuyer, to prop,support, O.F. appui, aprop or support; It. pedone, Span. peon, Port. piâo,Anglo-Indian peon, originally foot- soldier, now a messenger; F. pétiole,the foot-stalk ofa leaf (L. Lat. petiolus, a littlefoot) , Ital. pedone, o.f.paon, poon, M.E. poun, paune, a pawn in chess, supposed by Littré tobe the same word as paon, a peaco*ck, but better referred to Span. orPort. from L. Lat. pedone(m), foot- soldier¹ (see Skeat ad. vb. ), L. Lat.peda, pedica, petia, pegia, petium, since 8th century a measure ofland, four toises ( = 24 feet) square, Span. pieza, Prov. pessa, O.F. piece,N.F. pièce, a piece, 2 M.E. pecemele, a compound, ofpece ( =o.F . piece) +mele ( =A.s. mæl, a portion) , N.E. piece-meal, (lit.) piece by piece (melewas used as a kind of distributive suffix, as piece is now, one a piece=one to each); Ital. pitetto, petitto, Prov. petitz, O.F. petit, small,with o.F. dim. petitet, M.E. petit, pettie; o.F. *trivette, M.E. trevid,treuettis, probably a corruption from Lat. triped-em, N.F. tripied, trépied, a three -footed stool; M.E. pedegru, pedegrw, petygrwe, later pedegre,N.E. pedigree of French origin, found in earliest document temp.Henry IV. , as pe de gre; M.E. pedigree may be a popular etymology fromsome word now lost, and an adaptation of pied de grue, crane's foot.Balto-Slav. , Lith. pad-as, sole of the foot, peda, foot- mark, O. Slav.pada, pasti, to fall, O. Slav. postu, to fast, Lith. pudas, pod-os , avessel (?) .Teutonic, fat-, fot-, in Goth. fōtus, O.H.G. fuoz, N.H.G. fuss , O.N.fotr (pl. fætr), a.s. fot (pl. fet) , M.E. fōt, foot (pl. fet, feet) , N.E. foot,M.E. foting, standing-ground, N.E. footing , A.S. fæt, O.N. fet, a pace, astep, a track, M.E. fetlakkes, fitlock (a compound of probably M.E. fet,feet, or M.E. feter, a shackle + O.N. lokkr, a tuft of hair) , N.E. fitlock,M.H.G. vizze-loch, N.H.G. (dial . ) fizlach, fiszloch, Du. vit- lok, N.E.fetlock, (dial . ) fetter-lock; O.H.G. feszera, O.N. fjöturr , O. Sax. andA.S. feter, M.E. feter, fetter, a shackle for the feet, O.H.G. gi-fezzaron,O.N. fjötra, A.S. ge-feterian, M.E. feteren, to fetter; Goth. *fath-ils, asword-belt, O.H.G. fezzil, N.H.G. fessel, O.N. and A.S. fetill, a sword-belt,band, strap, girdle , chain, cp. M.E. fettlen, orig. to bind, later to arrange,prepare, fettle, A.S. fettan, fetjan, fatjan, M.E. feten, N.E. (early) fet' This is, I think, the true explanation of the word. Körting wrongly connectsF. pion, a foot-soldier, pawn at chess, with pei-, and gives as the radical sense of the word a man with a pike. But see p. 171 and the Sans. chatur- anga =fourdivisions ofan army, ' infantry,' &c.2 For another derivation of these words, see n. 4, p. 254-5. Littré accepts theone given in the text, but declares F. petit, little, to be of unknown origin.Kluge questions the connection of Goth. fathils, &c. , with O.H.G. feszera, &c. ,on account of its different meaning. But the special sense of a fetter may have beenapplied more generally.√PED-√PODP618 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✔PED- (now obsolete, but used by Shakespeare), bring (cp. o.N. feta, to find√POD- one's way) , later fetch, in sense of reaching, arriving at, A.S. fæt (pl.fātu), O.N. fat, a vessel, baggage, (pl. ) föt, clothes, O.H.G. faz, N.H.G.fass, M.E. fat, in wine-fat, N.E. vat, cp. O.H.G. fazzen, N.H.G. fassen,compass, contain, lay hold of, load, to prepare oneself by putting onarms or clothing, to go, ¹ Goth. fastan, O.H.G. fastian, to hold, contain,keep, N.H.G. festen, festigen, O.N. festa, A.S. fæstan, to make fast,strengthen, secure. The same word has the special religious sense ofkeeping the appointed fasts of the Church by abstaining from food:perhaps, as suggested by Kluge, with the underlying sense of selfrestraint in eating and drinking.2 0.H.G. festinon, O.N. fastna, A.S.fæstnian, M.E. fastnien, fastnen, to fasten, bind, A.S. fæstness, a fastness,a stronghold; O.H.G. fasti, N.H.G. fest, O.N. fastr, A.S. fæst, fast (adj .) ,O.H.G. fasto, O.N. fast, A.S. fæste, feste, M.E. faste, feste (adv. ) , firmly,with force, quickly, close by, near to , cp. N.H.G. fast, almost, nearly.Celtic, O. Ir. tre-ode for tre[p]ode, three-pointed, (lit.) three-footed,O. Ir. uide, ajourney, N. Ir. uidh, a step, pace (for [p]uidh: cp. Lat.tripudium).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, (thr. Hindi) teapoy.Greek, trapèze (thr. French) , trapezium, octopus, platypus, tripod,podagra, chiropodist, orthopedic, ' foot-straightening,' a corrupt formThere is great difficulty in explaining with an approach to correctness theorigin and history of the words here treated. ( 1 ) A.S. fetian, and feccan, feccean:Murray supports the view that feccean is an altered form of fetian, M.E. fet, asynonym of fetch in various senses, on the ground that the cc in feccean has developed from the ti of fetian, pronounced as fetyan, and that in the conjugation offetian, the cc is found only in the forms with i, but in those where the i does notoccur feta, fetast, fetadh remain unchanged. Brugmann connects A.S. fæc, fæccan,feccan with O.H.G. fah, N.H.G. fach, which he refers to pek- peg-, to fix (which,see p. 608).(2) Murrays says of A.S. fetian, M.E. fet: ' Its affinities are obscure; possibly it isrelated by ablaut to A.8. fæt, a step, fæt, a vessel, O.H.G. fazzōn, N.H.G. fassen, tohold, grasp, seize.'(3) Kluge says the various senses given to O.H.G. fazzon, N.H.G. fassen, make itprobable that two roots have become confused in them: cp. O.H.G. faz, a vessel, cupboard, box, N.H.G. fass, a cask, O.N. fat (sing. ) , a basket, luggage, baggage, föt (pl. ),clothes, dress, A.S. fæt, M.E. fat, fet, vat, a vat, vessel, N.E. vat, all of which belong toa root with the primary sense of holding; to which also N.H.G. fetze, fitze, clothes,wearing apparel, perhaps also O.H.G. fezzil, N.H.G. fessel, a belt, may be referred,while fassen (cp. M.H.G. sich vassen) , to go , comes nearer to A.S. fæt, a step.2 Murray (Hist. Dict. ) remarks: Goth. fastan has also the sense to keep, observe, ofwhich the sense to fast was originally a specific application ( cp. L. Lat. observare, tofast). In accord with this presumed derivation, the ecclesiastical use of the word ishere placed first, though its general application, to go without food, is found in A.S.and all the modern Teutonic languages. Cp. Lat. dies fasti, days on which the legalcourts were open, festum, a holiday, festival, both from Eur-Arbhe-, to declare,Gr. onuí, Lat. fari, to say, declare.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 619of orthopodic, antipodes, podophyllin, a plant, so called from thefancied resemblance of its leaf (þúλλov) to a foot; compounds of -pod,podo-.Latin, pedal (adj . and subs. ) , biped, quadruped, centi- millipede, pediment (corrupt for pedament) , pedicle, pedicel, pedestrian;impede, impediment, expedite, -ition, -itious, -ient, -iency; oppidan.L. Latin and Romance, pie-powder court, capapie, pedestal, pew,point d'appui, peon, pawn, piece (?) , piecemeal, &c. , petiole, trivet,trevet; perhaps pedigree, ' petty, petticoat, pettifogger, pettitoes.6 =Teutonic, foot, feet, footman, foot-ball , &c. , web-footed, clubfooted, &c. , footing, to pay your footing ' to pay a charge oftendemanded from a new employé on joining a workshop; fetlock, fetter(subs. and vb. ) , fettle, fet (obs. ) , perhaps fetch, vat, fat in wine-fat,fast, fastness, steadfast, fasten, fastening (subs.) , fast, to abstain fromfood.Eur-Ar. √PETH √PENTH √PNTH (probably an extended form of√PET or PED ), a way, &c.Sanscrit, path-, panth-, in pathas, pathis, panthas, a path, road.The ' Petersburg Dict.' has pathas with the meaning ' water,' andpathis ' sea,' pathyas, customary, fit, as subs. fortune, good luck.Zend, path-, pant-, in pathim (acc. sing. ) , a path, pantão (nom. ) ,pantām (acc. sing. , s.s.).Greek, πат-, πоνт-, in πатέw, tread, walk, πáros, a trodden way,a path, πEρíπaτos, a walking-ground, a covered walk, πeρiжaтητIKÓS,walking about, a name given to Aristotle and his disciples because hetaught them while walking in the Teρímaтоs of the Lyceum atAthens; Tóvтos, the sea: cp. Homer's vypà xéλɛvba, the watery paths,also Hindi Ganga (the river Ganges = a going, way of going? from√gam-, to go).Latin, pont-, in pons, pontis, a road, a crossing, plank over a stream,pontifex,2 a title, a Roman officer, supposed to be a compound of pons+fex, from facere, as ordinarily explained . In accordance with thisexplanation, these pontifices were said to have the charge of roads' Perhaps from a fancied resemblance of the stem and branches to a crane'sshank and outspreading foot.2 The pontifices were a college of five appointed by Numa Pompilius (second kingof Rome), of whom one was chief, with the title of Pontifex Maximus. This hasnow become the title of the Pope. ( See Cic. de Rep. ii . 4: ‘ Et sacris, a principumnumero, quinque pontifices præfecit.') The pontifices kept the register of the diesfasti and had the superintendence of all religious matters.620 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✔PETH- and bridges; of this, however, there is no historical confirmation, 'PENTH- and for the reasons stated in the note I have preferred the explana-√PNTH- tion which places it under penqe. Pontus, the sea (Gk. loan-word),ponto (gen. -onis, Cæsar) , a kind of heavy transport-boat used by theGauls, a punt, pontonium (Isidorus), a river-boat, a ferry-boat (prob. ofCeltic origin).L. Latin and Romance, Ital. ponte, Prov. and o.F. pont, a bridge,Ital. pontone, a great broad boat, a pontoon, F. ponton, a ferry-boat,L. Lat. pontagium, a bridge toll.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. pati, O. Pruss. pintis, a road.Teutonic, o. and N.H.G. pfad, O. Sax. path, A.S. path, Du. pad,M.E. path, peth, N.E. path, all loan-words, but from what source isuncertain. They must have been in general use among the Teutonicraces before the Christian era, as indicated by the th of A.S. pæth,and therefore cannot be borrowed directly from Gk. Táтos, as theTeutonic has no Greek loan-words until after the Christian era.It may, however, have been borrowed from some other Eur-Ar.people, who have retained a form of the original word (cp. O. Slav.pati, O. Pruss. pintis, a path), or had borrowed the Gk. TáTOS(Kluge, Etym. Dict. ' ad vb. ) . A.S. and M.E. punt, M.L.G. punte, Du.ponte, pont (from ponto) , N.E. punt, a flat-bottomed boat."ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Peripatetic, Helles-pont, Negropont, Pontus.Latin, transpontine , cispontine.L. Latin and Romance, pontoon, pontage.Teutonic, path, pathless, footpath, pad, 3 to go on foot, probably fromDu. pad, a path; paddle, foot-pad; punt, loan-word from Lat. ponto(a Latino-Gallic word); Scot. peddle, to paddle.=¹ Cicero's statement that the number of the pontifices was five, and that theywere instituted by Numa Pompilius, who was of Sabine origin, makes it a very attractive suggestion that ponti-fex may be a later form of an earlier pompi (cp.Pontius Pompeius) + fex-, a compound word of which pompi- is the old Sabine form(pompe) = classical quinque (five) , referring to the number of the pontifices, and -fex a derivative of facio in the religious sense of an offerer of a sacrifice. The real origin of the word being lost sight of under its new form pontifex, the charge of roads andbridges was assigned to the office as an explanation.2 Pad- in padlock is not connected with this root, but is a compound of ped, abasket, hamper, a dialectic word of unknown origin, but still found in ped-lar, earlierped-der, one who carries goodsfor sale in a basket.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 621H7.Eur-Ar. PENQE, five, PENQ-TOS, fifth , PENQ DERM, fifteen.Sanscrit, panchan (5) , panchatas (5th) , panchadaças (15), panchātthe sum offive.Zend, panchan (5) , puxdha (5th) , panchadaçan (15) .Armenian, hing (5), hinger-ord (5th) , hnge-tasan ( 15) .Greek, πέντε, Hol. πέμπε (5) , πέμπτος (5th), πεντεκαίδεκα ( 15) ,πεντεκοστός (50th) , ἡ πεντεκοστή (sc. ἡμέρα) , Pentecost, πεντάγωνος,withfive angles or sides; with many other compounds of TEVтa-; TEVTÉyрaμμov, also called Tévraλpa, afive-pointed star, used bythe Pythagoreans as their seal or symbol, which afterwards came to have amagical significance; pentacle was used by early writers inthissense, and it is found in Scott's ' Marmion, ' iii. 20: ' upon his breasta pentacle.Latin, quinque (5) (for pinque, according to Brugmann) , quintus,for quinc-tus (5th), quindecim ( 15) , quinquagesimus ( 50th) , quincunx,an arrangement offive as marked on dice, quinarius, containing five,Quintana, a street in the Roman camp, intersecting the two legions soas to separate the fifth maniple and turma from the sixth (it wasthe camp market and place of business); quintuplex, fivefold. The oldItalic names for five were: Samnite (Sabine) pompe, Osc. pompe orpumpe, Umbr. pumpe (cp. Gk. TéμTE); Osc. pomp-tis, for the fifth time(cр. TÉμπтOS), Sabine or Oscan Puntiis -Pontius, as written in theGreek character ПoμTTIES - Pomptius, Pontius -Quinctius; Umbr.Pumpeřias, Osc. Pumperias Pompilius and later Roman Quinctilius,Osc. Pumpaiians -Pompeianus, Pontifex (for pompifex) , one of thefivechiefpriests of Rome (pontifex: pontifices, as duumvir, decemvir toduumviri, decemviri. It may be supposed that Numa Pompilius,whose surname proves his Sabine origin, and who was the founder ofthe old Roman religious system, would introduce the Sabine institutions, and at the same time the Sabine name pompi-fex, afterwardschanged to Latin pontifex (see footnote to path- pont-). Pontificalis, relating to a pontifex, pontificatus, pontificate.==L. Latin and Romance, Ital. cinque, O.F. cinc, N.F. cinq (5) , quinze(15) , cinque-cento, short for mille cinque- cento ( 1500), a term appliedto the art and architecture of the sixteenth century (the Renaissanceperiod, characterised by the return to the classical forms) , O.F. cinkfoil (Lat. quinquefolium), N.F. quinte-feuille, cinquefoil, potentillaThe Umbrian r represented a modified sound of d, which in the Latin inscriptions is expressed by rs, and occasionally by r or s. Its pronunciation is not fixed.Brugmann says it was ' of the nature of an r leaning to an sch- sound.' Perhaps something like the Dutch pronunciation of sch- in Schiedam.622 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.PENQEPENQ TOSPENQreptans, o.F. cink porz (Lat. quinque portus), five ports on the southeast coast ofEngland, Port. quinta, ' a farm, a manor, Ital. quintana,F. quintaine, a military sport, tilting at the figure of a man in armour,DERM probably, as Skeat suggests, from its being originally practised in thequintana of the Roman camp, Ital. quintetto; o.F. pontife, pontiff.Balto-Slav. , Lith. penki ( 5) , penk-tas (5th, cp. Lat. quinctus,Osc. pompt-is), O. Slav. pęti (5) , probably an abstract term like decad,pętu (5th).Teutonic, Goth. fimf, fim, O.H.G. fimf, finf, N.H.G. fünf, O.N. fimm,A.S. fif (5) , O.H.G. fimfto, funfto, N.H.G. fünfte, A.S. fifta, O.N. fimmta(5th); Goth. fimf-taihan, O.H.G. finf-zehan, N.H.G. fünf-zehn, O.N.fimmtan, A.S. fifteōn (15) , Goth. fimftigus, O.H.G. finfzug, N.H.G. fünfzig, O.N. fimmtigir, a.s. fiftiz (50) , A.S. fif-teodha ( 50th) , O.H.G. pfingustin, O. Sax. pincoston, N.H.G. pfingsten (loan-words from TEVTEKOστŃ) , Pentecost. Kluge is inclined to refer N.H.G. finger to √penqe.Celtic, O. Ir. coic (5) , coiced (5th), O. Wel. pimp ( 5) , pimpet(5th), Gael. coig, N. Ir. cuig, N. Wel. pump, Corn. pymp, Bret.pemp (5).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, punch, the well-known beverage, an Anglo-Indian wordfrom panchan, five, because composed of five ingredients (spirits,water, lemon-juice, sugar, spice); panchayat, a committee offivearbitrators.Greek, compounds with pente-, penta-, as pente-cost, penta-meter,a line of five measures, penta-teuch, of five books, penta-gon, &c. ,pentacle.Latin, quinquagesima, quincunx, quinary, quintuple, quinquennial,quintessence (Lat. quinta essentia) , lit. the fifth, i.e. the highest essence,in reference to the old classification of the elements (Old Sanscrit andAristotelian) , earth, air, fire, water, and æther the fifth and highest.The Roman names Quintus, Quinctius, Quinctilius, Quinctilis (July,the fifth month of the old Roman calendar); Pompeius, Pompeii,Pompilius, Pontius, Pontifex, pontifical, pontificate.L. Latin and Romance, cinq, the five throw on dice, cinque-cento,cinquefoil, cinque-ports, quintain, quintet, quinta, a Portuguese landestate.2Teutonic, five, fifth, fifteen , -th, fifty, -ieth, fiver, a five-pound note,fives, a game.¹ So called because the holders or tenants had to pay the fifth of the produce as rent.2 Quintal, a weight of 100 pounds, is not from quinque, but from centum, thr.Arab. qintar (a borrowed word? ), Span. quintale, a hundred-weight.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 6237 Eur-Ar. √PENQ , with various suffixes, (as subs. ) the closed fivefingers, thefist, (as vb. ) to fight, and by-forms PNG √PUG-.Greek, πʊɣ-, πʊу- (for pņq-) , in πúğ (adv. ) , with fists, πvyµń, afist, πvypaîos, a dwarf, pigmy, πúктηs, a boxer; cp. Zend pux-dha(5th).Latin, pug- (for ppq-) , in pugnus, a fist, pugna, a fight with fists,fight (in gen. sense), pugnare, to fight, pugnax, combative, pugnacitas,expugnare, to storm, impugnare, assail, impugn, oppugnare, to assault,besiege, repugnare, to fight against; pugil, (gen. ) pugilis, a boxer,pugillus, afistful, pugio, a dagger, pumilus, pumilio, a dwarf (for pugmilus, -milio), pygmæus, a pigmy (Gk. loan-word) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pugno, Prov. ponh-s, o.F. poing, Span.puño, a fist, Ital . pugnale, Span. puñal, as from L. Lat. pugionale,O.F. poignard, M. Du. poniaerd, M. and N.E. poignard, poniard (fr. O.F.poing +term. -ard) , Ital. pugillo, a pinch (cp. Lat. pugillus).Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. pęsti, Russ. pjasti, a fist.Teutonic, O.H.G. füst (for *fuhst), N.H.G. faust, A.S. fÿst, O. Fris.fest, N.E. fist; O.H.G. fehtan, N.H.G. fechten, A.S. feohtan, (p. t. sing. )feaht, (pl.) fuhtan, (p. p.) fohten, M.E. fihten, fighten, Norw. fikta, Swed.fäkta, Dan. fækte, N.E. fight (see Kluge) . For Brugmann's explanation see under Vpek-, to comb (p. 610) . Kluge assigns a lost gutturalh to the Teutonic names for fist, and compares the analogous lossof the guttural in O.H.G. mist Goth. maihstus.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, pygmy (thr. Lat. loan-word).Latin, pugil (archaic) , as much as can be held by the thumb and twofingers, a pinch (pugillus), pugilism, -ist, -istic, pugnacious, -ty, expugn(rare), oppugnant (Shakespeare) , impugn, repugnant.L. Latin and Romance, poniard.Teutonic, fist, fight, fought.Eur-Ar. √PNG , a variant of the above, or √PUNG , a nasalised formof √PUK √PUG-, PEUG , by-forms of √PEK- √PEIK andwith similar sense, to prick, sting.¹¹ Lat. pungere is generally connected with pugnare, and referred to the sameroot penq-, but the sense to prick, sting, is so different from the radical sense, fist,of pugnus, that I have ventured to suggest puk- √pug-, a by-form of ✔pek- peik- with the sense to prick, sting.~624 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√PNG- Latin, pung-, pŭg-, in pungere, pupăgi, punxi, punctum, to prick,√PUNG punctum, puncta, a prick, point, punctio, punctus, punctura, a pricking,punctillum, a little point; compungere, to prick severely, compunctio,a puncture, (eccles. Lat. ) a sting of conscience, expungere, to prick out,obliterate.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pungere and pugnere, Prov. ponher,O.F. poigndre, N.F. poindre (pres. p. poignant), to sting, prick; L. Lat.punctare, Ital. puntare, o. and N.F. pointer, M.E. pointen, N.E. point,Ital. and Span. punto, o.F. poinct, point, M.E. pointe, N.F. and N.E.point (subs.), a puncture, point; Span. punto, F. ponte, a pip at cards,a red ace at the game of hombre, one who stakes against the banker atpharaoh¹ (faro) or trente et quarante, one who marks the points at basset,N.E. a punter, Span. puntare, F. ponter, N.E. punt, to stake against thebanker at cards, to gamble; Ital. ponzare (as fr. L. Lat. punctiare,punctuare), Span. punchar, punzar, M.E. punchen, N.E. punch, make ahole in metal with a puncheon, Ital. punzone (as fr . Lat. punction-em) ,Span. punzon, O.F. poinchon, poinson, M.E. punchon, punsoun, N.F.poinçon, N.E. puncheon, (abbrev. ) punch; Ital. puntiglio (Lat.punctillum), Span. puntillo, a small point, a dot, N.E. punctilio, anice point in ceremony; L. Lat. punctuare, N.E. punctuate, to markwith points, L. Lat. punctualis, Ital. puntuale, F. ponctuel, N.E. punctual,prompt, exact to time or engagement; M.E. pounson, a punch, N.E.pounce, a punch, also the claw of a bird of prey, commonly found inpl. pounces, M.E. pounsonen, pounsen, to perforate, ornament with holes(Chaucer uses both forms, ' pounsoned and dagged ' in three manuscripts, pounsed and dagged ' in two: see Skeat), N.E. pounce, (early)s.s., (later) to fall on, or seize with the claws; Ital . appuntare (Lat.ad +punctare) , Prov. apointar, O.F. apointer, N.F. appointer, M.E.apointen, appointen, N.E. appoint, to settle, fix, O.F. desapointer, N.F.désappointer, N.E. disappoint; L. Lat. cantus contrapunctus (lit.pricked song) , i.e. written or printed music (cp. Chapman, ' Bussyd'Ambois, ' i. 1: ' I can sing pricksong at first sight ') , Ital. contrappunto, O.F. contrepoinct, N.E. counterpoint, composing of part-music,(lit.) point to point, ' punctum contra punctum,' musical notes being(orig.) points or dots, which in part-music were placed on staves overor against each other; o.F. contrepoinct, M.E. counterpynt, counterpointe, corrupted from o.F. coltre- point Lat. culcita puncta, a stitchedcushion or quilt, to simulate F. contrepointer, to work backstitch, N.E.counterpane, the changed spelling of which may be due to a confusion with the Lat. pannus, a piece of cloth, or, as the Cent. Dict.'Said to be so called because one of the cards represented Pharaoh, king of Egypt.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 625suggests, with English pane, the square or diamond-shaped pieces ofcloth of which bed-quilts are often composed.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, pungent, -cy, puncture, compunction, -ious, expunge.L. Latin and Romance, poignant, -cy, point (subs. and vb. ) ,pointer, punt, punter, puncheon, ' punch, punctilio, -ous, punctuate,-ion, punctual, -ity, pounce (vb. and subs. ), pounces (subs. pl. );appoint, -ment, disappoint, -ment, counter-point, counterpane.Eur-Ar. √PRÉ- √PLĒ√PŘ- √PL- √PṚ- √PĻˇ, fill, full.Sanscrit, prā-, par-, pr-, pūr-, in pi-par- ti , fills (p. p. prāta) , prāna,full (Vedic), pūlu- s (cp. Gk. πoλús, Ion. πovλús) , pūru-s, full, much,fem. purvi, pūrnas, full, pūram, a town, fortified place, pūr-ayati,pār-ayati, makes full, puțam (for pultam) , a fold.Zend, per-, fre-, in per-ena, full, frena, a quantity, fullness, paru,full, large, pouru, much, naro pouru, ' ' many men.'6Greek, πλε-, πλη-, πολ-, in Ion. πλέος, Epic. πλεῖ-ος, Att. πλέως,full, πλɛíwv, more, fuller, πλεîστos, most, fullest, Arcad. πλós = πλéov,more, πλεονασμός, redundancy in words , πίμπλημι (with nasalisedreduplication), to fill, πλń0w, fut . πλń- σw, to fill, πλîОos, a crowd,πλŋ0άρη, fulness, satiety, πλýpns, full, πλńρwµa, fulness, (eccles. )the fulness ofthe Godhead, (philosoph . ) the universe, πλn-µvρís, floodtide; TλOÛTOs, wealth, IIλoúтwv, wealth-giver, Pluto, the god of theunder-world, IIλoúrapɣos, Plutarch, wealthy ruler, cp. Eng. Edward;Tóλis, a city,² freq. in comp. as Tρíπoλis, a union of three cities, &c. ,πολίτης, a citizen, πολιτικός, relating to citizens, political, πολιτεία,citizenship; πoλús, much, pl. πoλλol, many, oi woλλol, the multitude,the populace, πολυ-, in comp. as πολύ-πους, many footed, πολύγωνος,polygonal, &c. , especially in Greek names of persons, as Пoλvvíkŋs,oft-conquering, &c. , -πλοος, -πλους, as διπλούς, double, &c. , δίπλωμα,3Puncheon also is applied to a cask of a certain measurement, perhaps becauseof the measure being punched or stamped upon it.2Пóλs originally denoted a fortified place to which the tribe retired for defence;cp. Thuc. ii . 15: The acropolis is to this day called the polis by the Athenians; ' therest of the city was called ' astu, but in later times polis was applied to the cityand the collective body of citizens, the state.• Etymologically -λoos and dinλwμa may be brought under pel-, to fill, andconnected with Tλéos, full, and πiµñλn-μ , to fill; but as pel- with the sense to foldhas been separately treated for convenience sake (though identical etymologicallywith ✔pel-, to fill) it would be better to place these under that root and connectthem with Teutonic -falt, -fold, -fel- ( in zweifel), -ble, -ple-, in F. and Eng. words.This remark may apply to -plus in am-plus, -du-plus, &c.S $626 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓PRE-✔PLE-√PŘ√PL✓PR√PLlit. a double-fold document, a letter of recommendation from the emperoror magistrate.1Latin, ple-, pul- plu-, pol-, in plēnus, full, plenitas, plenitudo, fullness, plere, -vi, -tum, to fill, com-plere, to fill up, completus, complementum, that which completes, deplere, depletum, to empty, explere, tofill out, expletivus, amplifying, emphatic, implere, to fill up, accomplish,implementum, a filling up, means ofaccomplishing, replere, to refill, supplere, to fill up, supplementum; ple-bes ( = ple- + suff. -bhe-) , the commonalty, plebeius, plebiscitum; populus (cp. Umbr. puplu, the people),poplicus (O. Lat. ) , publicus ¹ (class. ), relating to the people, publicare, tomake public; Publius, Publicola, personal names, publicanus, a taxgatherer, res-publica, the state, popularis, popular, populari, to ravage adistrict, by pouring into it an army ofplunderers, depopulare 2 (s.s.), topillage; plus, plures, more, O. Lat. plous, pleores, more, plurimus,(O. Lat. ) plisimos, ploirimos, most, pluralis, plural, -plus , -pulus, incomp. with sense offull, as in manipulus, a handful, simplus, single,duplus, double, triplus, thrice full,' triple, quadruplus, and amplus(=ambi-plus), all round full, large, ample, roomy, ampli-tudo, amplificare, to enlarge; pollere, to be strong, be worth, pollex, the thumb, the large,strong, finger (see under pel-, extend, for alternative explanation) .6L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pieno, Prov. ple-s, O.F. plen, N.F. plein,full, o.F. plenir (p.p. plenissant), M.E. plenissen, N.E. plenish, to fill, o.F.replenir, M.E. replenissen, N.E. replenish, O.F. plentet, plente, M.E.plenti (Lat. plenitat- em), Ital. complire, compiere, compire, to finish,fill, satisfy, O.F. complir, to fill up, satisfy, please (Lat. complere), pres.p. complissant, M.E. complissen, complisshen, N.E. to complish; It.complimento, a rendering of courteous service by word or act, introducedinto French in the 16th century, and thence into English,' Ital. compieta, Prov. completa, O.F. complie (p.p. of complir), N.F. pl. complies,=Lat. completa, i.e. horæ complete, ' the completed ' hours ' ofreligious service, the last service of the day, M.E. compelyn, compline, cumpline (as fr. a L. Lat. *completinus) , also complee, complie (as fr. completa) . According to Skeat, compline is an adjective with ' songunderstood, ' complene song.' Mätzner seems to consider it a substantive, and quotes Prompt. Parv.' ' complyne, completorium,' i.e. the 6Popul-us, pu-plu-, po-pl-icus, pu- bl-icus, are all partially reduplicated forms.2 Cp. O.H.G. herion, N.H.G. verheeren, O.N. herja, A.S. herigan (all from O.H.G.hēri, O.N. herr, A.S. hère, ' an army ') with sense to plunder, lay waste, harry.Cp. O.H.G. dumo, A.S. thuma, thumb, the big finger, from Eur-Ar. tu-, to swell,be large, also Lith. tulas, many, Goth. thu-sandi, O.H.G. dusunt, &c. , one thousand,(lit. many hundreds) , from the same root.• Used by Shakespeare and spelt complement.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 627finishing service.' Ital . completo, M.E. compleet, N.E. complete, O.F. accomplir (pr. p. accomplissant) , N.E. accomplish, O.F. suppleer, * supployer?M.E. supploye, N.E. supply, o. and F. publier (Lat. publicare), to publish(pr. p. publissant) , M.E. publischen, F. république Lat. res-publica , thestate, L. Lat. plenarius, plenary, O.F. pueple (cp. Span. pueblo) , N.F.peuple, M.E. peple, puple, poeple; It. polizia (Gk. woλitɛía) , Span. andPort. policía, the state, F. police, government, the officers ofgovernment,thepolice. Ital. polizza, Prov. polissia, Span. póliza, a warrant or orderfor money, a contract of insurance, a policy (cp. F. police d'assurance;Sp. poliza de seguro), is unconnected with polizia; Diez derives thisfrom pollex, a thumb, i.e. a seal or sign-manual, and quotes an expression ' sub pollice S. Mauricii, ' i.e. under the thumb or seal of St. Maurice,found in a document of the 16th century. Du Cange gives pollex themeaning ofseal, a warrant, a certificate, and refers to a document of 1371A.D. for its use in this sense. Skeat derives ' policy ' from a L. Lat. politicum, a corrupt form of polyptychum (Gk. πоλúπτνxov) , also found inDu Cange, which, however, according to the definition there given,seems to have been a register oftitles ofestates with the public chargespaid on them; and of quite a different character from a warrant formoney or policy of insurance. Diez's explanation is therefore thebetter. O.F. simple (Lat. simplus) , o.F. doble (Lat. duplus) , doublet,doublon, Span. doblon (2 pistoles) , Lat. (post-class. ) duplare, Ital.doppiare, Prov. doblar, o.F. dobler, doubler, M.E. double, to multiplyby two, also with the sense of turning round and going back in acontrary direction, triplet, a triplet.Balto-Slav. , pil-, plu-, pal-, in Lith. pilnas, full (cp. Lat. plenus) ,Lith. pilti, to fill, O. Slav. plunu, N. Slav. poln, full, O. Slav. plemę,a tribe, Lith. pil-is , a fortified position (cp. Gk. Tóλs) , Lith. pulk-as,a herd, a crowd, a heap, O. Slav. pluku, a crowd, an army, Russ.polnyj, full.Teutonic, ful- , fil- , fol-, in Goth. fulls, O.H.G. fol, N.H.G. voll, o.N.fullr, A.S. ful , N.E. full; Goth. and O.H.G. fulljan, N.H.G. füllen , O.N. fylla,A.S. fullian, fyllan, to fill, A.S. ful-fyllan, M.E. fulfillen, N.E. fulfil , A.S.

• fulsum, ' M.E. fulsum, rich, abundant, O.H.G. fola-gān, fol-gēn, N.H.G.

folgen, O.N. fylgja, A.S. folgian, fylgan (with p. t. ful-eode), to follow.Kluge (' Etym. Dict. ' ad vb.) regards this as compounded from fol- orful-, with sense of complete , all through to the end +German gan ² (seep. 36) , to go (cp. O.L.G. and A.S. ful-gangan (pt. t. ful-eode) , and2There is an A.S. fül-sum from ful, foul. from which comes N.E. fulsome, insense of distasteful, disgusting (see under pu-, filthy).2 For another explanation, given by Noreen, of O.H.G. fola-gan, see under ✔pel- ,to extend (p. 657) .✓PRE√PLE-√PŘ√PL√PR√PL882628 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√PRĒ√PLE-√PŘ√PŘ√/PĻO.H.G. fola-gan, to follow), M.E. folzen, folewen, folwen: ful- in A.S.was used as an intensive prefix to verbs and adjectives, as fulbringan,fulfyllan, fulfæst, very firm, &c. , also as suffix to nouns, as handful,woeful, &c.; O.H.G. folh, folc, ' N.H.G. volk, O.N. folk, people, divisionof an army, A.S. folc, the people, men, a multitude. Folk- or fulk- isfound in several personal names, as Fulk, Latinised form Fulco,equivalent to Lat. name Publius; Folc-win, lover of the people, Folcward, people's ward, &c.; Goth. and O.H.G. filu, N.H.G. viel , O.N. fjöl,A.S. feolu, feala, M.E. fele, feole, much, many, used by Wycliff, butnow obsolete.Celtic, lān-, laur- (with loss of initial p) , O. Ir. and Gael. lān,Wel. llawn, Corn. laun, lën, Bret. leun, full; Gael. leoir, O. Ir. lour,N. Ir. leor, O. Wel. llawer, Corn. laur, enough, plentiful (cp. O. Lat.pleores); O. Ir. il (for [p]il) , N. Ir. iol, much (cp. Goth. filu), Gael.iol-, a prefix denoting many, Gael. gu-leoir, Ir. go-leor (from adverbialprefix gu-, go- +Gael. leoir, Ir. leor) , plentifully, N.E. galore (Ir. loanword), Gael. and Ir. luchd, people, Wel. llwyth, a tribe (cp. Slav.pluku).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, -pura, -pur, -pore, -puram, as a termination of Indiannames of places -Ratnapura, city of jewels, &c. , Nagpur, Jabalpur,&c.; Seram-pore, Cawn-pore, Barrack-pore.Greek, pleiocene, pleistocene (geolog.) , pleonasm, plethora, -ic ,pleroma, pluto-cracy, Pluto, plutonic (geolog. ), Plutarch, Tripoli,Sebastopol (σBaσtós =Augustus, used as the title of the Byzantineemperor, + πóλis), the Emperor's city, metropolis, -itan, Acropolis,politic, -al, -ian, policy, scheme of administration, polity, the state,government (thr. F.); Greek compounds with poly- many, aspolypus, polygon, poly-anthus, polygamy, &c. , and proper names, asPolydorus, Polynices, &c. , diploma, -tic, -tist, -cy.Latin, plenitude, pleni-potentiary, complete, -ion, complement,deplete, -ion, expletive, implement, replete, -ion, supplement, -ary;plebeian, plebiscite; popular, -ity, -ise, populous, populate, -ion,depopulate, public, publican, republic, -an, publication, Publius,Publicola; plus (algebraic sign), surplus, plural, -ity, -ist; the termination -ple in words derived from Lat. thr. F. expressing quantity, asmaniple, a handful, manipulate (as from a Lat. manipulare), simple,' Kluge is against the connecting of O.H.G. folh, folc, with Lat. vulgus, andprefers to connect it with Lith. pulkas, O. Slav. pluku; for further explanation seeunder uerg. (pp. 139 and 140, n. 2).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 629iAtriple, quadruple, &c. , ample, amplitude, amplify (Lat. thr. F.amplifier) , amplification; equi-pollent.L. Latin and Romance, plenty, -eous, -iful, plenish, -ment,replenish, -ment; complish, accomplish, -ment, compliment, -ary,compline, comply, -iance, supply, publish, -er, plenary, people, police,policy¹ (of insurance), double, ( subs. adj . and vb. ) doublet, doubloon,triplet.-er:Teutonic, full, -ness, hand-ful, glass-ful, playful, sinful, woeful,tearful, thoughtful, mindful, &c .; fill , fulfil , -ment, follow,fulsome, (obs. ) abundant; folk, folklore, Fulk (pr. name), Folkestone.Celtic, galore, plentiful.Eur-Ar. √PER POR PR , to cross or carry over.Sanscrit, par-, pr-, in piparti, to go or bring across, parayati ,(caus. ) to cause to go across, overcome, resist, pāras, the other side,panate (for par-nate), to buy (?) . ²Zend, per-, in fra-perenaoiti, brings away, per- eta, a bridge,pārayaiti, carries across, pāras, the other side.PbecomesGreek, πɛρ-, πор-, also a reduplicated form περ-περ- (with firstchanged to μ by dissimilation = TεμπEρ, which by elision of-ɛpπεμπ-) , in περάω, περαίνω, to cross over, πέρα, πέραν, beyond, on theother side, πÉρvημɩ, πɩπρáσкw, to export for sale, sell , Tɛípw (forTéρtw), to pierce through , πɛíρaтa, the ends, πɛipáw, to attempt, endeavour, make trial of, πεiρaτýs, an adventurer, one who makes attempts orattacks on ships, Tεipaтikós, piratical, éµπɛipiñós, relating to experience or practice; πóρos , a passage, a ford, strait, a passage through theskin, a pore, μжороs, a passenger on board a ship, a merchant whomakes voyages and imports goods himself, μπóρiov, a trading station,such as were formed by the Phoenicians and Carthaginians; Topsów,to go, πoplμós, a ferry; πéµπw³ (from πεµπ = περ-περ) , to send, con- 3' Policy of insurance, whether from pollex in the sense of seal or stamp, or fromL. Lat. politicum (corrupted from the Gk. loan- word polyptychum), will fall underthis root, unless it be referred to ✔pel-, to extend.2 For a more detailed treatment of per-, ✔pg-, with sense of buying, see per-✔pel-, to earn.This derivation of Téμw is given in Vaniček, Gh. Etym. p. 480, who in hisauthorities, n. 14, cites Brugmann, St. vii. 347, 350. Prellwitz connects it with Lith.kanku, kakti, to reach, arrive at, and with Gk. ĕTETµov, I arrived, both of which hederives from a Eur- Ar. qe-q- with that meaning; the 7 in Teтμov he accounts forby labialisation. Both these explanations must be regarded as conjectural. Theetymological relation of Lat. quinque, Ir. coic, to Gk. Téμre, and of Eur-Ar. qetuer toGK. TÉTTAPES, OBC. petora, O. Wel. petguar, is analogous to that of Eur- Ar. ✔qeq- toἔτετμον and πέμπω.630 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS .✓PERPORVPRduct, πоμπń, a sending, guidance, поµπós, an escort, guide; πúλn ¹(λ=p), the wing ofa double gate, more frequently πúλaι (pl. ) , thegate,an entrance into a country, a mountain pass, a strait ofthe sea.Latin, per-, por-, in periri, to experience, only found in perf. peritussum, periculum, periclum, a danger, experiri (-ens, -entia, -mentum), toexperience, make trial, expertus, tried; porta, a gate, portus, a harbour,warehouse, Portunus, the god ofharbours, opportunus, near or towards theport, opportune, opportunitas, importunus, perhaps contracted frominopportunus, unfavourable, unseasonable, troublesome, porticus, porch;portare, -avi, -atum, to carry, frequentative form of an original *por-ere(not found), cp. Gk. Tóρ-os, comportare, to bring together, deportare,to carry away, exportare, to carry out, importare, to carry in, per-portare, carry through, reportare, carry back, supportare, to convey, carry,bear from underneath, transportare, to carry across; pirāta, a pirate(Gk. loan- word).L. Latin and Romance, Fr. péril, Ital. pericolo, Prov. perelhs (Lat.periclum) , danger, Ital. portare, o.F. porter, to carry, Ital . porta, O.F.porte, a gate, O.F. se disporter, to carry oneself away, to divert, amuseoneself, M.E. disporten, N.E. sport, F. déportement, carriage, behaviour,F. porteur, portier, a door-keeper, a porter, O.F. comporter, deporter,importer, reporter, supporter, transporter; o.F. portal (Lat. portale) ,a gate, Ital. porta-mantello, F. portemanteau, O.F. pourporter, to intend,O.F. pourport, intention, N.E. purport, It. portico, Prov. porges, O.F.porche, a portico, N.E. porch, F. porte-coulis (=porte +coulisse, agroove, slide), a sliding gate, N.E. portcullis ( Lat. porta + colare, tofilter, to run through, to slide), portfolio (Lat. porta + folium, a sheet ofpaper), porte-monnaie, a purse; Porte; a gate, in the phrase ' SublimePorte ' applied to the court or palace of the Sultan of Turkey; in part acorruption, in part a translation , of dar el salāmat,' the gate of welfareor peace; Richardson makes it a literal translation of bab-i-'aliy, thehigh gate.6Balto-Slav. , per-, por-, in O. Slav. perą prati, travel, Lith .=To be regarded as very doubtful. Bopp, in his Gloss. says, ' fortasse Túλn etporta huc [ i.e. to dvara, a door] pertinent, abjecto d, mutato v in p. ' Prellwitz connects it with Sans. puram, afortified place, a city, Gk. wóλs, but only conjecturally.Curtius says, ' rúλŋ, door, is perhaps the feminine of Tóλos, a pivot, pole, from theroot weλ-, to turn.' But the Gk. root Teλ- Eur-Ar. ✔qel- by labialisation (cp. Gk.Boukóλos and Bovróλos, a cowherd ( see p. 188). There is a Gk. root kʊλ- in kuλ-lw,κυλίνδω, to roll, of which πύλη may be the labialised by- form, as πόλος of κόλος.(See p. 194, under qe-qlo- with variant quel-. ) The radical idea of úŋ on thishypothesis would be that which rolls or turns on a hinge; cp. Lat. valva, the wing ofa door, a derivative of Eur- Ar. ✔uel-, to roll, turn, and the word may be referredto Greek root vλ-, = Eur- Ar. ✔quel-.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 631E憂-paramas, a kind of boat, Lith. perku, pirkti, to buy, Russ. poromu, aferry boat.Teutonic, far-, in Goth. , O.H.G. , and A.S. faran, O.N. fara, N.H.G.fahran, to travel, go , fare, Goth. farjan, O.H.G. ferian, O.N. færa, A.S.ferian, to ferry across, ¹ O.H.G. vurt, N.H.G. furt, A.S. ford, a ford orferry;cp. o.N. fjördr, a narrow arm of the sea; O.H.G. fāra, O.N. făr, A.S. fær,treason, mischief, harm, N.H.G. gefahr , danger ( cp. Lat. periculum, Gk.Tεiρáw, to try), O.H.G. farjan, O. Sax. faren, to plot against, harm, A.S.færan, afæran, to terrify, to fear, M.E. ferd, aferd, afraid, frightened.²Celtic, Ir. rit, a ford, for prit , in Latinised form -ritum, as Anderitum, Augustoritum, &c.; O. Ir. renim, I sell, also crenim, I buy,Wel. prynu, to buy, Gael. reic, creic, to sell, ³ Ir. reic, O. Ir. recc, asale, reccaim, I sell, O. Ir. creic, a buying, M. Ir. creic, a sale.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, pirate, -ical , -cy, pirate (vb. ) , to reprint books in violation ofcopyright (through the Latin loan-word pirata) , empiric, -al , appliedto knowledge acquired by practice only, emporium; Bos-poros (lit.Oxford), so called from the story of Jupiter and Europa; pore, porous,pomp, pompous, pomposity (?).Latin, experience, -ment, expert, port in port-hole (porta) , sallyport, &c . , port, a harbour (portus), portal; often found in Englishnames of places, as Stock-port, New-port, Ports-mouth, &c.; opportune, -ity, inopportune, importune, -ity, -ate; port (carriage) , portly,-iness, portable, comport, -ment, deport, -ation, -ment, export, import' The Eng. fraught, freight, have no connection with Goth. faran, to travel, butwith O.H.G. freht, gain, profit ( cp. Goth. gifrehton, to earn, from fra +aihton fromaigan, to possess: see Vik-, p. 39) , L.G. fracht, a cargo. The radical meaning is priceofcarrying, which later changed to the load carried. From O.H.G. freht was formedO.F. frait, fret, cargo, cost of carriage. N.E. freight is from O.F. fret; fraught, fromthe L.G. frachte. Fraught is incorrectly used as an adjective.=2 Fear, afraid, fright, though so like in their meaning, are etymologically unconnected. Fear is explained in the text . Afraid is from O.F. esfreder, esfreer, afrayer,M.E. afrayen (of which afraied is the p.p. ) . Diez refers O.F. esfreer, &c. , to a L. Lat.exfrigidare, from Lat. frigus, but Körting ( following Forster) , to a L. Lat. éffridareeffredare (from ex + L. Lat. fredum O.H.G. fridu, peace), with sense to disturb,harass, frighten (see under ✔pri-, to love) . N.E. fright (M.E. fry3t) is from A.S. fyrhtu,cp. Goth. faurhtei, O.H.G. forhta, N.H.G. furcht, fear ( subs. ); Goth. faurhtjan (p. p.faurhts), to make or be afraid, O.H G. forahten, furihtan, to be afraid, A.S. forhtian, to beafraid, p. p. forht, afraid, A.S. fyrhtan, to makeafraid ( p. p. fyrht, frightened) . Bezzen.berger refers these words to Eur- Ar. qer-k-, to shake, quiver (cp. Lat. querquerus,shivering, Gk. kapkalpw , to quake) Teutonic perk-, by change of labiovelar q to p.Kluge doubtfully approves; Brugmann is silent.3 The forms with initial r are from per- (hy loss of p). Those with initial oeither from qer- in Sans. kṛ-na- mi or from per-, to earn, by Celtic change of qto p (see per- /pel-, p. 672, n. 1 ).PER✔POR√PR-632 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.(vb. ), import (subs. ) , bearing, tendency, important, bearing upon, report,transport, support (thr. F.) , with their several derivatives.L. Latin and Romance, peril, -ous, imperil, sport, sports-man, &c.;deportment, porter, portage, purport, portico, porch, portcullis, portfolio, port-manteau, porte-monnaie, Sublime Porte, O-porto, the port,port-wine.Teutonic, fare (vb. ) , welfare, farewell, wayfarer, fare (subs. ) , payment for carriage, ferry, ford, -ford, -forth, in the comp. of manyEnglish names of places, as Oxford, Stratford, Stamford, Seaforth;fiord (from O.N.); fear, afeard (now vulgar) , fearful, fearless.1Eur-Ar. √PRE K , extended from preceding root.Greek, πράσσω, Att. πράττω, Ion. πρήσσω, for πράκιω πρήκιω,fut. πράξω, πρήξω, perf. πεπρᾶχα, is most probably to be referredeither to Eur-Ar. per-, to pass or carry over, or to the preceding✓pre- ple-, extended by k, to fill, complete, &c.; Liddell and Scott giveus the primary sense of πpáσow, to fare, pass through or over (cp.πIпрá-σкw, to expose for sale) , with derivative senses to bring to anend, complete, fulfil, transact, negotiate, manage, carry on; πрâyμa, adeed, act, business, πрayμатiкós, fit for business, πρaxTikós (s.s. ) , alsorelating to acts, facts, πpâĝis , a transaction, action, practice.Latin, pragmaticus (borrowed from Gk.) , skilled in business (Cicero) ,especially in law; pragmatica sanctio, or jussio, an imperial decree onpublic affairs (Cod. Just. ), practicus, s.s. as Gk.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. practique, M.E. praktike (adj. andsubs.), practical, practice, method, N.F. pratique, s.s., N.F. practicien,practitioner.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, pragmatic, practical, praxis, practicable, &c.L. Latin and Romance, practice, practitioner, practise (vb. ) pratique, licence to trade (naval term).(2) Eur-Ar. √PER POR , with sense to bring together, prepare,accomplish, to present with, distribute, procure, produce, &c.;probably connected with preceding /PER-, to carry over.¹¹ Brugmann (i . p. 244) connects pars, portio, parere, réжρwraι, with precedingper-.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 633Greek, πoρ-, in πoρov, aor. of *πóρw, to offer, grant, give, furnish , √PERπÉπρшται (perf. pass. ), it has been allotted, πopoúvw, to offer, present.Latin, par-, in par-are, to bring together, prepare, apparare, toequip, furnish, apparatus (subs. ) , a providing, furniture, comparare, tocollect, compare, comparatio, a providing, purchasing, comparativus,comparative, præparare, to get ready beforehand, preparatio, a preparing; reparare, to procure again, renew, restore, make good, reparatio,a making good, separare, to place by itself, separate, separatio, separabilis; imperare (archaic, indu- or endo- perare) , to enjoin, order tofurnish, rule, imperator, a ruler (embratur on a Samnite coin) ,Pælignian empratois ( = Lat. imperatis, abl. pl . ) , imperium, rule, command, imperiosus; parēre (intrans. of parare; cp. sedere: sedare) , tobe ready, show oneself, appear, attend, wait on, obey, apparere, to appear,attend, apparitor, an officer in attendance on a consul, &c. , apparitio,office of apparitor, an appearance; parĕre (earlier parire with fut.paribis , fut. part. pariturus), peperi, partum, to produce, bring forth,beget (with more general sense bring about, procure, in composition);parens, a parent, partus (subs.) , birth, parturire, to be in labour,puerpera, a woman in childbed, ovi-parus, laying eggs, viviparus, producing live offspring, vipera, a viper (contracted from vivipara) , pauper, producing little, poor (according to Fick and Curtius, from a root√pav-, little +-per [from parere, producing]: cp. Gk. Taûρos, Lat.paulus); comperire, to ascertain, reperire, to procure or find again,repertorium, a catalogue; pars, partis, a share, partire, to divide intoshares, -ivi, -itum, parti-ceps, a share-holder, parti-cipare, to partakeof, participium, a verbal form partaking of the functions of a noun,particula, a small share, a particle, particularis, relating to a part,partialis (adj . ), in part, partialiter, partly, bi- tri- partitus, dividedinto two, three parts, partitio , a division into parts; impertire, to sharewith another, to impart, expers, having no part, portio, a portion,proportio, analogy, proportion.1L. Latin and Romance, o.F. parer, to udorn, M.E. paren, to trim,pare, Span. parar, to make a halt, pause (special sense, as though forthe purpose of closing up and getting into order), Span. parada, ahalt, o.F. parade, a halt on horseback, (later) a parade, O.F. parure, anornament, decoration; Ital . parata, a defence (lit. a being prepared),O.F. parée, subs. , N.E. (early) parree, (later) parry, a defence in fencing,N.F. réparer, to repair, F. comparer, to compare, comparaison, comparison; L. Lat. and Ital . sevrare ( = Lat. separare) , O.F. sevrer, to separate,• Curtius compares parens with Gk. πόρων, p. of aor. ἔπορον; cp. ' πόρεν δέ οἱ υἱόν,Il . xvi . 185, he gave her a son ' ' he begat one from her.'✔POR-634 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.PER✓PORsever, L. Lat. separalis, O.F. and N.E. several, O.F. dessevrer, to dissever;O.F. emperée, empire, M.E. emperie, empere, N.E. empire, Ital. imperatore,O.F. emperere (nom. ) , empereor, O.F. empereris, empereis, empress; O.F.apparoir, M.E. apperen, N.E. appear; L. Lat. *parentaticum, o.F. parentage, condition of a parent; F. vipère, a viper, O.F. povre, M.E. poure,N.E. poor, o.F. povreté, N.F. pauvreté, N.E. poverty, O.F. par, part,side, in the phrase ' de par le roi, ' on the part of the king, O.F. a parte,apart, aside; Ital. partita, a share, O.F. parti (m. ) , partie (f. ) , a side,party, Ital. partigiano (L. Lat. partitianus) , O.F. partisan, one whotakes a side, O.F.. partir, to divide (trans.) , partir, to depart (neut. ) ,originally se partir, to sepurate oneself from; repartir, to return athrust, to make an appropriate reply, departir, to part from, L. Lat.parcennarius (Du Cange), o.F. parsonnier, parcenier, M.E. parcener, N.E.partner, by mistaken spelling; Ital. particella ( Lat. particula) , O.F.parcelle, M.E. parcelle, N.E. parcel; Ital. participio, N.F. participe, aparticiple, appartiment, apartment, compartiment, compartment; L. Lat.parsare, to indicate, explain the parts of a sentence (an old scholasticterm); L. Lat. repertorium, o.F. repertorie, N.F. repertoire, an inventory.Balto- Slav. , periu, pereti, to breed, bring up.Teutonic, O.H.G. farro, far, N.H.G. farre (m. ) , färse (f. ) , O.N. farre,far, A.S. fearr, a young ox or cow, cp. Goth. frast, a child, A.S. heah-fore,(lit.) a high (full-grown) cow, a cow of a year old, M.E. hay-fare, hekfere,N.E. a heifer.¹ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, apparatus, compare, prepare, repair ( for earlier repare),compara-tive, -ble, preparation, reparation, -ble, separate, -tion, -tive,-ble, imperative, imperial, -ous, apparent, -itor, -ition, parent, parturient, -tion, puerperal, oviparous, viviparous, pauper, -ise, -ism,partition, participate, -ion, -or, participle (with false 1, as fromL. Lat. *partici-pulum), participial, particle, particular, -ise, partial,-ity, bi- tri-partite, impart; portion, proportion, -ate, apportion.¹ Skeat has connected heifer as above, and Kluge also, but Mätzner dissents.Skeat connects the word, too, with Gk. Tópiw, Lat. pario, Gk. πópis, poet. for TÓPTIS, Ayoung cow, but Kluge considers this very doubtful. The A.S. heahfore is representedin Latin by altilis, fattened , L. Lat. altilium, a fattened calf, from alere, to nourish.Heah, therefore, seems to be an awkward translation of this word and to mean highfed, fattened, rather thanfull- grown. Prellwitz connects Gk. Tópis and πópris, a youngheifer, N.H.G. farre, &c. , Goth. frast, and Lith. periu, to breed, with Lat. pario, Gk.TÓPEL . Kluge suggests a connection of the Greek and Teutonic names for a heiferwith Sans. prçati, a cow with white spots, fem. of prcatas, spotted. This implies thederivation from Eur- Ar. prk- , to spot, dapple, and connection with Lat. porcus, towhich the absence of the guttural in Gk. and Teut. is opposed.AEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 635L. Latin and Romance, pare, paring, parade, parry, parure,sever, -ance, dis-sever, -ance, several, comparison, empire, -eror ,-ress; appear, -ance, disappear; parentage, parental, viper, poor,poverty, impoverish; part (subs. and vb. ) , apart, party, partisan,-ship, repartee, depart. -ure; parcener (legal) , a joint possession,partner, -ship, parcel, apartment, compartment, parse, repertory.Teutonic, heifer.Eur-Ar. PER-A, beyond, on the other side, far, from √PER-, to crossover, travel.Sanscrit, paras, on the other side, beyond, far, distant in space ortime, excessive, paramas, farthest extreme (best or worst).Zend, para-, in para-sang (para +senk, a stone; cp. N. Pers. sang,a stone, sangar, a defence of stones) , lit. from the stone, the distance of 30 stadia between the stones which marked the Persianpost-stations, N. Pers. far-sang.Greek, Téрā, Téρāv, beyond, farther, perhaps Táλai, long ago,Taλaιós, ancient (by change of p to λ, cp . πápos, ² [ adv. ] before-time [?]with the poets, used for πрó, before); πaρá, a prep . of space (withgen.) from, (with . dat. ) by, (with acc. ) to the side of, beyond, beside(= except); in comp. by the side of, near, sometimes imparting a bad,sometimes an intensive meaning: Taρáßaois, going aside, transgressing; Tapádogos, contrary to opinion, wapdía, a burlesque,parody, πаρákληтos, called to the side of, an advocate, intercessor,παράλυσις, disabling of the nerves of one side, παραβάλλω, to placeside by side, compare, τаρaßoλń, a comparison, a conic section calledparabola because its axis is parallel to the side ofthe conе; πарayрá¶n,anything written by the side, a marginal note, apaλλáğ, in turn,πapáλλağıs, alternation, the mutual inclination of two lines formingan angle, πapáλλŋλos, beside one another, πapáσitos, one who boardswith another, a flatterer, πарnyoрirós, encouraging, soothing, πapI Prellwitz connects this with Sans. chiram, long since, Gk. tîλe, tŋλoû (Homeric) ,far, Æol. Thλui, far off, Lat. -cul in pro- cul, afar off, from a Eur- Ar. ✔qer-, ✓gel-(see p. 189) , also Liddell and Scott under τŋλoû, an Æol . form cited by TheognostusGrammaticus, and restored in Sapph. i . 6; cp. tnλoî = rnλóσe, and rŋλúlpoos, heardfrom afar. For change of 7 to π, cр. Att. TérTapes, Boot. TéтTapes, Hom. Tíσupes = Eur-Ar. qetuer.2 Though nearer in sense to πpó, Lat. pro, præ, Gk. πрeσ- , Lat. pris-, from pra, inform it approaches pera; cf. Sans. paras, distant in space and time, to which, asregards form, Tápos belongs, although its meaning connects it more nearly with pra,before.636 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS .PER-A✔PERoğvoµós, a sharp attack of a disease, πapoiñía, a sojourning, an ecclesiastical district, παρήλιος, παρήλιον, α mock sun, a parhelion, πέρπεpos (late), vainglorious, a Latin loan-word?Latin, par, equal ( lit. by the side of another) , impar, odd, unequal,dispar, unequal, paritas, equality, parare, pariare, to pair, equalise,balance, settle accounts, parilis, equal; per ( prep. ) , by means of,through, by; in comp. often in a bad sense (as πapá) , but more frequently as an intensive, or with its original sense of ' through, to theend,' per-dere, to destroy, perire, to perish, perfidus, faithless, perjurare,to swearfalsely, pervertere, to pervert, perfungi, to discharge carelessly,perfunctorius, perfunctory, perperus, wrongly; percipere, to graspwholly, comprehend, per-coquere, to cook thoroughly, perurere, to burnup, &c. , per-ennis, lasting through the year, pererrare, wander through,peregrinus, foreign, travelling about, peragrare, to travel through (lit.through the land or field), per-ambulare, walk through, &c.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pari, equal, o.F. paire, a pair, o.F.per, peer, a peer, an equal, also (adj . ) equal, o.F. nomper, nompair,M.E. nompere, noumpere (Lat. non +par), the odd man, also owm-pere,N.E. umpire, by attraction of n to the indef. art. a (a numpere =anumpire); Ital. pareglio, Prov. parelh, O.F. pareil (L. Lat. pariculus,found as an adj . in mediæval documents) , equal, Ital . apparigliare,O.F. appareiller , to match, assort, put like things together, M.E. aparailen,to prepare, get together, O.F. and M.E. apareil, stores, equipment,clothing, Ital. parità, O.F. parité (Lat. paritat[em]) , equality, o.F.parage, lineage, rank, o.F. desparager, to assign a lower rank, N.E.disparage, Prov. pairar, o.F. pairer, N.F. parier, to match, to wager,O.F. *comper (Lat. compar) , N.E. compeer , o.F. par ( = Lat. per) , by, from,found in comp. par- bouiller, M.E. parboyle, to boil thoroughly (but ithas now come to mean to partly boil, with a false reference to ' part ');L. Lat. perdonare, found in the capitularies of Charles the Bald, toforgive a debt, O.F. pardonner, M.E. pardoun, N.E. pardon, O.F. parterre(Lat. per terram) , a flower garden, F. parvenu (Lat. pervenire) , one whohas arrived (i.e. has lately attained, not been born to, rank or wealth);O.F. paramont, at top (Lat. per ad montem) , par-aval, at the bottom:from the former comes the English paramount, with the sense ofsupreme, used of the relation of a lord towards his vassals; from thelatter was formed the term paravaile, to denote the vassal. This isfound in Minsheu ( 1627) , and was used by Hooker, but has sincebecome obsolete. O.F. paramour (Lat. per amorem) , in or with love,originally an adverbial expression, and so used by Chaucer, but nowused as a substantive, and in a bad sense; O. Span. paragon (fromEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 637para con, ¹ in comparison with) , Ital. paragone, a touchstone, comparison,O.F. paragon; N.F. parangon, N.E. paragon, a comparison, model; o.F.pelegrin, pelerin, Ital . peregrino, pellegrino, M.E. pelegrim, pilgrim. Insome O.F. words pour ( =Lat. pro) has been substituted for per-, aso.F. por- pourfiler (see p. 395) , to embroider with (gold) threads, M.E.purflen, N.E. purl (by abbreviation) , Scot. pearlin, lace of silk or thread,fr. which Macbain derives Gael. pearluinn, Ir. peirlin, fine linen),L. Lat. perfilare, Span. perfilar (see p. 395); o.F. pourpoint, aquilted doublet, Lat. per-punctum, pricked through, Span. perpunte, a quilted garment of two folds of cloth, wadded and stitchedor quilted across. The original form per is found in o.F. pertuisier, Ital. pertusiare =a L. Lat. * pertusiare (from Lat. pertusum),to pierce or beat through, of which Diez considers O.F. percer, M.E.percen, to pierce , to be a contraction. There is an Italian perciato,pierced through. Para- is found in many French compounds, withsense of against or by the side of, as para-pluie, para +pluviam, rain,umbrella, para- sol , sunshade, parachute (against falling: chute, a fall,from cheoir Lat. cadere, to fall) , O.F. parapet, Ital . parapetto (para+pectus, breast), a wall breast-high, a breastplate, paraphrase (Gk.πaρáþρaσis), a by-phrase, an explanation, &c . Para is representedby pala- in Q.F. palafreid, N.F. palefroi , M. and N.E. palfrey, from L. Lat.para-veredrus, an extra-horse; by pala- in Span. palabra, Port. palavra(Gk. Tapaẞoλn) , a talk, a palaver. Par- stands for para in o.F. paroler,N.F. parler, parloir, parlement, M. and N.E. parley, &c. (all from Gk.Taρaßoλń, thr. L. Lat. parabolare, to talk; see p. 315) , also in o.F.paroisse (Gk. Taрoiкía) , a parish, L. Lat. parochia (from Gk. s. s.;see p. 114); F. périssant, pr. p. from périr, to perish.=Balto-Slav. , Lith. pri-, O. Slav. pre-, a prefix with sense of to theother side, through, corresponding with Gk. Tapá, Lat. per-; Lith.per, prep. and prefix, through, over, e.g. per lanka, over the plain, pernakti, through the night.Teutonic, Goth. fairra (adv. ) , O.H.G. fer, ferro (acc. ferron, ferno) ,N.H.G. fern, O.N. fjarre, A.S. feor , (comp. ) fyrre, (superl. ) fyrrest, M.E.fer, ferrer, ferrest, N.E. far, farther, farthest (the ' th ' is a laterinsertion, probably on the analogy of further, furthest; Goth. pra-(a prefix) , O.H.G. fra, far, fir (prefix) , N.H.G. ver- (a prefix), o.n.¹ So Diez, who regards the word as originally Spanish, from the two prepositionspara and con, and quotes la criatura para con el criador.' Körting derives paragonfrom a supposed Gk. vb. not found, *Tapakováw from àкó , a whetstone, through theItal. vb. paragonare, to which he gives the sense to apply a touchstone, to test, andfrom which he derives the other Romance words. But åκóvn is a whetstone, not atouchstone.PER-APER-638 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.PER-A✓PERfrā (prep. and pref. ) , M.E. fra, fro (prep. and adv. ) , ' from ' (down tothe sixteenth century, now fra is obsolete, and fro only used as anadverb), A.S. fra-, for- (as pref.N.H.G. ver-, Lat. per-); for has generally an intensive force, but in the following A.S. compounds it meansabstention from, or opposition, hurt, wrong: forbeodan, forbid, for-beren,forbear, for-don, undo (cp. Lat. per-dere), for-faran, to perish (cp. Lat.per-ire) , for-fendan, N.E. fore-fend, for-gifan, N.E. forgive, for-gitan,neglect, N.E. forget, forluron (p. p. of for-leosen, to lose) , M.E. forloren,lost, N.E. forlorn, for-sacan, N.E. forsake, forsweran, N.E. forswear; frais found in A.S. frætan, to devour (fra +etan, to eat thoroughly) , Goth.fram, from, O.H.G. fram, beyond, forth, O.N. fram, ' forward (see p. 645) ,A.S. fram, from, M. and N.E. from; O.H.G. parafrid, pferfrit, M.H.G. pferit,N.H.G. pferd, a horse.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Zend, parasang (thr. Gk. Tapaσáyyns).Greek, paradox, parody, Paraclete, paralysis, parable (thr. F.) ,parabola, -ic , paragraph, paraphrase, parallax, parallel, -ogram,parasite, paregoric, parenthesis, paroxysm, parhelion, with manyother compounds of para-.Latin, par, parity, disparity, perdition, perfidy, perjure, perjury (thr.French forms), perfunctory, permanent, perambulate, perennial , peregrination, with the other numerous compounds of per from the Latin.L. Latin and Romance, pair, peer, -ess, -age,. -less , umpire, compeer, non-pareil, apparel (vb. and subs.) , disparage, -ment, parboil ,pardon, parterre, parvenu, paramount, paragon, paramour; pilgrim,-age, pelerine (a kind of cloak), purfle, purl, pourpoint, pierce; parapluie,parasol, parachute, parapet, palfrey, palaver, parole, parliament, -ary,parlour, parley, parish, -ioner, parochial, perish, with many othercompounds of per derived from a Latin source.Teutonic, far, farther, farthest, and in comp. as far-fetched, &c.;;fro, froward, -ness, from, for- in comp. , as forbid, forbear, forego,forefend, forgive, -ness, forget, -ful, forlorn , ' forsake, forswear,forsworn, fret, -ful .Though in form the O.N. corresponds with Goth. O.H.G. and A.S. fram, andalthough it may originally have had the same sense, yet in Icelandic, together withthe sense of motionfrom within to the outside, it means also ' in front of, before inspace or time.' Pott (i . 536) remarks on this group of prepositions and prefixes, thatit is very difficult to draw a line of demarcation between them from the form alone;and that the only possible way of arriving at a satisfactory etymology is throughtheir signification. But even here the difficulty occurs that the same form coverstwo meanings, and, vice versa, that the same or a similar meaning is found under two forms.? The modern sense given to forlorn is lonely, desolate, but the original meaningof lost is retained in forlorn hope ' the lost troop.=EUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 6397EEur-Ar. PERI, round about, more than, excessive, (in comp. ) prep. andprefix.Sanscrit, pari, round about, excessive, concerning, &c. , with manycompounds, as pari-yanta, a boundary, pari-dhi, an enclosure, parinishta,highest point, perfection, pari-purnas, very full, &c. , paryanka, Prakritpallanka, a couch , Hindi palaki, palki , a palanquin, palang, a bed.Zend, pairi, round about, &c . , pairi-daeça, walled all round, anenclosed garden, pairi-vara, surrounding, &c. , palank, a bed.Greek, πepí, with many compounds, as Tɛpiyeios, round or nearthe earth, TEρikáρжιov, seed-рod, husk, Teρixáρdiov, membrane surrounding the heart, TeplμEтpos, the measure round, Tεpíodos, a goinground, a cycle or duration of time, a well-rounded sentence, TepióσTEOV,membrane surrounding the bone; περíπλoνs, a sailing round, πɛpıσkoπεîv, to look around, πeploтvλov, colonnade round a temple, πɛpíφρασις, a circumlocution, περιφέρεια, circumference, περιτόναιος,stretched round, Tερi-тóvaιov, the membrane round the lower viscera;περikaλns, very beautiful, &c. , Tapádeloos, an incorrect transliteration of the Zend pairi-daeça, a park or enclosed pleasure ground.Latin, per- (prefix, in comp. with adjectives and adverbs, withsense of very, as per-magnus, per-brevis, per-breviter, &c. , very great,short, &c. , paries (cp. Sans. pariyanta), a wall, parietarius, relating towalls, parietaria, the wall-weed, pellitory.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. paravisus, ' a hall surrounded byporches infront of a church, porch of a church, or room over the porch,O.F. parvis, said to be a corrupt form of paradisus (Du Cange), (1) theporch ofa church; (2) the place, whether altar or monstrance, where theHost is placed on Holy Thursday; (3) the passengers' sleeping place onboard ship. According to Littré, the porch of a church was so calledbecause at the performance of religious plays in the churchyard theporch represented Paradise; but perhaps it may have been so calledbecause the room over it was the sleeping place of the church custodian.The reference seems to have been to Paradise as a resting place ofthose who ' sleep in Jesus,' made in a half religious, half jocosespirit; L. Lat. parietare, M.E. * pargeten (in pargetyn, to plaster a wall,Ital. parietaria, Prov. paritaria, O.F. paritoire, M.E. paritorie, N.E.pellitory, from a confusion with pelleter (from Lat. pyrethrum, Span.pelitre), feverfew; Port. palanquim, F. palanquin; O.F. permain, alarge pear.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Sanscrit, palanquin (thr. Port. and F.) .1Cp. Zend pairi (in pairi- daeça) = Gk. πepi.640 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Zend, Paradise (thr. the Greek form).Greek, compounds with peri-, with sense about, round, as perigee,pericarp, peri-cardium, perimeter, period, -ic, periosteum, periplus,peri-scopic, peristyle, periphrasis, peritoneum , periphery, &c.L. Latin and Romance, parvise, parget, Pargetter (surname) , pellitory (see p. 36); pearmain (Lat. permagnus).Eur-Ar. PRO, onward, forth, before , in advance, &c. , prep. and prefix.Sanscrit, pra, onward, &c. (prep. and prefix) , prati (adv. andprefix), towards, against, before, opposite, near; both pra- and pratihave many compounds, as pra-dhanas, chief orderer, pra-bhavas (lit.being before), chief, strong, good, pra-bhu, lord (cp. Gk. πρéσ-ßvs),pra-mati, fore-thinking (cp. Gk. πрoµnėýs, s.s.) , pra-sthas, prominent,presiding (cp. Lat. præstes); prati-vacham, answer, prativeça, dwellingnear, prati-shta, standing against, pra-teras, more to the front, prathamas, first, most in front; pura, in old time, formerly, purana, old,pur-vas, being in front, first, preceding, eastern.Zend, fra, before, &c. , fratera, prior, fratema, first, fra-vaedha, foreknowing; paiti (with loss of r: ср. Gk. πоτl= πρóτɩ) , paiti-vacha,answer.Greek, πρó, before, in front, πрós, πρóтɩ, towards, against, &c. , Ep.and Doric ποτί, Cretan πορτί, πορτ' , Arcad. πός '; πρότερος, before,πрŵτоs, first (comp. and sup. of πρо) , πрштóкоλλov, the fly- leafattached to a manuscript or public act containing an abstract ofcontents, &c. , πρiv, before, Doг. πρāv, πρóïos, πрâοs ( Att.), early in themorning, πρúpa, contracted from πрwepa, the prow of a ship;πρóμos, the champion, leader, πрéoßus (Cret. πрeîyvs), an old man,πрEσẞúτEρos, (adj . ) elder, (subs. ) an elder, a presbyter, πрéσßɛis (pl. ) ,elders, chiefs; πрó-ßìnµа, a problem, πро-ßоoxís, proboscis (thefront-feeder), πpo-oiµía, a prelude, proem, πроуvwσTikóv, prognostic,προφυλακτικός, warding of beforehand, προφήτης, one who speakspublicly, πpodnτεía, a prophecy, πрó-ẞaтov, a herd ofcattle, speciallyof sheep (from Tро-ẞaivw) , lit. going before; perhaps, because in thenomad period the cattle were driven in advance of the family or tribe;πρоσńλνтоs, one who comes to or near, an associate, a proselyte,πроσОεTIKós, prosthetic, giving additional power, added, πрoodia,¹ Pott does not connect these dialectic forms, TÓS, TоTí, with Tрós, πрó, by omissionof p, but considers them distinct forms from an original pas, pes, near by; cp. Lith.pas, near by, also Hindi pås ( s . s .) , but the common omission of Sans. r in the Prakritlanguages renders connection with após not improbable.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 641the tone, accent, quantity of a syllable, πρóσwжоv, countenance, appearance, dramatic character, person.Latin, (1) prò, prō, prōd (old abl. ) , in front of, before (ofplace), infavour of, for (as opposed to against) , in the place of, for the sake of, inproportion to. In comp. with sense offorward, before, to the advantageof. There are traces of the existence of an earlier pra -pro;in præ(=prai), pran-dium, pra-vus.¹ (2) Port-, post-, pos- (only in comp.),archaic collateral forms of pro (cp. Sans. prati, Gk. TрóтI, Tотí, &c.;Tотí: роs- πρотí: πрós) . (3) Pri- or prei, older forms of præ:' pri enim antiqui præ dicebant,' Festus. (4) Præ or prai (probablya locative case of original pra: cp. Romæ, Romai, at Rome: Roma) ,before, in front of, in comparison with (adv. and prep. ); in comp.before, very; præter (adv. and prep. ) , of motion, past, of rest, beyond,outside, except. (5) Prope ( = pro + -pe = Sans. -pa: cp. nempe, quippe),near, in space or time (adv. and prep.) .(1) Pro, prōd; prōra, prow of a vessel, pronus, leaning forward,downwards, probrum, anything brought forward, a charge, reproach(pro +-brum) , opprobrium, scandal, disgrace, opprobriosus , scandalous,procerus, tall, pre-eminent (pro + suff. -ker); probus, good, upright (cp.Sans. pra-bhas, superior, excellent), probitas, honesty, improbus, wicked,probare, to esteem as good, to test the goodness of, approbare, to approve,approbatio, approval, improbare, to reject as unsuited, send back foramendment, amend, reprobare, to disapprove, reprove, probabilis;proclivis, sloping forward, pro-crastinare, to put forward till to-morrow(procrastino, from cras, to-morrow) , to delay, procurare, to carebeforehand, procurator, administrator, manager, deputy; prodere, tobring forward, disclose, betray, proditor, a traitor, pro-fanus, in front of(i.e. outside) the temple, unconsecrated, unholy, wicked; pro-ferre, to bringforward, proficere, to advance, promote, profligare, to dash to the ground,profligatus, utterly ruined, wretched, abandoned, profundere, to pour.forth, pro-fundus, very deep, progenies, offspring, proles (pro +alo, tonourish), race, descendants, prolixus (pro +laxus), stretched out, (ofspeech) prolix, prolongare, to prolong, promere (pro + emere), bringforward, promptus (p. p.) , brought forward, ready to hand, proponere,to putforward, propose, propositus, put forward; pro-prius, peculiar to ,one's own, appropriare, to make one's own (from pro, but further etymology uncertain), prophetia (Gk. loan-word), prophecy, prorsus ( = pro+versus), turned forward, straight, prosus, collateral form (cp. sursum:¹ Pott connects pra-vus with Sans. pra-hva, bent, stooping, as opposed to straight,upright, and quotes elapsi in pravum artus, ' Tac. Hist. 4, 81; ' pravitas membrorum.'Cic. Tuso. 4, 13, 29; and ' pravitas oris,' distortion ofthe mouth, Cic. de Or. 2, 22, 91 .PROTT642 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.PRO susum), prosa (sc. oratio), straight, i.e. plain speech or writing; prosequi, prosecutus, to prosecute, pursue, pro-sperus ( = pro + spes, spero,hope), according to expectation, prosperitas, prosperity, pro-trahere, todraw, depict, prospicere, look forward, proverbium, a proverb, providere,to see beforehand, provide, providens, prudens (by change of -ovi- tou), provident, prudent, providentia, prudentia; reci-pro-cus (from re+pro, with suffix -ce) , mutual (backward and forward); prod-esse, tobe profitable, prod-igium ( = prod-agium) , a portent (see ad-agium, p . 8,and for alternative explanation p. 489), prod-ire, to go forth; prandium (from pra [ cp. Doг. πрáv] + edere, to eat, or +diem, a day, anearly meal), prāvus (pra- with sense of stooping forward or downward,as in pronus, suff. -vus), not straight, turned aside, in a moral senseperverted, vicious, depravare, to deprave.(2) Port-, por-, pol-, posi-, pos-, in por-ricere, to lay before,porrigere, to stretch forth, por-tendere, to foretell, portentum, a portent, portentosus, portentous, pollicere, to promise, polluere, to pollute,pollutio, pollution.(3) Pri-, prei-, pris- (cp . πρει-, πρεσ-, in πρείους, and πρέσβυς).Pri-vus, (orig.) single, individual, owned by an individual, peculiar,coming before others, Umbr. prevo (cp. Sans. pur-va), first, previously, preceding, privare, to take away from, to set free from, release,perhaps orig. to assign to the individual, deprivare, to deprive, privatus, belonging to an individual (opposed to publicus, belonging tothe populus), Osc. com-preivatud, which Mommsen applies to that portion of the public land granted to and tilled by individual citizens ,instead of being reserved for common pasturage; privativus, privative(a grammatical term); privi-legium, a bill or law in favour ofindividuals; pridem, long ago, pridie, the day before , pri-or (for pri-ior),-us, neut. , before, pri-mus (for prismus; cp. Pælign. pris-mu), foremost,first, comp. and superl. of pri =pro; primas, -atis, of the first rank,primarius, belonging to thefirst, primævus, of thefirst age, primordium,first beginning, primitus, from the beginning (adv. ), primitivus, primitive; im-primis, among the first, princeps ( =primi- + ceps, from capere,to take), taking the first place (adj . ) , as subs. prince, leader, principatus,leadership, principalis, chief, principium, beginning, a first principle;pris-cus, ' ancient, pristinus, original (from pris- =πрεσ-); presbyter,Gk. loan-word, an elder.(4) Præ, in præ-ambulare, to walk before, præbere ( =præ-hibere), toallow, præbenda, an allowance made by the state to an individual,' Generally explained as contracted from prius-cus, prius-tinus. (See Brugmann,pp. 250, 467.)EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 643præceps (præ +caput) , head first, steep, præcipitium, &c. , præcidere,-cisum, to cut short, præ-cox, -ocis, præcoquus, early-ripe, præda,booty, prize, prey, for præhenda, from prehendere, prendere, to layhold of, prædium, for præhendium, a farm; prædicare, -avi, -atum,to declare publicly; prædicere, -dixi, dictum, to foretell, præfari, to saybefore, prægnans (præ +gnascor) , pregnant, præjudicium, a previousjudgment, a precedent, (later) a premature judgment, a disadvantage, præpendere, to weigh or deliberate beforehand, præstigium, an illusion,præsto (adv.) , at hand, præ-posterus, absurd (first last) , prævius, leadingthe way, previous; præter (compar. ofpræ) , beyond, past, except, præterire, to go past, p.p. præteritus, past, præter-mittere, to let pass, omit.(5) Prope, propior, proximus (propsimus?) , near, nearer, nearest,prop-inquus, near (for termination cp. long-inquus ¹ ), propinquitas,nearness, properare, to bring nearer, advance, hasten, proximare,approximare, to draw near to, propter (comp. of prope), on account of,but also near, cp. Cic. Brut. ' 6, ' propter statuam Platonis sedimus,'we sat near Plato's statue.The O.F.(1) L. Latin and Romance, o.F. por, pur-, pro-, N.F. pour for pro-.Pro- and pur- are found in modern use only as prefix, with a generalsense of ' forward,' and por as a prefix has the same sense.prou and preu=pro, prod, prud, Prov. proz = Lat. prod, are also found,not, however, as a prep. , but as adj . and subs . The origin of this wasin all probability that the sense of advantage, profit,' which pro conveyed in composition, caused the same sense to be attached to it outof composition, and it was thus used in its simple form as a subst. oradj .; in a similar way the Ital. prode (from Lat. prod-est) was usedboth as adjective and substantive, so O.F. prou, preu, prod, prud, (fem.prode, prude) , Ital . prode, came to mean profit, profitable, good, brave,F. prou-esse, bravery, goodness , O.F. preu , N.F. preux, gallant, brave,O.F. prud, modest, chaste, good, N.E. prude, prudish, o.F. pur-chasser(pro +L. Lat. captiare) , N.F. pour-chasser, M.E. purchasen, to acquire,to purchase, O.F. por- pur-loigner, to remove to a distance, put off, takeaway (Lat. prolongare), M.E. purloynen, pur-longen, to put far away,now to steal, M.E. purlieu, purluy, purley, corrupted from o.F. puralée,originally a certain district immediately adjacent to a forest(pour +aller, to go) , so called perhaps because the right of accesswas permitted within its limits (see Skeat under ' Purlieu '); N.F.¹ Corssen considers this -inquus ( -inc-us) to be the same as in- or im- in locativesuffix found in illin-c, istin-c, hin-c, utrin-que, intrin-, extrin- in intrin-secus, extrinsecus. Propinque, longinque are the adverbial, and perhaps the prior, forms (cp.utrinque), to which propinquus, longinquus, are the adjectival.PROTT 2644 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.PRO purpose, subs. intention, O.F. pour-pos , M.E. purpos, N.F. pro-pos = Lat.propositum, a thing proposed, O.F. por-, in pur-suir (Lat. persequi) , M E.pursuen, N.F. poursuivre, to follow, poursuivant, o.F. por-traire, pourtraier, M.E. pourtraien, to draw, portray.(2) Pro: o.F. purveier ( =providere) , M.E. purveien, N.E. purvey;Ital. pro-fitto, O.F. profit ( Lat. profectus, from proficere, to advantage),M.E. profit, It. profilare, to draw a thread or a line, It. profilo, an outlinedrawing, O.F. por- pur-fil , ' (cp. M.E. purfiled) , aprofile; Prov. prod, o.F.proue, prow ofa ship, Span. probar, o.F. prover, M.E. proven, preuen,N.F. prouver, to prove, O.F. reprover, M.E. reprouen, repreuen, reprove,reprieve, M.E. proketour, proketowre, N.E. proctor, M.E. prokecye,prockesy, abbreviations of procurator, and procuratia (L. Lat. form ofprocuratio); o.F. provost, Lat. propositus,2 set over, in L. Lat. confused with præpositus (cp. F. prévôt), O.F. proferer, M.E. profren,N.E. proffer; O.F. profonder, to sound the depths of, O.F. and M.E. profond, profund ( =Lat. profundus from fundus, the bottom) , N.E. profound, O.F. propre, proper, propreté, property, fitness.6(3) Pri-, o.F. prive, privé (from priver = Lat. privare) , M.E. prive,privee (adj . ) , N.E. privy (adj . and subs. ) , F. dépriver, to deprive, O.F.and M.E. priour, N.E. prior, head of a priory, L. Lat. prioritatem, F.priorité; O.F. and M.E. prime, the first canonical hour, prime, M.E.primer, a book ofhours,' now afirst reading book, O.F. prime, first, alsothin, slender, M.E. primerole (Chaucer), from L. Lat. primerola (adiminutive expansion of primula) , afterward adapted to primrose, asthough from prima rosa, O.F. primat, a chief bishop, Fr. premier (Lat.primarius), first, chief, Ital . principe, o.F. prince, a prince; F. principe,a principle, M.E. prester, a priest, ' Prester John ' (Mandeville), o.f.prestre, N.F. prêtre.(4) Pre-- = Lat. præ-: L. Lat. præambulum, F. préambule, apreamble, o.F. prebende, prebend, the allowance of a prebendary, O.F.and M.E. provende, provisions (L. Lat. præbenda, an allowance ofdailyfood; cp. provost: prévôt) , O.F. precis, precise, f. (Lat. præcisus) ,¹ Cp. purfle, purl, from perfilare.

• The A.S. profost taken directly from the Latin shows that propositus had the

same meaning as præpositus in the later Latin, cp. O.H.C. probost, N.H.G. propst.-• Skeat derives prim, demure, prime, and priming of a gun, to prime trees, fromprim and prime, but without satisfactory explanation of the change of meaning.Perhaps, to prime =to start, to set going, to do the prime, i.e. the chief, first thing (butdoubtful). The Century Dict. gives to be, or to make as at first, to renew, as the original sense; and refers prim to O.F. prim (m. ), prime (f. ) , first, also thin, slender.• Diez connects O.F. plevir, to guarantee, and O.F. plege, N.F. pleige, a pledge,M.E. plegge, a hostage, O.F. plevine, a warranty, with præbere, in the sense ofofferingsurety. The O.F. plege, in respect of the change of b to g, may be regularly derivedfrom *præbium, and the Prov. plevizo, with Lat. præbitio, but the change of r to 1 isEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 645E=abbreviated, precise, O.F. preie, N.F. proie, a prey, booty; F. prendre(p. p. pris, prise, f. ) , to take (Lat. prendere *pre-hendere); apcom- entre- re- sur-prendre, with (p. p. -pris) Prov. apprentiz, L.Lat. apprenticius, an apprentice, F. priser, to take snuff; L. Lat. prension(em) , O.F. prison, M.E. prisoun; o.F. precher (prædicare) , M.E.prechen, O.F. pregnant, M.E. preignant, O.F. prepense, deliberate, o.F.prestige, Ital. presto, O.F. preste, N.F. prêt, Ital. prestare, O.F. prester,N.F. prêter, to lend, F. abricot (Lat. præcoquus), apricot (seeunderEur-Ar.√peq-; o.F. imprenable (for * impreignable) , N.E. impregnable.(5) Prope, L. Lat. appropiare, Ital. approccio, an approach, O.F.aprochier, M.E. aprochen, N.F. approcher, N.E. approach, N.F. re- procher,to reproach (cp. Prov. repropchar, Span. reprochar = L. Lat. "repropiare), bring near or home to, charge with.CBalto-Slav. , Lith. pra- (pref. ) , pro (prep. ) = Lat. pro-, pro, Q. Slav.pra-, pro- (pref.) , pra-va, forward, straightforward, right; O. Slav.proti, to, against ( =πρós, πρóτi) , O. Slav. pre- (pref. ) = præ-, before,in time or space, Lith. pir-mas, first, pirm (prep. ) , before (cp. O. Lat.pri-), O. Slav. prīvu, first (cp. Lat. privus, single).Teutonic, faur-, for-, fur-, fra-, fro-, frei-, fram- (with sense offorward), in Goth. faura, O.H.G. fora, N.H.G. vor, O.N. fyrir (for- incomp. , as fornes, a promontory, cp. Furness), A.S. fore (prep. and adv.),before, generally in time, more rarely in space = in front of (Lat.coram) , also on account of, Goth, faur, O.H.G. fure, before, for, N.H.G.für, for (only), A.S. for , before, in time or space, in presence of, in placeof, for the sake of. In N.E. for is used alone as a conjunction, in M.E.for that,' but often ' for ' by itself; in A.S. ' for thi the ' or ' for thithat,' O.H.G. furiro, O.N. fyrr, (comp.) before, O.H.G. furisto, first, N.H.G.fürst, prince, o.N. fyrstr, A.S. fyrsta, first, Goth. fruma, frumists, first,O.N. frum- (only in comp. , as frum-burdhr, first-born, &c. ), A.s. forma(adj. superl.; cp. Lith. pirmas), formest, fyrmest (double superl. ); M.E.has the comp. former from forme (orig. superl .) , Goth. *faurth in comp.faurthis, O.H.G. *ford, comp. furdir, N.H.G. fort, forth, O.N. fordh-a, a.s.fordhian in gefordhian, a-fordhian, M.E. 3eforthien, aforthen, toforward,N.E. afford, to yield, supply, A.S. fordh, (comp.) furdhur, furdhra, M. andN.E. further, (dial . ) furder, O.H.G. frum, ' good, brave, N.H.G. fromm,pious, O.N. framr, forward, prominent (generally used in bad sense,unusual in the Romance. There is, however, a Sicilian preggiu, a surety, whichmakes it probable. Diez compares also temple from tempora, the temples. Klugerejects the derivation from præbere (see p. 647, note 2).Cp. Teutonic frum, fromm, framr, good, brave, pious, from fra-, fro-, withRomance, Ital. prode, O.F. preu, gallant, good, brave, O.F. prud, modest, good, fromLat. prod..PRO646 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.PRO pushing, impertinent, but comp. fremri, the superior, fremstr, the first,foremost), O.N. fromr, pious, A.s. freme, fram, good. (These are superl.forms Lat. primus, Gk. πpóμos. ) O.H.G. frumman, N.H.G. frommen,to prosper, O.N. fremja, A.S. fremman, M.E. framen, promote, effect, make;Goth. frauja, lord, master, O.N. freyr, a lord, ' but only used as thename of the god Freyr, O.N. fru , a lady, O.H.G. fro, lord, frouwa,lady, N.H.G. frau, lady, A.S. frea, lord, O.H.G. fraoji , N.H.G. frühe, early(cp. πpúïos, early) , frühstück, breakfast (cp. Lat. prandium, themorning meal); A.S. preost, M.E. priest, contracted from Lat. presbyter,and found in the Laws of Ethelbert; 0.H.G. frisc, N.H.G. frisch, O.N.ferskr, A.S. fersc, M.E. fersh, fresch, N.E. fresh, Ital. fresco, cool, fresh(from O.H.G. frisc), a painting on plaster, al fresco, in the open air,Prov. fresc, Latinised from frescus, (f. ) fresca, O.F. frais, fres, (fem. )fraische, fresche, N.F. frais, (fem. ) fraiche, M.E. fresch, N.E. fresh,N. Icel. friskr, Dan. frisk, lively. As regards form the O.H.G.stands very near to the Gk. πpeîyvs or Lat. preiscus; and in senseit approaches to O.H.G. fruoji , early 2 (see Kluge, ' Etym. Dict. '' frisch ').Celtic, Ir. ro- for (p)ro-, Gael. ra-, Wel. rhy-, an intensive particle,very, also used as the sign of the past tense in Ir.; Gael. and Ir.roimh, O. Ir. rem, before ( cp. Lith. pirm, before) , Gael. ros, Ir. ross,ros, in N. Ireland a promontory, in S. Ireland a wood, orig. a woodedpromontory, a plain, Wel. rhos, moorland, Corn. ros, moorland, Bret.ros, a knoll, Gael. and Ir. riamh, O. Ir. riam, before: all these withloss of initial p; of pro, primus, pri-, &c.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, words compounded with proto-, as proto-col, prototype,&c., presbyter, -y, -ian (thr. Lat. loan-word); compounds of pro-,problem, proboscis, proemium, pro-phylactic, pro-gnostic, prophet,&c.; compounds with pros-, proselyte, prosthetic, prosody, prosopopœia, &c.1Vigfusson connects this with Goth. frauja, O.H.G. fro, and also frjā, a roman,in Frja-dagr, Friday, with O.H.G. frouwa, lady, A.S. frea, lord.2 Krug suggests a possible connection with the Eur-Ar. pre-, before, of thefollowing: O.H.G. fro, joyful, gracious, N.H.G. froh, glad, fröhlich, merry, Du.vrolijk, merry, N.E. (early) froelich, frolick, now frolic (vb. and subs.), frolicsome,Germ. or Du. loan-words, O.H.G. fro- no, in form thegen. pl. of fro, but used as a voc. inprayer or appeal, and as an epithet of Christ the Lord, e.g. ' daz frono chruzi,' ' theLord's cross ,' M.H.G. vron, relating to a Lord, a title of Christ, as Vrōnlichnam,N.H.G. Frohnleichnam, the Lord's body, the Host, N.H.G. Frohn-dienst, compulsoryservice rendered by a serf or tenant to his lord.=But O.N. frar, swift, light-footed, stands in the way of this suggestion. May not,however, all these words be derivatives of pra- pro- with the sense of beingforward,ready, willing to do something, which passes over into the sense of gladness, mirth?EUR-ARYAN ROOTS . 647Latin, (1 ) pro-, prod-: prone, opprobrium, -ous, probe (vb. PROand subs. thr. Fr.) , pro-bity, probate, -ble, -tion, ap- re-probation,reprobate, proclivity, pro-crastination, procurator, -ble, pro-fane,-ity, proficient, cy-, profuse, -ion, prolific, prolix, -ity, profligate,-cy, proposition , -al , pro-strate, propriety, im-, ap-propriate, -ion ,prose, -aic, prosecute, pro- sperous, -ity, provision, provident, prudent, -ial, reciprocal, -ate, -ity, prod-igy (or pro-digy, see p. 489),-ious. From pra = pro: deprave, -ity, pransorial, post-prandial.(2) Por-, pos-: pollute, -ion, portent, -ous.(3) Pri-: private, -acy, privative, privilege, prior, priority, prime,-al , -ary, -ate, -itive, -æval, -ordial, primates, imprimis, primogeniture,principal, -ity, pristine, prim-rose (from prima- rosa) for M.E. primerole(Lat. primerula), primula (dim. of primus).(4) Præ: prebend, prebendary, pre- cipice, -tous, -tate, precise,-ion, precocious, -ity, predatory, predial, ap- com- re-prehend-, -sion,-sive, -sible, predicate, -tive, -ment, predict, -ion, -ive, prefatory,prejudice, -ial, pre-posterous, presti-digitation (rapid fingering),preterite, pretermit, preternatural, preterperfect.(5) Propinquity, proximo, -ity, -ate, approximate.L. Latin and Romance, ( 1 ) por, pur, prou, preu ( = Lat. 1 and 2pro), prod-, prud-: prude, ' -ish, preux, in the phrase ' preux chevalier,'prowess, perhaps proud, pride, purchase, purloin, purlieu (for M.E.purley), purpose, apropos, mal-apropos, malapropism, provost, pursuepursuance, pursuivant, portray, -trait, profile, profit, -able, prow (Gk. ,Lat., Fr.) , prove, proof, improve, -ment, disprove, reprove, -proof,reprieve, proctor, -ial, proxy, proper, property.(2) Pri-: privy, -ily, deprive, -al , -ation, prior (head ofa monastery) ,-ess, prime (subs. ) , first hour ofprayer, primer, M.E. primerole, premier,prince, -ess, Prester (Gk. , Lat. , o.F.) , prim, -ness, prime (vb. ) , prime (adj. ) .(3) Præ: preamble, provender, précis, prey, prise, a pinch of snuff,prise (vb.), to get a hold of, to lift by leverage, prentice, apprentice,prison, -er, ap- com- enter- re- sur-prise, misprision, reprisal, preach,-er, pregnant, -cy, prepense (legal term) , impregnable, prestige, presto,prevôt, with many other compounds of pre-; pledge, replevy, replevin. "The Eng. proud is from A.S. prūd, which Vigfusson connects with O.F. prud, inprudhomme, and from which he derives O.N. prudhr, fine , stately, magnificent, O.N.prydhi (subs. ), an ornament, pomp, and O.N. prydha (vb. ), to adorn. Beyond thesimilarity of form and meaning there seems nothing to prove this connection. As,however, the word appears first in O.N. as late as the beginning of the eleventhcentury, it is possible that it, as well as A.S. prud, may be borrowed from O.F. prud.

• Kluge connects together O.H.G. pflögan, to care for, promisefor, N.H.G. pflegen

(s. s. ), O. Sax. plegan, to go suretyfor, Du. plegen, to pledge, A.S. plegian, to moveforward rapidly, to play, and L. Lat. plegium, O.F. pleige, plegge, a hostage, a surety,648 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.(4) Prope: ap- re-proach.Teutonic, fore, foremost, before, afore, fore-, in comp. fore-bode,-cast, -tell , -see, &c. , for, former, forward, afford, forth, further, -est,forth-with, Furness (cp. o.N. furnes), a district in Lancashire, Furniss(surname), first, firstling, firstborn, &c. , frame, frame-work (A.S.fremman), frow or vrow (Du. loan-word), a woman, Friday, ' frolic,-some; priest, -ly, -craft, -hood, from A.S. loan-word preost.Celtic, the names Ross, Roscommon, Roseland, Ros-Kelly, &c.Eur-Ar. PES, POS, perhaps extended from an earlier PE, PO, at,near, by; pos-qos, behind, after.Sanscrit, pas-, in paç-chat (Eur-Ar. sq = Sans. çch) , behind, after,paçchimas, west, Hindi pachchim, west, Hindi pās, at, by, near, piche,behind, after.Zend, paçne, behind, after (cp. Lat. pōne- pos-ne, behind).Greek, πos-, in Túµaтos, hindmost, last (for * πóσμATOS).Latin, pos-, Umbr. pus (extended from po-), at, by, near,pos-t, Osc. pus-t, -pos-t, ( = pos + suffix. -te: cp. O. Lat. poste,Umbr. pusti, posti, behind, after) , in ponere (= po- or pos-snerefor po- or pos-sinere), to put down, place, posui, posivi (Plautus),positum, positio, positivus, arbitrary, postura, postis, a door-post;ap- com- de- dis- ex- im- inter- op- præ- pro- post- sup- supertrans-ponere; pos-terus (adj .: cp. Umbr. pustru) , behind, after,comp. posterior, hinder, after, posteritas, posterity, pre-posterus,the first last, superl. postremus, hindmost, last, with variant formpostumus. last, said especially of the youngest child, or of one born afterN.E. pledge, Prov and O.F. plevir, to guarantee, O.F. plevie, plevin, a warranty,Eng. replevy, replevin, to recover or return goods detainedfor debt onthepledge oftryingthe right to them by law. Kluge is of opinion that the West Germanforms must havebeen in use early in the fourth century, and that the Romance forms are from theGerman, and not the German from the Romance. Diez's derivation from præbere hedoes not allow (without, however, noticing Sicil . preggiu, a pledge, cited by Diez) , butoffers a suggestion that the German words may be connected with Gk. Bλéxw, to look,and derived from Eur-Ar. ✔glegh-, an extension of ✔gel-, from which ẞdλλw ( seep. 342).' This is Vigfusson's derivation. But Kluge derives O.H.G. friatag, N.H.G. freitag, A.S. frigedæg, friday, from proto- Teutonic * frijjo, O.N. Frigg, the wife ofWoden, corresponding to the Lat. Venus (whence Friday = dies Veneris). Frigg heconnects with Sans. priya, O. Sax. fri, A.S, freo, and O.N. frja, a wife, all derived fromEur-Ar. pri-, to love. It would appear from this that there were two Teutonic formsfor woman, wife, unconnected with each other: (1) O.H.G. frouwa, N.H.G. frau, O.N.fru, from Teut. fro, first, chief; and ( 2) O. Sax. fri, A.S. freo (fem. of frea, lord), O.N.frja, all from Eur-Ar. pri-, to love, with meaning ' wife. 'EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 64924hthe father's death, and is used as a subs. , postumus, a last born, aposthumous child, and in this sense it became a prop. name (the ' h'is inserted by a false etymology from humus, and sometimes writtenposthumus in Latin, as though implying birth after the father'sburial); pōne ( = pos-ne) , behind, po- or post-meridianus, afternoon.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. ponre, to put down, lay, place, N.F.pondre (with euphonic d), to lay eggs, O.F. componre, ' compondre,pr. pt. componant, M.E. compounen, compoune, compounden, to puttogether, O.F. espondre ( Lat. exponere), M.E. expounen, exponen,expounden, to explain, Prov. desponer, O.F. despondre, Scotch dispone;L. Lat. posita, posta, a depot, a store, a station for horses, Ital. positivo, F. positif, Ital. posta, O.F. poste, Ital. postiglione, F. postillon,a postillion, O.F. deposte, N.F. dépôt, a deposit, a store; Ital. composta,O.F. composte, N.F. compôte, stewed fruit, propos , a plan, purpose,apropos, mal-apropos, L. Lat. poste-rula, a little door, Ital . postierla, O.F. posterle, later posterne (all from Lat. posterus), a backdoor, Ital. posterità, F. posterité, L. Lat. and Ital . postilla, F. apostille, a marginal note in a bible, a fem. noun, formed from ' postilla verba,' after these words '; Ital. poi, Prov. pos, pus, pois ,O.F. pois, puis, after (Diez regards these as formed, not from theclassical post, but from the older pos-, which survived in the vernacular Latin) , o.F. puisne, N.F. puiné ( = Lat. post-natus) , born after,younger, M.E. puisne, a legal term applied to junior judges, N.E. puny,small, weakly.Balto-Slav. , Lith. pa, pas, at, by, to , O. Slav. po (s.s.) , Lith. pa-gal,after, behind, paskui (according to Pott - pa-seku, to follow on) , after,behind.in the ground, a pillar, N.H.G.Klug suggests that the OH.G.Teutonic, A.S. post, a pole fixedpfost, a loan-word from Lat. postis.fona, O. Sax. fana, N.H.G. von, Du. van, from a pre-Germanic pana, maybe a compound word with pa as its first element; and Pott regardsthe second, -na, as =Lett . no, from, only used as a suffix instead of aprefix; thus fo-na, fa-na= ' from near,' ' from.'4The Fr. poser and its compounds apposer, déposer, &c. , are formed etymologically from L. Lat. pausare, ' to halt, stop, rest ' (Prov. pausar, O.F. pauser, Span.posar, to rest, stop; cp. Span. posada, a house, inn), but have received the sense ofponere. The verb pausare is from pausa, a stop, halt,' Gk. naûois, a stop, formedfrom Travel , to stop, cease, and, resembling the p. p. of ponere in form, the Fr. poserand its compounds assumed also its meaning, and came to be regarded as formedfrom ponere. Similarly the Eng. pose, appose, depose, &c. , from Fr. poser, apposer,déposer, &c. , though commonly connected with Lat. ponere, are etymologically from pausare, Gk. παύειν.PESPOS650 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, all compounds of post- and derivatives from pr. t. pono, andits partic. ponens, positus, positurus, as post-pone, depone, exponent,component, &c. , position, positive, posture, compositor, impostor, impost,composite, opposite, &c.; not, however, the present tenses pose, appose,compose, &c. , which are from F. poser =pausare; post, a pillar, poster,&c. , from Lat. thr. A.S. loan-word; posterior, -ity, a posteriori, preposterous, (last first) post(h)umous, Postumus, proper name given tolast-born son, or one born after his father's death, post-obit, &c.

L. Latin and Romance, compound, -er, expound, propound; post(for letters, horses) , post, to station, postage, postillion, post-boy, &c .;compot, compost, depot, apropos, malapropism, postern, postill, puisne,puny.Teutonic, the German von and Dutch van (?) , post, a stake, from A.S.Eur-Ar. √PEL √PĻ , to fold, cover, enclose; perhaps identical with✔PLE PEL, to fill.Sanscrit, pu-t - pl-t¹ (extended by t) , in puțati, folds, pala, flesh,meat.Greek, we in Tλa,2 skin, hide, leather (cp. Tελλapápos,sewing skins together), also a milking pail (because originally ofleather), TEXAS, a basin or cup, TÉλμa, the sole of a shoe, TEXTη, Abuckler, TEλTAOτns, a targeteer, light-armed soldier, èpvoíπeλas, aredness of the skin.Latin, pel-, in pellis , a skin, hide, pellicius, made of skins, pellicium,a coat of skins, pellicula, a small skin, pelvis, a basin, the cavitybetween the hip-bones.3¹ The pronunciation of as a vowel is found in Eng. able, double, cattle, whichare pronounced as a-bul, catt- ul, with a very short, quick sound given to the ǎl. Iflreceived its full consonantal sound these words would be pronounced ablee, doublee,cattlee, as in flee.2 The use of leather for vessels to hold liquids is shown also in O.H.G. tunna, atun, from an O. Ir. *tunna, M. Ir. tond, ton, Bret. tonnen, skin of man and animals,Lat. culeus, a measure for liquids, Gk. kovλeds, leather bottle, Ir. crocan, a pot,crocenn, a hide (see Schrader, Prehist. Antiq. 260).3Sepelire, to bury, with its derivatives sepulcrum, sepultura, may perhaps alsobe referred to ✔pel- ple- with the sense to enfold, cover, hide; cp. Eng. bury, to hidein the ground, to inter, from A.S. byrgan, to conceal, also Goth. filhan, to conceal,bury, fulgins, concealed. Kluge remarks on this latter word that it demands ✔pelkas its radical base, and in this respect cannot be coupled with Lat. sepelire, from thesimple base ✔pel-; but may there not be an extended Teutonic base pelk-, formedfrom pel-, as plek-, from which Gk. λé , Lat. plicare, are derived, is an extension of ✔ple-? If this be allowed , N.E. sepulchre, -chral, -ture, should be referred tothis root (see p. 318) .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 651√PLL. Latin and Romance, o.F. pel, M.E. pell, pel, N.F. peau, a skin or √PELhide, Ital. pelliccia, O.F. pelice, N.F. pelisse, aa cloak of fur,, Prov..sobre-pelitz, O.F. surplis, M.E. surplise (L. Lat. super-pellicium, lit.over the skin-coat) , N.E. surplice, O.F. peler, to strip off skin or bark,O. Ital . pellare, to skin, to peel, O.F. pelletier, a skinner or furrier,pelleterie, the trade of a skinner, M.E. pelt, a skin, Pells, an office ofthe exchequer; O.F. palletoc, M:E. paltoke, (orig. ) a sheepskin coat wornby peasants, N.F. paletot, an overcoat (? see p. 598 , n. 2 ); Ital. falda,O.F. faude, the fold or border of a garment (from O.H.G. fald); O.F.faude-steuil, a folding chair, N.F. fauteuil, an easy chair (O.H.G.faltstuol) .Balto-Slav. , Lith. plene, pleve, a skin, membrane, a caul, Lith.paltis, Russ. polti, a side of bacon.Teutonic, Goth. -fill , skin (in thrut-fill , leprosy, filleins, made ofleather) , O.H.G. fell, N.H.G. fell, skin of beasts, hide, O.N. fjall , A.S. fell ,skin, hide, N.E. fell , hide, O.H.G. fillan, N.H.G. fillen , to flay, A.S. filmen,a thin skin or coating, a film; ¹ Goth. felhan, to conceal, bury; Goth.falth, O.H.G. fald, falt, N.H.G. falt, O.N. faldr, A.S. feald, a fold, hood,border, enclosure, O.H.G. faltstuol, A.s. fyldstōl, M.E. (dial. ) vyealdindestole, a folding chair, Goth. falthian, O.H.G. faldan, faltan, N.H.G. falten,O.N. falda, A.S. fealdian, M.E. falden, folden, to fold, cover, enclose, A.S.fylce, M.E. filch, pilch, a fur coat or cloak (loan-word from Lat. ).Celtic, O. Ir. pill, peall, Gael. peall, a skin, hide, covering, Ir.pillian, pillin, Wel. pilyn, Gael. pillean, a packsaddle, Gael. peallaid,a sheep's skin. These are loan-words from Latin, but whether director not is uncertain.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, erysipelas, -tous.Latin, pellicle, pelvis.L. Latin and Romance, pell, a hide, roll of parchments, ² pelisse,surplice, peel, peltry, peltry-ware, paletot (?) , fauteuil.Teutonic, fell, fellmonger, film, filmy, flay, flag, flake, flaw, floe,1 Fick gives a Teutonic base, flah, found in O.N. fla, to flay, strip off the skin,p. t. filo, plur. flogu, p. p. fleginn. Skeat cites an A.S. *flean in p. p. beflagen, M.E.flean, to flay. These would correspond to a Eur-Ar. PLEK , extended from ✔PEL✔PL , and Lith. plesz-ti, tear, strip. The Teutonic derivatives from this base inaddition to the O.N. fla, A.S. flean, are O.N. flag, a spot where turf has been cut out,A.S. floh, a flan, O.N. flaga, a slab of stone, a flake, a piece chipped off, Dan. iis-flage,an ice floe. The Eng. derivatives are: flay, flag (of stone), flake, flaw, floe; perhapsalso flitch (O.N. flikki ) , a flitch of bacon, flesh ( O.H.G. fleisc, N.H.G. fleisch, A.S.flæsc) , the covering of the bones, O.N. flesk, swine's flesh, pork.'Clerk of the pell ' was the officer of the exchequer who entered each paymenton the ' pellis receptorum.'F652 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.flitch, flesh; pilch is obsolete, but Pilcher, a maker of pilches, is stillfound as a surname; fold (vb. and subs. ), of cloth, fold (vb. andsubs.), of sheep, to enclose, enclosure, -fold, in comp. , as twofold, &c.,en-fold, unfold, &c . , fald- stool.Celtic, pillion, plaid.Eur-Ar. VPLEK , to plait, fold, twist: extended from the preceding.Sanscrit, praç-, in pṛch-ati , combines, praçna, wicker-work basket.Greek, πλεκ-, πλοκ-, in πλέκω, to plait, πλοκή, a plait, πλεκτή(3.5.) , πλόκαμος, a lock of hair, εὐπλόκαμος, with beautiful locks .Latin, plec-, plic-, in plectere, plex-i and -ui, plexus, to plait,braid, amplecti, to embrace, perplexus, entangled, perplexari, toentangle, complecti, to embrace, to comprehend, complexio, a combination, connection, (in late Lat. ) a constitution or habit of body; plic-are,-avi, -atum, and -ui , -itum, to fold, ap-plicare, -avi and -ui, -atum and-itum, to apply, -atio, com-plicare, to fold together, -atio, * dis-plicare,unfold, open out, explicare, to unfold, explain, -atio, explicitus,expressed, unfolded, implicare, to fold in, imply, -atio, -itus, replicare,to fold back, (late Lat. ) to recur to , go back upon, repeat, make a reply,supplicare, to bend or fold the knees, kneel down, supplicate, -atio,multi-plicare, to multiply; -plex, -icis, in comp. , as simplex (sem+plex), onefold, simple, simplicitas , du-plex, double, duplicare, to double,triplex, triplicare, complex, multiplex, supplex; plaga, a net (cp. Gk.πλéxw), plagium, man-stealing, plagiare, to steal , kidnap, plagiarius,a kidnapper, a literary thief.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. piega, O.F. pli, a fold, Ital . piegare,Prov. plegar, o.F. pleier, (in comp. ) -ployer, plier (p. p. pli) , to fold,M.E. plien, to mould, &c . (Lat. plicare), O.F. ploite, M.E. playte, a fold,M.E. playten, N.E. plait (vb. ) , to fold, braid; o.F. aplier, N.F. appliquer, o.F. complice (Lat. complice[ m]) , mixed up with, (subs. ) anassociate, accomplice, O.F. complot, a plan or plot, according to Diezfrom Lat. complicitum, as though for comploit¹ (see exploit); Ital.dispiegare, spiegare, o.F. despleier, disployer, with variant deployer, toopen or spread out, M.E. displayen, splayen, to spread out, N.E. display,and deploy (a military term) , Ital. impiegare, o.F. employer, toemploy, to use for a profit, O.F. esploiter, esploicter, M.E. esploit, success ,¹ Körting rejects this and suggests another origin from an imaginary *complotter,to heap together (from combre, a heap), which, under a supposed connection withLat. complere, was changed to comploter. Diez's explanation , though not whollysatisfactory, is preferable.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 653ALarProv. expleitar, as from a L. Lat. explicitare, to achieve, succeed, (lit.)to take out of the fold, to develop, open out, make productive, have thefull use of, ¹ O.F. * implier, impliquer, to imply, implicate, O.F. replier,to fold again, M.E. replien, to fold again, reply; Ital. replica, a repetition, Ital. supplicare, Prov. supplicar, soplejar, o.F. supplier, soplier,to bend underneath, to supplicate, O.F. and M.E. souple, N.E. supple, N.F.supplier, to supplicate; Prov. plaissar, O.F. plaisséer (as from plaxiare),N.F. plessier, plesser (L. Lat. *plectiare), M.E. plechen, N.E. pleach,to intertwine boughs in a hedge, to surround with a hedge, Prov. plais,a hedge, as from *plaxa, twisted..Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. pleta, plesti (with lost guttural) , to plait.Teutonic, Goth. flahtom (dat. pl . ) , plaits, O.H.G. flehtan, N.H.G.flechten, O.N. fletta, to plait, O.N. flaki, a hurdle or fence of wickerwork,O.H.G. flahs, N.H.G. flachs, A.S. fleax, flax.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, complex, -ity, complexion, perplex, -ity, application, -ble,-tive, complicate, -ion, -y, complicity (Lat. thr. Fr.) , explicate, -ble,-tion, -tive, explicit, implicate, -tion, implicit, replication, supplicate,-tion, multiplication, duplicate, triplicate, quadruplicate, duplex, -icity,simplicity (Lat. thr. Fr.) , simpli-fy (Lat. thr. Fr.), simplification;plagiary, -ism, -ist, -ise.L. Latin and Romance, ply (vb. ) , to bend, to strain, work at, ply(subs.), a coil or twist of a rope, pliers, a tool for bending, pliant,pliable, -ility, &c. , plight, plait, pleat (a fold), apply, appliance, misapply; complice, accomplice, complot, plot, exploit, deploy, display,splay, splay-footed, with the feet spread out, employ, -6, -er, -ment,imply, reply, replica, supple, suppliant, pleach.Teutonic, flax, -en.2Eur-Ar. * √PER-, √PRE-, with variants √PEL , √PLE, √PL,² tostrike, thrust, push (?) .Expletare is the L. Lat. equivalent of exploiter, and according to Du Cange is used as a legal term with the sense to exercise the full right ofjurisdiction andownership, to collect the revenue from vassals and tenants of an estate or farm, or employ their forced labour in time of harvest. Explicare had the same sense in mediæval Latin (see Du Cange, ad vb. ): Explicare locum, jurisdictionem omnem ineo exercere: tenere et explicare locum tanquam verus dominus.'·2 This connection of the Sanscrit, Zend, and Greek words must be regarded as doubtful. Brugmann (i. 148) connects Sans. paraçu with Gk. Téλekus, with noreference to their root, and derives Teλeкάw, to hew, from TéλEKUS. Lat. pellere (forpel-nere) he connects with Gk. Tíλvapai, to come close to, and both with Teλdsw, to approach, from réλas, near. Prellwitz connects reλeµí(w, to cause to tremble, shake,' perhaps ' with Gk. wóλeμos, O.N. falma, trembling, Lat. pellere, to drive. Curtius (seep. 333, Eng. Transl. ) derives wéλas from a Eur-Ar. ✔pel- with the fundamental ideaof striking upon ' (i.e. of being close to) something.6654 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VPER-✔PRE-✓PEL-✔PLE√PLSanscrit, par-, in paraçu, an axe (perhaps compounded with √√/aç-,sharp), the sharp-striking.Zend, per-, to fight, in perițente, they fight, pari-, par-in, anopponent.Greek, πελ-, in πέλεκυς, an are, πελεκᾶς (from πελεκάω, to chopwith an axe), a wood-pecker, πελɛkîvos , s.s. , teλekâv, a spoon-bill, alsoa pelican, from the shape of their beaks, (cp. Eng. bill = axe and bird'sbeak); TEMEKîvos, a kind of vetch (Lat. securi-daca, or -clata fromits shape); Tóλ-Epos, battle, fight, war (used even of a single combat) ,war. In Attic this last sense is the most general, but in Homer theformer are the more usual. In form, πόλεμος from πολ- = ἄν- εμοςfrom av-.Latin, pel-, in pellere, pe-pul-i, pul-sus, to strike, thrust, push, tothrust out, pulsus (subs. ) , the pulse; with compounds, ap-pellere, todrive, or push towards, compellere, push together, compel, compulsio;dispellere, to thrust apart, expellere, thrust out, expulsio, impellere, topush on, propellere, to push forward, re-pellere, to push back (all withp.p. pulsus); * pellare, intrans. of pellere (cp. consternere, trans. , andconsternari, intrans. ), only found in compounds appellare, to movetowards, to address, call by name, appeal to, solicit (cp. adire, aggredi,in similar sense) , appellatio, -ivus, compellare, to address, reprove,interpellare, interrupt, raise an objection , pulsare, pultare, freq. ofpellere, to set in violent motion.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. apeler, N.F. appeler, M.E. apelen, toappeal, O.F. apel, N.F. appel, a trumpet call, M.E. peale, a trumpet call,a chime ofbells , discharge ofguns (the initial a of O.F. was treated asthe indef. art.) , O.F. rapeler (contracted from re-apeler) , to recall,revoke, rappel, a recall, Ital . pulsare, Prov. pulsar, o.F. poulser (Lat.pulsare), pousser, M.E. puss*n, to push, O.F. poulsif, poursif, M.E. purcy,N.F. poussif, puffy, gasping, short-winded, O.F. pousse, a violent cough,M.E. pose, a heavy cold, N.F. repousser, to push back, repoussé, a methodofworking metal.2Balto-Slav. , par-, in O. Slav. prati, Lith. perti, to strike.Teutonic, M.E. pulten, pyltan, pelten, from A.S. *pyltan, to thrust,drive, formed from Lat. pultare, as A.S. pyta, well, from puteus (soSkeat). Another derivation is from F. peloter, to throw a ball.' Prellwitz (with Liddell and Scott) connects Tóλeμos with weλeµísw, to cause toshake, to shake or drive awayfrom apost.2 M.E. possyt, N.E. posset, a drink made of hot milk mixed with wine or ale, andused as a remedy in colds, is not derived from M.E. pose, a heavy cold; but, according to Skeat, from a Celtic source. He compares Wel. posel, curdled milk, a posset,and Ir. pusoid, a posset. Shakespeare used posset as a verb with sense to curdle(Hamlet, i . 5, 68).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 655ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, pelican, polemics, polemical.Latin, pulse (med. term. ) , compel, -pulsion, -ory; dispel , expel,-pulse, -ion, -ive, impel, -pulse, -ive, propel, -pulsion, repel, -lent,repulse, -ion, -ive; appellant, -ation, -ative, compellation, inter-pellation, pulsate, -ion.L. Latin and Romance, appeal, peal, repeal, rappel (a bugle call),push, repoussé, pursy.Teutonic, pelt (? fr. Lat. thr. A.S.) .Eur-Ar. VPLA-Q , VPLA-G, extension of the above with sense tostrike, beat.Greek, πληκ-, πλακ-, in πλήσσω ( = πλήκιω) , to strike, smite, stamp(as a coin), λnyń, a stroke, πλñçıs, a striking, stroke, πλñктpov,instrument to strike with, spec. the stick with which a harp is played,TÉλayos, the open sea ¹ (from the violence of the waves).1Latin, plag-, plāng-, plec-, in plāga, a blow, hurt, disaster, plague;plangere, -nxi, -nctus, to beat, spec. to beat the breast in grief, to bewail,planctus, and plangor, beating the breast, lamentation, plectere, to beat,punish, plectrum, pelagus, Gk. loan-words (see above) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. piaga, Prov. plaga, plaja, O.F.plague, plaie, plague, a wound, M.E. plage, N.E. plague, Ital. piangere,piagnere, Prov. plagner, planher, o.F. pleigner, M.E. pleynen, plainen,N.F. plaindre, to bewail, complain, O.F. and M.E. pleinte, plainte( =Lat. planctus) , N.E. plaint, F. plaintif, (fem. ) plaintive, M.E.playntif (adj. ), N.E. plaintiff (subs. ) , plaintive (adj . ) , Ital. compiangere,Prov. complagner, O.F. compleindre, M.E. complaynen, N.E. complain, F.complaignant, N.E. complainant, Ital. compianto, o.F. compleinte, complainte, M.E. complaynte, N.E. complaint.Balto-Slav., Lith. plaku, plēkiu, to beat, flog, O. Slav. plak-ati, beatthe breast, bewail.Teutonic, Goth. flōkan, to beat the breast, lament, O.H.G. fluoh-hon,N.H.G. fluchen, to curse, O.H.G. flëc, fleccho, N.H.G. fleck, O.N. flekkr, aspot, stain, A.S. fliccan, to beat slightly, flick, O. Swed. flenga, to beat,L.G. plakk, a piece torn off; O.H.G. plaga, N.H.G. plage (Lat. loan-word) ,¹ Пéλayos has also been referred to ✔PLA-K-, level, flat (see below) , from its levelsurface (cp. Lat. æquor) , Prellwitz connects it with pλéw from Eur-Ar. ✔bhle-; boththese, as well as the derivation from ✔plaq-, to beat, are doubtful.656 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.plague, A.S. plegan, to strike, play upon, play (in gen. sense), O. Sax.plëgan, to promise, be surety for (perhaps from the custom of joininghands upon a contract) , O.H.G. pflëgan, N.H.G. pflegen, to care for, beguardian of; N.H.G. pflicht, friendly care, duty, obligation, a.s. pliht,danger (fr. plihtan, to risk) , N.E. plight, condition (generally in a badsense), also a promise, pledge . The unusual initial p in Teutoniclanguages suggests that these words are borrowed (see p. 342 foralternative explanation).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, hemiplegia, apoplexy, apoplectic, plectrum; perhaps Archipelago.Latin, plague (thr. o.F. ).L. Latin and Romance, plaint, -tiff, -tive, complaint, -ant.Teutonic, flick, perhaps also patch from platch (by loss of b) , subs.and vb. , Scot. plack; play, playful, &c. , plight (subs. and vb. ); flick,fling, flicker, flinch (?) .(1) Eur-Ar. √PEL √PLE , with sense to extend, widen out, &c. ,perhaps with an older √(S) PEL- √ (S)PLE .Sanscrit, pāl-, in pāņi (for pārni , pâlni) , the hand (? see Curtius,Eng. Trans. i . p. 322) .Greek, waλ-, in waλáµn, ¹ palm of the hand, waλaorý, s.s. , alsoa measure offour fingers breadth.Latin, pal-, in palma, the palm of the hand, the palm-tree, palmaris,a hand's breadth, palmes, a young vine-shoot, Lat. pollex, the thumb' The Greek name of the date-palm was poîvit, i.e. Phænician. The Hebrewname is tāmār, from which tamarind (Arab. tamr Hindi) , the Indian date, is derived.Tāmār is found also in the Arab name Tadmor (prob. for Heb. tathmor [ the city] ofpalms), built by Solomon in an oasis of the Syrian desert (see 1 Kings ix. 18, and2 Chron. viii. 4) . Gesenius states that in the many Aramæan and Greek inscriptionsthe name is written Tadmor and Tadmir; and when the Arabs settled in Spain they called the city Palma, on the Guadalquivir, Tadmir. The Græco-Latin name,Palmyra, Palmira, was first used by Pliny and Josephus (but with no thought of itsbeing a translation of Tadmor; see Hehn, Culturpflanzen, pp. 224, 488). Hehn thinksPalmyra a corrupted form of Tadmor (as Lat. pavus, pavo, a peafowl, from Gk. Taŵs,Pers. taus), by the not uncommon change of d to 1; that of the initial t to the labial phe supposes due to an initial letter in some Semitic or half- Semitic dialect, with apronunciation strange to the Greek, and approaching to a labial (cp. the change of▸ of one dialect to o in another, e.g. of eýp to php, lebs to peós). Keller supposes thecorruption of the Semitic name to be the result of a popular etymology from palma,the palm ofthe hand, from a fancied resemblance of a palm-frond to the hand withfingers partially opened. He regards Gk. dáктvλos, and dactylus, names for the datefruit, as of the same class, an adaptation of a foreign name to the nearest word whichexpressed the likeness of the date fruit to the human fingers (see p. 486, where thegeneral, but perhaps false, explanation is given). Willkomm, Südfrücht (p. 55) givesArab. dakhl, swinging, waving, as the real name of the date.ΦEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 657211(? Prellwitz: cp. O. Slav. palici , ' s.s. ); papilio, a butter-fly, from itsextended wings.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. palma, the palm of the hand, palmtree, O.F. palme, paulme, N.F. paume, M.E. palme, paume, the palm ofthe hand, a game of ball, o.F. and M.E. palme, the palm tree; L. Lat.palmarius, Ital. palmiere, O.F. palmier, paumier, Port. palmeiro, M.E.palmer, palmero, N.E. palmer, a pilgrim from the Holy Land, so calledfrom his bearing a palm-branch; Ital . parpaglione (m. ) , farfalla (f. ashortened form) , Prov. parpalh-os, O.F. paveillon, N.F. papillon, a butterfly; Ital. padiglione, Span. pabellon, Port. pavilhao, O.F. paveillon,pavillon, M.E. paveylon, pavillon, N.E. pavilion, a tent, o.F. papillot, alittle butter-fly, N.F. curl-paper.Balto- Slav. , O. Slav. palici, Russ. palecu, thumb.Teutonic, O.H.G. folma, O. Sax. folm, a.s. folm, the hand, palm ofthe hand, O.H.G. fuolen, N.H.G. fühlen, A.S. fēlan, M.E. felen, to touch,feel, O.N. falma, Dan. famle, Swed. famla, feomla, L.G. fummeln, to gropeone's way with the hands, N.E. fumble, (dial . ) famble; O.H.G. fol-leisten,to give a hand, to help, O.H.G. fola-gan, to go by the hand, i.e. to follow(Noreen). For another, given by Kluge, see under pel-, to fill(p. 627) . Goth. lofa, O.N. lofi, palm of the hand, Eng. (dial. ) loof,A.S. glof, O.N. glofi (ge + lofi) , N.E. glove, O. Du. loef, a paddle used forsteering (called in L. Lat. dracena) , M.E. lof, a beam or bar, a contrivance for steering (cp. O.H.G. laffa, N.H.G. [ dial . ] laff, the blade of anoar or rudder, O.N. lafe, lofe, a threshing-floor, a flat surface) , N.E. luff(subs.), the broadest part of a vessel's bow, the weather-gauge, the partof a ship toward the wind, N.E. luff (vb. ) , to steer nearer to the wind.2Celtic , Gael. and Ir. lamh, Wel. llaw, Corn. lof, O. Bret. lau, thehand, palm of the hand.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, palmate, palmar, palmipede, palmist, palmistry, papilionaceous.1 See under pre- ple-, p. 627, for an alternative explanation, but the Balto-Slav.palici. palecu, seem to point to a connection of pollex with ✔pel, to extend, widenout, as the broad or flattened finger.2 Goth. lofa, palm of the hand, and the other Teutonic words with initial 1 musteither have lost the initial p, or be loan- words from Celtic, or be referred to someother root than fol- in O.H.G. folma, A.S. folm: perhaps to Eur- Ar. legh- or lebhin Gk. λaßeîv (see Fick, [4 ] i. 532, and Brugmann, ii . 998 ) . Kluge connects Goth.laufs, O.H.G. loub, N.H.G. laub, O.N lauf, A.S. and N.E. leaf, the spread out (?) , withLith. lapas, and Russ. lepeste, a leaf, and more remotely, with Aéros, a scale (fromwhich Após and Eng. leper are derived); if the loss of an initial p could beaccepted, Goth. laufs &c. would correspond with Gk. réтaλov, a leaf, from Tetávvvμι,to spread.U UPELVPLE-658 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.L. Latin and Romance, palm (of the hand); palm, the tree, palmer,a pilgrim, Palmer, a surname (Semitic, thr. Lat. or Gk. and Fr.);papillot, pavilion.¹Teutonic, fumble, follow (? see p. 627) , feel (p. t . felt), feeler, -ing;loof (naut. ) , aloof ( = on loof: see Skeat) , luff; loof (dial.) , the hand,glove, glover (trade and surname).(2) Eur-Ar. √PEL- √PLE-, with sense to pound, crush, throw about,shake, swing, make small, scatter, break up, with an earlier√(S)PEL- √(S)PLE-.Sanscrit, pal-, in pal-alam, ground sesamum seeds, palālam, stalk,straw, palāva, chaff, husks; paṭati (for paltati) , splits, bursts.Greek, waλ-, in πáλλw, to sway or poise before throwing, swing,shake, quiver, πáλλa, a ball, waλµós, throbbing, palpitation, waλalw,to wrestle, waλalorpa, the wrestling school, wáλn, wrestling, waλŃ,fine meal, waλáσow, naλúvw, to sprinkle; πóλτos, porridge.Latin, pal-, pol-, pul-, in palpare, to touch lightly, stroke, palpabilis,that may be touched, palpitare (freq. of palpare), to move quickly,quiver, throb, palpebra, an eyelid; palea, straw, chaff; pollen, -inis(for pol-uen), fine flour, mill-dust, pollinarius, relating to flour, polenta,peeled barley; puls, pultis, pottage of meal, porridge, pulmentum, arelish, pulvis, -eris, dust, powder, pulvereus, full of dust, pulverizare,to reduce to dust, pulverulentus, dusty, pulpa (?) , flesh, the fleshy partoffruit, the pith of wood; pila, a ball, pilula, a little ball.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. palpebra, Prov. palpebra, palpel,Venet. dial. palpiera, O.F. palpre, N.F. paupière, Nor. F. paupille, aneyelid; Ital. paglia, Prov. palha, O. and N.F. paille, M.E. paley, paly,chaff, straw, F. paillon, paillette, a spangle, small piece of coloured foil,F. paillasse, N.E. palliass , a straw bed, a mattress, O.F. pailler, bedstraw, M.E. and N.E. (early) pailer, a straw bed, O.F. and M.E. paillet,N.E. pallet, a straw bed, O.F. paillard, one who lies upon straw, avagabond, a lewd person, N.E. palliard (see Dryden, ' Hind andPanther,' ii . 563, ' Thieves, panders, palliards ' ); Ital. polenta, barleygrotes, a meat much used in Italy ' (Florio) , now applied to maizeporridge, Ital. polta, hasty-pudding, pap, poultice, o.F. pols, pouls, pous,M.E. puls, pouse, N.E. pulse; O.F. and M.E. polment, pulment, anythingeaten with bread, a sauce or relish, ( Halliwell) a kind ofpottage, L. Lat.pultes, ' delicacies prepared by boiling ' (Du Cange), N.E. (early) pultis1 The Latin papilio is apparently a reduplicated form, and may be referred also to(2)√pel- to flutter, shake.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 659(Burton, 1621 , ' Anat. of Mel. ' ) , later poultice. Skeat thinks that theword, being medical, was originally the Latin pl. ' pultes, ' as writtenin prescriptions, and when it became of more general use waschanged to the sing. poultesse, which accounts for the pl. poultessesused by Gascoigne, 1560 (circ. ) . This is spelt in Burton pultises (pl. ),which later became poultice (sing. ) . Ital. pulvere, Prov. podra (for

• poldra), O.F. poldre, pouldre, poudre, M.E. poudre, pouder, dust,

powder, N.F. poudre, N.E. powder; L. Lat. pulvereus, a stranger,foreigner, (lit. ) the dusty one (see Du Cange) , olim pied poudreux,'dusty foot, L. Lat. curia pedis pulverizati, o.F. piepoudreux, piedpoudre, a travelling pedlar attending fairs, M.E. pie-poudre, N.E. piepowder, a court for trying pedlars and strangers for selling at marketswithout right or licence (cp. B. Jonson, ' Barthol. Fair,' iii . 1: ' Is thiswell to interrupt my market in the midst and call away my customers? Can you answer this at the piepoudres? ' L.Lat. and Ital.palla, Span. and Port. pella, a ball, Ital. pillotta, Prov. pelota, o.F.pelotte, pelote, M.E. pelet, pelot, a ball, a little ball, N.E. pellet, Ital.pala- in pala-maglio ( = L.Lat. palla maglio, from malleus, ahammer) , O.F. and M.E. pallemaille, a game of ball played with a mallet,N.E. Pall-mall, name ofa street in London, N.F. pilule, pille, N.E. pill,N.F. peloton, a ball of thread, &c. , a small group, a subdivision of acompany ofsoldiers, N.E. platoon.Balto- Slav. , O. Slav. pleva, O. Pruss . pelwo, Lith. pelai, pelus,Lett. pelus, pelavas, Russ. polova, straw, chaff.Teutonic, M.H.G. pillele, N.H.G. pille, M.Du. pille, N.E. (early) pil,pille, (later) pill, either from Teut. or Fr. pille.Greek, palæstra.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, palpate, -tion, -ble, palpitate, -ion, palpebræ, paleaceous,pollen, -inary, pulverise, pulverous, -ulent, pulp, -y (?) , pilule.L. Latin and Romance, palliass, palliard, pailer, pallet, polenta,pulse, pulment, poultice; powder (subs. and vb. ) , powdery, pie-powdercourt, Pall-mall, pellet, pill, platoon.Eur-Ar. VPLEX , to beat down, flatten out, level.Greek, πλaк-, 'λak- (with loss of initial π) , in πλá§, a flat surface,aplain, table-land, a slab of stone, &c. , пλакоûs, пλaкоûvтos, a flatcake, Tháoow, perf. wé-πλак-a (for λáкw) , to flatten out, mould,shape, πλάσμα, α mould, πλαστικός, fl for moulding , κατάπλασμα,UC 2660 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓PLER a plaster, ἔμπλαστον, ἔμπλαστρον, a plaster, from ἐμπλάσσω, tobedaub, stuff in wax; 'Xékos, 'Xekávy, 'Xakávŋ, a dish (with lost π).Latin, plac-, planc-, in plānus (for placnus), level, clear, planare,to level, explanare, to explain; emplastrum (Galen), plasma, plasticus(Greek loan-words) , placenta, a flat cake, plācare, to level, smooth,appease (cp. for change of meaning æquus, level and friendly, ' æquisiniquisque,' friends and foes), placabilis, placable; plăcere, placui,-itum, to please, be smoothed down (for change of quantity betweenplacare and plăcere cp. sēdare, sèdere) , placidus, pleasing, gentle,placitum, an opinion, a decree, complacere, to please generally or exeedingly, displicere, to displease; planca, a flat board, plancus, flatfooted; planta (for plancta) , a plant (the spread-out) , the sole of thefoot, plantago, -inis (gen.) , the plantain; lanx (for planx) , a dish, plate,scale ofa balance, bilanx (sc. libra) , a balance having two scales.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. piano, Prov. plans, Span. llano, o.F.plain, M.E. playn, level, clear, smooth, F. plan, fem. plane, the groundplan ofa building, F. plane, carpenter's plane, planer, to plane, makelevel; Ital. pianta, Prov. planta, O.F. plante, Ital. piantaggine,Prov. plantatges, F. plantain ( = Lat. plantagin[em]) , a plane tree;Ital. piano (subs. ) , a sounding board (Lat. planus), O.F. plaque(O. Du. plack), a plate or slice of metal, plaquer, to plaster awall, O.F. plaquard, plastering of a wall, NF. placard, a publicnotice , placard; L. Lat. plastrum, O.F. plastre, plaistre, a plaster,N.F. plâtre, gypsum, N.E. plaster, whitewash, also plaster for awound; Ital. piastra, a piece of metal, a silver coin (piastra d'argento) , O.F. piastre; Ital . piacere, Prov. plazer, O.F. plesir, plaisir,N.F. plaire (p. p. plu), M.E. plesen, to please, Ital . piacente, O.F. plesant,plaisant, M.E. plesaunt, pleasant, orig. pres. p. pleasing, o.F. plesir,M.E. plesure, pleasure (vb. used as subs . ) , O.F. plaisanterie, jesting, F.complaire, to please greatly, pres. p. complaisant; o.F. plaid, ' plait,plet, ple, a court of law, suit-at-law, decision of the court, plea of anadvocate, N.F. plait, M.E. plee, ple, N.E. plea, Ital. piatire, Prov.plaideiar, O.F. plaidier, to plead; F. planche, a plank, board, planchette(dim.); Ital. bilancio, a balance, halance sheet, F. bilan, balance sheet(introduced in 15th century) , F. balance, a balance.Balto-Slav. , plask-, plaks-, in Lith. plokstas, flat, Lett. plastaka,Lett. plauksts, flat of the hand, Lith. plauks-zu, plausz-ku, to clapwith the hands, O. Pruss. plonis, a flat surface, Lith. plonas, flat.Teutonic, O.H.G. flah, N.H.G. flach, flat, O.N. flokki, a halibut, NorthFrom L. Lat. pla (c)itum (by elision of c between vowels and loss of termination), a court of law judgment, a suit or plea, Ital . piato, placito, Prov. plaitz.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 661MEng. flook, flat-footed, a.s. flōk, a flounder, N.E. (early) flook, (later)fluke (s.s.),' the flattened out and barbed part of an anchor²: cp. o.N.frakka, a kind of spear with a flattened head, akkeris flakki, anchorfluke, hræ-frakka, a carrion fluke (Vigfusson).3Celtic, O. Ir. cland, children, descendants, Gael. clann (s.s.) , N.E.clan, Gael. leac, Ir. lecc, Wel. llech, a flagstone (Wh. Stokes) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, plastic, -ity , cataplasm, protoplast.Latin, plane, flat surface and carpenter's tool, plan (through F.) ,explanation, placenta, placate, placable, -ility, implacable; placid, -ity,complacent, -cy, plank, plant, plantation, planter, im- sup- transplant, planti-grade.L. Latin and Romance, plain (adj . ) , -ness, plain, a low, level pieceofground, llano, the name given to the South American plains by theSpanish, explain; piano, abbrev. from piano-forte, ' the soft and strong,'or with a strong sounding board, plaster, plaister, plastique, plastic,plaque, placard, piastre, please, pleasant, pleasure, pleasantry, complaisant, -ce, displease, &c. , plead , -er, plea, planchette, balance.Teutonic, fluke, flook, flounder, floor, plack, a copper coin (Scotch).Celtic, Llan-, in Celtic place names, with sense of Church, asLlan-dref, Churchtown.Eur-Ar. √PLETH √PRETH-, flat, broad, level.Sanscrit, prath-, in prath-us, broad, prath-as, breadth, prath-ati,pepratha, widen.Zend, frath-, pereth-, in frath-anh, breadth, perethu, wide.The Cent. Dict. connects fluke (of an anchor) with L G. flank, a wing, probably a nasalised derivative of L.G. flegen, to fly, Goth. * fliugan (s. s. ) .A.S. flor, N.E. floor, cp. M.H.G. fluor, N.H.G. flür, O.N. flor ( s. s. ) , Gael. and Ir.lar, Wel. llawr, O. Bret. laur, N. Bret . leur, O. Cor. lor, a floor, are from ✔ple-, withr extension, and therefore originally connected with plek-, also Wel. llan, an area,yard, church. Perhaps also O.N. flydhra, L.G. flunder, N.E. flounder, fr. a nasalisedform of ple- extended by -dh.~• Kluge gives an O.H.G. *francho = O.N. frakka, A.S. franca, a kind ofspear, from which the Franks derived their name, as Saxons fr. sahs, an axe. Frakka may beconnected with an extension preg- of pre-, broad (see under pleth- preth-)and have retained earlier r. The English derivatives are Frank, Frankish, French,thr. A.S. Frencisc, M.E. Frensc, Frensch, Frenche. The proper names Frank,Francis, Frances, Fanny; and frank, free, franklin, a gentleman (thr. M.E.frankelain, O.F. frankeleyn ( = frank + Germ. suffix. leng, ling, in N.H.G. kammerling, N.E. chamberlain) , franchise, and frank- in many compounds.Macbain derives this from Eur-Ar. ✔qel-.662 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✔PLETH- Greek, πλατ-, in πλατύς, broad, πλάτος, breadth, ἡ πλατεία (sc.✔PRETH- odos), the broad way, street, πλáτavos, the Oriental plane, πλaтάoow,to strike two flat bodies together, to clap, πλаτúπous, flat-footed, TλariOTAKOS, a large species of fish, brought salted from the Black Sea(Galen); πλívlos, a brick, anything brick-shaped, the plinth ofa column(Vitruvius) , πλaváw, to cause to wander (trans. ), to wander, stray,πλάνης, wandering, πλάνητες ἀστέρες, πλανῆται, the planets.Latin, plat-, lat- (by loss of initial p) , in platea (loan-word fromGreek) , platessa, a flat fish, a plaice (loan-word from Greek), platanus(Greek loan-word) , plautus, ' plotus (of dogs) , having flat ears, ( Umbrianof men) flat-footed, plaudere, plausi , plausus, to clap hands (with variantplodere), explodere, to drive off by clapping of hands, to disapprove,may probably be referred to this root (cp. Gk. πλaráσow); latus (n. ) ,-eris (gen.), the side, flank, lateral surface, lateralis (adj .) , on the sideof; later, -eris (m. ) , a brick, Lateranus (according to Arnobius), thetutelary deity of hearths, which were made of bricks. It was also thename of a Roman family; the palace on Mons Coelius so called, andbelonging to the family, was confiscated by Nero and given by Constantine to the Bishop of Rome. Plinthus, a brick, tile, plinth (loanword from Gk. ); perhaps also pratum, a meadow (cp. Sans. prithu,broad).2L. Latin and Romance, Ital. piatto (adj . ) . o.F. plat, flat, Ital . piatto(subs. ) , Span. plato, O.F. plat, aplate, Span. and Port. plata, silver, orig.a bar or plate of metal, Span. platina, metal resembling silver; Ital . piazza,Wallachian piatz, Span. plaza, Prov. plassa, O.F. place, a broadway oropen place ( Lat. platea³), O.F. plais , M.E. plaise, playce (Lat. platessa),N.E. plaice, O.F. plane (Lat. platanus), a plane-tree, o.F. platel, N.F. plateau (L. Lat. platellus), a plate, flat land, table-land, O.F. plateforme,ground plan, model, now a low stage or standing-place; o.F. flater, tosmooth down, flatter (loan-word from Teut. , cp. o.N. flat-r, flat, flath-ra,to flatter), L. Lat. flado, O.F. fian, flaon, M.E. flaun, N.E. fawn, flan, akind of cake made of rye and barley (loan-word from O.H.G. flado); Ital .prato, Prov. pratz, a meadow, O.F. pred, N.F.pré, Span. prado, a meadow,L. Lat. prataria, meadow land, o.F. prairie; Ital. lato, Prov. latz, O.F.Also as a proper name = ' the flat-footed. Plautus, the comedian, was a nativeof the Umbrian village Sarsina.N2 Latus broad, and Latium (with the assigned sense of the plain country, lowlands,were formerly referred to lat- for plat-, but the O. Lat. stlatus ( = stratus), broad,and Tlatium = Latium found in an inscription, dispose of this explanation.3 Platea in L. Lat. and its Romance derivatives were used in various senses, as (1)a dwelling-house and land, (2) a place where anyone is standing, a site, (3) anythingflat, as a plate of metal, &c.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 663ಕlet, N.F. les, lez, used in place-names with the sense at or near, asPlessis lez Tours (perhaps from Celtic).Balto-Slav. , Lith. platus, broad, Lith. isz-plesti, to widen (trans.) ,Lith. plantu plasti, to extend, stretch out.Teutonic, O.H.G. flaz, O.N. flat-r, flat, fletja, to flatten, flathra, toflatter, smooth down (cp. Lat. placare) , flathr, flattery, O.H.G. flado, aflat cake, M.E. flathon, M.H.G. blate-fuoz , platehuof, flat-footed; N.H.G.platt, flat, level (borrowed from o.F. plat) , M. and N.H.G. platz, a place;open space (loan-word from the Romance introduced at the end of thethirteenth century), A.S. flint, O.H.G. flins (loan-word fr. Latin orGreek), N.E. flint, Goth. *filth, O.H.G. föld, N.H.G. feld, O.N. fold, grassfield, a.s. feld, N.E. field, perhaps also O.N. fjall, Eng. fell . See Skeat,ad vb. , who suggests as the original meaning ' an open flat ground,'but Kluge ( Etym. Dict.') connects O.N. fjall (*felaz) with O.H.G.felis, N.H.G. felsen, O. Slav. planina, Sans. parvata, a rock, mountain,and suggests a possible connection of these with Sans. puram, Gk.πόλις.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. leth, Wel. lled , Bret. let, side, Gael. and Ir.leathan, Wel. llydan, Bret. ledan, broad (Brugmann, i. 232) , Gael.lios, a garden, Ir. lios, a fort, Wel. llys, a court, palace, Bret. les, acourt.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, platypus (Ornithorhynchus) , platanus, plinth, platitude (aword coined from Greek, probably with a reference to F. plat, and asregards its form to Lat. latitudo).Latin, plaudit, plausible, applaud, applause, -ive, explode, -sion ,-sive, Plautus, pers. name; lateral, collateral (latus, a side), laterite,Lateran (later, a brick).L. Latin and Romance, plate (a dish) , platter, plate (silver) , LaPlata, name of South American river given by the Spaniards becauseflowing through the districts where silver was found; plate (vb. ) , tocoat with silver, platinum (fr. Span. with Lat. -um as in aur-um,ferrum, &c.); piazza, place, dis- re-place, plaice (a fish ), plateau,plane tree, platform, flatter (Teut. thr. Fr.) , flan, fawn (Teut. thr.Fr.), prairie.Teutonic, flat, flatten, flatness , flint, -y, -iness (fr. Gk, thr. Lat.and a.s. ) , field, perhaps also fell, a hill.¹√PLETH-✓PRETH¹ Skeat refers to this root pate, a bald head, head (with loss of 1 ), and cp. L. Lat.platta, the clerical tonsure from ear to ear, O.H.G. blatta, N.H.G. platta, plate,shaven orown, bald head.664 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Eur-Ar. VPRĚK , to ask, inquire, entreat, with inceptive form✓perk-sk-.Sanscrit, prch-, in pṛch-ami, I ask, prachā, a question, petition,prch-chha, a question, prch-chhyas (adj . ) , to be asked for, Hindi puchna,to ask.Zend, perç-, in perç- ami, I ask.Latin, prec-, proc-, porc-, in prex, precis, a prayer, precari, to pray,deprecari, to pray against, imprecari, to imprecate, precarius, obtainedby prayer, procus, a suitor for marriage, procax, importunate, bold;poscere (=porc-scere [incept. ], cp. Sans. prch-chha), to ask, demand,postulare (freq. of poscere: cp. ustulare from urere, ustum) , to demand,expostulare, to demand, remonstrate.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pregare, o.F. preier, N.F. prier, topray, M.E. preien, Ital. preghiera, O.F. preiere, N.F. priere, M.E. preiere,preyer, a prayer (from a L. Lat. precaria, prayer), L. Lat. precaria, atenure of the usufruct of land granted by a monastery during thegrantee's life on payment of a rent; prie-dieu, a praying chair, a faldstool.Balto- Slav. , Lith. praszau, persz-iti, to ask, to be a suitor, O. Slav.pros-u, prositi, to pray.Teutonic, Goth. fraich-nan (pt. t. frah, frehum, pres. pt. fraihan) ,to ask, O.H.G. fragen, N.H.G. fragen, O.N. fregna, A.S. frignan (pt. t.frag), M.E. freinen, frainan, N.E. (dial . ) frain, to ask, o.H.G. forskon, N.H.G.forschen, to ask (an inceptive form: cp. Lat. poscere); Goth. friks (infaihu-friks, greedy ofproperty) , O.H.G. freh, greedy, N.H.G. frech, bold, a.s.frek, bold (for change of sense cp. Lat. procax), A.S. freca, a brave man,M.E. freke, a hero, a man, also used of a child. Diez regards Prov. fric,O.F. frique, active, lively, as formed from the Teutonic words. TheEnglish freak, a sudden change of purpose, and the provincial wordsfrack, freck, fritch, perhaps also fractious, peevish, may be referred toA.S. frec, freca, and M.E. freke. Kluge doubts the connection ofO.H.G. freh, &c. , with o.H.G. fragen. The ' Cent. Dict. ' connects fractious with M.E. fracchen, N.E. (dial. ) fratch, to creak, quarrel.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, precarious, deprecate, -ion, -ive, imprecate, -ion, -ory,postulant, postulate, expostulate, -ion.L. Latin and Romance, pray, prayer, &c. , prie-dieu.Teutonic, fritch, frack, freck, fractious, freak (?).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 665Eur-Ar. √PRI-, in pri-ios , dear, kind, pleased.Sanscrit, pri- in priyas, dear, friendly , prī-nāmi, be fond of, he ormake glad, prī-tis , satisfaction, contentment, priyatva, friendship; Hindipiyar, beloved.Zend, fri-, in frya, friendly, fritis, blessing.Greek, πρα-, πρι-, in πρᾶτος, πραΰς, mild, gentle, πραότης,mildness, Пplāπos, the god ofgardens and vineyards.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. fredum, finefor breach ofthe peace, expense, cost in general, O.F. frait, N.F. frais (pl. ) , cost, expense, Prov. esfredare, O.F. esfraier, esfrayer, effraer, also affrayer, afrayer, M.E. affraien,affrayen, afraien, to disturb, disquiet, (lit.) to break the peace, N.E. afraid,p.p. disturbed, frightened, Prov. esfrei , O.F. esfrei, esfrai , effrei , N.F.effroi, N.E. affray, a disturbance, brawl. Diez derives these wordsfromexfrigidare, to chill withfear; but the sounder derivation is from a L. Lat.esfridare, esfretiare (Du Cange) , to break the peace, O.F. defrayer, to paythe cost, N.E. defray. L. Lat. berefredus, from M.H.G. berefrit (seebelow) , belfredus (by dissimilation, cp. pelegrin from peregrinus); Ital .battifredo (a corrupted form from battere) , o.F. berfroi, berfroit, berfrei ,(later) belfroi, belfrei , M.E. berfrei , (later) belfrei , belfrie, a woodentower for assailants, a watch-tower (later, 15th century) , a bell- tower,N.E. belfry, a bell-tower.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. pri-jati, cares for, Lith . pretel-ius, O. Slav.prijateli, a friend, Lith. pri-yas, dear.Teutonic, Goth. frijon , O.H.G. *fri- (in friunt) , O.N. fri , frja (obs .except in frændi) , a.s. freon, freogan, to love, Du. vrijen, to court, woo,M.H.G. vrien, N.H.G. freien (s.s. ) , N.H.G. freier, a suitor, lover, Goth.frijonds, O.H.G. friunt, N.H.G. freund, O.N. frændi, A.S. freond, M.E.frend, N.E. friend (orig. a pres. pt. - loving, O.H.G. friunt-schaf, N.H.G.freundschaft, A.S. freondscip, M.E. frendschipe, N.E. friendship, O.N.Frigg, ' the name ofa goddess, the northern representative of Venus,cp. A.S. frigu, love, Frige-däg (dies Veneris) , N.E. Friday, O.H.G.Friatag, N.H.G. Freitag, O.N. Friggjar- stjarna, Venus, the eveningstar, Goth. freis (pl. friyai), O.H.G. fri, N.H.G. frei , O.N. fri, (adj . ) free,(subs. ) a lover, A.S. freo, fri , frig, M.E. freo, fre, N.E. free, A.S. freodom, M.E. fredom, N.E. freedom, Goth. frei-hals, liberty, O.H.G. frihals,~' Cleasby, Vigfusson, p. 674. The O.N. name for Friday is frja- dagr, from fria, aroman, which they connect with A.S. frea, Goth. frauja, O.N. freyr, a lord, pr. n. of agod, but these have been referred to præ ( before ) , and are not connected with thisroot; while Frigg, though in form so near frja, is evidently from its meaning and use aderivative of ✔prī-. Frja- in Frja- dagr is a rendering of the Eccles. Lat. DiesVeneris, as in ecclesiastical legends Venus is usually rendered by Frea, Freyja, of the Teutonic.666 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.liberty, a freeman, O.N. frjals, free, frjalsa, frelsa, liberty, A.S. freols,liberty, a holiday. The literal sense of all these words is a freeneck, i.e. one without a ring or collar, the badge of bondage amongthe Teutonic races. Goth. ga-frithon, make peace between, to reconcile,Goth. fritha (in Fritha-reiks, rich in peace, or peace-ruler, Frederick) ,O.H.G. fridu, NH.G. friede, O.N. fridh-r, A.S. freatho, frithu, peace;O.H.G. berg-frid (from bergen, to cover, protect, + fridu, peace, security,M.H.G. berevrit, berefrit, berfrit, M. Du. berg-fert, (orig.) a coveringshed toprotect besiegers of a town, like the Roman testudo, (later) amoveable tower for the same purpose, also a beacon or watch-tower;-fried, -frid , is found in the composition of many German names, asGottfried (peace of God), Romance Godefroi, Eng. Godfrey, Geoffry,Jeffry, Siegfried (conquering peace), Friedrich, Wil-frid (willingpeace), Winifred (loving peace), &c. , A.S. frith, M.E. frith, frethe, woodland, deer-park, plantation, protected or enclosed land; o.N. fridh-laud,(lit.) peace-land, i.e. guaranteed against plunder, on condition offriendliness; O.H.G. frīthof, an enclosed space, N.H.G. friedhof, churchyard.Celtic, Wel. priod, married, a consort, Gael. and Ir. riar, will,pleasure, Wel. rhewydd, wantonness (with loss of p, Macbain).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, affray, fray, afraid, defray.Teutonic, friend, -ly, -ship, &c. , befriend; free, -dom, -ness, enfree,freed-man; free- in comp. , free-booter, -hold, -man, -stone, -will, &c.;the personal names Freeth, Frith (from A.S. frith, an enclosure) , Godfrey, Geoffry, Jeffry, -ies , Jefferson, Jeffs, Alfred, Manfred, Winifred,Elfrida, Siegfried, Frederick, &c. , Sievewright (Siegfried) , Friedland;compounds of frith, as frith-borg, a group of ten men who were responsible for any breach of the peace committed by a fellow member, frithguild, a combination of neighbours for preservation oforder with mutualresponsibility as the frithborg; frithsoken (A.S. frith-socn, lit. a peaceseeking), the power of compelling the people to keep the peace, frithstool, a chair ofsunctuary in a church placed near the altar.Eur-Ar. √PLEU , √PLU , to wash, swim, with abbreviated √LEU-,√LU, float, soar above, fly, perhaps also with earlier√(S)PLEU , √(S)PEUL-.¹' The evidence of such a variant lies in the O.H.G. spuolen, N.H.G. spülen, to rinse,undulate; Gk. Tλúvw and λoów with Lat. luo make the abbreviated form la- probable, which probability is increased by the very frequent apheresis of ore or two initials in a combination, eg. Lat. stlatus, tlatus, latus, Gk. oréyw, Lat. tego, &c.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 667Sanscrit, prav-, pru-, plav-, plu-, in prav-ati plav-ati, floats, plav-as, √PLEUa boat, plu-tis, flood, plu-tas, flooded, pluvas, (adj . ) floating, (subs. ) a √/PLUkind ofduck, a boat.Zend, frāv-, in frāvaya, cause to move.Greek, πλεί-, πλοί-, πλυ-, λου- (with loss of initial p) , in πλέω( = πλέ -ω) , fut. πλεύσω, to sail; πλείω (Ion. ), s.s. , πλόος, πλούς(=πλός-ος) , a voyage, περίπλους, a voyage round, πλοῖον ( =πλό -ιον,a boat), πλów, to sail, float, swim, πλwτós, navigable, swimming;πλúvш, to wash, used specially of clothes, Autós, washed, πλúµa,water in which something has been washed, offscourings, cp. Xûµa, thedirt removed in washing, Xoów , to wash, bathe (of the person), λovтpóv,a bath, λovтpís, a bathing cloth.Latin, plov-, pluv-, lav- , lu- , for plav-, plu- (cp. Gk. λoúw) , O.Lat. * plovere, to rain, in per-plovere, to rain through, leak, Classicpluere, to rain, pluvia, rain, impluvium, the opening in the roofof theatrium ofthe Roman house, also the basin in the floor ofthe atrium toreceive the rain; plōrare , to shed tears, ' de-plorare, to deplore, ex-plorare,to explore, to investigate, i.e. ' cause the unknown to leak out,' to get atthe truth, implorare, to implore; plu- ma (for pluc-ma, from an extendedform pluc-, cp. N.H.G. flieg-en, flug) , down, feathers (from their floatingabout in the air? ); lav-are and lavere, p. t. lavi, sup. lavatum,lautum, lotum, to wash, bathe, lavacrum, a bath, lav-andaria, things tobe washed, lotio, act of washing, a washing, latrina (for lavatrina) ɑbath, place for washing, a privy (Plautus and Suetonius), lavatorium,place for washing; luere, lui, lutum, to wash, 2 lues, filth, contagion,plague, lutum, mud, dirt, clay (cp. Gk. Xôµa, the offscourings, dirt),ab- al- col- di- pol- luere, with derivatives ablutio, ablution, alluvium, soil left by floods, colluvies, washing together, a conflux offilth,sweepings, diluvium, a flood, pollutio, a defiling, throwing filth upon;lustrum ( 1 ) , N.E. luster (rare), a swamp, morass, a muddy place³ in whichswine wallow, lustrum (2), a religious purification, cleansing from national guilt, supposed to be held every fifth year at Rome, but frequently1 According to Corssen, for ploverare from ploverus, raining, cp. Homer, ‘ dáкpu #λwew ,' to swim with tears.2 Luere, to loosen, set free, is not connected with ✔lu- = 'plu- , but is derived from✔lu- found in Sans. lunoti, to sever, tear asunder, Gk. Ave , Lat. luere, O.H.G. losen,NH.G. lösen, Eng. loose, to slacken, lose, to be depriv.d of.Cp. Varro, ' lustra, in quibus volutantur sues, ' and Paul. D. ' lustra significantlacunas lutosas quæ sunt in silvis aprorum cubilia, ' literally washing-places. For N.E.luster, see Chapman,'But turning to his luster, calves, and damHe shows abhorred death ' (circ. 1600).668 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.(PLEU- omitted, a period of five years, delubrum, a shrine, temple, i.e. an√PLU- undefiled place.' ¹L. Latin and Romance, Ital. piovere, Prov. plover, o.F. plovoir, N.F.pleuvoir, to rain, L. Lat. pluviarius, o.F. plovier, N.F. pluvier, M.E.plouer, the rain-bird, N.E. plover; Ital . pioggia, for plovia, Prov. ploja,F. pluie, rain, para-pluie, umbrella; Ital. plorare, Prov. plorar, F. pleurer,to weep; Ital . piuma, F. plume, a feather, plumeau, a feather bed orcushion; Fr. laver, to wash, lavoir, N.E. laver, a washing-basin, Ital. lava,a stream, spec. of molten metal, L. Lat. lavanderia, O.F. lavandiere,M.E. lauender, launder, a washer-woman; Ital. lavanda, lavendala(L. Lat. lavandula) , O.F. lavande, M.E. lavendre, N.E. lavender, becauseused to perfume clothes after being washed; Ital . diluvio, O.F. deluge(Lat. diluvium); F. lut, clay, lute, luting; Span. flibote, filibote, loanword from Du. vlieboot ( see below) , Ital . or Span. flibustiero, AngloAmer. filibuster.Balto-Slav. , Lith. plau-ju, plau-ti, wash, swill, O. Slav. plov-a,pluti, toflow, sail, O. Slav. plav-i , a boat, Lith. plun-k-sna, a feather,Lith. plauzdine, a feather-bed, Lith. plau-czei, lung, Lith. plau-kiu, tofloat, sail (with k extension), Lith. plust-u , plud-iti , float, swim(with d extension) , Lith. pliu-gas, a plough. 'Teutonic, (1 ) from the base leu- for (p)leu-: 0.N. laudh-r, thefrothorfoam ofthe sea, a kind ofsoap, A.S. leahdhor, lather, a kind ofsoap,A.S. leadhor wyrt, latherwort, O.N. laudhra, to foam, a.s. ledhrian,M.E. letheren, N.E. lather, O.H.G. louga, N.H.G. lauge, L.G. and Du.loog, lye, A.S. leah, M.E. ley, N.E. lye, O.H.G. luhhen, to wash, O.N.lauga, to bathe, O.N. laug, a warm bath, found still in modern Icelandicplace-names, with the sense of a hot spring, as in Laugar- dalr,the valley of the hot spring. Saturday was called laugar-dagr, thebath-day, and Saturday night laugar-natt, bath-night, equivalentto the Eng. tub-night; perhaps M.E. lewke, luke, warm, and thecompound lukewarm, may be connected with o.N. laugr thr. Du. leukPlaus-trum (for *plavas-trum) , a wagon, has also been referred to this root asthough originally meaning a land- boat; cp. Gk. ĕpeтµos, a rudder, oar, and ăρоτρov,a plough, also Lith. plauk-iu to float, Lith. pliug- as, a plough, the motion of theplough through the soil being thought analogous to that of a boat through water.•2 This is supposed by Diefenbach ( Orig. Eur. p. 399) to refer to the wheelplough; he quotes Pliny (Nat. Hist. xviii. 18, 48): ' Vomerum plura genera ... id nonpridem inventum, ut duas adderent tali rotulas quod genus vocant plaumorati.' Thislast word has been variously corrected; the most likely emendation is ' ploum Ræti,’i.e. which kind the Rhæti call ploum.' Du Cange gives a L. Lat. ploum (also speltplovum) a plough with two wheels, which may perhaps represent the Lith. pliug-as,Russian plug-u, with loss of the guttural as in pluma (for plucma) = Lith . plunk-sna,afeather. The Teut. names for plough are probably borrowed from the Slavonic(see preceding note); but A.S. has sulh, a plough: cp. Lat. sulcus, a furrow.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 669warm, L.G. luk-warm. (2) From the base pleu-: O.H.G. flouwen , A.S.fileowan, flowan, O.N. floa, to flow, flood, with dental extension fliot-, O.H.G.fliozan, N.H.G. fliessen, to flow, O.N. fljota, to float, flow , A.S. fleotan, tofloat, swim, flow, move swiftly, A.S. fleot and flota, M.E. fleote, flete, aboat, raft, collection of boats, N.E. fleet, O.N. fijot, a.s. fleot, M.E. fleet, abay, creek, river, a flowing stream (cp. O.H.G. fluz, N.H.G. fluss , a river),O.N. flot, O.H.G. floz, N.H.G. floss , M.E. flyte, fleet, grease, cream; O.N.fljotr, fljot-ligr, A.S. fleotig, M. and N.E. fleet, swift, Goth. flodus, O.H.G.fluot, N.H.G. flut, O.N. floth, A.S. and M.E. flod , N.E. flood; O.N. flyta, tohasten, flytja, to cause to hasten (with reflexive sense) , M.E. flutten,flytten, flitten, N.E flit, to move about, remove, A.S. floterian (freq . offleotan) , M.E. floteren, to flutter, M.H.G. vlëderen, N.H.G. flatteren, toflutter, O.H.G. fledarmus, N.H.G. fledermaus, a bat, (dial. Eng. ) flittermouse; O.H.G. flozza, N.H.G. flosse, a fin , ¹ O.H.G. fliogan, N.H.G. fliegen,O.N. fljuga, A.S. fleogan, M.E. flegen, fleien, N.E. (vb ) fly, o. and N.H.G.flug, O.N. flugr, A.S. flyge, act offlying, O.H.G. flioga, N.H.G. fliege, O.N.fluga, A.S. fleoge and flyge, M.E. fleoze, flize, N.E. a fly, O.N. fley, M.E.flei, a swift-sailing boat, M.E. fly-boat, Du. vlie-boot, from which Span.flibote, filibote; O.H.G. floccho, N.H.G. flocke, Dan. flok, A.S. flocc,originally a flock or flight of birds, ² later a collection of men or animals;O.H.G. flucchi, N.H.G. flücke, flügge, O.N. fleygr, A.S. flycge, M.E. fligge,flegge (adj . ) , fledged, dial. flig, A.S. flicerian, M.E. flikeren, flekeren, toflutter the wings as young birds in beginning to fly; N.E. flicker, to waveto andfro as aflame or light, O.N. fleygja, to let fly, throw; M.H.G. vlügel,N.H.G. flügel, N.H.G. flügelmann, N.E. fugleman, a file-leader; Goth.fugls, O.H.G. fogal, N.H.G. vogel, o.N. fugl, fogl, A.S. fugol, ³ M.E. fuzel,fowel, foul, N.E. fowl; O.H.G. pfluog, pfluoh, N.H.G. pflug, O.N. plogr, aplough, A.S. ploh, ploughland (Skeat), M.E. plouh, N.E. plough (Kluge).Schrader calls this a Slavo-Teutonic word (see p. 668, notes 1 , 2) .Celtic, Gael. and Ir. luath, swift (cp. Eng. fleet) , Ir. luas, swiftness , Ir. luamain, fluttering, flying, Gael. lod , lodan, Ir. lodan, apuddle (Macbain), Ir. lothair, lavender, Gallic lautro, a bath, O. Ir.lothor, N. Ir. lothar, a bathing tub, trough, channel.Floss in floss- silk is not from N.H.G. floss, nor connected with O.H.G. fliozan,A.S. fleotan, but is derived from Ital. fioscio, Venet. dial. flosso ( = Lat. fluxus) withsense of soft, loose, flowing.2 Flight is from flee, which is not connected with A.S. fleogan, but with A.S.fleohan, to flee, run away. The latter corresponds with Goth. thliuhan , from aEur-Ar. *tleuk-, tluk-. The original thl- at a later date was changed to fl- in theother German dialects; cp. O.H.G. fliohan, O.N. flyja, A.S. fleon, N.E. flee, from whichare derived O. and N.H.G. floh, A.S. fleah , fleo , L.G. fio , N.E. flea.3Brugmann considers 1 to have been dropt after initial f for the sake of dissimilation.PLEU-√PLU-670 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Greek, periplus.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, pluvial, impluvium (archit. ) , deplore, -able, explore, -ation,implore, plume (subs. and vb. ) , plumage, -ary; lavatory, latrine,lotion, lues, ablution, alluvium, -al , colluvies , dilute, -ion, diluvial,antediluvian, pollute, -ion; luster, a slough, beast's den, lustre, aperiod offive years, lustrate, -ion.L. Latin and Romance, plover, pluvial, parapluie, plumeau; lava,lave, laver, lavender, laundry, -ess, lander, a roof-gutter to receive thewashings from the roof, deluge, lute, luting, filibuster.Teutonic, lather, lye, luke-warm, flow, flood, flood-gate, -tide, float(vb. and subs. ), fleet (vb. ) , to pass by quickly, fleet (adj . ) , swift, fleet(subs. ), a collection of ships, also a river, found in the last sense inmany English names of places, as Fleetwood, North-fleet, Southfleet, Fleet-street; flit, flutter, flittermouse; fly (vb. p. t. flew, p. p.flown) , flier, fly (subs. ), with many compounds, fly- leaf, fly-wheel,gad-fly, horse-fly, fly- dragon, &c.; flock, a collection of birds, &c. ,fledged, fledgeling, flicker, fling (perhaps a nasal form of O.N. fleygja:cp. Dan. flenga) , fugleman, fowl, fowler, fowling-piece, bat-fowling;plough, plough-share, &c. (perhaps from Balto-Slav. thr. Teut.) .Eur-Ar. ( 1) √PREU´S √PRUS , ' to burn, scorch, singe, with ( 2)PREUS , with older √(S)PREUS, to sprinkle.Sanscrit, prush-,2 plush-, in proshas, burning, prushta, burnt,ploshati, burns, singes (p. p. plushta) , burnt, proshnas, burning,prushvas, hoar-frost, ice.Latin, prus-, in prūna, a burning coal, =prus-na; prurire (forprusire), to itch, to be hot or eager after anything, pruritus, itching,prurigo, itching, eager desire; pruina, hoar-frost.Teutonic, Goth. frius, frost, Goth. *frius-an, O.H.G. friosan, N.H.G.frieren (change of s to r) , O.N. frjosa, A.S. freosan, frysan, to freeze(p. t. 1st plur. fruron, p. p. froren), M.E. freesen (p. t. frore, p. p. froren,Pott regards this as a compound (pra + eus) with intensive force, and comparesSans. pr-ush with Lat. per-urere.2 The Sanscrit has another prush- with sense of sprinkling, from which prush-va,hoar-frost, is derived, and which is probably for sprush with loss of initial s. TheLat. pruina, hoar-frost, has been referred to this root, and Corssen regards it as forprus-ina. Pott connects it with Gk. πрøt, early morning, from the time of its appearance. Brugmann, ii. 1021 , connects pruina, as well as Goth. frius, &c. , with preus-,to burn.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 67110later frose, frosen), O. and N.H.G. O.N. frost, A.S. forst, N.E. frost (fordifference of meaning cp. Lat. phrase ' urit frigus, ' ' the cold burns ').ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, prurient, -cy, prurigo (med.) .Teutonic, freeze, frozen, frore (poet. ) , frost.¹Eur-Ar. PER-D-, with variant PES- D-, to break wind.Sanscrit, pard-, in pard-ati (s.s.) .Greek, πɛρd-, in πépdw (s.s.) , πépdığ, a partridge, so called fromits peculiar cry.Latin, pes-, in pēdere (for pes-d-ere) (s.s.) , podex (for posdex) , thehinder parts, the anus, perdix (borrowed from Gk. ) , partridge.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. peter, to break wind, O.F. petart, petard,a case filled with explosives (from peter +suffix -ard); Ital . perdice,Prov. perdiz, F. perdrix, M.E. pertriche, partriche, N.E. partridge.Balto- Slav. , Lith. perd-ziu, s.s. as the root.Teutonic, O.H.G. fërzen, N.H.G. furzen, farzan, O.N. freta, A.S.feortan (s.s.), M.H.G. visten, N.H.G. fisten, O.N. fisa, M.E. fisten, feist ,foist, s.s. as preceding, but without noise, O.L.G. *fis , Du. vies, nasty,O. Du. fisse, visse, vitsche, a polecat, from which o.F. fissiau, M. andN.E. fitchew (s.s. ) .Celtic, Gael. and Ir. peire, Corn. pedren, the hinder parts, Gael.peurs (vb. ) , ' lente pedere.'ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, partridge (thr. Lat. from Gk. ) , petard,fitchew (fr. Teut.).Teutonic, fart, fizz, fizzle, foist, to introduce surreptitiously.Eur-Ar. PES-OS, membrum virile.Sanscrit, pas-as (s.s.) .Greek, πέος for πέσος (s.s.).' There is no reason to connect Lat. prunum, a plum, F. prune ( s. s. ), prunelle, thesloe, with pruna, a hot coal. Prunus is borrowed from Gk. πроûvov, the contractedform of πроûμvοv, a plum (of unknown origin). The Germans have borrowed theirnames of the fruit, O.H.G. pfruma, M.H.G. pfiume, N.H.G. pflaume, A.S. plume, M.E.ploume, N.E. plum, from a L. Lat. form with m instead of n (cp. pilgrim with peregrinus). Prune in English is used for the dried French plum, and prunella orprunello for a stout cloth of the colour of the sloe.672 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Latin, pēnis (for pes-nis) , also a tail (cp. Cicero, ' Ep. ad Fam. ' ix.22, 2, ' caudam antiqui penem vocabant ' ), peniculus, penicillus (dim.of penis), a little tail, a brush made from an animal's tail for dusting,&c. , a painter's brush.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. pincellum, o.F. pincel, N.F. pinceau,N.H.G. pinsel, M.E. pensil, N.E. pencil, a painter's brush.ENGLISH DERIV. L. Latin and Romance, pencil,Eur-Ar. PER PEL , with sense to earn, work for hire, barter,contract, buy, perhaps identical with √PER √PEL, to go orcarry over, but by others referred to Eur-Ar. √qer-, with senseto buy, sell.¹Sanscrit, par-, pr-, in pa-ņati, for par-nati, buys, bargains, stakes,earns, paņa-stri, for parna-stri, (lit. ) a woman on hire, a prostitute,vi-paṇati, sells (see alternative explanation on p. 629) .Greek, πορ-, πρα-, πολ-, in πόρνη, α prostitute, πορνείον, α brothel,π -πρá-σкш, to sell, πρaτós, sold, πpāτéos, saleable (see √prek-,p. 632), πwλéw, to sell, μovoжwλía, exclusive sale (see Kluge, ' Dict.'under feil).Latin, pre-t-, with -t- extension, in pretium, price, value, pretiosus,precious, pretiare, to put a price on (Cassiodorus) , appretiare (Tertullian), to appreciate, de-pretiare (post-class. Tert. ) , to depreciate;inter-pres, (gen. ) -prětis, a broker, middleman, interpretari, to interpret,explain.2L. Latin and Romance, Ital. prezzo (Lat. pretium), o.F. pris, preis,qer-,1 Brugmann connects Gk. πópvn, èπpiáµnv, I bought, )O. Ir. crenim, Ibuy, with Sans.kri-nāmi (s. s.) , which ( unless Sanscrit is a labialising language) implies a Eur-Ar.qer-. This would cover both the Celtic forms, renim and crenim, the first havingthe frequent apheresis of initial p, the second the frequent change of p to c in Celtic,also the Gk forms with initial p, but it is doubtful whether Eur-Ar. q answers toLat. p, unless the word is from one or other of the Italic dialects, and a Balto- Slav.p cannot represent Eur- Ar. q, as this group is non-labialising. If Brugmann rightly connects Sans. krināmi, Gk. èπρiáμny, Ir. crenim, then I think that a Eur-Ar.with sense to buy, must be allowed for all the Celtic forms placed under( 1 ) per- por-(see p.631), and which are wrongly placed under the latter roots; that Gk, wépvŋμι andTITράoкw may etymologically be referred to an orig. Eur-Ar. ✔per-, to carry or go over,with which they agree also in sense, while Sans. paņas (for parnas), Lith. pelnas,earning wage, Lat. pretium, price, are from the root here given, ✔per-, to earn, workforhire. Lith. pirkti, to sell, prek- is, a price, may be placed under this root or under(1 ) per- por- (see p. 630); but Gk, πópvn belongs to this root.2 The explanation here given is Breal's. Curtius derived it from Gk. páw, butfrom a note in Comp. Gram. Eng. Trans. vol. ii. p. 320, he appears to prefer Breal's.Others connect it with párTw, which is from pre- k-, an extension of pre-, andtreated by me as from per- por- (see p. 632) , which, as said above, may be regardedas etymologically one with the per- here treated.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 673121E3praise, value, price, M.E. pris, N.E. price, M.E. preis, praise, Ital.prezzare, pregiare, Prov. prezar, O.F. preiser, priser, praisier, proissier,M.E. praisen, preisen, prisen, N.E. praise, to approve, prize, to esteemhighly, price, appraise, to put a value on, N.F. précieux, f. -euse, O.F.interpreter, M.E. interpreten, N.E. interpret.Balto-Slav. , with -k- extension, prek-, pirk-, plaš-, in Lith. pirkti,prek-u, to sell, Lith. prek-is, prekia, a price, O. Slav. plašta, price,Lith. pelnas, earning, wage.Teutonic, O.H.G. feili, fali, N.H.G. feil, O.N. falr, cheap, purchasableEur-Ar. pēl-i) , N.H.G. wohlfeil, cheap (Kluge) .Celtic, O.Ir. renim (with loss of initial p) , I sell, Gael. reic, creic,O.Ir. reccaim, sell (vb. ) , Ir. reic, O.Ir. recc, a sale, M.Ir. creic, a sale,O.Ir. creic, a buying, Wel. prynu, to buy.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, monopoly, -ise, -ist.Latin, precious, (thr. F.) ap-preciate, -ion, depreciate, -ion, interpret, -er, -ation, misinterpret, &c.L. Latin and Romance, price, prize, to esteem, praise, ap- dispraise; prize, something taken, a reward, is from Lat. prehendere, totake, seize, O.F. prise.Eur-Ar. √PEIS- √PIS √PINS , to pound, crush, strip of the husk.Sanscrit, pish-, in pi-na-shti, peshayati, pound, crush, pish-tas ,crushed, ground, pish-ta, cake, bread, pishti, meal, flour.Greek, πιs , in πτίσσω ( = πτισ-ίω) , πτισάνη, peeled barley, adrink made of the same, loov,' a kind of pulse, probably the pea,Tiλos,2 wool or hair pressed or stamped into felt.Latin, pis-, pins-, in pisare, -ere, pinsere, pinsi or -ui, pinsitum,pistum, pistare (freq. late Latin) , to grind, peel, pound, pistor, apounder, miller, baker, Forum pistorium, bakers' market, Pistorium, atown in Etruria (Bakerstown, now Pistoja) , pistrina, bakehouse,pistrinum, a pounding-mill, worked at times by slaves, especially as apunishment; piso, a mortar, pistellus, -um, a pestle, pistillus, pistil ofaflower, (lit.) a little pestle, pila (for pinsla) , a mortar, also a pillar,=Another name for the chick-pea or pea, and used by Homer, is épéß- vos, forFepé-B- voos opo- B- os, from an original FopFos, which may be a foreign name intro- duced from Asia Minor. This name is found in Lat. ervum, ervilia, a kind of pulse,the bitter vetch, O.H.G. araweiz, A.S. earfe, N.H.G. erbsen. For change of π- to πin πίσον, cp. πτόλις to πόλις, πτόλεμος ο πόλεμος.2 This word shows that the art of felting, i.e. of laying and pressing together thewool or hair of sheep and other animals, was known to the Greeks at an earlierperiod. Felt was used especially as a covering for the head; see Hes. Op. et Di. 543.X X674 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✔PEIS√/PISPINSa pile, pilum (for pinslum), a pestle, the heavy javelin of the Romansoldier, pilus, hair (see Brugmann, ii . p. 190) , pilosus, hairy, pilare,deprive ofhair, to plunder, pillage (late and rare: used by Ammianus),depilare, compilare, to collect and carry off, to plunder; pīleus, pilleus,a felt cap used by the Romans, especially at entertainments andfestivals. It was also given to slaves as a sign of their manumission,hence pileatus, pilleatus, a freed slave. Pisum, the pea, Piso, a Romansurname, perhaps (orig. ) a seller ofpeas; ptisana, loan-word from Gk.¹L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pestone, a large pestle, F. piston (s.s.) ,also a piston, from Ital . pestare, to pound, Prov. pestar, F. piser (Lat.pisare) (s.s.) , O.F. and M.E. pestel, N.E. pestle, Ital . pistola, O.F. pistole,a small hand dagger, so called because made at Pistoja (Pistorium),O.F. pistole, 2 pistolet, a Spanish or Italian crown piece; o.F. piler, N.F.pilier, a pillar (from Lat. pila) , Ital. pilastro, F. pilastre, N.E.pilaster; Ital. pila, a pile, O.F. pile, a pile, also a heap (or from pila,a ball); Ital. pilota, a pilot, F. pilote, a pilot, piloter, to take soundings(i.e. originally by means of a pole, Lat. pilum), Piedm. Wall. pilotis,a sounding pole, O. Du. pijlen, N.H.G. peilen, ' to pole,' i.e. to soundwith a pole, O. Du. pijl , N.H.G. peil, a sounding pole, borrowed fromLat. pilum, Du. pijloot , lit. pole-lead or sounding-lead, but applied tothe man who uses it, i.e. the pilot. It is not agreed whether F. piloteis derived from Ital. pilota or the Du. pijloot. Diez prefers the derivation through the Romance. The M.E. Spelling pylot, on the other hand,favours the derivation of Eng. pilot through the Du.³ L.Lat. feltrum,¹ To the derivatives here given Vaniček adds pastinum, a hoe or dibble, apparentlyon the authority of Fick in one of his earlier editions. This must be regarded asdoubtful. The derivative of pastinum widely spread in modern European languagesis pastinaca, a parsnip, cp. Ital. pastinaca, Prov. pastenaga, O.F. pastenague, M.E.parsneppe for pasneppe, N.E. parsnip (the corruption of the last syllable is due toM.E. nepe, neap, a turnip, still retained in that word), O. Slav. pastinaku, Russ.pasternaku, Lith. pasternokas, O.H.G. pastinac, N.H.G. pastinak.2 H. Stephen gives the name pistroyer, or pistoyer, to a small dagger made atPistoja, and says that this name was afterwards given to a small hand-gun, becauseboth weapons could be worn secretly; but pistolese , a short sabre, is the only Italianword corresponding to F. pistroyer. Florio gives pistola, a dag or pistol, if thisword were derived from Pistoja it would imply that the old name had passedthrough the intermediate form Pistola, of which there is no evidence, although thechange is not improbable. The transfer of the name pistola from the small daggerto the small gun is very probable. The connection between the weapon and thecoin Diez explains by the following quotation from Claude Fuchet, Master of theFrench Mint in 1599: The Spanish crowns having been made smaller than theFrench were called pistolets, i.e. small hand- daggers or, perhaps, pistols, and thesmallest of them bidets.' Originally bidet was the name given to a small nag orpony, and is now also applied to an article offurniture; bidet is of unknown origin.It seems probable that the Dutch borrowed the word originally from the Italian,adapting it to their spelling of pijl , a pole, and as they no longer used the pole forsounding, but lead, they corrupted the Ital. -lot to loot, the Du. word for lead, andarrived at the compound pij - loot, lit. pole- lead; Killian spells it pijlloot.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 675filtrum, felt, L.Lat. filtrare, Span. and Port. filtrar, Ital. feltrare, o.F.feutrer, feltrer, M.E. feltren, filtren, N.E. filter; Ital. pelare, Prov. pelar, o.F.peler, to deprive ofhair,' scuffle, Ital . pigliare, Span. pillar, Prov. pilhar,O.F. piller, to plunder; as regards the sense, these words are best referredto Lat. pilare, to plunder, pull out the hair, but etymologically frompilare, which is found long in compilare, Ital. compigliare, to collect,compile. Pilare, to pluck out the hair, and pilare, to stamp, wereprobably confused in later Latin. M.E. pillen, to rob, F. pillage,plunder (subs. ) , M.E. pyllage ( subs. and vb. ) , to plunder, o.F. pelfre,M.E. pelfyr, N.E. pelf, booty, O.F. pelfier, pilfeier , to rob, pilfer, o.F.pesle-mesle, a confused scuffle, from O.F. peler, to pull out the hair, laterpêle- mêle; Ital. pelo, hair, nap of cloth, Prov. pels, O.F. poil (Lat. pilus) ,

• pelucca (dimin. of pelo) , found in pelucare, to pluck out the hair,2

Prov. pelucar, to pluck, N. Ital . piluccare, to pluck the grapes, O.F.peluche, plucked off hair, plush, Sard. pilucca, Lomb. peluch, a tuft ofhair; Span. peluca, Ital. perruca, parruca, o.F. perruque, a wig (saidto have been first used by Coquillart at the end of the fifteenthcentury) , O. Du. peruik, Eng. peruque, peruke, perwyke (1529) , perwigge ( 1627), periwig , with shortened form wig; ³ tisane, a diet drink,from Lat. loan- word ptisana.Balto-Slav. , Lith. paisyti, to peel barley, O. Slav. piš-eno, barley,sand, Lith. pesta, pestle, O. Slav. piša, to pound, O. Slav. plus-ti, felt,by transposed 1 from plns, for pņslom, cp. Lat. *pinslum (?) .Teutonic, O.N. fis , O.H.G. fesa, chaff, O.H.G. pfil, N.H.G. pfeil, anarrow, O.N. pila, A.S. pil, a pile, Du. pijl, a pile or sounding-pole (loanwords from Lat. pila or pilum) , O. and N.H.G. filz, A.S. and N.E. felt .Kluge connects these with Slav. plusti rather than with Lat. pileus, andderives from the Teut. the L. Lat. and Romance forms filtrum, feltre,feutre, M.E. feltren, to filter, strain throughfelt; A.S. pise, pease, pl . pisan,loan-word from Lat. pisum, O. Ital. piso, O.F. peis, pois, M.E. pese,' Confusion is very probable of O.F. peler, to pull out the hair, from pilus, withO.F. peler, peller (from O.F. pel = Lat. pellis, the skin) , to strip off the skin, from whichEng. peel, to take the skin off, is derived.2 Diez is inclined to derive A.S. pluccian, plyccan, M.E. plicchen, N.E. pluck, M.and N.H.G. pflücken, O.N. plokka, to pluck fowls, from this word, and cites O.F.é-plucher ( = ex- piluccare) , Ital. ( dial .) splucca, a plucking, pulling out. Kluge,however, doubts this, as it is not likely that it should be found in such variant formsin all the Teutonic dialects.' The variety of spelling may have been caused by some choosing the Frenchway of spelling, while others chose the Dutch. This is Skeat's view; the CenturyDict. thinks that the spelling perwyke, perwigge, was only an English way ofimitating the Fr. pronunciation; but perwyke seems to be the earliest spelling andto resemble more nearly the Du. forms peruik, perruycke. These in the cultivatedlanguage were corrected to the F. peruque, but in the popular language changedperiwig.✔PEIS✔PISPINSx x 2676 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.a pea, pl. pesen and peses. Pea used as a singular noun is a mistakearising from the M.E. pese being regarded as a plural, in forgetfulnessof the plurals pesen and peses. O.H.G. *pflucchen, M. and N.H.G.pflücken, O.N. plokka, A.S. pluccian. Kluge only accepts these as loanwords from Ital. or vulgar Lat. pilucare, to pluck grapes, if the wordwere in use as early as in the 2nd or 3rd century, which he does notthink probable.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, ptisan or tisan (thr. Lat. and Fr.).Latin, pile, a large stake (thr. A.S. ) , pile (vb. ) , to rest on piles, heapup, pile (subs.), a heap, a large building, pile, the nap ofcloth or velvet(Lat. pilus, hair, thr. o.F. peil, poil, s.s.) , pilose, depilatory, compile,-ation (see remark on compigliare above), pistil.L. Latin and Romance, piston, pestle, pistol, pistole, pillar, pilastre,pilot, -age (or from Du. ) , filter, peel, to plunder is from peler, to stripoffthe skin (see p. 651) , ¹ pill (vb. ) , to plunder, pillage, pilfer, pelf,plush, peruke, periwig (thr. Du. ), wig, wigging, a scolding (perhapsoriginally striking on the head or beating off the wig).Teutonic, pease, pea, peas (from the a.s. loan-word) , felt, pluck²(vb.: thr. Romance).Eur-Ar. √PERK, spotted, dappled, variegated, dark-coloured, probablyidentical etymologically with an older form √(S)PERÊ , tosprinkle; cp. Sans. sparç-, in sprçati, sparchayati, sprinkles.Sanscrit, parç-, prç-, in prç-nas, spotted, dappled, variegated, of acow or horse, prshat, the spotted antelope, Prç-ni, name ofthe mother ofthe Maruts.Greek, Tερk-, dark-coloured, in πεрx-vós, of a dull colour, тéρên,the perch, from its colour, IIpóκvn , the name of the daughter of Pandion,a mythical king of Athens, who, according to the myth, was changedinto a swallow, cp. Sans. Prç- ni.Latin, porc , in porcus, a pig, porcellus, a little pig, porca, theridge between two furrows, porculetum, a field divided into beds, perca,the perch (loan-word from Gk.).' The M.E. and the earlier N.E. form pill (still used by Dryden, Juv. Sat. i.:' When he who pill'd his province ' scapes the laws ') is from Lat. pilare, to plunderbut was sometimes erroneously spelt peel, as peel, to take the skin off, is wronglywritten pill, as in Gen. xxx. 37: ' Jacob took him rods of green poplar ... and pilledwhite strakes in them.' The phrase to pill (i.e. to peel) garlic was use to denote theperformance of anything unpleasant, and the substantive pilgarlic was applied toanyone in a sorry condition2 Not established (see p. 675, note 2) .EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 677L. Latin and Romance, Ital. porco, Prov. o. and N.F. porc, a pig,O.F. porpeys, M.E. porpeyse, N.E. porpoise ( = porcus +piscis, the pigfish. The o.F. porpeys was gradually supplanted in the 15th centuryby marsouin, borrowed from the M.H.G. mer-swin, N H.G. meerschwein,a translation from the Lat. porcus marinus, Ital. porco-marino, thesea-pig. Ital. porco-spinoso, Span. puerco-espin, O.F. porc-espin, M.E.´pork-epyn, (lit.) the thorny-pig (porcus spinosus). In the 13th centurythe O.F. name was changed to porc-espic, N.F. porc-epic, the pig withspikes; ¹ F. perche, the perch.1Balto-Slav. , Lith. parsznas, a pig, with its diminutive parsz-elis,O. Slav. porsu, N. Slav. prase, a pig, Russ. parsuku, s.s.Teutonic, O.H.G. farah, farh, a pig, O.H.G. farheli (dimin. ) , N.H.G.ferkel, a young pig, A.S. fearh, M.E. farh, a pig, N.E. farrow, as a verb,to bring forth a litter; M.E. fraken, freken, pl. fraknes, freknes (cp. Icel .freknur) , N.E. (early) freckel, (later) freckle (dimin.: see p. 678 );O.H.G. furuh, N.H.G. furche, A.S. furh, a furrow, A.S. furlang, a furlong,afurrow-long, the & of a mile.²Celtic, O. Ir. orc, a pig, Gael. uircean, a young pig, Wel. porch,a pig.Latin, porcine.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, pork (thr. Lat. and Fr.) , porcupine, porpoise,perch (from Gk. thr. Lat. ) .Teutonic, farrow, freckle, furrow,³ furlong.Eur-Ar. √PREK, √PREG-, from an older √(S) PREÃ-, √(S) PREỠ-,a variant of preceding root, with sense (as subs. ) of a small spot,a dot, or point, (as verb) to dot, prick, sting.' Diez adds to these Ital. porcellana, a large mussel- shell, the Concha Veneris ,which, he says, is derived from porcella, a little pig. From its resemblance to theshell in colour, &c. , the China ware was called porcellana. But the name kao-lingiven to the clay of which china is made, in all probability forms the last twosyllables of porcelain, and the derivation given by Diez seems to be a popular etymology of the same character as ' Jerusalem artichokes ' from ' gire a sole.'2 Perhaps O.H.G. frosk, N H.G frosch, O.N. froskr, A S. frogga, with Goth. *frusqa(not found), N.E. frog, together with variant forms, O.N. fraukr, A.S. frocca, N.E. frog(dial. ) frock. These forms indicate pre- Teut. pruk- ( Eur-Ar. ✔preuk- or✔preuğh-, which might be a variant of perk- ✔prek-, with sense of speckle ormottle. Frog, on this hypothesis, would mean the mottled .' Another explanation isfrom Eur-Ar. qruq-, to make a noise, by labialising the initial q, which would givefrog the sense of the croaker.=³ Other instances of the parts of the plough being named after animals are Sans.vyka wolf and plough, O.H.G. geiza = goat and the plough-stilt, Wel. swch, Corn.soch -plough-share and pig's snout; and in some parts of Germany the light plough,according to. J. Grimm, is still called Schwein's nase; see Schrader, Prehist. Antiq.p. 289.9. 2nd678 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Teutonic, prik-, in O.N. prik, a dot, N. Icel . prikasetning, punctuation, A.S. pricu , a point, dot, M.E. prike, prikke (s.s. ), L.G. prick, aprickle, Dan. prik, a dot; o.N. prika, to prick, A.S. prician, M.E. priken,prikien (s.s.) , L.G. prikken (s.s.) , N.H.G. prickeln, L.G. prikkelen, toprickle, M.H.G. pfrecken, to spot (only once found), N. Icel. freknur(pl . ) , Swed. fräknar, Dan. fregner, freckles; M.E. prokken, to beg, cp.Dan. pracka, to go a begging, N.E. proke, M.E. prollen (freq. ofprokken), to go about seeking, N.E. prowl, N.E. (early) progue (vb. ) topoke about for pickings, N.E. (early and Scot. ) , prog, a pointed instrument, N.E. (later), prong (s. s. ); N.E. (early) progue, (later) prog, brokenvictuals, also, in general, victuals.Celtic, Ir. prioca, a prick, sting, priocaire, a poker, pricker, Wel.pric, a stick or prick.1ENGLISH DERIV. Teutonic, prick, prickly, prickle, freckles; proke,prowl, prog, prong.Eur-Ar. √PEL √/PLE , faintly coloured, yellowish, greyish.Sanscrit, pāl, in pālita-s , grey, pālitya, greyness of age.Greek, πελ-, πολ-, in πελόs or πελλός = πελθόs, dusly, ash-coloured,TOλiós, grey, especially from age, ПIλoy (dark-faced), pr. n. , the sonof Tantalus, from whom the Peloponnesus is named, TEλITvós, darkcoloured.Latin, pal-, pul-, in pallēre, to be pale, pallidus, pale, pallor, paleness, pullus, sad-coloured, dark grey.L. Latin and Romance, o.F. pale, palle, pale, Ital . falbo, O.F. falve,N.F. fauve, tawny, from M.H.G. falb, O.F. apalir, to become pale, M.E.appallen, to become or make pale (see Gower, ii. 107: ' Whan it isnight mine hede appalleth ' ) .Balto-Slav. , Lith. pal-vas, O. Slav. pla-vu, yellowish white, Lith.pele, a mouse.Teutonic, O.H.G. falo (gen. ) , fealwes, O.N. fölr, pale, A.S. fealo,Kluge gives prik- as a genuine Teutonic root, notwithstanding the initial p, andnot as a Celtic loan-word. It is difficult to explain this irregularity unless it beassumed that the older form in both Teutonic and Celtic was sprik-, from whichin both languages the initial s fell away, leaving the p as the initial letterunchanged. The existence of the initial s is proved in Teutonic by such words asO.N. sprek-la, N.H.G. sprenk-el, a spot, and in Ir. by spriuchar, a sting. For theother Teut. Gk. Lat. and Balto-Slav. derivatives with initial sp, see under ✔sperg-.Proke, prowl, prog, as regards meaning, come nearer to prek-, to search, ask. Skeatis inclined to regard them as possible adaptations of Lat. procari. This is unlikely.And on the whole I think the derivation of these words is still to seek.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 679VED(gen. ) fealwes, M.E. falwe, falewe, N.E. fallow, A.S. fealofor, ¹ (lit.)dusky wanderer (?) , some kind of water-bird (?) .Celtic, Gael. and Ir. liath, Wel. llwyd, grey, Corn. luit, horehound,O. Bret. loit, hoary, Gael. and Ir. luch, a mouse, Wel. llyg, llygoden,Corn. logoden, Bret. logoden, a mouse (the grey one) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Peloponnesus, i.e. island ofPelops.Latin, pallid, pallor.L. Latin and Romance, pale, paleness, appal.2Teutonic, fallow.PSTER (an imitative root), answering to Sansc. ksh- in ksh*te,•to sneeze.Greek, πTаρ- in πTаρɛîv, to sneeze.Latin, ster- in sternuere, sternutare, to sneeze.ENGLISH DERIV. sternutation.(1 ) Eur-Ar. √PEU PU-, with sense to generate, produce.Sanscrit, pu-tras, ³ a son , child, the young of any animal, põta, ayoung animal, pu-mans, a man, potras, potri, grand-son or -daughter.Zend, pu-, in puthras, O. Pers. putras, a son.Greek, waf-, in wá- ïs , πaîs (for πáfis, a son, on a vase-inscriptionπαῦς, ποὺς, for mof-is); παιδίον, dimin. of παῖς, παιδεύω, to instruct,Taideía, instruction, waidaywyós, a tutor, child's attendant; πŵλos, afoal (= TOFλos).=Latin, pov- pu-, in pu-er (for pov-er) , a boy, pu-era, a girl,

• puerula, puella, pusus, a boy, from puesus puerus , an old form of

puer, as appears from old voc. puere and dimin. puellus for pueru-lus,puerilis, puerile, also putus, a boy (cp. Sansc. pota and O. Slav. puta);pupus, a boy, pupulus, a puppet, pupa, a girl, the larva of an insect in¹ Skeat gives fealofor as a name for the fieldfare, but Murray, Hist. Dict. , andthe Century Dict. explain it as in the text. Murray says that the word is of unknownorigin. The A.S. name of the fieldfare is feldefare.2 Skeat explains appal differently. He calls M.E. appallen ' a strange hybridcompound ' of Lat. ad + Eng. pallen, to lose energy, strength, and connects the latterwith Wel. pallu, to fail, and Ir. spailleadh, a fall, Gk. opáλλw, tofall, stumble, fromEur-Ar. sphel- ( see Dict. ' pall ' ) .The termination -tras (masc. ) ordinarily marks the agent; putras would mean,therefore, the ' begetter ' rather than the ' begotten,' the son being regarded as theone who perpetuates thefamily.680 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.~/PEU-✔PUthe last stage, pupillus, an orphan boy, pupilla, an orphan girl, are allbroken reduplications of the root √pu-; pusa, a girl, pusilla, a littlegirl, pusillus, (adj .) little, pusillanimus, of little mind or courage;pullus (for putulus, dimin. of putus), the young of an animal, a youngbird (specially a chicken), the shoot of a plant, pullulus, dimin. ofpullus, pullulare, to sprout, bud (of plants), to bring forth young (ofanimals); pubes, pubis, puber, gen. -eris (adj . ) , just grown to manhood,pubes, gen. -is (subs. ) , adolescence, youth, pubescere, to grow to manhood, pubertas, puberty, pædagogus, borrowed from Gk. , N.E. pedagogue, a tutor.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. poule ( =Lat. pulla) , a hen, N.F. poule(s.s.) , also the pool in a game at cards, ' o.F. polete, M.E. polete, pulte;N.F. poulet, dimin. with a fem. poulette, N.E. pullet or poult, M.E.pultrie, N.E. poultry, M.E. pulter, N.E. poulterer; L. Lat. puticella, Ital.pulcella, Prov. pucella, N.F. pucelle, a young girl, a maiden (a diminutive of pullus, or fr . pusilla) , M. and N.E. ( 16th century) , puzzel; Ital.pulcino, a young chicken, Pulcinello, by change of 1 to n, Punchinello,the Punch of the popular puppet show (see Skeat under Punch);M.E. polcat, pulcat, has been referred to F. poule, from its killingchickens, but more probably is some corrupted form of A.S. ful, cp.foulmart, another name of the animal, from √peu-, to be foul; o.F.poulenet (dimin. of poulain, a colt, L. Lat. pullanus) , Ital. pollino,Prov. pollin, polli , M.E. pullen, the young of animals, spec. pony (the' Cent. Dict. ' regards N.E. pony, [early] poney, powney as contractedfrom O.F. poulenet); o.F. poupee ( = *pupata), a doll, O.F. poupette, alittle baby, a doll, N.E. puppet, O.F. poupon, poupin, poupard (subs.) , ababy according to Brachet, but as an adjective Cotgrave gives poupin thesense of spruce, smart ( see Skeat at Puppy) , equivalent (perhaps) to' dressed as a doll or puppet,' N.F. faire le poupin, ' play the fop '; Ital.paggio, Prov. pagi, O.F. page, paige, F. page, a page, according toDiez from Gk. πaidíov, perhaps introduced into Italy from theByzantine; but Littré refers it to pagensis, a villager, peasant, towhich the Portuguese pagem seems to point: cp. also villanus, afarmservant. The word is doubtful: see Skeat ad vb.21 Formerl spelt poule, the stakes at a game of all the players at cards which thewinner takes (see Littré ad vb. ); also a pool at billiards—a party, each member ofwhich gives a stake, the winner taking them all.=2 A third explanation may be suggested. Du Cange gives two words, pagium andpagius; he gives the meaning of domesticus to pagius, but pagium he makes thesame word as pedagium, a toll on foot-passengers; pagius may therefore bepedagius, a foot-passenger, afootman, a messenger. The root of page in this case willbe Eur-Ar. ✔ped- to walk, step.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 681דPBalto-Slav. , Lith. putytis, a chicken, Lett. puis-is, a boy, O. Slav.puta, a young bird.Teutonic, Goth. fula, O.H.G. folo, N.H.G. fohlen, O.N. foli (m. ) , A.S.fola, a foal, o.N. fylja, a filly.Celtic, Wel. wyr (for pwyr) , a grandson, Gael. ponaidh, fr. Eng.pony.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, encyclo-pædia (èv kúкλ Taidela, instruction in a circle),comprehensive system of teaching, pedagogue (thr. Lat. and Fr.) , pedobaptism, infant baptism.Latin, puerile, -ity, pupil, -lage, pupa, a larva in the last stage,from its resemblance to a baby wrapped in bands, pusillanimous,pullulate, puberty, pubescent.L. Latin and Romance, pedagogue (Gk. thr. Lat. and Fr.) , pullet,poult, turkey-poult, poultry, -erer, pool at cards, pony (?) , puppet,puppy-dog, a young dog (F. poupée) , puppy, a fop (poupin) , page, anattendant (?).Teutonic, foal, filly.(2) Eur-Ar. /PEU , small; perhaps connected with PEU , to generate.Greek, πaf-, πav- in πaúw, to make to cease, stop, abate, πavoμai,to leave off, cease, πavois, a stopping, pause, πaûλa, rest, πaûpos, ofsmall quantity, of short time, few in number, πaûρoí tives, some few.Latin, pau-, pav-, in pau-cus, sing. (rare), of small quantity, plur.few in number, paucitas, fewness; paullus, paulus, little (for paur-lus:cp. πavρos and pausillus by change of r to s, very little) , parvus(=pau-rus), little in size, Paulus, a surname, ' little,' parum, toolittle, parumper, for a short time; pauper, poor, acquiring little, fr.pau-+√per- in Lat. paro, paupertas, poverty; pausa,、 a pause,pausare, to halt, rest (late and post-classical), ' pausare in pace,' ' torest in peace.'L. Latin and Romance, Ital. posa, O.F. pose, a rest or pause, Ital.posare, Prov. pausar, O.F. poser, to rest, put down, place, Span. posar,to stay at, posada, a house, inn, O.F. aposer or oposer, M.E. apposen,posen, to test by question, to pose, ' M.E. apposaile, aposaile, a questionfor solution, N.E. (early) apposal, (later) * posal (?) , now puzzle; N.F.pause, a stop, pause. The compounds of poser are ap- com- de- disThis meaning is due to a supposed connection with Lat. opponere, to oppose.The candidate for a university degree was tested by the questions of a so- called opponent, who laid down ' theses and arguments opposed to those of the candidate.So to pose, in modern English, means ' to puzzle by questions or arguments.'682 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ex- im- inter- juxta- op- pre- pro- re- sup- super- trans-poser;in Prov. -pausar takes the place of F. -poser. Prov. pauc-s (Lat.paucus) , Ital. poco, O.F. poie, N.F. peu, little; Ital. poco-curante, onewho cares little, Ital . povero, Prov. paulre, o.F. povere, povre, poure,M.E. pover, pouer, poor, o.F. poverte (Lat. paupertat[em]) , povrete,M.E. pouerte, N.F. pauvreté, N.E. poverty; F. paraffine, a product of coal(coined from parum-affinis, because it has small affinity with alkali,Skeat).Teutonic, Goth. fav-s, (plur. ) favai, O.H.G. fo, (plur. ) fowi, o.N.fă-r (m. ) , fā (fem. ) , a.s. fea, (plur. ) feava, M.E. fewe, N.E. few.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, pause (thr. Lat. and Fr. ) , subs. and vb.Latin, paucity, Paul (prop . n. ), Pauline, pauper, -ise, -ism. Thesurnames Simple, Semple (abbreviations of St. Paul thr. Romance) ,Polson (Paul's son); paraffin (thr. F.) .L. Latin and Romance, pose, an attitude, pose (vb. ) , poser, puzzle,from M.E. aposaile (Skeat) , or freq. of pose; com- de- dis- ex- iminter- op- pro- pur- re- sub- super- trans-pose, dispos-al, composure, exposée, exposure, proposal, purpose, repose, supposal (whichare fr. F. poser Prov. pausar) , but not such forms as -position,-posture, -positor, -postor, -ponent, -positive, -post, apposite, composite, depot ( = depositum) , &c . , which are all based on the participles pres. , past, fut. of ponere; poor, poverty, impoverish.Teutonic, few, fewness.Eur-Ar. √PEU- √PŎ-, pure, clean, bright, strained, clear , with anextended form √PU-Ï-.Sanscrit, pu-, pav-, in pu-nā-ti, pu-no-ti, pav-ate, to clean, makeclear, strain, to grow clear or pure, to explain, invent, punyas, right,just, pure, holy, punyakam, a religious ceremony, pū-tas, p. p. clean,clear, puvayati, to purify, pavya, pava, purification, pavitra, (adj . )cleansing, purifying, (subs. ) instrument for straining, a filter, pavitar,pāvaka, fire, i.e. the purifier, pavana, the wind, instrument for purifying, a sieve, pavamana, being purified or strained.Greek, πυ-, πινυ-, πνυ- (for πυ + ινυ: =Eur-Ar. pu + infix inpresent stem, -nno-, -eno-: cp. Sans. pu-no-ti, Gk. Čɛúy-vv-µı), in πûp,Aol. Tv-up, fire, πνρá, funeral pyre, πupeтós, great heat, fever,πυρίτης, copper pyrites, ἔμπυρος, burning, ftery, ἐμπόρευμα, α live coalEUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 683covered with ashes, πúρɛρov, feverfew; πívvµι, to be wise, inTivvμévηv (Hesych. ) , of clear understanding, #ivvrós, intelligent,discreet, πivý-σкw, to make wise, instruct, vηïúτios, unintelligent, withby-form výπios, s.s. (from vý-πFios, from pui-: Brugmann, ii.1012); πvéw² (for πvéw) , to blow, breathe (from Tvν-: ср. πоιπVÚ ,to puff, fut. πvɛúσw, perf. pass. πéπvvμai); πvɛúμшv,³ the lung,i.e. the breather, πvɛvμwvía, lung disease, πvεûpa, the breath, wind,spirit, πvevμatikós, relating to air, wind, spirit, πvoiń, breath, dúoTVοos, breathing with difficulty.43Latin, pŭ-, pi- (for older pu-i-) , in pătus, pure, clean, bright (OldLat. ' Antiqui pūrum putum appellarunt,' Varro) , pŭtare, to makeclean, purify (' Aurum putatum, id est expurgatum,' Paul. Diac. ) , totrim, prune (of trees and plants) , make clear, arrange, consider, settle(of the mind); amputare (ambi-) , to cut off all round, to prune,computare, to reckon, compute, computatio, computus (late Latin) , anaccount, deputare, to cut off, prune ( of trees) , to consider, count as, toassign to any work or office ( vaccas steriles aratro deputare ');disputare, in mercantile dealings to cast or reckon up, to weigh,examine, discuss, dispute, disputatio, imputare, to bring into theaccount, to charge, credit to, impute, reputare, to count over, to reflectover, meditate upon, reputatio, consideration; pu-teus, a well, a spring,a cistern, Puteolus (dimin. ) , Puteoli, a city near Naples, now Pozzuoli;purus, pure, puritas, purity, impurus, impure, purificare, to make pure,purgare, to purge, clean ( =puri-gare: purus +agere; cp. navi-gare,jur-gare), purgatorius, cleansing, expurgare, clean out, compurgare,to declare blameless, Umbr. pir (for *puir), fire, with oblique casespurome, pure: cp. Gk. πûρ, Æol. πúïp, fire; Lat. pyra, a pyre,pyrethrum, feverfew (Gk. loan-word); Lat. pius (Italic ground-formpu-i-ios , Brugmann, ii . 1012), Osc. pii-hiui ( = Lat. pio) , Umbr.pihaz 5 ( =Lat. piatus) , dutiful towards God and men, devout, religious,affectionate, piare, -avi, -atus, to appease, honour by sacrifice, expiare,to expiate, piaculum, a sin-offering, pietas, impius, impietas, expiatio,inexpiabilis.¹ Brugmann, ii . 1012, connects πívvμ with Sans . punāmi.2 This derivation is given in Vaniček, but it is highly doubtful. Curtius, however,connects πνέω with πινυτός, and cites Hesychius, πουτός, ἔμφρων, ἔπνευσεν, ἐνόησεν.This is a popular corruption of λebμwv, the true Greek word for lung, fromregarding the lungs as the breathers.It is probable that putus was used of material pureness more generally, andpurus of moral purity.The h in Osc. pii-hiui only marks the separation of the vowels; in the Umbr.pihaz it lengthens the i, which in the Osc. is lengthened by the doubled i (seev. Planta, i . 57 , 60) . For alternative explanation of pius &c. fr. ✔qçi- , see p. 163.✔PEU-684 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS..✓PEU-✓PU6L. Latin and Romance, Prov. comtar, Ital. contare, o.F. compter,conter, c*nter, M.E. compten, counten, count (Lat. computare) , o.f.compte, an account, N.F. comput, a computation, conte, a story (Lat.computus) , O.F. comptouoir, comptoir (Lat. computatorium), a board ortable on which money is counted, M.E. compter, N.E. counter (s.s. ), O.F.aconter, M.E. accompten, accounten, N, E. account, o.F. descompter, N.F.décompter, M.E. discompt, N.E. discount; Ital. deputare, o.F. deputer,M.E. deputen, to assign, impute to (cp. Wickliff, all whatevere to bedepute to the grace of God '); Ital . pozzo, Prov. potz, poutz, o.F. puis,N.F. puits, a well; F. pur, purité, purifier, o. and N.F. purger, M.E. purgen,N.E. purge, O.F. purgation, M.E. purgacioun, Ital. purgatorio, o.F. andM.E. purgatorie, N.E. purgatory, Ital. pio, o.F. pie, N.F. pieux, Ital.pietà, Prov. pietat, piety and pity, O.F. piete, pite, pitet, piety, pity,M.E. pitte, pite, pete, piety and pity, N.E. piety, goodness, N.E. pity, compassion; L. Lat. pietantia, pitantia, allowance offood in a monastery,Ital. pietanza, pitanza, an allowance, daily subsistence, O.F. pitance,M.E. pitaunce, pitance, s.s. , also a pious dole, N.E. pittance, a smallcharitable dole, a small portion; Span. pelitre (fr. pyrethrum), feverfew.Teutonic, O.H.G. fuir, fiur, N.H.G. feuer, O.N. and A.S. fyr, fire; O.H.G.fne-han, O.N. fna- sa, to breathe, A.S. fnast, breath (cp . πvéw, to breathe);A.S. pyt, pytt, M.E. pit (with sense of well: in Luke xiv. 5 , Wickliffhas ' pit ' for ' well '; also ' put ' in ' Ancren Riwle ' [end of thirteenthcent. ] , perhaps as loan-word from Lat. puteus).Celtic, Ir. ur, fire, flame, a hearth, =Gk. ( π)ûp , with loss of initialp, perhaps also Ir. ur, for pur-, fresh, new, generous, noble-hearted,Gael. ur, fresh, Wel. ir (s.s.). See Macbain, p. 350; but Fick refersthese to Veg- Vug-, to be wet, moist-I think, more correctly.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, pyretic, pyrites, pyrotechnic, pyre (thr. Lat. and Fr.),empyrean, empyreumatic, pyrethrum, pneumonia, pneumatics, dyspnœa.Latin, putative, amputate, -ion, computation, deputation, disputation, imputation, reputation; pit (subs. thr. A.S. ) , pitfall, pit (vb. a termorig. taken probably from co*ckfighting) , to match two co*cks in the co*ckpit; purification; purgation, -ive, -ory, -orial (thr. F.) , expurgate,compurgator, -ion; pious, impious, expiate, -ion, -ory, inexpiable.L. Latin and Romance, com- de- dis- im- re-pute, deputy; count,counter, account, -ant, -able, discount, recount; pure, purity, puriſy,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 685F. ONEאיום月雪impure; purge, compurge; piety, impiety, pity (vb. and subs. ) ,piti-able, -ful, pittance; pelleter.Teutonic, fire, fiery, fire-fly, fire-proof, &c.LL目E14Eur-Ar. PEU /PU-, fetid, foul, with a variant PUI, perhapsfrom an older form √(S)PIU or (S)PỤI-.Sanscrit, pū-, in pū-yati, stinks , pūta-s, rotten, foul, pūtis, stinking,pūya, matter.Zend, pu-, in pū-yeiti, stinks, pu-eiti, foulness, O. Pers. pu-dina,peppermint, mint.Greek, π-, in πú- Ow, to make foul, wúloµai, befoul, πúov, matter,¿μπúnμa, a gathering, suppuration.?Latin, pū-, in pū-tere, to stink, to rot, pū-tidus, rotten, fetid, pūter,putris (s.s.) , pătrere, to be rotten, putridus, rotten, stinking, putrescere,to become rotten, putrefacere, to make putrid, pūtor, stench, decay; pus(= pu +suff. -es) , gen. pu-ris, matter, purulentus, discharging matter,pustula, a small blister containing matter, sup-pu-rare, to suppurate.L. Latin and Romance, Ital . pu-dire, Prov. pudir, o.F. puer, tostink, putrefier, to putrify, O.F. put, fetid, rotten, vile, Prov. put-nais(= L. Lat. *put-inaceus) , F. punais, fetid, punaise, a bug, putois, a polecat, Ital. putridire, Span. pudrīre, Prov. poirir , o.F. porrir, purrir, N.F.pourrir, to decay, rot, F. pot- pourri, a pot filled with the leaves of sweetsmelling flowers and shrubs mixed with various scents and left to dry,also a musical mélange.Balto-Slav. , Lith. puvu, pudu (cp. Gk. Túow), to be foul, Lith.putas, foul, pu-tis , s.s. , Lett. puis, foul.Teutonic, Goth. fūl-s , O.H.G. fül, N.H.G. faul, O.N. full , A.S. fül, M.E.ful, N.E. foul, A.S. fylan, M.E. fylen, to makefoul, O.N. fu-na, to rot, decay,fu-inn (p.p.) , rotten, O.N. feyga, to let go to decay, O.H.G. fulida, O. Sax.fulitha, A.S. fyldhu, fyldh, M.E. filthe, fulthe, N.E. filth, M.E. fulmart (fr.A.S. ful +A.S. mearth or O.F. martre, a martin) , N.E. foulmart, foumart,a polecat.' Brugmann, i . 267, connects Sans. shthiv-, shthyū- (in shthivami) , Tów, Lat. spuo,Goth. speiva, Lith. spiauju, to spit, with spiu-, notwithstanding the change inSanscrit and Greek of the initial sp- to shth- and π-, which is hard to explain. It ispossible that Eur- Ar. ✔pu-, filthy, may be a later form of spiu-, to spit, with theoriginal sense of spitting as an expression of disgust at a foul smell or taste.2Пú0wv, the mythical dragon that guarded the oracle of Delphi, slain by Apollo,who took his name Пótos from him, is by some referred to this root, but by others to bhudh , to be wise.686 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, empyema, pуæmia ( πúοv +aîµa).Latin, putrid, -ity, putrescent, putrefaction, pus, purulent, suppurate, -ion pustule, -ar.L. Latin and Romance, putrefy, pot-pourri.Teutonic, foul, foulness, befoul, filth, filthy, filthiness , defile (M.E.fylen) , defilement.¹Eur-Ar. √PEU- PU-, to strike.Sanscrit, pav-, in pavis, tire of a wheel, ferrule, paviram, a spear,weapon, paviru, a thunderbolt.Greek, πaf-, in Taiw (for Taf- w), to strike, ȧváπaισтos, struckback, reversed, anapœst, a metrical foot of two short and one longsyllable ( ~~ −) , the converse of a dactyle ( - ~~) .Latin, pav-, pu-, in pavire, to beat, strike, pavimentum, a pavementof small stones beaten down with a rammer; pavēre (fr . paveo), to bestruck with fear, pavor, fright, terror, pavidus, terrified, impavidus,fearless; O. Lat. puvire, 2 to strike; pudere (?) , to make or be ashamed,cast-down, pudor, shame, pudens, bashful, modest, impudens, shameless,pudicus, modest, propudium, a shameful action, repudium, casting off,divorce, repudiare, to cast off, repudiate.L. Latin and Romance, L. Lat. paviare, O.F. paver, M.E. paven, N.E.pave, Span. pavor, Ital. paura, O.F. péor, peur, N.F. peur, fear, Ital .spaventare, freq. formed from expavens, pres. p. of expavere, F. épouvanter, to terrify.Balto-Slav. , Lith. piauju, to cut, mow, strike down.³' There was a M.E. defoulen = O.F. defouler, Lat. de +fullare, to trample down,but this sense passed over to that of ' to make foul, defile,' defoulen being confusedwith M.E. foul. Afterwards the spelling was corrected to defilen, defylen, to agreewith the proper Eng. fylen.2 *Pudire, * pudiare, are doubtful words, perhaps suggested by the compounds tripudium, repudium, propudium. But Brugmann derives tripudium from tri +ped withthe sense of a dance with a triple step, while propudium and repudium are more fitlyreferred to pudere, to be ashamed. Puvire is an old form, and a variant of pavire, tostrike.• It is almost impossible to refer M.E. poun, to pound (from A.S. punian, s. s. ), tothis root, unless the A.S. word be regarded as a loan-word from a Lat. *pudire, tostrike, thr. some lost nasalised Romance form. The Eng. punner, one who ramsearth into a hole, the tool usedfor that purpose, is still in use. The A.S. potian, M.E.puten, putten, N.E. put, to push, thrust, cast, set, lay, place, may be connected withLat. *pudire, thr. Celtic, as Skeat suggests. Macbain, however, regards the Gael. putas a loan- word from M.E. puten, or Scot. put. The etymology of Eng. put, and itsderivatives must, I think, be regarded as still uncertain, as the form *pudire, to strike,is not established.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 687Celtic, Gael. put (vb.), to thrust, push, putadh, a push, butting,Ir. purradh, putadh, a thrust, Wel. pwtio, to push, shove, Corn. poot,to kick (as a horse) , cp. A.s. potian, to push, thrust, M.E. putten, tothrow, to put down, place.-ion.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, anapast, anapæstic.Latin, pave, pavement, pavier (thr. F. ) , impudent, -ce, repudiate,Celtic, put (?)Eur-Ar. PEN- QES, mud, slime.Sanscrit, pan-ka, mud, slime.Balto-Slav. , O. Pruss. pannian, a bog.Teutonic, Goth. fani, O.H.G. fenna, swamp, marsh-land, A.S. fænn,fen, O.N. fen, low-lying, marshy levels.ENGLISH DERIV. fen, fenny.Eur-Ar. PRS OM, a kind ofpot-herb or vegetable.Sanscrit, not found.Greek, πρáσov, garden stuff.Latin, porrum ( =porsum) , garden stuff, leeks.L. Latin and Romance, O.F. pore, porrey, M.E. poree, perrey, aleek, a potherb, Ital. porrata, o.F. porrée, M.E. porree, N.E. (early) porrage, porredge, (later) porridge, leek soup (orig. ) , now brose, N.F.purée, soup of peas or beans (for alternative explanation see underpippala, p. 691 ) .Balto- Slav. , O. Slav. prasu , leeks (cp. O. Pruss. prassan , millet) .Teutonic, A.S. fyrs, M.E. firs , N.E. furze.Celtic, Gael- preas, a bush.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, purée, porridge, porringer (for porrager):cp. messenger, passenger, from messager, passager.Teutonic, furze.PISQ-ES, fish. Aword common to the Teutonic, Celtic, and Latinonly, and of doubtful origin.688 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Latin, piscis, a fish, piscator, a fisherman, piscina, a fish pond,cistern, basin.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pesce (fr. piscis) , Prov. pesc, o.F.peis; Ital. pescio, pescione, O.F. pescion, peisson (as fr. L. Lat.piscion(em) , N.F. poisson, Ital. pescare, as from a Lat. *piscare, o.F.pescher, N.F. pêcher; O. Ital. pesceporco, Port. peixeporco, O.F. porpeis, porpois, M.E. porpeys, purpeys, N.E. porpoise.Teutonic, Goth. fisks, O.H.G. fisk, N.H.G. fisch, O.N. fiskr, a.s. fisk,M.E. fisc , fisch, fissh, N.E. fish.Celtic, O. Ir. iasg (with loss of p), Corn. , Wel. pysg, a fish.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, Pisces, a sign of the Zodiac, piscatorial, piscina (eccles.) , thestone basin in a church into which the ablutions ofthe priest are poured(see Du Cange ad vb. ) .L. Latin and Romance, por-poise (porc +o.F. peis) .Teutonic, Fish, Fisher (prop. n. ) , fishery, fisherman, fishy, fishhook, &c. 1Greek, Пúços, box-tree, of unascertained origin, ' πužis , gen. -ídos , abox made ofbox-wood.Latin, buxus, box-tree, buxum, box-wood, anything made of boxwood, pyxis, a box, Late Lat. buxis, -idis, loan-words from Greek.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. bosso, Prov. bois, O.F. buis (Lat.buxus), the box-tree , L. Lat. buxdia, bustia, busta (for buxida), Prov.bostia, O.F. buiste, boiste, M.E. boyste, buiste, bust, N.F. boîte, a box,socket of a joint, hence boiter, to go lame, boiteux, lame (i.e. havingdiseased knee-joint), L. Lat. bustellus (dim. of busta) , O.F. bussel, boissel,M.E. buschel, N.E. bushel (fr. L. Lat. bussula, bussellus, a dim. ofbuxis); Ital . busto, F. buste (see Diez ad vb. ) , the bust.Teutonic, A.S. bux, box, O.H.G. buhsa, a box, N.H.G. büchse, Du. bus,a box, a gun-barrel, in donder-bus, a short gun, of which, perhaps,' There is no common name in the Eur-Aryan languages either for fish in generalor for any particular kind. The Sanscrit and Zend names of the class are connected(Sans. matsya = Zend masya); Gk. ixeús, the Lith. zuwis, O. Pruss zukans, Arm. dzukn,jukn, also appear to be connected with each other, and there is a connectionbetween the Latin, Teutonic, and Celtic names. Schrader remarks on this thatthe Eur- Aryans do not seem to have been fishers and fish-eaters until after theirseparation. No mention is made of fishing in the hymns of the Rigveda; and inHomer the heroes are mentioned as eating fish only in want of other food. Herodotus speaks of fish-eating races as though even then this had not been a usualcustom.12 Perhaps from √puk- ✔pug-, variants of ✔penq-, √paq-, with meaning dense,close, hard, cp. πuкvós, thick, solid (see p. 623).EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 689blunder-buss may be the popular corruption with a reference to itsuncertain aim.¹ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, pyx, the box in which the consecrated host is kept, the box atthe mint for sample coins.L. Latin and Romance, bush, the metal box in which the axle of amachine works (Skeat); bushel.Teutonic, box,2 -buss, in blunder-buss.3I33Sanscrit, pra-stara (Eur-Ar. pra, before, + stara, extending, projecting) ,a rock, stone, Hindi patthar (thr. Prakrit pattharo ‘ ) , a stone.¹O.H.G. buzo, N.H.G. büse, O.N. buza, A.S. butse, N.E. buss, a cargo boat, nowused only in herringbuss, may perhaps be borrowed from Lat. buxis. Kluge thinksit a loan-word, but from what language is uncertain.2 The initial b of the Teutonic words shows them all to be borrowed from Lat.buxus.·• The etymology of O.H.G. buse, N.H.G. busch, Swed. buske, Dan. busk (O.N.būskr?) , M.E. busk, bosk, bosch, busch, N.E. bush, Du. bosch, a shrub, thicket, underwood, a wood, is obscure. J. Grimm thinks it may be derived from a Germansource, O.H.G. and O.N. buan, to build, *buisc , building material. Kluge expressesno opinion, except in coupling the German words with Ital. bosco, F. bois, which hesays are referred to L. Lat. buscus and boscus. Diez says nothing of its connectionwith Lat. buxus; Körting, on the other hand, refers the Romance words to Lat.buxus, the box-tree, as the only explanation that can be received; ' ' a German source,'he says, ' is out of the question.' The Romance words are the following: L. Lat.boscus, buscus, Ital, bosco , Prov. boscs, O.F. bos, *bosque, M.E. boske, a wood, fromwhich N.E. bosky, wooded, N.F. bois, a wood, thicket, copse. N.F. hautbois, Ital. oboe,a musical instrument, Ital. boschetto, O.F. bosquet, a grove, N.F. bouquet, a nosegay,N.E. bouquet, s. s. , also thefragrance of wine; Ital. boscata (as fr. L. Lat. * boscatns), O.F. boscage, N.F. bocage (as fr. L. Lat. boscaticum), a wooded place, a shrubbery,grove, Ital. busca, a search, inquest, Ital. buscare, to search, (lit.?) to beat the bush,O.F. busquer (Cotgrave) , seek, shift, filch , M. E. busk, to search, to cruise off and on(naut. ); Ital. imboscare, Prov. emboscar, O. F. embuscher, M.E. embusshen, N.F.embûcher, to set in ambush, ( lit. ) to station in the wood, O.F. embusche, M.E. ambushe,N.E. ambush, a place of hiding for troops, Ital. emboscata, ambuscado, Sp. and Port.emboscada, N.E. ambuscade.The Eng. derivatives from the L. Lat. and Romance, and from the Teutonic, are as follows:L. Latin and Romance, hautboy, oboe, bouquet, bocage, boscage, bosky, ambush,ambuscade.Teutonic, bush, (dial. ) busk, bushy, Bushmen, a race in S. Africa (fr. Du. Bosjeman), the surnames Bush and Bushman, perhaps also Winbush, Wimbush, for Winebush. A house where wine was sold was known by a bush stuck over the door; cp.the proverb, ' Good wine needs no bush.' This custom prevailed in German villages in the earlier half of this century.• For *prattharo; the r of the Sanscrit was often lost in the Prakrit and vernaculardialects, either by assimilation or by change to the vocalised re.g. Sans. priyasya,Pali piyassar, Hindi piyar, beloved; Sans. mitra, Pali mitta, Hindi mita, sweet; Sans.bhrātar, Pali bhātara, Hindi bhā-i , brother, &c.; Sans. prshţhatas, Prakrit pitthedo,Hind. pith, back, behind.Y Y690 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.1Greek, wéτpa, ¹ a rock, a ledge or shelf ofrock running out from thebeach, πέτρα, a stone, πέτρινος, πετραῖος, rocky, stony, πετρο-σέλινον,rock parsley, IIéτpos, Peter.Latin, petra, a rock, petrinus, rocky, petroselinum, Petrus (borrowedfrom Gk. ) , lampetra (post-class . ) , a lamprey (lambere +petra: lit.licking the rock) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital . pietra, Prov. peira, O.F. piere, N.F.pierre, a stone, M.E. pere, the foundation or support of an arch, N.E.pier, s.s. , also a projecting quay, F. pétrifier, to petrify, Span. pedrero,pederero (L. Lat. petraria) , a gun to shoot stones, from Span. piedra, orPort. pedra, a stone, Eng. (corrupted form) paterero, a swivel-gun; Ital .lampedra, Span. and Port. lamprea, O.F. lamproie, M.E. laumprei, N.E.lamprey; L. Lat. petrosillum (abbrev. from petroselinum) , O. Ital. pitursello, N. Ital. petrosellino, petrosello, Prov. peressilh-s, O.F. perseil, M.E.persil , perselie, N.E. parsley; 2 Ital . petrone, o.F. perron, a large stone;Pierre, Peter, Pierrot, dim. little Peter, also the popular name of thesparrow; Span. Pedro, Peter, Perro, a dog, a nickname corrupted fromPedro (?), Perico, dim. of Pedro, the popular name of the parrot, Span.Periquito, dim. of Perico, little Peter, Ital. parakito, parrochetto,peruchetto, F. perroquet, N.E. paroquet, a parrot, Petrello, a dim. fromLat. Petrus, the name given by the Portuguese mariners, or by theirpriests, to the birds skimming the waves, which they met with on theirvoyages to India. They were also called the birds of ' Madre cara,'which the English sailor corrupted to Mother Carey's chickens.3Teutonic, A.S. lampreda, M.E. lamprete (borrowed from Lat. ) , N.E.lampret, a lamprey in a certain stage of growth, O.H.G. pedersille, petrasile, N.H.G. petersilie, A.S. petersilie, peterselige (lit. ) the blessed Peter(the unknown word selinum being corrupted to the well-known adj .sælig, blessed); M.E. perselie (instead of the F. persil) , probably owes itstermination to the A.S. name for parsley; N.H.G. Petersvogel, the petrel.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Petræa (in Arabia Petræa) , Petra, name of several towns,petr-oleum (a recently coined word from Térρa +Lat. oleum) , rock-oil,Peter (thr. Lat.) .' Prellwitz suggests a Eur-Ar. qetros, which, he says, is found in Lat. triquetrus,three-cornered. The explanation in the text, though doubtful, seems to me preferable.2 The English word celery is derived from the simple σéλívov, parsley, through Piedmontese seleri , F. céleri.The Eng. parrot must have come from the Fr. perrot ( = Pierrot) with the samemeaning, and it is probable that when perroquet became the literary name for theparrot, the popular perrot or pierrot was transferred to the sparrow; perruche stillmeans a female parrot, also popularly called Jacquot.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 691Latin, lamprey, lampret, parsley (from Gk. thr. Lat. and F. or A.S. ) ,petrifaction, petrify (thr. F.) .L. Latin and Romance, lamprey, parrot (from pierrot: earlierspellings, parret, parrat), paroquet, petrel, pier (of a bridge), paterero,salt-petre (lit.) rock salt; the following surnames: Piers, Pierce, Pearse,Pierson, Pearson, Parratt, Perrin, Perrot, Perry, Pernel, Parnel (o.F.Piere).Teutonic, Peter, Peters, Paterson, Perkin ( =Peterkin), Perkins,Parkins, Perkinson, Parkinson (from Peter, the A.S. form fromPetrus).1Sanscrit, pippala, ¹ the holy fig-tree, Ficus indicus, a berry, long pepper;Hindi pi-pal (Ficus indicus?) , O. Pers. pul-pul, pepper.Greek, Téжερt, pepper, the pepper-tree.Latin, piper, gen. -eris, pepper, piperatus, peppered; perhaps alsopopulus, the poplar tree, the leaves of which resemble those of the Ficusindicus, may be related to Sans. pippala, O. Pers. pul-pul, and Hindipipal.2L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pepe, pevere, Prov. pebre, o.F. pevre,N.F. poivre (Lat. piperem), pepper, O.F. pevrer, peurer, to pepper, Ital.peverada, meat broth, N.F. purée, soup (literally peppered, from Lat.piperatus); 3 O.F. poplier, M.E. poplere, N.F. peuplier, N.E. poplar, a namegiven to various kinds of trees.Teutonic, O.H.G. pföffar, N.H.G. pfeffer, A.S. pipor, pepper, M.H.G.papel, popel, N.H.G. pappel, the poplar.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, purée, poplar (Sans. thr. Lat. and Fr.) .Teutonic, pepper, peppery, peppercorn.Dial. Eng. popple (for poplar).¹ The equation pippala, wéwepɩ ( piper) , Lat. populus, is doubtful. It is given bySkeat and accepted by the Cent. Dict. on the authority of Benfey, but only betweenpippala and πέπερι.2 There are several instances where the name given in one language to aparticular kind of tree is transferred in another language to a different kind: e.g. Gk.onyós, oak, Lat. fa*gus, beech; Lat. querc-us, oak, O.H.G. forh- a, the fir. So Sans.pippala, the Ficus indicus, may have been transferred to the aspen or poplar in morenortherly regions.For alternative explanation see under pṛsom, p. 687.YY2692 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Greek, πρíw, πρiłw, ' to saw, πpioµa, something sawn, a geometricalprism (Euclid).ENGLISH DERIV. Greek, prism, prismatic.Eur-Ar. " PER PRE (variant of √PEL), extended by M inLatin (?) with sense coming close to, pressing upon, touching.Latin, prem-ere, pressi, pressus, to press, of uncertain origin, " withthe following derivatives and compounds press-io, -ura, pressure,pressare (freq. of premere), to press; com- de- ex- im- op- re- supprimere, pressi, -us, -io, prēlum, a press, for premslum (cp. pilum forpinslum), also compressare, to press together, expressari, to press out.L. Latin and Romance, F. com- de- ex- im- op- re- sup-primer, o.F.reprimende, N.F. réprimande, a check, reproof (Lat. reprimenda, something to be repressed), Ital. imprimere, o.F. empreindre, empreint,p.p., M.E. imprint ( Sir T. More), to stamp, print, Ital. imprenta, O.F.empreinte, a stamp, print, M.E. preynte, printe, prente, a shortenedform of the O.F. in use before the invention of printing, with the senseof a stamp, or the impression made by it; Ital . presso, close, near (lit.pressed to), F. près, near, après, after (ad-pressum), Ital. pressare, o.F.presser, M.E. pressen, presen, N.E. press, Ital. impressare, to entreat, solicit, M.E. impressen, Ital. impressione, O.F. impression, M.E. impressioun,N.E. impression, o.F. compress, a bandage, O.F. expresser, M.E. expressen, to state exactly, Ital. espresso, O.F. expres, M.E. express (adj . andadv. ), special, specially stated (from Lat. expressus): cp. ' I wolde theaske a thynge expresse ' (' Early Eng. Alliterative Poems '), ' Lo hereexpresse of women may ye find ' (Chaucer, C. T.' 6301) , o.F. oppresser,M.E. oppressen, N.E. oppress , O.F. represser, M.E. repressen, N.E. repress.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, but mostly through the Romance forms: press (subs. andvb.), pressure; com- de- sup-press, with their derivatives depression, compression, -ible, expression, -ive, -ible, suppression, repression,-ive, oppressor, -ive, &c.L. Latin and Romance, reprimand; imprint, print, -er, empressé,There is an Alb. pris, to break off; πpífw is probably a formation from Eur-Ar.per-, through; cp. relpw, to pierce or cleave through.2 * √GHREM¯, an extension of ✅GHER˜, to rub, grind, has been suggested as thepossible root of Lat. prem-o, but the change of Eur-Ar. gh- to Lat. p is irregular.The Balto-Slav. group has Russ. periti, to press, napori, pressure, White- Russ. sperci,to push down, Lett. speru, spert, to push with the foot. The latter words seem topoint to an earlier Eur-Ar.√(s)per-. No Eur-Ar. root, therefore, can be assigned forLat. premere with certainty.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 693compress (subs. ) , but not compress (vb.) , express ( vb. and adj . ) ,oppress, repress, oppression, -or, repression.3Greek, ǎ-πɩov, pear, ä-тios, pear tree (for ά-πios, with prothetic aand omission of a between vowels: see V. Hehn, ' CulturPflanzen, ' p. 505) .Latin, pirum, pear, pirus, pear tree, for pisus (by change of s to r:cp. honos, honor, &c. ) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pera, Prov. pera, o. and N.F. poire,A.S. pera, a pear, A.S. pirige, a pear tree, M.E. pery (s.s. ); Port. perola.Span. perilla, a small pear, a pear-shaped pearl, Ital. , Prov. , Span.perla, F. perle, M.E. perle, a pearl; F. poiré, M.E. perrie, a drink madeofpears, perry; O.F. permain, M.E. permain, N.E. pearmain, a large kindof pear, is from Lat. permagnus, very great, not from Ital . pera, orF. poire.Teutonic, O.E.G. bira, N.H.G. birne (from Lat. pirum) . The changeof Lat. p to b indicates that the borrowing could scarcely haveoccurred before the eighth century, when probably the fruit becamefor the first time generally known to the Germans; A.S. pera, peru, ɑpear,² pirige, a pear tree, M.E. pirie, pery, a pear tree; O.H.G. perala,berla, N.H.G. perle, A.S. pærl, a pearl.³Celtic, Wel. peran, Gael. peur, Ir. peire, piorra, pear.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, pear (thr. A.S. loan-word peru) ."L. Latin and Romance, perry, pearl-barley (cp. F. orge perlé),perhaps a confusion with orge pelé, peeled barley ' (Skeat), but theO.F. for perle was pelle, and orge pellé may have been the originalform.Teutonic, pearl (fr. A.S. loan-word).' Other derivations are from pillula, a little ball, perna, a muscle, and beryllus,Gk. Bhpuλλos. Diez rejects these, and traces pearl to Lat. pirula, dimin. of pirus, socalled from its shape as enula, apearl, from unio, an onion.2 The A.S. peru, pera, is probably an earlier loan from the Lat. pirum than theO.H.G. bira; its introduction may have dated from the Roman occupation of Britain,and have been borrowed from the British loan- word; cp. Wel. peran.• Found as a gloss to a Lat. enula (for *œnula, *oinula), probably a corrupteddiminutive of Lat. unio, the number one, a pearl, an onion.694 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Persian, Pars, ' O. Per. Pārsa, Hind. Parsi, N. Per. Farsi, a Persian.Greek, πepσikóv (sc. µîλov) , the Persian apple, the peach.Latin, persicum (sc. malum, apple), the peach, introduced into Italyduring the 1st century of the Christian era.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. persica, pesca, Prov. presega, O.F.pesche, N.F. pêche, M.E. peshe, peche, the peach.Teutonic, A.S. persoc, peach (Lat. persicum) , M.H.G. pfersich, N.H.G.pfirsich, peach.Persian, Parsee.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.L. Latin and Romance, peach.Greek, Þâois, the name of a river in Colchis (of unknown origin),Paolavós, Phasian, a pheasant, found first in Aristophanes,' Nubes,' 108.Latin, phasianus, a pheasant.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. fa*giano, O.F. faisan, M.E. fesaun,fesaunt, N.E. pheasant.Teutonic, O.H.G. fasan, fasant, N.H.G. fasan, pheasant.ENGLISH DERIV. Pheasant.Eur-Ar. * PE , from older √(S) PE , to stretch, spread out, swing,hang down, quiver, throb, move quickly, pull,2 with extensions.Eur-Ar. √PEK , for older (S)PEK-, to look out, spy, observe, see.Sanscrit, paç- in paç-yami, I behold, together with the olderspaç-yami.Balto- Slav. , O. Slav. pazite se, beware of3' The origin of the word Persian may have been Sans. paras ( Gk. wépas), beyond, onthe other side (cp. Sans. parasthan, aforeign place) . The Sanscrit name for Persian isparasikas, parīsakas. It may have come into use at the time of the separation of theIranian and Indian Aryans. The N. Pers. name of the country is Farsistan. TheIndian Parsees are the descendants of Persians who took refuge in India from theMahometan persecution about the beginning of the eighth century.2 The shorter form of the root PE is only to be traced in the extended forms.• Gk. Lat. Teut. derive only from ✓ (8)pek-.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 695IEur-Ar. PET , older form (S)PET, to stretch , widen, an extensionofVSPESanscrit, derives from the form with initial s; cp. sparas, open,extensive, sputati, opens, expands.Greek, πετ-, in πετάννυμι, πίτνημι, to spread out, πέταλος, outspread, wétaλov, a leaf, πéraσos, a broad-brimmed hat, a largeunbellated leaf, TÉтaoµa, a curtain, πaтávη, a flat dish.Latin, pat-, in patēre, to lie open, be evident, to be exposed to,patefacere, to make open, evident, patulus, spreading, patera, patina,a flat dish, patella (dim. ) , a smaller flat dish, the knee-pan; pandere,pandi, passum, to open (trans. ) , expand (for * patnere, from * pate-nere ¹ ) ,passus, a step, pace, passum, grapes spread out to dry, raisins, passim,spread about, here and there, everywhere, expandere, to expand,repandere, to open again, repandus, bent back, expansio; patior, pati,passus, to bear, suffer, 2 patibilis, tolerable, patiens, patient, -tia,impatiens, -tia, passio, suffering, passivus, passibilis, capable ofsuffering,passionalis, passionate, compatior, to suffer with, pity, compassus,compassio, impassibilis; petalum³ (Gk. loan-word), a metal plate.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. patente, o.F. patent, open, munifest,O.F. and M.E. patente, a public document, conveying official authority orprivilege, F. patenter, to patent, to grant the special right ofmanufacture; Ital. patina, O.F. patene, M.E. pateyn, cover of the Eucharisticchalice, plate for the consecrated bread, N.E. paten is used only in thelatter sense, O.F. patin, M.E. patin, paten, skait or clog, N.E. patten, abroad wooden shoe raised on an iron ring; Ital . padella, frying-pan,knee-pan (Lat. patella) , O.F. paelle, paele, M.E. paile, N.E. pail; O.F.poesle, N.F. poêle (Lat. petalum) , a plate of gold covering the Pope'shead, a canopy or covering over a throne or seat of state, N.F.poêle (Lat. patella) , a frying-pan; A.S. pœl, purple cloth, M.E. pœlle,=¹ Brugmann infers this from Osc. patensins for patenesent Lat. panderent. Theaddition of the nasal infix ( cf. Gk. πíτvημ ) converts patēre into pate-ne-re, pat-nere,and the old Italic -tn- thus formed is changed before a vowel to -nd-, so pat-nere becomes pandere.2 The change of meaning is remarkable, but may perhaps be accounted for by anintermediate sense of lasting out, enduring, or of being strained and on the stretch, orof being exposed to; cp. √spe-, to stretch out, &c.3 Aurea lamina in fronte Pontificis quæ nomen Dei tetragrammaton Hebraicislitteris habebat scriptum.'-Isid . Orig. xxix. 21. Diez derives O.F. poesle, N.F. poêlefrom Latin petalum, with the two senses given above. Littré derives N.F. poêle fromLat. palla, pallium, a cluak (see p. 697, n. 2) , connecting it with O.F. palie, paile, andwith three senses: ( 1 ) the veil held over the bride and bridegroom as the priest blessesthem; (2) thefuneral pall; ( 3) the covering carried over the Holy Sacrament. Anotherpoêle with the sense of stove he derives from Latin pensile ( see p. 699, n. 1 ) , and thethird poêle he derives as above from patella.696 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.✓PET-√ ( S) PETpalle, paul, N.E. pall (?); Ital. passa (Lat. passus) , O. and N.F. pas,M.E. pas, paas , N.E. pace; Ital. passare (formed from Lat. passus),o. and N.F. passer, M.E. passen, to step, pass, L. Lat. *passaticum, rightofway, free passage; Ital . passaggio, O.F. passage, a passage, passing,Ital. passagiero, O.F. and M.E. passager, N.E. passenger (cp. messengerfrom message), O.F. passavant, a permit, a ' pass on' (also found as a surname), F. passe-port (passare +portam), a permit to enter a city orterritory, (lit. ) to pass the gate, O.F. passe-temps, M.E. pastans, pastaunce,N.E. pastime, F. passable, F. impasse, 2 road with no outlet; Ital. compasso,a circumference, compass, pair of compasses (cum+passus, a pace), O.F.compas, equal step or distance, N.E. compass, a mariner's compass, a pairofcompasses, a circuit; Ital. compassare, O.F. compasser, M.E. compassen,cumpassen, to measure by compass, draw a circle, make a circuit, contrive; L. Lat. expassare, Ital. spassare, pass away the time, amuse,with subs. spasso , amusem*nt, N.H.G. spass, fun; o.F. espandre, N.F.épandre, to widen, stretch out; Ital . sorpassare (super +passare), O.F.surpasser, N.E. surpass, Ital . trapassare (trans. +passare), O.F. trespasser,M.E. tresspassen, N.E. trespass , O.F. and M.E. trespas, N.E. trespass(subs. ), M.E. trespassour, N.E. trespasser; F. patient, -ce, passion, passif,passible (from Lat. patior, passus) , M.E. pacient, -ce, passiun, passive,passible, F. compassion, M.E. compassiun, L. Lat. * passionatus, F. passionné, L. Lat. compatibilis (tolerable together) , used especially ofbenefices that can be held by one person, and generally ofthings notcontradictory of each other, F. compatible, with subs. compatibilité.3Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. pany, Lith. pane, Russ. panovka, a dish,from Lat. patina (thr. Celtic panna or Teut. panna) .Teutonic, Du. passen, N.H.G. passen, to fit, suit, pass, muster, bepassable (loan-word of 13th century from F. passer) , O.H.G. pfanna, ¹N.H.G. pfanne, O.N. panna, A.S. and M.E. panne, N.E. pan (loan-word thr.Celtic panna from Lat. patina) , N.H.G. spass, fun, play, from Ital.spasso (L. Lat. ex +passare) , A.S. poel, purple cloth, M.E. pale, polle (pl.polles), covering ofthe coffin (from O.F. poele?); Goth. fatha (subs.), thatwhich encloses or reaches all round, O.H.G. fadam, fadum, M.H.G. vadem,1 French ' pas ' after a verb, like the English ' bit, ' is used to emphasise a negative;ne .. pas, ' not a step,' is the equivalent of Eng. ' not a bit.'2 A word invented by Voltaire as a substitute for the vulgar ' cul de sac ,' bottom of a sack.Cp. N.T. ' fetched a compass ' = made a circuit.• Kluge remarks, ' The change of L.G. -p- to O.H.G. -pf- implies the existence ofa form panna as early as the seventh century, or even earlier, on account of its agree- ment with the A.S. form.' He thinks that a Teut. panna cannot be formed from Lat. patena directly, and Skeat suggests that A.S. panna is a loan-word thr. Celticpanna, from patina.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 697Evaden, N.H.G. faden, O.N. fadhmr, A.S. fæthm, M.E. fadme, fadome,fathome, the grasp of the extended arms, or space enclosed by them—hence a measure of length, N.E. fathom. The N.H.G. faden originallymeant afathom measure ofthread, then thread in general (see Kluge) .Celtic, Ir. panna, Wel. pan, a shallow vessel; Ir. padal, Gael.padhal, a pail, basin, Wel. padell, a pan (loan- words from Lat. patina,patella).ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, petal, with various compounds.Latin, patella, expand, expanse, -ion, -ive, repandous, passim, passible, impassible.L. Latin and Romance, patent (adj . subs. and vb. ) , patentee, paten,patten, pail, pace¹ (subs. and vb. ) , outpace, pass, passing-bell (tolled atthe hour of death, i.e. passing away ofthe soul), passage, passenger,pass-port, pastime, past (adj . , prep . and subs. ), impasse, passable, compass(vb.), encompass, compass (subs. ) . compasses, repass, surpass, -able,trespass, -er, spandril (term in architecture, from o.F. espandre), patient,-ce, impatient, -ce, passion, -ive, passionate, dispassionate, impassioned(coined from F. passionné) , compassion, -ate (adj. and vb. ) , compatible,-ity, incompatible, -ity.Teutonic, pan, pancake (loan-word from Lat. thr. Celt. and a.s. ) ,pall² (Gk. thr. Lat. O.F. and A.S.) , fathom (subs. and vb. ) , unfathomable.Eur-Ar. √PED , √PEDH-, with nasalised forms √PEND‍, √/PENDH-,(with older form √SPENDH) , to stretch, vibrate, hang, weigh,hold out.Sanscrit: no later form with initial p, but spand-ati, quivers, shakes.Greek, παθ-, πενθ-, πονθ-, in πάσχω (from πάθ-σχω) , to suffer,fut. πείσομαι (from πένθ-σομαι) , perfect πέπονθα, aor. ἔ-παθ-ον,πálos, ³ πév◊os, feeling, suffering, passion, sorrow, emotion, πaðŋtikós,3' The Eng. pace =a single step, about 21 feet; the Lat. passus (in mille passuum,a mile of 1,000 paces) is a measure of 5 feet, i.e. the double of an Eng. pace.2 Not pall, the ecclesiastical vestment, which is from Lat. pallium, or palla, a robe,amantle worn by Roman ladies, from Eur- Ar. pel-, ple-, to cover, or ✅ pel-, skin (Brugmann, ii. 92); wé- ñλ- os , any woven cloth, veil, covering of a cart, membrane enclosingthe bowels, is from the same root. The derivatives from Lat. palla are N.F. pale, theveil ofthe chalice, N.E. pall, the vestment ofan archbishop (from Lat. pallium) , palliate,to cover over, mitigate, palliative, -ion. I hesitate between Skeat's derivation ofN.E. pall, covering ofa coffin, from palla and that given above.3Cp. Bálos, Béveos, depth; névlos expresses only mourning, sadness, a calamity,misery, and is not used as Tálos in the general sense of emotion, feeling, experience.698 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.√/PED-✔PEDHPEND-✓/PENDH-✓SPENDHsensitive, παθολογική (sc. τέχνη), the treatment ofdiseases, ἀντιπάθεια,antipathy, ovμmábɛia, feeling with, sympathy (cp. Lat. compassio),συμπαθητικός, sympathetic.1Latin, pend-, in pendere, pependi, pensum, to hang, swing (intrans. ),pendulus, pensilis , hanging, pensilis (sc. balnea) (subs. ), a bath builtupon a vaulted stove, a stove-bath , pendiculus, a cord, appendere, to hangfrom, dependere, to hang from, impendere, to hang over, præpendere, tohang in front, propendere, to hang towards, propensio, inclination,appendix, something hanging on to another, perpendiculum, a plumbline, perpendicularis, perpendicular; pendere, pependi, pensum, tohang (trans.), weigh, pay, pensum, a set task, the wool weighed outfor aday's spinning, pensio, a weighing or paying, pensor, a weigher; appenděre, to attach to, dependere, to weigh out, pay down, compendĕre, toweigh together, to balance, compendium, a balancing, an abstract, compendiosus, compendious, dispendere, to weigh or pay out, dispendium,cost, expendĕre, to disburse, spend, expensum, expensa, a disbursem*nt,perpendĕre, to weigh carefully, suspendere, to suspend, keep in suspense,suspensio, arched work, stipendium, payment in cash, military pay,(from stips, small coins in heaps +pendĕre); pondo (indecl. ) , a poundweight, by the pound, pondus, a weight, a pound weight, ponderare, toweigh, consider, ponderosus, heavy, ponderabilis, capable of beingweighed, præponderare, to exceed in weight; pensare, to weigh carefully,reflect (freq. of pendere), compensare, to weigh together, balance with,compensate, compensatio, -ivus, dispensare, to distribute, dispensatio;pathos, patheticus (Gk. loan-words); funda, a sling (a Latinisedadaptation of Gk. opevdóvn, a sling (which is derived from √spend-),fundibalus, a slinger.L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pendere (Lat. pendere), to hang(intrans. ), Prov. and o.F. pendre (intrans. ) , N.F. pendre (trans. andintrans. ), to hang, O.F. pente, a slope² (from pendita), O.F. pendant,hanging (intrans. ); L. Lat. pendicare, to hang (intrans. ) , Prov. penjar,O.F. pencher, to incline, O. and N.F. penchant, inclination; O.F. appendre,M.E. appenden, to hang on to (intrans.) , N.E. append (trans. ) , Ital.pendice (contracted from Lat. appendix?) , a slope, incline, O.F. apentis,N.F. appentis, M.E. appentyze, pentice, pentis, a lean-to, an addition toa house, N.E. penthouse (a corruption of M.E. pentis); Ital. dependere,O.F. dependre, M.E. dependen, N.E. depend, F. and N.E. (early) pro-' All the compounds of pendere are intransitive.2 Körting derives these words from pendere, Skeat from pendere. The senseinclines towards pendere, the form. towards pendere. Probably the two words were confused.EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 699pension, N.E. (later) propensity; o.F. poesle, N.F. poêle, ' a stove; O.F.perpendiculaire, M.E. perpendiculer, N.E. perpendicular; Ital. peso,weight, importance (from Lat. pensum, pendere, to weigh) , Prov. pes,O.F. peis, pois, poids, weight,2 O.F. aveir (avoir) du pois, (lit. ) the havingweight, M.E. haber- de-pois (s.s.) , N.E. avoirdupois, a system for weighingon the scale of 16 oz. to the pound; Ital. pesar, Prov. pezar, O.F.peiser, poiser, M.E. peisen, poisen, to weigh, N.E. poise, to balance,deliberate, Ital. contrappesare, Prov. contrapezar, o.F. contrepeser,contrepeiser, M.E. contrepesen, counterpeisen, N.E. counterpoise (subs.and vb.); pension, an allowance, making a fixed payment for dailyboard &c. , L. Lat. * spendere, Ital. spendere (for expendere or dispendere), L. Lat. and Ital. spesa, for spensa (dis- or ex-pensa) , outlayfordaily maintenance, esp . dailyfood given out for daily consumption; Ital.dispendere, Prov. and O.F. despendre, M.E. des- dis-penden, N.F. dépendre,disburse, pay, Ital. dispensa (from p. p. of dispendere) , Prov. despensa,despessa, o.F. despence, cost, payment, Ital . dispensare (from dispensa),Prov. despensar, o.F. despenser, to disburse, L. Lat. dispensarius, Ital.dispensiere, o.F. despensier, despencier, M.E. despencer, spencere,spensere, butler, steward, clerk of the kitchen, O.F. dispensacion, M.E.dispensacioun, distribution, O.F. suspendre, M.E. suspenden, to hang up,cause to cease, &c. (generally trans . , rarely intrans. ), N.E. suspend (s.s.) ,Ó.F. suspens, (adj . ) doubtful, uncertain, N.F. and N.E. suspension, suspense; Ital. pensare, Prov. pensar, O.F. penser, to think, Ital. pensata,O.F. pensee, a thought, sentiment, M.E. paunsie, a flower, so calledbecause it expressed affectionate remembrance of the person to whomit was given, as the 'forget me not ' flower, Ital . pensivo, O.F. and M.E.pensif, N.E. pensive, thoughtful, Ital. pensieroso, (Milton) penseroso,sad, melancholy; Ital. compensare, O.F. compenser, M.E. compensen, tocompensate, O.F. recompenser, M.E. recompensen, N.E. recompense, O.F.prepense (pre + penser), aforethought, in the legal phrase ' maliceprepense '; O.F. pathetique, M.E. pathetick, passionate, exciting sadness;Ital. fionda, Prov. fronda, o.F. fronde, a sling (Lat. funda).Teutonic, Goth. O.N. and A.S. pund, O.H.G. pfunt, N.H.G. pfund, apound weight (loan-word of second cent. , from Lat. pondo) , O.H.G.spisa, N.H.G. speise, ³ food (Ital . spesa) , O.H.G. spenton, to make a present,N.H.G. spenden, to deal out, distribute, A.S. spendan, M.E. spenden,disburse, spend, O.H.G. spenta, N.H.G. spende, a gift (loan-words fromItal. spendere).·Lat. pensilis in [balnea] pensilis ' (see above).2 The insertion of d is due to a confusion with pondus.3 Cp. Goth. mesa, O.H.G. miasa, from Lat. mensa, measured, a table; also L. Lat.moneta spendibilis, moneyfor daily expenses.~/PED-✔PEDH-✔PEND-✓PENDH-✓ SPENDH-700 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, pathos, pathetic (thr. Lat. and Fr.), antipathy, sympathy,-etic (thr. Lat. and Fr.) , &c. , sympathise (thr. Fr.) , pathology, -ical, -ist.Latin, pendulum, pendulous, pensile, pendent, dependent, independent, -ce, impend, compendium, -ous, -ary, propensity (coined fromLat. propensus) , appendix, expend, expenditure, expense, -ive, perpend,stipend, -iary, ponder, ponderous, -able, imponderable, -ity, compensate, -ion, -ory.L. Latin and Romance, pent-roof, a roof with a single slope, penthouse, a small house attached to the main building, a lean-to (corruptedfrom M.E. pentice) , penchant, append (with sense changed from intrans.to trans. , as though from appendĕre) , pendant, dependant, -ce, perpendicular, propension; avoirdupois, poise, counterpoise, pension, -er,-ary, spend, spent, spent-ball (fr. Lat. or Rom. thr. A.S.); Spencer (surname), name of a short overcoat introduced by Lord Spencer, dispense,-er, dispensation, dispenser, -ary, suspend, suspension, -ory, suspense,pensive, -ness, pansy, recompense, prepense; Fronde, frondeur, -ist.Teutonic, pound, poundage ( Lat. loan-word) .Eur-Ar. VPEN- VPN, weave, work, labour, be poor, with older√(S)PEN- .¹Greek, πην-, πεν-, πον-, in πήνη, the thread on the bobbin, πῆνος,α web, πηνίον, bobbin, spool, πηνίζομαι, to wind thread of; Πηνελόπη(πήνη + λοπάω, to peel of) , i.e. unwinder of the thread or web; πένης,a day labourer, a poor man, wévoµai, to workfor daily bread, to bepooror needy, TEVÉστns, a serf, labourer; πóvos, labour, toil, distress,Tovéw, to work hard, be in distress , πovпρós, oppressed by toil, toilsome,painful, in evil case, bad, wicked; πívva, πīva, a bivalve with a silkybeard, πιννινόθριξ μαλλός, wool like the silk of the πίννα.Latin. pan-, pin-, in pannus, a cloth or garment, worn- out clothes,rags, panniculus, a small piece of cloth, a rag, pannosus, ragged,shrivelled, pannarius, relating to cloth, pina, pinna, a kind of mussel,the sea-pen (Gk. loan-word) , pinna, wing of a bird or insect, fin ofafish,² a breast-work at the top of towers, of wicker or hurdle-work, to' Cp. Gk. σrdvis, scarcity, want, poverty, N.E. spin, from older form (8)pen-.2 This explanation is Brugmann's (see Comp. Gram. ii. 136) . Another explanation is given under Eur-Ar. pet-. On the whole the etymology of Brugmann seemsthe more probable. He thinks that the wing of a bird and the fin of a fish wereviewed in the light of something spun or woven, ' and this accords better with theGk. πívva, the muscle, and Lat. pinna, a breast-work or parapet of wicker work. Pinnaculum from pinna, a breast-work on the top of a tower, or from pinna, wing of abird.•EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 701PEN-√PNserve as a covering, the float of a water-wheel; penuria, poverty, want,esp. offood.¹L. Latin and Romance, Ital . panno, Prov. and o.F. pan, a piece ofcloth, apiece in general, ofa wall, wainscot, a cloak, a pane ofglass, alsopawn, N.F. pan, a skirt, Span. paño (panno) , cotton drawers, ² M.E. paune,N.E. pawn, apledge, M.E. pane, a part or portion ofanything, piece orpannelofa wall or wainscot, a pane of glass, Ital. panello, a piece of cloth,O.F. and M.E. panel, a framed compartment (from L. Lat. panella, Lat.pannulus) , N.E. panel, a piece of parchment containing the names ofpersons summoned to serve on juries, F. penurie, want, poverty; Ital.pennone (Lat. pinna), o.F. pennon, pignon, M.E. penoun, penon, M.E.pennon, pennant, a small flag, Ital . pignone, a dike, wharf, o.F. pignon,a gable end, a small pinnacle on the top of a house, M.E. pinion, thepinion of a wing, Span. piñon (s.s. ); N.E. pinion has the sense of thepinion of a wheel, and Littré gives the same sense to F. pignon; o.F.and M.E. pinacle, N.E. pinnacle; 3 Ital. gonfalone, O.F. gonfanon, N.F.gonfalon, flag of war, Ital. gonfaloniere.Balto-Slav. , pina, to stretch out, o-pona, a curtain, Lith. pinti, toweave, O. Slav. pęti, to twist, plait.Teutonic, Goth. fana, a cloth, O.H.G. fano, a cloth, a flag, banner, inouga-fano, veil, halsfano, neckerchief, gund-fano, war flag, A.S. fana, ɑflag, guth-fana, warflag, Du. vaan, a flag, M.E. fane, flag, weather-co*ck,N.E. vane (s.s. ); L.G. finne, A.S. fin, N.E. fin (see p. 614); a.s. pinewincla, a small univalve mollusc ' (Lat. pinna, pina, Gk. Tívva), a species ofmussel, N.E. (early) penniwinkle, now corrupted into periwinkle;O.H.G. pfant, N.H.G. pfand, Du. and O. Fries. pand, a pledge, a gage,i.e. something deducted.5Celtic, Ir. paineal, a pannel (borrowed from Lat. ).1 Perhaps better from penus, a store offood, victuals, + -uria, the desiderative suffixexpressing want, desire, as in esurio, to desire to eat, i.e. be hungry, parturio, to desire to bringforth, i.e. be in labour.2 Diez says that Span. paño, and O.F. pan, have the sense of something takenaway, and that the verbs O.F. paner, Span. apañar, mean to take away. From theO.F. paner he derives O.H.G. pfant, N.H.G. pfand, O. Fries. pand, something takenaway, a pledge, M.E. paune, N.E. pawn (from O.F. pan). Kluge follows Diez ( for alternative explanation see p. 609).There is a L. Lat. pinna with the sense of probe (surgical instrument), peak,summit, which may be from Lat. *pic-na for ( 8 )pic-na- from √(s ) pik- , from whichcomes Eng. spike, and from which also pinnacle may be formed. This confusionbetween the derivatives of pinna arises from the fact that it may be derived etymologically from three distinct sources: (1) pinna as a variant of penna is from ✔pet-, tofly;(2) as something woven, from pen-, to weave; (3) as a sharp point, from pik-, toscratch (see pp. 609, 614).✦✦Sæ-snæl, vel pinewinclan, ' is found in Wright's ' Vocab. ' ( See Skeat under'Periwinkle.')' As suggested by Kluge, borrowed from O.F. paner, Prov. panar, Span. apañar,to rob, take away (see p. 609, n. 1) .台 Jah. H702 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, Penelope (a personal name).Latin, penury, penurious, ' -ness.L. Latin and Romance, pawn, a pledge, pane, panel, -ling, impanel;pennon, pinion, pinnacle (?)Teutonic, fane, a flag (an earlier form of vane) , vane, fin , finny,periwinkle, gonfanon , gonfalon (thr. Rom.).Eur-Ar. √PEIÊ- √PIK- √PIG, with older form √(S)PEI , &c.‚²with sense to be sharp, prick, scratch, engrave, carve, spot, colour,adorn, paint.Sanscrit, piç-, pinç-, in piçati, pinçati, cut out, carve, adorn, piç-tas(p. p.), adorned, peças, form, shape, ornament, peçalas, adorned,beautified, pika, the Indian cuckoo.Zend, paęsa, decoration, zaranyo- pīs, adorned with gold, puru-peças,many-shaped, O. Pers. niy-apiçam, I wrote.Greek, Toɩk-, in Toixíλos, variegated, ³ Пoixλŋ, the hall or porticoin Athens adorned with the fresco of the battle of Marathon byPolygnotus.Latin, pic-, ping-, in pingere, pinxi, pictum, to paint, pictor,painter, pictura, picture, pictilis, pigmentum, material for painting,tincture, sap ofplant, depingere, depictum, to portray; pica, pie, magpie (i.e. the spotted or variegated bird) , picus, the woodpecker, pinna, for

• pic-na, a point (? see p. 701 , n. 3) .

L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pingere (p. p. pinto), O.F. paindre,peindre, (p. p. ) peint, paint, M.E. peinten, later painten, N.E. paint,Ital. pittura, O.F. peinture, N.E. picture, Ital. pittoresco, N.E. picturesque,Span. pinta (from pintar, to paint), a spot, mark on cards, a pintmeasure, F. pinte, M.E. pinte, pynte, a pint, so called from that measurebeing marked or scored on the outside of a vessel of larger measure(Skeat), L. Lat. pigmentum, wine mixed with spice or honey, Prov.Or from penus,food, from ✔pe-, tofeed.2 Cp. Gk. onlyyos with O.H.G. fincho, O.H.G. speht, woodpecker; Lith. spakas,starling, with Lat. picus; Eng. pink and spink, pike and spike.• Prellwitz and others connects Gk. Tiкpós, bitter, mixpalvw, to make bitter, irritate&c. , with this root; but Brugmann refers it to PEIK √PIK¯, an extension from✔PI-, to hate, be hostile to ( see p. 601).Both these birds may have been so called from a vulgar Latin *piccare, *picare,to pick, peck, or hack; cp. Ital . piccare, to prick, to sting, &c. Pinnaculum, O.F.pinacle, may be derived from pinna ( = *picna). (See preceding ✔pen-. )EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 703

pimenta, seasoning spice, O.F. piment, M.E. piment, pyment, pigment,spiced wine, Span. pimiento, N.F. piment, pepper, O.F. or-piment(auri pigmentum), yellow arsenic; L. Lat. picare, to hack or dig theground, Ital. piccare, to prick, sting, Prov. picar, o.F. piquer, to prick,Span. picado, pierced, worked, or ornamented muslin or linen used forcollars, piccadilla (dim. ) , a collar, Ital. picca, O.F. pique, a spear, apike, anger, F. piquet, (orig. ) a small troop of cavalry, whose horseswere tethered to the same stake; Ital . pica, Prov. piga, O.F. pie, M.E.pie, pye, a magpie, L. Lat. pica, O.F. pie, was the name given to the' Ordo recitandi divini officii ,' i.e. the Ordinale (see Du Cange); Skeatsuggests that it was facetiously given because of the confused look ofthe black letter type on the white paper (see Skeat, ' the old name fortheOrdinale, "quod usitato vocabulo pica dicitur " ); Ital . picchio, O.F. pic,a woodpecker, Ital. pincione, o.F. pinson, a chaffinch, Ital . piccolo, Span.pequeño, ² little ( =pecc-eño) , Ital. pizzare ( =L. Latin * pictiare) , topierce, pinch, pinzo, a sting, a prickle, pinzette, O.F. pince, pincette, pincers,O.F. pincer (from a nasalised form *pinctiare), M.E. pinchen, N.E. pinch(cp. Span. pinchar, s.s.) , O.F. pioche,³ a pick-axe (from Celtic) , o.F. pionnier ( =piochnier) (lit. a digger) , a soldier who marches in front with apick-axe to repair or clear a road, M.E. pyoner, N.E. pioneer; Ital.piccaro, a beggar, Span. picaro, picaron (s.s.) , also a rogue, N.E. picaroon(s.s.); Span. picador, a horseman with a lance (in bull-fighting) .Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. pisati, to write (i.e. to scratch) , N. Slav.piçiti, to prick, Lith. pikis, a pick-axe.Teutonic, L.G. picke, a.š. pic, a pick-axe, pike, Dan. pigg, a spike,peg, M.E. pegge, A.S. peac, a peak, peac-lond, N.E. Peak-land, M.E. pek,N.E. peak, N.H. and L.G. picken, O.N. pikka, A.S. * pician, *piccan, pycan(once found) , M.E. pikken, picken, N.E. pick, to hack, peck or pluck off,with variant M.E. pekken, N.E. peck; M.E. pinken (nasalised form ofpikken) , N.E. pink, to prick, pierce, embroider, N.E. pink, the flower(from its finely jagged edge) , the colour (so called from that of theflower); M.E. pike, the fish, so called from its pointed snout; M.E.picchen, N.E. pitch, to throw, toss (fr. picken); O.H.G. fincho, N.H.G.fink, A.S. finc, M. and N.E. finch, (dial. ) pink, the bird; Goth. faihs,O.H.G. feh, A.S. fah, variegated, N.H.G. fach, a variety, sort, branchof science, A.S. fæc, a period of time (? see alternative explana-¹ See Palladius on Husbondrie, p. 155 (about 1420 A.D., E.E.T.S.): It may bemade with puttyng to pigment, or piper, or sum other condyment,'2 In these words the sense of smallness seems to have developed from that of apoint or speck.

• Brachet derives pioche from *picoche (not found ); Diez, from pedone, a foot soldier.

704 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.tion under √pek-); Goth. faih, deceit, O.H.G. feihan, A.S. fækan,fekan, to deceive, delude, O.N. feikn, a portent, A.S. ficol, delusive,M.E. fikel , N.E. fickle, delusive, changeable (cp. Lat. fingere, to shapeand to feign, deceive); O. Du. penne, a wooden pin, pinne, a spit,iron-spiked staff, a pinnacle, O.N. pinni, N.H.G. pinn, M.E. pinne, apeg, pin, spigot, N.E. pin; L.G. pennen, to close a door with a pin orbolt, A.S. pennan (in on-pennan), to pen, A.S. and M.E. penn, N.E. pen,an enclosure for sheep &c. , M.E. pinnen, pynnen, to enclose in a pen;A.S. pyndan (in for-pyndan, to bar out) , to shut in, M.E. pynden, ' to putin a pound, M.E. pynder, one who has charge of a pound, N.E. pinder,A.S. pund, an enclosure, M.E. pound, N.E. pound, an enclosure, N.E.impound, to put in a pound, to take possession of, M.E. pond (variant ofpound), water enclosed by a dam, N.E. pond, a pool, M.E. pond (vb. )and N.E. (but rare) , to collect water in a pond by damming up a stream,M.E. pynfold, a fold for cattle; L.G. pekelen, to pickle, L.G. pekel, N.H.G.pökel, M.E. pycyl, N.E. pickle; A.S. Pihtas, Peohtas, Picts (Lat. loanwords?).Celtic, Ir. piocaim, Gael. pioc, to pick, hack, Wel. pigo, Corn.piga, to prick, peck, sting , Ir. peac, anything pointed, a peak, Ir. pion,a peg, pin, Gael. and Ir. pinne, Wel. pin (s.s.) , Wel.2 picio, to throw adart.Greek, pœcile.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Latin, picture (thr. F. ) , -orial, pigment, depict, pinnacle; perhapsPicts (fr. Lat. picti) , ancient inhabitants ofpart of Scotland, so calledbecause painted or tattooed.³For the change of vowel cp. A.S. findan, with p. p. funden, N.E. find, found.2 The relations of the Romance, Teutonic, and Celtic words are difficult to unravel.Kluge seems to connect the German words in a general way with the Romance.Skeat connects also the Celtic words with the Romance. Thurneisen refers Wel.pigo to Romance picco, a point. Macbain regards Gael. pioc, Ir. piocaim, to pick, asloan-words from English. Brugmann says (i. p. 272) , Nowhere, as it appears, isEur-Ar. p retained in Celtic as p.' In Teutonic the initial Eur-Ar. p is represented by f. Neither the Teutonic nor Celtic words, therefore, can be originalderivatives from Eur-Ar. pik-, but must be loan-words either direct from Lat. orindirect thr. Romance or English.The origin of the Picts, and of their name, is much disputed. Pinkerton considers them to be Teutons, speaking a Gothic dialect; Rhys thinks them a non-Aryanrace, with a language overlaid by loans from the Celtic; Skene makes them Gaelic;Windisch, Macbain, and Wh. Stokes, Cymric Celts. As regards the name, the Gaelicform is Cruithnich, Cruithneach, O.Ir. Cruithne (fr. Gael. and Ir. cruth, aform, figure,picture, Wel. pryd, an aspect, cp. prydu, to delineate). These names Macbain refersto Eur-Ar. ✔qer-, to make (see p. 197); and connects them with the Celtic and theborrowed Gk. names of Britain, Wel. Prydain, Gk. Пperтavía, Ir. Breatain, Gael. Breatann, Corn. Brethon, Wel. Brython, the Britons, whence Lat. Britannia. The initialp of the Celtic names represents Eur-Ar. q-. The balance of authority rests, I think,EUR-ARYAN ROOTS. 705L. Latin and Romance, paint, -er, -ing, picturesque, pint, pimento,piment or pimint, pique, piquant, piquet, a game of cards, picket, asmall body of soldiers; pike, pie, magpie, pie-bald (lit. spotted withwhite, fr. pie + W. bal, a white spot) , pica, pie, a kind of type, ' pied,variegated; piccadilly, piccaninny, pinch, pincers, pince-nez, pioneer,picaroon, picador.Teutonic, finch, fink, chaf-finch, ² fake (slang, to steal) , fickle; pick,pike, peak, peck, peg, pic-nic (from pick +nick in nick-nack) , a casualoutdoor meal where each guest would bring and eat his own food, pickaxe, -lock, &c . , turnpike, a revolving bar or pike, pink (vb. to pierce) ,pink (flower and colour); pen (vb. and subs. ) , pin (vb. and subs), pinfold, pinafore, Pinder (surname), pound (vb. and subs. ) , enclose,enclosure, impound, pond, pickle; pitch, to throw, pitch-fork, &c. ,pitch, (subs. ) degree of elevation , as of a sound, ' a high-pitched sound,'or angle, ' the pitch of a roof,' &c. all of these must be regarded asloan-words from Lat. or Romance forms thr. Teut. or Celt.Eur-Ar. √PIU-, with older √ (S)PIU , probably extended from√(S)PE-, to spread out, extend, with sense to spit, vomit, froth,break into spray or foam (cp. Lat. spuma and pumex, Teut. andN.H.G. spucken, N.E. spew and puke).Sanscrit, phe-, in phenas, foam, froth.Greek, πʊ-, in πνтíçw, to spit, πúτioμa, spittle, πτúw, to spit(Eur-Ar. pi- =Gk. πT-) .Latin, pu-, in pumex, -icis, pumice stone, pumiceus, like pumicestone, pytisma (Gk. loan-word) .L. Latin and Romance, Ital. pomice (Lat. pumex) , o.F. ponce,pumice stone (esp. powdered and used for drying up ink, or, whenscented, to powder hair) , N.E. pounce.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. pena, froth.Teutonic, o. and N.H.G. feim, A.S. fam, M.E. fome, N.E. foam.with this explanation, and if it be accepted, Ir. and Gael. Cruithne, or Wel. prydmust be the original name of both Picts and Britons. Windisch adduces early Irishcicht, an engraver, to which a British pict, piht may be the corresponding form, andfrom which may have been formed the Lat. Picti (as from pictus) and A.S. Pihtas,Peohtas. So that though Lat. pictus is not the original name, it may be regarded asa translation of it: the painted or tattooed people ' ( see Macbain, pp. 363, 365).¹ In the obsolete oath , ' by co*ck and pie, ' co*ck is a euphemism to avoid theprofane use of the Divine name, and pie was a popular name of the Ordinale or Prayer Book.2 These, according to Kluge, are genuine Teutonic words, but N.E. (dial. ) pink,the bird, is a loan-word, and probably fr. Fr.Z z706 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Greek, pytisma (medical term) , expectoration.Lutin, pumice.L. Latin and Romance, pounce, pouncet-box.Teutonic, foam, puke.Eur-Ar. √/PER- √PR-, for earlier √ (S) PER- √ (S)PR , to extend,spread out, flap.Sanscrit, par-, pr-, in parnam, a wing, i.e. the extended, theflapping: cp. Lith. sparnas (s.s.).Balto-Slav. , Lith. papartis, Russ. paporoti, the fern plant.Teutonic, O.H.G. varn, N.H.G. farn, A.S. fearn, N.E. fern.Celtic, Gael. and Ir. raithneach, Ir. raith, Wel. rhedyn, Corn.reden, O. Bret. raden, Gallic ratis, fern (all with loss of initial p) .ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.Teutonic, fern (from its resemblance to a wing of a bird).Celtic, Reading (the town), Ben-rhyddyn (?) .APPENDIX I.POSTSCRIPT AND LIST OF CORRIGENDAZZ 2708POSTSCRIPT.I REGRET the necessity of appending a list of omissions and corrections,but the character of the work has made this unavoidable. Two yearshave been spent in revision, during which additions as well as correctionsoccurred to my mind, too late for insertion in their proper place. Manyof these, as will be seen, relate to words which have an interesting historyas far as they can be traced, but cannot with certainty be assigned to anyparticular Eur- Ar. root, although they are in all probability of Eur- Ar.origin. All such will be found in the Alphabetical Index of English wordsprepared for me by Mr. Leonard Crosslé, and their places in Appendix I.noted, so that there will be no difficulty in referring to them. No doubtmany words have been passed over by me, some of which would havebeen included, if they had only been thought of at the right moment.I think, however, that most readers will be able to supply from thestore of their own memory and knowledge the words omitted, and, withthe help of cognate words, to assign them to their respective roots.Where this cannot be done it must be remembered that of the missingwords many will receive their explanation in the second volume; and,with respect to the remainder, that there is a large number of words inthe English language of which as regards their origin no trustworthyexplanation, as may be seen from any Etymological Dictionary, can as yetbe given at all. These, of course, with few exceptions, have beenomitted, and the hope of a satisfactory explanation lies for them only infuture research and an increased knowledge. It will be seen that alternative explanations have been given to many of the words discussed inthis work; generally, with respect to such, I have indicated my ownview (rightly or wrongly) as to which should be preferred; but, whereauthority or probability seems evenly balanced, I have simply laid beforethe reader the alternative explanations and the authority for each one.At the completion of the first volume of this work I have, as a lastword, to express my grateful sense of the great help given me in revisionby Messrs. Spottiswoode's reader, Mr. J. H. Willis, and of the manyvaluable suggestions from time to time made by him, without which thetask of revising would have been far less easy than it has been. It ishoped that the first part of the second volume, containing some 300 or 350pages, will be ready by the end of 1898.August 31 , 1897.J. BALY.709APPENDIX I.OMISSIONS AND CORRECTIONS.T.1.=read.=line.1. 2ª 2nd line from top of page.ABBREVIATIONS.1. 2b2nd line from bottom of page.section: e.g. Sans. Sanscrit section.d. dele.aft. =after.bef. =before.p. =page.n. note: n. ' = note one, &c.P. 1 , 1. 6 , add O.H.G. stivāl, N.H.G.stiefel, orig. a light summer-boot, fr. L.Lat. estivalis, summery.P. 2, 1. 11ª, aft. Ixvos r. ' (see p. 105).'P. 2, n. ' , at end, r. ( see ghel, p. 387).'P. 11 , 1. 14ª, aft. nti r. ' ( √ñe-, to swim).'P. 19, 1. 9ª, for yetero r. jetero, and add'the correct derivation ofeither, neither,nor, or, is fr. ✔qe- ( see p. 161 ) .'P. 21, aft. ✔i- r. ' (see p. 256).'P. 22, aft. ' eleven ' r. '10 and one left. 'P. 23, 1. 20-21 , d. from ' Ital. integroentire ' (see p. 410).P. 24, 1. 14 , d. integrity, entire, entirely.P. 30, hondra, hondumo, hontra, arewrongly placed under andhas (seepp. 379, 567).P. 39, in Eng. derivs . of Veik-, aft.'ought'r. Scot. aught, freight, fraught(see n. 1, p. 631).•P. 43, 1. 13", aft. afraid, ' r. (see pri-,p. 665).P. 44, 1. 6º, aft. scourge add (Lat. excorrigere, to correct).P. 45, add as a footnote: Lat. juniperusis supposed to be a compound of someform of the base juven-, jun-, with-perus, from pario or paro, with thesense of youth-preserving, i.e. keeping its leaves. This seems farfetched .The derivatives from juniperus are:Ital. junipero, jinepro, Prov. genebro,genebre, O.F. geneivre, genoivre, M.E.junyper, adapted to Lat. from earliergynypre, jeneper, the name of the tree,and N.E. geneva (as though from thename of the city) , and gin (a shortenedform of the same), the spirit.P. 78, under Teut. § add O.H.G. werjan,O.N. verja, A.S. werian, M.E. werien,N.E. wear, p.p. worn.P. 79, 1. 14ª, aft. ¿ßhp r. air.P. 86, add under Teut. § O.N. vas, wetness, A.S. wos, fluid, juice, A.S. wase,M.E. woose, wase, mud, slime, N.E.ooze; perhaps also O. Sax. worig, A.S.werig, N.E. weary (see Skeat ad vb. ).P. 98, 1. 17 , aft. woful r. wail.P. 104, to L. Lat. and Rom. § add Ital.divisare, to describe, O.F. deviser, todistinguish, bequeath, M.E. devisen,N.E. devise, to contrive, bequeath.P. 134, 1. 1ª, to Gk. derivs. add ' compounds of helico- with sense of spiral.'P. 148, 1. 1ª , aft. ramus r. ' (for alternative explanation see p. 55).'P. 150, 1. 5ª, aft. suburban r. arbor,arboreus , arbutus (?) , and 1. 13ª after'name ' r. arboreal, arboriculture, &c. ,arbutolum.P. 154, 1. 1 , aft. vent, an opening, add'perhaps from findere, O.F. fendre, tocleave, or fr. Lat. ventus, O.F. vent,wind.'P. 156, to n.' add ' (see p. 21 ). 'P. 162, 1. 6³, d. ' Tis ( Sans. kis) , who.'P. 164, 1. 17 , aft. Span. ' Escurial ' r. ' (orfr. Escorial, the site of a disused mine).'P. 168, 1. 10ª, aft. gawky add ' co*ckney(see p. 612).'P. 169, at end of L. Lat. and Rom. § add' O.F. haie, M.E. haye, a hedge,' and tothe Eng. derivs. from Lat. and Rom.add -hay in place-names, as Frenchay,Strathfieldshay.'710 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.P. 193, 1. 2 , d. ' monopoly,' and in 1. 11ª,' crural ' (see p. 281) .P. 199, last line, add aft. clean O.N.hreinn (subs. ), free, open land, pasture,Lapp. (borrowed from O.N.) , reino,pasturage. This word was often associated with patso, the genuine Lapp.for reindeer, and the Swedes appliedby a mistake the word reino to theanimal, though its original O.N. meaning was pasture. Cp. Swed. ren, O.N.hreinn, A.S. hran (borrowed fromO.N.) , Ital. renna, F. renne (borrowedfr. Swed.), with Dan. rensilier, N.H.G.rennthier, M.E. rayne-dere, N.E. reindeer, (lit.) the pastured deer.P. 200, 1. 9 , after discrete r. excrement.P. 202, 1. 5 , aft. heap of stones add ' (foralternative expl. see p. 290).'P. 202, under ✔qṛt- ✔qrd-, to cut, break,extended from ✔qr- ✔ql-, the followingTeut. and L. Lat. and Rom. words maybe included: Teutonic, Goth. hlauts,O.H.G. hlōz, lōz, N.H.G. loos , lōs , O.N.hlautr, hlutr, A.S. hlēt, hlýt, hlōt, M.and N.E. lot, a share or portion, adivision. L. Lat. and Romance, Ital.lotto, loto, a lot, a game, Span. lote, F.lot, N.E. lot , ital. loteria, F. loterie,N.E. lottery, a casting lot for prizes,O.F. aloter, alloter, N.E. (sixteenthcentury), alot, allot, (orig. ) to distribute by lot, later to assign to, N.E.allotment, a diriding, a division, portion ofland: cp. for similarity of meaning Gk. Kλmpos (for Kλedpos, lit. something out or broken) , a lot, a portion,something divided.P. 222. Among the various derivatives of✔qsem- qem- sem-, the Latin amin amare, -avi, -atum has been included,and connected on one side with Sans.kam (= Eur.-Ar. ✔qem-), wish, desire.love; on the other with Gk. äua(=Eur-Ar. sem-) , together, with. Thismust still be held as very doubtful, andonly to be accepted conditionally, forwant of a better explanation. But assuming its correctness, the following Latin, L. Lat. and Komance words ,with their English derivatives, may provisionally be included under✔qsem- qem- sem-:Latin, amare, to love, amor, love, amatus,loved, amator, a lover, amabilis, loveable, amicus (subs. ) , a friend, inimicus ,(subs. ) an enemy, (adj . ) N.E. inimical,hostile, amicitia, friendship, inimicitia,enmity, amœnus, kind, friendly, amœnitas, N.E. amenity, friendliness, courtesy. L. Latin and Romance, Ital. amare,Prov. amar, O.F. amer, N.F. aimer, tolove, Ital. amor, Prov. amors, O. and N.F.amour, love, Ital. amatore, Prov. amatour, a lover, N.F. aimant ( s. 8.) N.F.amateur, a lover of art, O.F. amabal,N.F. aimable, loveable, Ital. amico, Prov.amics, O. and N.F. ami, a friend, L.Lat. amicabilis, O.F. amiable, aimiable,N.E. amiable, amicable, Ital. amistà,O.F. amistet, amitie (fr. Lat. amicitia),M E. amitie, N.E.amity; Span. enemigo,Ital. nemico, Prov enemic, O.F. enemi,M.E. enemye, enmy, N.E. enemy, Ital .nemistà, Prov. enemistat, O.F. enemitet, enemite, M.E. enemitee, enmytee, N.E. enmity (fr. Lat. inimicitia);personal name, Amabel, Mabel (Lat.Amabilis), Amy (F. Aimée), paramourBellamy.P. 263, to Celtic § under ✔ket- √kedadd Ir. ceithern, a band of soldiers,Gael. ceatharn, a troop, ceathairne,yeomanry, Ir. ceathearach, a freebooter; and to Eng. derivs. fr. Celtic add Cateran, kerne. Other derivationsare from Lat. caterva, a troop, or froma translated form of quaternio thr.Gael. ceithir, Ir. ceathair, four.~P. 270, to ker- Kel-, the followingwords may perhaps be referred:Greek κpiẞavos, кλíßavos , Att. , an earthenware oven for baking, κρϊβανεύς, αbaker.Latin, libum (for clibum), a pancake.Balto-Slav. , O. Slav. chlebu, Lith . klēpas,Lett. klaipas, bread (O.H.G. loanwords).Teutonic, Goth. hlaifs (gen. hlaibis) ,O.H.G. hhleib, N.H.G. laib, O.N. hleifr,A.S. hlaf, M.E. lof, loof, N.E. loaf, A.S.hlaford (for hlafweard) , bread-warden,A.S. hlafdie, hlæfdige, the breadkneader, M.E. laferd, lowerd, N.E.lord, M.E. lefde, lavedie, NE. lady,A.S. hlafmæsse, hlammæsse, M.E. lammasse, N.E. lammas, August 1st (12thO. Style), from the usual offering of aloaf baked from the new grain onthat day). Lammas land is landthrown open as pasture on August 1st.P. 302, in Teut. § under geg- insertaft. Du. kugchen, ' M.E. coughen.'APPENDIX I. 7111••P. 318, at the end of Sans. § under ✔gle-✔glei, r. (for alternative and moreprobable explanation, see p. 650, n. 3). 'P. 327, at end of L. Lat. and Rom. derivs.add crayfish (from M.E. crevis = O.F.crevisse, borrowed from O.H.G. chrëbiz, N.H.G. krebs, a crab, probablyconnected with O.H.G. chrapfo, a bentclan, from Eur- Ar. ✔grebh-; ' and tothe end ofEng. derivs, add ' crab = M.E.crabbe, fr. O.N. krabbi.'P. 335, add to end of n.' on Cowitch,Lat. boia, a halter, fetter, collarfor theneck, may, however, probably be referred to gous ox, either from its beingused to tether oxen at pasture, or forharnessing, or from its being originally made of oxhide; cp. Boeús (Od.ii. 426), a rope of ox- hide. From Lat.boia are derived O. Span. boya, a rope,a hangman, Ital. boia, a hangman,bova (?), a fetter, Prov. boia, a chain,O.F. buie, boye, boie, N.F. bouée, abuoy, Port. boia (s.s. ) , L.G. boje, boie,M.D. boeye, N. Du. boei, N.E. (fifteenthcentury) boye, ( sixteenth) bwoy, buie,boy, buy, (later) buoy, a floating objectfastened by a chain. Other Eng. derivatives are buoyant, -cy.P. 340, at the end of L. Lat. and Rom. §under ✔gen- ✓ğen-, r. F. lansquenet,fr. M.H.G. lanzkneht.P. 342, at the end of n. ' , r. ' (see p. 656).'P. 343, at the end of L. Lat. and Rom. §add Ital. impresa, O.F. emprese, M.E.and N.E. (archaic), emprise, an undertaking, O.F. * impregnable, imprenable,N.E. impregnable, Ital. impresario, anundertaker, stage-manager; and include among the Eng. derivs. fr. L. Lat. andRom. impregnable, impresario.P. 364, at the end of n. ' , r. (see p. 584,n.' , for alternative explanation ofnomen) '; and include among the Eng.derivs. of /nm- those referred tonomen from Latin and L. Lat. andRom. §§, p. 365 under ✔ğno-, to know,viz., nominal, pronominal, nominate,nomenclature; noun, pronoun, renown.P. 368, aft. Lat. § of ğend- insert' L. Lat. and Romance, Ital. nodo, O.F.nod, nou, a knot, N.F. (learned) node,a node, N.F. (popular), nœud, a knot,Ital. denodare, O. and N.F. dénouer, tountie, N.F. dénouement, dénoûment,the untying of a knot, disclosure.P. 376, aft. Gk. § of 2 Eur- Ar. ✔gheadd Latin fames, hunger, scarcity,famine, famelicus, starved, L. Lat. andRomance, Prov. famina (as fr. L. Lat.form *famina) , O.F. famine, M.E.famyn, N. E. famine, Ital. fame, Prov.fam, F. faim, hunger, Ital. affamare,Prov. afamar, O.F. afamer, afamir(with pres. p. base afamis-) , M.E.afamishen, famishen, also famen (forafamen), N. E. famish, to starve.P. 376, under ghej , to impel, drive,hurl, add as a footnote: O.N. fuss, A.S.fūs, O.H.G. funs, willing, eager, A.S.fysan, fysian, ON. fysa, to hasten,incite, discharge, NE. fuss (vb. andsubs. ), fussy (adj. ) , may be derived fr.✔ğheu-, a by-form of ğhej..P. 385, under (2 ) ✓ğher-, to shine,Sans. §aft. haltaka ' r. ‘ or hartaka. 'P. 398, gheu-, to pour, L. Lat. andRom. §, 1. 6 , d. ' O.F. refonder ': p. 400,1. 1ª, d. ' refund. '•P. 415, 1. 6ª, aft. ' unite ' r. contextus.P. 428, under tem-, to cut, Gk. §, 1. 3ª,aft. circumcision ' r. pλeßoтóμov, alancet; at end of L. L. and Rom. §, r.L. Lat. flebotomus , fledomum, fletoma,a lancet, Prov. flecme (prob. fr. a Teut.form with t changed to c) , O.F. flieme(prob. fr. M.Du.), N.F. flamme, Ital.(Dial. ) fiama, a lancet, N. E. fleam . Atend of Teut. §, r. O.H.G. fietuma,fliedima, M.H.G. vliete, N.H.G. fliete,A.S. flytme, M.Du. vlieme, vlime, M.E.phleam, flame, fleem, N.E. fleam, afarrier's lancet: all loan- words fr. L.Lat. forms of Gk. λeßoтóμov.P 439, 1. 15 , aft. тpwyλodúrns add(Tрwyλn + dów, to enter, creep into).·P. 441, to n.2 addterst-, to whichLat. testis, testimonium, &c. , arereferred, is probably an extension ofpreceding ters-, from which is derived testa, a potsherd, shell, votivetablet (cp. testarum suffragiis ') . Testis,testimonium, are probably connected with testa in the latter sense, so thatthe radical meaning of testis may beone who presents his testa for oragainst, i.e. is a voter, for acquittal or condemnation, and of testimonium, theact ofvoting.P. 464, ✓tud-, Lat. §, add * pertuditarefrom which Ital. pertugiare, O.F. pertuiser, percer, M.E. percen, N.E. pierce,are derived (see p. 637).'712 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.P. 465, after ✓tịeg-, to retire, be bashful,the root ✓tleuk- tluk- may be placed,with sense of fleeing. Kluge supposesthis to be the original of Goth. thliuchan, to flee, which, by change of thl- to fi-, in O.H.G. , O.N. and L.G. becamefliohan, flyja, and A.S. fleohan, fleon,M.E. fleen, N.E. flee; O. and N.H.G.flōh, O.N. flo, A.S. fleah, M.E. fle , N.E.flea, the insect, are derived from theverbal forms. In the North Eng.dialects the flea is called lopster, thejumper, fr. Dan. loppe, to jump, andthis name changed to lobster is trans- ferred in N.E. to the shell-fish from itssimilarity of shape.P. 469, 1. 9 , aft. ' start ' r. ' (see pp. 606,609).'P. 484, 1. 2º, aft. ' dviçatam ' r. dvēçate.P. 500, 1. 9 , add Dromo, name ofa slave, inLat. comedy (lit. the runner).P. 517, under ~ duo-, r. ‘ (for explanationof O. Slav. u-bhau in paradigm of 2,see Brugmann, ii . p. 269, 641 , n. 1). 'P. 540, 1. 3 , aft. ✔dhebh-, r. ' variant of✓debh-.'P. 546, to Eng. derivs. of ✔dhregh- thr.Teut. add dregs.'"P. 592, Lat. nitere, to shine, nitidus,white, shining, is sometimes connectedwith Lat. nix, nivis, from which are derived Ital. nitido, netto, Fr. net,M.E. net, nette, N.E. neat, net, natty.This is little more than conjectural.P. 598, 1. 14 , d. ipse.P. 608, 1. 12ª, after rejoice add O.N.fa*gna, A.S. fahnian, M.E. fauhnen,faugnen, fawnen, N. E. fawn, to caressas a dog; and to Eng. derivs. fr. Teut.add fawn.P. 656, 1. 15 , aft. fling insert ' (see foralternative derivation of flick, fling, |p. 670),' and d. flicker.TEXTUAL ERRORS.P. 34, 1. 9 , for first ambaxade r. ambaxada.P. 45, 1. 8 , for yungr r. jungr.P. 49, 1. 7ª, for e-dere, r. ed- ere.P. 53, 1. 2ª, for arundi¹ r. arundi.❜P. 66, for ea in archideaconal r. ia.P. 80, 1. 4 , for A.S. vind r. ' wind. 'P. 85, 1. 12 , for sound r. sound.P. 116, n.2, for vetilo r. vetrilo.P. 118, last line, for ' c'r. ' ch'in vacanh,vaco.P. 187, 1. 5b, wring r. ring.P. 288, n.2, for mens- rum r. mem-srum.P. 289, 1. 11 , for cerisca r. cerisia.P. 294, 1. 8ª, for ' rto s'r. ' s to r.'P. 313, n. ' , l. 3 , for ' the'r. ' their.'P. 326, n. ' , 1. 3, for ‘ o'r. ‘ of.'P. 336, 1. 3 , shift bracket from ' vaile ' to' worth. 'P. 345, 1. 6º, r. (abbreviations-defend).P. 366, 1. 13 , for renoun r. renown.P. 372, for first of variants ✔geul- r.✓geul-.P. 375, n. 2, for gase r. gąsi.P. 385, 1. 3ª, r. Garner for garner.P. 413, 1. 2º, I. TÉKOS.P. 428, 1. 8ª, for tempulum r. templum.P. 450, 1. 13 , for Owestry r. Oswestry.P. 480, 1. 13ª, for ' fiftig ' r. ' fiftiz.'P. 485, 1. 8ª, for centri-, centro-, r. centi-,centoP. 504, 1. 15 , for ( s. s. ) r. ' day.'P. 522, 1. 16 , for A.S. betveonan r.betweonan, and 2b, for tventig r.twenti3.P. 524, 1. 7º, for twin r. two.P. 565, 1. 5 , add M.E. bef. nauztie.P. 566, 1. 11ª, for irregular r. irregularity.P. 573, 1. 9 , for Gwal r. Gael.P. 577, 1. 2ª, for nachbur r. nachbar.P. 611 , 1. 6ª, for pak-ha r. pak-ta.P. 618, n. ' (2) for Murrays r. Murray.P. 620, 1. 3º, for pad³ r. pad².6P. 632, 1. 16 , for us,' r. ' as.'P. 644, n.2, for O.H.C. r. O.H.G.P. 656, L 14 , for ' b'r. ' L'P. 695, 1. 7 , for unbellated r. umbellated.APPENDIX II.INDEX OF EUR-ARYAN ROOTS714APPENDIX II .INDEX of Eur- Aryan roots arranged in English alphabetical order undertheir respective initial letters; the latter, however, are placed in theorder generally adopted by philological writers, viz. the vowels first, thenthe consonants in the following order, q, È, g, gh, g, gh, t(th), d, dh, n(g), p.A. ardh-, to erect, 69A-, an-, negative (see na, argh-, white, 63n), 565ab- , from, 13abella, apple, 15abh-, water, 13adhas, under, 31ağ-, to drive, 4ağh-, to press tight, 7agh-, to affirm, 8aidh , to burn, 1ais-, to wish, 2ajs-, to befresh, 3ais-, metal, 39aisk-, to wish, 2ak-, sharp, 46al-, pronom. base, 28amr- (am!- ) , sour, 15an-, to breathe, 10an-, another, he, 29ana, upon, 29anati, duck, 11andhas, under, 30andhas, aplant, 11argh-, to earn, 66ark-, to ward off, 59ark-, to injure, 61arq-, to ward off, 59at, and, 10atta, father, 10au-, to like, 15E.E- (in e-ghom) , I, 19e- in (e-de, ei-de, the same),21e- (in e-ki, there, he), 21e- (in e-ne, one), 21e- (in e-qa, one) , 19e- (in e-ve, that), 35ebhi, about, 32ed-, to eat, 49elg-, feel pain, 71elios, another, 26eln-bhos, stag, 71en-, one, 21en-, another, he, 29en, eni, in, 22engh-, to press tight, 7epi, on &c. , 31 er-, to move, 50er-, to attain, 54er- (r-, re-), to run, 54er-, to part, 57er-, to heat, 58erdh- , to erect, 69erg-, to straighten, 65ergh-, to be first, 66ergh-, to move rapidly, 68erg-, to darken, 66ergh-, to earn, 66erk-, to ward off, 59erk-, to weave, 60edh-, to prosper, be happy, erk-, to injure, 61 607, n. 4eğ, out of, 43eğh- (engh-), to press, 7ei-, to go, 35ei-de, the same, 21erk-, to gleam, 61erq-, to ward off, 59 ane, one, 21ang-, to smear, 157angl-los, angel, 9angh-, to bind, press tight, 7 | eier, early, 41 anq-, to bend, 3ante, opposite, 25ap. ,from, 13apa, from, 13ap-, to attain, 13ap-, water, 13aq-, dark, 4aq-, to bend, 3aqua, water, 17ar-, to part, 57ar-, to move, 51ar-, to heat, 58eies, metal, 39eik-, to possess, 39eiva, an age, 41ek, out of, 42ek-, sharp, 46el-, pronom. base, 28el-, move, go, 50el- , attain, 54el-, heat, 58el-, smear, 58el-, dem. base, 28el-, pity, 72ers-, to sprinkle, 70ers-, to go astray, 70es-, to breathe, 72es-, mouth, 75es-os, lord, 75esti-, a bone, 76et, and, 10eu-, to clothe, 77eu-, to blow, 79eud-, to be wet, 84eudh-, to befertile, 85eug-, to grow, 82euğh-, to name, 82euk-, to be willing, 81eur-, to sprinkle, 86eus-, to glow, 86APPENDIX II. 715I, Į.I-, pronom, base, 18i-, to go, 35ik-, to possess, 39iq-, to cast,is, metal, 39jag-, to reverence, 42ie-, that, who, 18ie-, to go, 35ieq-, to cast, 37ieqr-, liver, 39ier, year, 42jeu-, to help, 45ju-, to help, 45yek-, to sound, 120uek-, to be willing, 81nel-, to cover, 131uel-, to turn, wind, 132uel-, to drag, pluck, 134uel-, to choose, 150uelg-, to turn, wind, 138nelg-, damp, 142uelk-, to burn, glow, 147yelp-, to hope, 150uelq-, to turn, 138uelq-, to drag, pull, 135uem-, to vomit, 125uen-, empty, 96iu-,pronom. base 2pers. pl. , uen-, to like, love, 12520iuuen-, young, 45U, U.U-, to clothe, 77u-, to be empty, 90ud-, out, 90ud-, to be wet, 84udh-, to befertile, 85uğ-, to grow, 82uk-, to be willing, 81ul-, to tear, 134ul-, to howl, 96un-, one, 21upa-, from below, 91ur-, to tear, 134ur-, to drop, 86ur-, to howl, 96ur-, to surround, 128urdh-, to raise, 149ua- (ue-), an interjection,98gendh-, to turn, 122uenq-, to sway, 117uep- , to weave, 101ueq-, to sway, 117neq-, to speak, 118uer-, a man, 127uer-, to cover, 128uer-, to speak, 132uer-, to turn, 132uer-, to drag, 134uer-, to choose, 150uerbh-, to strengthen, 149uerd-, to grow, 147uerdh-, to make grow, 149nerdh-, to speak, 132nerg-, to compress, 139uergh-, to wring, 141uerg-, to turn, 138nergh-, to moisten, 142uerk-, to burn, glow, 147uerq-, to turn, wind, 138uerq-, to drag, 135uers-, to sprinkle, 143uers-, to drag, 143uert-, to turn, 144nat, to know, 98ue-, to clothe, 77ue-, to blow, 79 nes-, to dwell, 153ue-, empty, 96ne-, turn, twist, 99uebh-, to weave, 101ued-, to be wet, 84ued-, to speak, 122ned-, to bring home, 124uedh-, to wind, 122uedh-, to strike, 123uedh-, to bring home, 124ueğ-, to grow, 82neg-, to sound, 120ueğh-, to carry, lift, 115uei- (ui-) , to turn, twist, 99ueib-, to swing, 154geid-, to know, 107ueip-, to swing, 154neiq-, to conquer, 112ueis-, to spoil, 146ues-, to clothe, 78ues-, to glow, 86uet-, past time, 120uetos, a year, 120ui-, seek, catch, 111ui-, apart, 103uid-, to know, see, 107uidh-, to separate, 103uidh-, to strike, 123uig-, to divide, yield, 105uik-, to divide, yield, 105uik-, to settle in, 113nik, to bind, 102uink-, to bind, 102uis-, to spoil, 146uisue-, equal, 110ul-, to choose, 150ulp-, to hope, rill, 150uleq-, to drag, 135uodh-, to thrust, 124uoğh-, to carry, 115uoq-, to speak, 118ug-, to choose, 150urbh-, to strengthen, 149urd-, to grow, 147ured-, to grow, 147ureğ-, to compress, 139ureğh-, to moisten, 142ureq-, to drag, 135urngh-, to wring, 1410.Obhi, about, 32od-, to smell, 158odh-, to prosper, be happy,607, n. 4og-, to smear, 157okto, eight, 156ol-, to anoint, oil, 58omso, shoulder, 159on-, dem, base, 29ona, on, 29one, one, 21ong-, to smear,onq-, to bend, 3op-, against, 31op-, to acquire, 11oq-, to bend, 3oq-, to see, 155or-, to move, 50Q.157Qalo-, black, 208qe-, conj. and interr. pron.160qe-, to desire, 162qe-, to cry, 167qe-, to cover, 235qe-, to bind, 169qed-, to cover, 235qei-, to conceal, cover, 235qei-, to respect, 162qei, to be at rest, 239qei-, to arrange, 166qei-, to notice, 165qeit-, appearance, 165qel-, to conceal, 275gel-, to call, 184qel-, to move, 188qel-, hard, 200qel-, good, sound, 207qel-, bare, bald, 248qelb-, to turn, 216qelq-, hard, 200qem-, to bend, 212716 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.qem-, with, 222qemp-, to fight, 243qen-, to sing, 168qen-, to begin, 214qen-, with, 222qend-, to shine, 215qenk-, gold, 249 qenq-, to bind, 169qep-, to dig, 243 qep-, to contain, hold, 174qep-, to be moved, 217qepel, head, 181qeq-, to cry, 167qeq-, to bind, 169qeqlo-, a wheel, 194qeqro-, a wheel, circle, 194qer-, to pour out, 197qer-, to call, 184qer-, to move, 188qer-, to make, 197qer-, hard, 200qer-, good, sound, 207qerd-, to swing, 212qerp-, to cut, 210qerp-, to turn, 216qerq-, to laugh &c. , 186qne-, to scratch, 231qneb- (kneb-) , imit. 246qned-, to scratch, 231qneigh-, to incline, 246qnek-, imit. 246qneq-, gold, yellowish, 249qnep- (knop), a knob, 247qnep-, imit. 247qnel- (knel-), imit. 248qnib-, to pinch, 246qnob-, aprojection, 247 qnok-, imit. 246quep-, to be agitated, 217quet-, to shatter, 252K.Ke-, pron. dem. base, 256ke-, to sharpen, 257ke-, tofall, 259ke-, to cover, 235ke-, to be at rest, 239ked-, to fall, 259ked-, tofight, 262qo-, conj. and interr. pron. , ked-, to excel, 266 160qr-, break, 202qrd-, break, 202qrd-, to swing, 212arp-, to cut, 210qrt-, to break, 202qrt- , hard, 209qrt-, to twist, 208ked-, to cover, 235kei-, to incite, 258kei-, to cover, 235kei-, tofall, 259kei-, to be at rest, 239kek-, to hang, 262kek-, to be able, 265kekes, a hare, 259qred-, to make a noise, 187 | Kel-, to boil, heat, 270qrep-, to rattle, 187qreq- , to laugh, 186qreq-, aslant, 250kel-, to freeze, 292kel-, to cover, 275kem-, to cover, vault, 290qret-, to make a noise, 187 kem-, to labour, 291qreu-, to harden, 205qreubh, to hide, 249qroq-, aslant, 250qru-, to harden, 205qse-, to scratch, 221qsem-, with, 222qseud-, to shake, 252qseut-, to shake, 252qerq-, aslant, 250qerq-, hard, 200qert-, twist, 208qert-, hard, 209qes-, to scratch, 221qes-, to cough, 245qestur, a beaver, 255qetinos, a dish, bowl, 253qetuer, four, 171 qshe-, to abide, 232qeu-, to cover, 236qeu-, to hack, 241qeud-, stamp, 241qshei-, to abide, 232qeudh-, conceal, 236qeuq-, curve, bend, 238qhebh-, to hold, 178qhebhelos, head, skull, 181qheid-, to cut, 254qheit-, to cut, 254qi- , respect, 162qi-, arrange, 166qi-, to be at rest, 239ql-, to break, 202qlep-, to steal, 217qleq-, to laugh, 186qleu-, to shut, bar, 242qleubh-, to hide, 249qlu-, to shut, bar, 242qm-, with, one, 222qm-, to bend, 212qn-, with, one, 222qnd-, to shine, 215qnq-, to bind, 169qnagh-, to gnan, 232kem-, to curve, 212ken-, to prick, 268Kene-, hemp, 269kenk-, to hang, 262 kenke, a shell, 263kens-, to praise, 267kent-, to prick, 268kepe-, a hoof, 268keq-. cacare, 262ker-, to boil, 270qshei-, to waste away, 232 ker-, to crowd, 277qshen-, to kill, 234qsher-, to destroy, 232qshi-, to abide, 232qshi- , to waste away, 232 qsu-, to scratch, 221qu-, to cry, 167qu-, to hack, 241qu-, to cover, 236qub-, to rise, swell, 218qubh-, to rise, swell, 218qud-, to stamp, 241qud-, to shatter, 252qudh-, to conceal, 236qul-, bare, bald, 248qup-, to be agitated, 217qup-, to rise, swell, 218quq-, to curve, bend, 238quq-, to cry, 167qu-qu, cuckoo, 167qut-, shatter, 252qued-, shatter, 252quel-, bald, bare, 248ker-, to mix, 197ker-, horn, head, 287ker-, to freeze, 292kerd-, the heart, 284kerm-, to be weary, 292kern-, horn, 287kert-, horn, 287keru-, horn, 287kes-, to slay, 265kes-, to praise, 267keses, hare, 259ket-, to fight, 262Keth-, to be clean, 265keu-, to cover, beware, 236keu-, to swell, 271keudh-, to hide, 236ki-, to incite, 258kļ-, to break, cut, 202kl-, to boil, heat, 270kļ-, to cover, hide, 275kll-, tofreeze, 292klei-, to incline, lie, 279APPENDIX II. 717klep-, to steal, 217kley-, to hear, 281Eli-, to incline, lie, 279klu-, to hear, 281klu-, to flood, 284kmtom, hundred, 483kns-, to praise, 267ko-, to sharpen, 257kope-, a hoof, 268kr-, break, cut, 202kr-, to boil, heat, 270krd-, heart, 284krs-, horn, head, 287kred-, heart, 284kred-dhe-, to trust, 286Krei-, to incline, 279Kri-, to incline, 279krem-, to be weary, 292kru-, to hear, 281kru, to flood, 284ku-, to swell, 271ku-, to cover, 236Kudh-, to hide, 236kue-, to swell, 271Kuei-, to kindle, 292kues-, to sob, sigh, 294kui-, to kindle, 292kui-, to be at rest, 239G.Ga-, to go, come, 296gadh-, to step, 299ge-, to sing, intone, 301ge-. intens. and dem. par- ticle, 401gebh-, to dip, sink in, 328ged-, to sing, intone, 301gedh-, to sink, dip, 328geg-, to sound, cry, 302gei-, to live, 329ger-, to swallow, 309ger-, heavy, 312ger-, to drop, throw, 313gerbh-, to hold, grasp, 324gerg-, to scream, 305gerg-, to collect, 307gerg-, to swallon, 309geris, a mountain, 312ges-, to bear, carry, 299geu-, shout, cry, 332geu-, to hollow, curve, 335gi-, to live, 329gi-, to overpower, 331gi-, a bow, bowstring, 333giu-, to live, 329gie-, to live, 329gie-, to overpower, 331gie-, bow, bowstring, 331gle-, to adhere, 318gleb-, to stick to, 319glebh-, to stick to, 319gledh-, to hollow, 322gleg-, to scream, 305glegh-os, a wager, a contest, 342glei-, to stick to, 318gleu-, to be round, 328gleubh-, to cleave, split, 322gli- , to stick, 318glu-, to be round, 320glubh-, to cleave, split, 322gm-, to go, come, 296gn-, to beget, 337gnagh-, to gnaw, 232gnek-, imit. 246gnet-, imit. 248gnib-, to pinch, 246gnop-, aprojection, 247gol-, to will, wish, 318goris, a mountain, 312gou-, cry, roar, 332ghend-, to seize, 343ghend-, to strike, 345ghens-, to strike, 355ghent-, to strike, 343gher-, to warm, 346gher-, to touch, smear, 352gher-, to rub, 353gherd-, to declare, 347ghes-, to strike, 355ghesle, sinew, 394ghet-, to seize, 343ghle-, to shine, 357ghlei-, to shine, 357ghleu-, to shine, 357ghli-, to shine, 357gbps-, to strike, 355ghor-, to warm, 346ghr-, to touch, smear, 352ghr-, to rub, 353ghṛdh-, to desire, 348ghrs-, to be rough, 353ghreb-, to seize, 350ghrebh-, to seize, 350ghred-, to declare, 347ghredh-, to strivefor, 348ghrem-, to growl, 351ghrend-, to be rough, 353ghreud-, coarse, to pound,349ghri-, to touch, smear, 352| ghri-, to rub, 353ghrud-, coarse, to pound,349៩.Ge-, to be bright, 364gebh-, to bite, 368gel-, to be bright, 372ğembh-, to bite, 368gen-, to beget, 337gei-, a bow, bow- string, 331 gous, an ox, con, 333gei-, overpower, 331 grbh-, to hold, grasp, 324gen-, to know, be able, 363gen-, chin, cheek, 367ğend-, cheek-bone, 368gel-, to make a noise, 302 grph-, to scratch, 323gel-, to drop, throw, 313 gre-, to awake, 309gendh-, cheek-bone, 368genu, chin, 367gel- , cold, frost, 317 gre-, heavy, 312 ğenu-, knee, 366gel- (var. of ger-), to grebh-, to hold, grasp, 324 ğer- , to rub, grind, 370swallow, 309gel-, to wish, 318gel-, to be strong, 336gelg-, to scream, 305gelg- (var. of gerg), toswallow, 309gem-, to go, come, 296gen-, to beget, 337geng-, to sound, cry, 302ger-, to make a noise, 302ger-, to collect, 307ger-, to awake, 309greg-, to scream, 305greg-, to collect, 307gu-, to cry, roar, 332GH.Ghed-, to seize, 343ghed-, to be eager, 359ghedh-, to be eager, 358ghel-, to pay, 354gheldh-, to pay, 354ghen-, to strike, 345geu-, to be bright, 361geul-, to glow, blaze, 372geus-, choose, taste, 362giu-, to chew, 373giuu-, to chew, 373gn-, to beget, 337ğned-, cheek-bone, 368ğao-, to know, be able, 363ğnod-, cheek-bone, 368ğnu-, knee, 366guel-, to glow, blaze, 372ğul-, to glow, blaze, 372718 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.GH.Ghans, a goose, 375ghe-, to gape, 374ghe-, to be empty, 376ghe-, to impel, 376teg-, to know, think, 419teğh-, to flow, run, 413teğh-, to cut, fashion, 413tek-, to be silent, 420teks-, to shape, work up, 414ghe-, demonst. particle, 401 | tel-, to bear, lift, weigh, 457ghed-, cacare, 393ghei-, to gape, 374ghei-, to impel, 376gheid-, to be playful, 401gheimen, winter, 378gheis-, to terrify, deter,377ghel-, to shine, green, 385ğhel-, to be merry, 387ghem-, the earth, 379ghem-, swell, befull, 392ghengh-, the leg, shank, 393ghens, a goose, 375gher-, to desire, 380gher-, to seize, 381gher-, to shine, 385gher-, to scratch , 388ghes-, to impel, 376telos, a flat surface, 459tem-, to out, 427tem-, to be dark, dull, 429ten-, to stretch, 421ten , to sound, 425tenq-, to know, think, 419tenq-, to thrive, suit, 417tep-, to be warm, 427tep-, to press, afflict, 427teq-, to flow, run, 413teq-, to thrive, suit, 417teq-, to cut, fashion, 413teqs-, to shape, work up, 414ter-, to move, cross over,bore, 430terg-, to wipe, rub, 441terg-, to afflict, 437tergh-, hide, back, 437ghes-, to terrify, deter, 377 terĝh- , to crush, drag, 439ghes-, to laugh, 394ghesle, a thousand, 394ğhesle, a sinew, 394gheu-, to invoke, 396ghi-, to gape, 374ghi-, to impel, 376ghiem-, hold, befull, 392ghjes, yesterday, 396ğhis-, to terrify, deter, 377gho-, demonst. particle, 401 ğhre-, to desire, 380ghre-, to scratch, 388·ğhredh-, cry, make a noise,388ğhrodh-, cry, make a noise,388ghu-, to invoke, 396ghuel-, to be wild, disturb,400ghuer-, to be wild, disturb,400T.Ta-, he, that, 403ta-, nominal suff., 404ta-, to melt, 412|terq-, to turn, twist, 434ters-, tofrighten, 444ters-, to thirst, be dry, 445tersk-, to stamp, 442terst-, to testify, 447tete, term ofaffection, 407teu-, to swell, be strong, 460teu-, base of2ndpers. sing.,466teugh-, to produce, happen,420teuk-, to compress, force,463treg-, to wipe, rub, 441tregh-, to crush, drag, 438trekh-, crush , drag, 439trem-, to tremble, 444trenq-, to turn, twist, 434trep-, to be anxious, 443 treq-, to turn, twist, 434tres-, to frighten, 444tri-, three, 450tru-, to hasten, overcome, 454trut-, to swell out, 456tu-, to swell, 460tu-, 2nd pers. sing. , 466tud-, to push, 464tugh-, to produce, happen,420tuk-, compress, force, 463tup-, to beat, stamp, 464tup-, to crouch, 465tuq-, to produce, happen,420tur-, to hasten, overcome,454tue-, base of2nd pers. sing. ,466tue-, to swell, be strong, 460tuek-, to compress,force, 462tuenk-, to compress, force,462tuer-, to hasten, overcome,454D.Dai-uer, husband's brother,473de-, pronom. base, 468de-, to give, 470de-, to divide, 473teuq-, to produce, happen, de-, to bind, 474 420thregh-, to draw, run, 438thrağh-, to crush, drag, 439tig-, to pierce, prick, 411tieg-, to retire, be shy, 465tll- , to lift, weigh, carry,457tp-, to stretch, 421to-, he, that, 403to-, nominal suff., 406tr-, to move, cross over, bore,430tans-, to stretch, shake, 426 trp- , to be satisfied, 443te-, to steal, 407te-, to melt, 412te-, base of 2nd pers. sing.,466teg-, to touch, take, 407teg-, to cover, 410teg-, to steep, dip, 412tṛp-, to be in want, 443tṛp-, to stiffen, be sluggish,443trs-, to thirst, be dry, 445trsdos, name of a bird, 456trsk-, to crush, stamp, 442trebh-, to build, 448||de-, to know, 476debh-, to injure, 496değh-, to take, 486dei-, to divide, 473deik-, to show, teach, 487dek-, to take, 486 dek-, to bite, 476dek-, to show, teach, 487dekm, ten, 477dekm-tom, a hundred, 483| deks-, right, skilful, 491del-, to split, 508del-, to inform, count, 509delgh-, long, 508| dem-, to build, 492dem-, to tame, 494dep-, to distribute, 474der-, to cleave, tear, 496der-, to observe, respect, 498der-, to sleep, 500APPENDIX II. 719der-, to do, 501derbh-, a bundle, 502dergh-, long, 509derk-, to see, 498deu-, to be able, strong, 510deu-, to follow, come shortof, 512 deд-, to burn, vex, 515deuk-, to lead, guide, 512deus-, to pull, tear, 515di-, move rapidly, fly, 503di-, to shine, 504dig-, to show, teach, 487dik, to show, teach, 487dia, the day, sky, 505die-, to divide, 473die-, to move rapidly, 503diek-, to move rapidly, 503dieu-, day, sky, 505diu-, day, sky, 505dkmtom, hundred, 483digh-, long, 508dņk-, to bite, 476do-, pronom. base, 460do-, to give, 470dou-, to give, 470dr , to cleave, 496drgh-, long, 508dre-, to run, 560dre-, to do, 501dregh-, to grasp, seize, 502drek-, to grasp, seize, 502drep-, aflag, mantle, 502dreu-, to respect, be true,509dhek-, to make, 525dhel-, low, 552dhel-, to divide, 553dhelbh-, to dig, 554dhelgh-, to owe, 553dhen-, flat, 552dheq-, to reach, fix, 534dher-, to hold, 541dhers-, to dare, 543dhen-, to agitate, 554dheu-, to die, 558dheu-, to run, flow, 557dheubh-, to agitate, 554dheubh-, to dip, 558dheugh-, to dip, 558dheugh-, to give milk, 533dheum-, tó agitate, 554dheup-, to dip, 558dheus-, to agitate, 554dhi-, to think, 537dhigh-, to plaster, 535dhrgh-, to be strong, 548dhre-, to sound, 551dhreb-, to strike, 546dhregh-, to draw off, 545dhregh-, to sweep, 544dhreibh-, to drive, 547dhrek-, to sweep, 544dhrem-, to sound, 551dhren-, to sound, 551dhrengh-, to drink, 545dhreu-, to hurt, 549dhreub-, to drop, 546dhreubh-, to trouble, 547dhreugh-, to endure, 547dru-, to respect, be true, dhreugh-, to harden, 550509du-, to be able, strong, 510du-, to burn, vex, 515dus-, pull, tear, 515dus-, to spoil, bad, 516duuo-, two, 517duei-, to fear, 524dui-, to fear, 524dui-, two, 517dhreugh-, to hurt, 549dhreys-, to drop, 550dhribh-, to drive, 547dhru-, to hurt, 549dhrugh-, to hurt, 549dhrus-, to drop, 550dhu-, to agitate, 554dhugh-, to give milk, 539dhul-, to delude, 561duis-, to hate, be apart, 524 | dhur-, to hurt, 549duo-, two, 517DH.Dhe-, to place, order, 525dhe-, to suckle, 531dhebh-, to be useful, 539dhebh-, to strike, 540dheg-, to reach, fix, 534dhegh-, to burn, 536dhei-, to suckle, 531dhei-, to think, 537dheigh-, to plaster, 535dheil-, to divide, 553dhurgh-, to hurt, 549dhuel-, to delude, 561dhyen-, to sound, 563dhuens-, to sink, perish, 560dhuer-, to hurt, 549dhueram, a door, 559dhuergh-, to hurt, 549dhues-, to sink, perish, 560N.n-, demonst. part. , 568nbh-, burstforth, 580nbh-, navel, burst forth,582ngh-, to scratch, pierce,579ak-, to reach, attain, 576nm- (mm-), take, buy, 583nqt, night , 577ns, we, us, 569nsme, we, us, 569nana, nurse, &c. , 564ne (en), negatives, 564ne, down, 566ně, demonst. part. , 568nē, demonst. part., 568ne-, to tie, spin, 590ne-, to flow, 588nebh-, to burst, breakforth,580nedh-, to seek aid, 574negh-, to scratch, pierce,579neghros, kidney, 593nei, down, 566neig-, to wash, bathe, 592neigh-, to snow, 592 nek-, to die, kill, 575nek-, to reach, attain, 576nem-, to take, buy, 583nepot, nephew, descendant, 580ner, a man, 586nes-, we, us, 569nes-, to return, 586nes-os, the nose, 587neu, now, 570neu-, to nod, 573neu-, toflow, float, 588neu-, to give suck, 590neud-, to enjoy, 574neud-, to push, 574neudh-, to push, 574neuk-, a nut, 593neun (enun, enuen), nine,572neu-os, new, 571ni, down, 566nig- er, black, 587nik- , overcome, 568no-, to tie, spin, 590nobh-, navel, break forth,582| nog-, naked, 578noğh-, scratch, pierce, 579noqt, night, 576nos, we, us, 569N- (an-, a-), negatives, 565 nr, a man, 586 ņ-, down, 566 nu, now, 570720 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.nu-, to nod, 573nud-, to push, 574nudh-, to push, 574nuk-, nut, 593=P.Pars Sans. paras, 694pe-, to feed, rule, protect,595pe-, to drink, 600pe-, for (s)pe-, to stretch,697ped-, to step, tread, 615ped-, to stretch, 697pedh-, to stretch, endure,697per- for (s)per-, to spread | plek-, to beat down, flatten,out, 706pera, beyond, 635perd-, to break wind, 671peri, about, more than, &c.,639perk-, to be speckled, 676perk-, to ask, pray, 664perk-sk-, to ask, pray, 664pes, behind, after, 648pesd-, to break wind, 671pes-os, membrum virile,671pet-, to fly, fall, lightupon, 613peth- , to tread, a path, 619 peu-, to generate, 679pag-, to fasten, fix, bind, peu-, small, 681 604 peu-, pure, clean, 682pei-, to swell, be fertile, peu-, filthy, 685 600pei-, to hate, abuse, 601peik-, to scratch, engrave,702peis-, to pound, crush, 673pek-, to fasten, fix, bind,604pek-, to pluck, comb, 610pek-, for (s)pek-, to lookout, 697|659pleth-, flat, broad, 661pleu- (leu-) , to swim, float,wash, 666plu- (lu-), to swim, float,wash, 666pn-, to weave, labour, bepoor, 700png-, to prick, stab, sting,623pņth-, a path, to tread, 619po-, to feed, rule, protect,595po-, to drink, 600por-, to cross, carry over,629por-, to prepare, produce,632pos, behind, after, 648peu-, to strike down, shame, pr-, to fill, 625 686 -pr-, to cross, carry, over, 629Þâois, Phasis, name of a pr-, to spread out, flap, 706 river, 694( ă)πiov, a pear, 693pi- , to drink, 600pi-, to hate, abuse, 601pi-, to swell, be fertile, 602pi-, to chirp, 604pib-, to drink, 600pel-, coloured, yellowish, piğ-, to scratch, engrave,678pel-, to fold, cover, 650pel-, to strike, beat, 653pel-, to extend, widen, 656pel-, to pound, crush, scatter, 658pel-, to barter, 672702pik-, to scratch, engrave,702pik-, to hate, abuse, 601| pins-, to pound, 673prs-om, apotherb, 687pra-, before, infront of, 640pra-stara (Sans.), project- ing, 689| pre-, tofill, 625pre-, to strike, push, 653pre-, to approach, 692preğ-, to dot, prick, 677prek-, to dot, prick, 677prek-, to do business, carryon, 632prek-, to ask, pray, 664 pre-m-, to press, 692pippala (Sans. ) , Ficus in- preth-, broad, flat, 661dious, 691pen-, to weave, work, be pis- , to pound, 673poor, 700pend-, to stretch, hang, 697 pendh-, tostretch, hang, 697penq-, fist, 623 penge, five, 621penqes, mud, slime, 687penth-, a path, bridge, 619peq-, to cook, digest, ripen,611pisq- es, a fish, 687piu-, to swell, befertile, 602piu-, for (s )piu, to spit, 705pl-, to fill, 625pl-, to fold, cover, 650pl-, to strike, push, 653plag-, to beat, strike, 655plaq-, to beat, strike, 655ple-, to fill, 625per-, to cross, carry over, ple-, coloured, yellowish,629 678|preus- , to burn, scorch,freeze, 670pri, before, infront, 640pri-, to love, 665pro-, onward, forward, 640prus-, burn, scorch, freeze,670pster-, to sneeze, 679pu-, to generate, 679pu-, pure, clean, 682pu-, filthy, 685pu-, to strike down, shave,686per-, prepare, produce, 632 | ple-, to pound, crush, pung-, to prick, stab, sting,per-, to approach, press close to, 692per-, to strike, push, 653scatter, 653 623ple-, to extend, widen out, | rúķus, box-wood, 688 656 pui-, to clean, 682per-, to workfor hire, buy, plek-, to plait, fold, twist, pui-, to be or makefilthy,sell, 672 652 6851iAPPENDIX III.ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ENGLISH WORDS3 A722Aa, 22APPENDIX III.ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ENGLISH WORDS.a- (in comp. ), 566abaft, 15, 30, 34abdicate, 490acacia, 48 aciform, 48acanthaceæ, 48 acker, 7acanthus, 48 acknowledge, 366accede, 261accentuate, 169acceptation, 177abdomen, 526 accelerate, 193abduction, 514 accent, 169abear, 44Aber-, 13 accept, 177Aberdeen, 13Abergavenny, 13 access, 261aberration, 71 accidence, 261abhor, 391 accident, 31abide, 44ability, 181abject, 14, 38able, 181ablative, 14, 459ablution, 670abnegation, 9, 566accipitrine, 615 acclaim, 185acclamation, 185acclimatise, 280acclivity, 280 accolade, 193accompany, 599accomplice, 653accomplish, 629acme, 48 acne, 48acold, 44acolyte, 193acorn, 7acoustics, 237acquaint, 230, 366acquiesce, 240acquire, 165acquisition, 165acquit, 240acre, 7acrid, 48acrimony, 48acro-, and comp. , 48acrobat, 48, 296acrolith, 48acropolis, 48, 628 across, 252abode, 44abolish, 14, 53abominate, 17 accord, 285aboriginal, 53 accoucheur, 230 acrostic, 48abortion, 53 account, 684 act, 7abound, 85 accredit, 287 action, 7about, 30, 34, 91 accretion, 197 active, 7above, 30, 34, 96 accretive, 197 actor, 7abroad, 30 accrue, 197 actress, 7abscess, 14, 261 accumulate, 274 actual, 7abscond, 14, 530 accurate, 165 actuary, 7absent, 74 accurse, 44, 252 actuate, 7abstain, 14, 424 aculeate, 48abstemious, 430abstergent, 442abstersion, 442abstinent, 424abstract, 441abstruse, 455absurd, 14abundant, 85abuse, 17, 35 n.¹abusive, 17, 35 n.¹abut, 31abysmal, 328abyss, 328accuse, 238accustom, 230acephalous, 183acerbity, 48aceric, 48acerose , 48acet-, and comp. , 48acetic, 48aceto-chloric, 48acetify, 48ache, 8achieve, 183acid, 48acidulate, 48acumen, 48acute, 48ad- (Lat. compds. ), 31adage, 9Adalbert, 608 n.adamant, 495, 566adamantine, 495adapt, 13add, 530addicted, 490addition, 530adder, 590Addlestone, 608 n.ADDLAPPENDIX III. 723ADDRaddress, 65, 524adduce, 514Adelaide, 608 n.Adelheid, 608 n.aërial, 81aëriform, 81aëro, and comp. , 81aërolite, 81aide-de-camp, 45ALLUaidless, 45aiguille, 48adept, 13 adequate, 19Adelphi, 230, 327 aëronaut, 81aërostatics, 81æsthetic, 17ail, 8, 48ailment, 8aim, 2aimless, 2adhere, 378 afeard, 44, 632 ainde (dial. ), 11adherent, 378 affair, 531 air, 81adhesive, 378 affect, 31, 530 airy, 81adhibit, 180 affectation, 530 aisle, 7adit, 36 affection, 530 ait, 17adjacent, 38 affiche, 535adjective, 38adjourn, 508affiliate, 523affirm , 543adjudge, 490 affirmation, 543adjudicate, 490 affix, 534adjutant, 45 afford, 648adjutor, 45 affray, 44, 666alacrity, 53alamode, 29alarm, 28 n. , 29, 31 , 57alarum, 29, 57alb, 63Altany, 63albescent, 63adjuvant, 45 afore, 648 albino, 63ado, 531 afraid, 44, 631 n. , 666 Albion, 63adolescence, 53 aft, 15 albugo, 63Adolf, 608 n. after, 15 album, 63Adolphus, 137, 608 n. again, 30 albumen, 63adopt, 13 Agatha, 360 Alcinöus, 60adore, 76 Agathocles, 360 Alciphron, 60adown, 512 age, 41 alder, 53aged, 41adult, 53adroit, 31 , 65, 524adulate, 81adulterate, 27adultery, 28adumbrate, 582 aggravate, 312advance, 26 aggregate, 308advantage, 26 aggress, 31 , 349advent, 298 aggressor, 349adventitious, 298 aggrieve, 312agency, 7agent, 7ageratum, 371agglomerate, 322alderman, 54ale, 58alehouse, 58alert, 29, 65Alexander, 60, 586Alfred, 666Algernon, 391alias, 27Alice, 113, 284alibi, 27adventure, 298 aghast, 378 Alicia, 284adverb, 132 agile, 7adversary, 146 agitate,adverse, 146 aglet, 48adversity, 146advert, 146agnate, 341Agnes, 42alien, 27alienate, 27alight, 44 aliment, 53advertise, 146alimony, 53aliped, 7advertisem*nt, 146advice, 110advise, 110advocate, 119advowee, 119, 120advowson, 120adze, 48ædile, 2Ægidius, 7ægis, 7æon, 41æonial, 41ærarian, 40aërate, 81agnostic, 366ago, 36, 37, 44, 231agone, 36, 37, 44agonize, 6agony, 6Agoracritus, 308agrarian, 7agree, 31, 305 agreeable, 305agrestic, 7agriculture, 7, 193ague, 48Agulhas, Cape, 48aid, 45aidance, 45aliquot, 27, 161all, 52 n. , 54all amort, 29allegory, 27, 308alley, 590alligator, 137All-hallows, 208allodial, 608 n.allopathy, 27allot, App. I. p. 710allotment, App. I. p. 710allotropy, 27, 436allow, 284allude, 313A 2724 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.Anabaptist, 30, 329anachronism, 30, 385angular, 4angularity, 4angulate, 4anhelation, 30animadvert, 11, 146ampulla, 34almoner, 72 amuse, 31ALLUalluvium, 670Alma mater, 53almighty, 54 almoin, 72amplification, 34, 531 , 629 | angle (to fish), 4amplify, 34, 531 , 629 angle (corner) , 4angler, 4Anglesey, 18anguish, 8amputate, 34, 684almonry, 72 Amy, App. I. p. 710 alms, 72 an, 22almshouse, 72 an (if), 26alone, 22, 54along, 30aloof, 658aloud, 284Aloys, 284Alphonso, 346, 608 n. analogy, 30Alps, 63 analyse, 30Alsace, 28 analysis, 30Alsatia, 28 anapæst, 687also, 52 n., 54 Anastasius, 30altar, 51, 53alter, 28altercate, 28alternate, 28altitude, 53alto, 53altruism, 28alumnus, 53always, 52 n., 54am, 74Amabel, App. I. p. 710amarine, 15amass, 31amateur, App. I. p. 710amatory, App. I. p. 710ambassador, 34ambidexter, 34ambient, 34, 36ambiguity, 7ambiguous, 7, 34ambition, 34, 36amble, 34ambo, 583Ambrose, 566ambry, 57ambulance, 34ambuscade, 24, 689 n.ambush, 23, 24, 689 n.amenity, App. I. p. 710amiable, App. I. p. 710anæmia, 566anæsthetic, 17anagram, 30, 324anathema, 30, 530anathematise, 30, 530Anatolia, 30, 193anatomy, 428ancestor, 26, 261ancient, 26ancillary, 4anchor, 4anchoret, 375anchorite, 30, 375 n.anchovy, 90 n.anchylosis, 4ancle, 4anclet, 4and, 26andante, 590ande (dial. ), 11Anderson, 586anderoon, 24andr-, and comp. , 586Andrew, 586aneal, 59anecdote, 472anele, 30 anemometer, 11anemone, 11anemoscope, 11anent, 30, 33 n.aneroid, 110, 566, 589aneurysm, 30, 130amicable, App. I. p. 710 anew, 571amice, 34, 38amity, App. I. p. 710amorous, App. I. p. 710amours, App. I. p. 710angariate (obs.), 9anger, 8angel, 9angel-gold, 10amphibious, 34, 330 angelic, 9amphisbona, 298 Angelica, 9amphitheatre, 34, 538 angelical, 9amphora, 34 angel- proof, 10ample, 34, 629 angina pectoris, 8animal, 11animalcule, 11animate, 11animosity, 11 anise, 11aniseed, 11anker, 4annalist, 4, 120 n.annals, 4, 120 n.annates, 4, 120 n.ANTHanneal (to temper), 30, 58anneal (to enamel), 588 annex, 591annexation, 591annihilate, 396, 566anniversary, 146annotate, 366annote, 366announce, 571annoy, 123, 589 n.annoyance, 123annual, 4, 120, 569 n.annuitant, 4, 120annuity, 4annul, 22, 566annular, 4annulated, 4annunciation, 571anodyne, 50anoint, 158anomaly, 230, 566anon, 22, 30anonymous, 585another, 29anserine, 376Anstey, 30answer, 26, 566antacid, 48Antæ, 26antagonist, 6, 26antarctic, 61antecedent, 26antedate, 26, 472antediluvian, 26, 670antelope, 26anth-, antho-, 11anthem, 26anther, 11APPENDIX III. 725ANTHanthology, 11 anthropo-, 586anthropoid, 110, 586anthropology, 156anthropomorphic, 586 anti-, 26antibilious, 387antic, 26appal, 679appanage, 599apparatus, 634apparel, 638apparent, 634appeal, 31 , 655appear, 635appease, 609arcade, 60arcanum, 60arch, 60archæology, 66archaism, 66archangel, 9, 66archbishop, 66archdeacon, 66, 504ARMIAnti-christ, 26 appellant, 655anticipate, 26, 177 append, 700antick, 26 appendix, 700antics, 26 appertain, 424anticyclone, 196 appetence, 615antidote, 26, 472 appetite, 615antimony, 585 applaud, 663archduke, 66archer, 60arch-fiend, 602archiaconate, 66, 504archipelago, 66, 656architect, 66, 417architrave, 66, 449Antioch, 26 apple, 15 archetype, 66 Antiochus, 26antipathy, 26, 700antiphon, 26application, 653 archive, 66apply, 653 archon, 66appoint, 625 arctic, 61antipodes, 26, 619 apportion, 634 Arcturus, 61, 130anti-pope, 26 appose, 649 n.antiquary, 26 appraise, 673-ard, 210ardent, 58antiquate, 26 appreciate, 673 ardour, 58antique, 26 apprehend, 344 arduous, 70apprentice, 344antitype, 465 antler, 26Antwerp, 139anxious, 8any, 22ap-, 186 apart, 31, 635antiquity, 26antirrhinum, 26antithetic, 25, 530anything, 22apartment, 635aperient, 53apprise, 344approach, 648approximate, 647appui, point d', 619appurtenance, 424apricot, 613apropos, 647, 650argent, 63argentiferous, 63Argentine, 63argillaceous, 63Argonaut, 63, 589Argosy, 63 argue, 63arid, 58Ariel, 81apse, 13apsidal, 13apt, 13apteryx, 615 Apennine, 214 · aptitude, 13Apulia, 13 aperture, 53 aquarium, 17 apex, 13 Ariomardus, 56Aquarius, 17 arise, 44 aphæresis, 152 aquatile, 17aphelion, 14, 90Aristagoras, 308aqua-vitæ, 17 aphorism, 14Aristobulus, 318aphrodisiac, 581aristocracy, 57are, 74 area, 57Areopagus, 57, 609Ares, 57arf- cake, 68, 437Aphrodite, 581apo-, 14Apocalypse, 249, 276aqueduct, 17, 515 aqueous, 17aquiline, 4arable, 53arachnoid, 60Apocrypha, 249 arbalest, 60, 316apodeictic, 490 arbiter, 31 , 298apodosis , 472 arbitrary, 31 , 298Apollodorus, 472 arbitrate, 31 , 298apology, 14 arblast, 316apoplexy, 656 arboreous, 70 S.apostate, 14apostle, 14apothecary, 531arboretum, 70 S.arboriculture, 70 S.arbutolum, 70 S.apothegm, 14 arbutus, 70 8.apotheosis, 539 arc, 60aristocrat, 210Aristodemus, 473arithmetic, 57ark, 60Arkwright, 60 arm, 57arm (vb.), 57 armada, 57 armadillo, 57armament, 57armature, 57Armenia, 56armiger, 57, 301armillary, 57armistice, 57726 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ARML AVENarmlet, 57 assemble, 230armorial, 57 assimilate, 230Armorica, 31 assist, 31armour, 57 assume, 95, 586arms, 57 assumption, 586army, 57 assure, 165Arncliffe, 53 asthma, 81Arnheim, 53 astonied, 425aroma, 53 astonish, 425aromatic, 53arrage, 181 arraign, 57 arrange, 196astony, 425 astound, 425astringent, 31 Astyanax, 126asunder, 229, 231asymptotes, 651atavism, 10atavize, 10, 17arrant, 37arrogant, 31arrow, 60arrow-root, 60arsenic, 70 ataxia, 409arson, 58 Athanasius, 346art, 57, 74 atheist, 539, 556Atheling, 608 n.Athelstan, 608 n.Artaxerxes, 234arterial, 57artery, 57 athirst, 447artful, 57 athlete, 125arthritis, 57 athwart, 437article, 57 Atlantic, 459articular, 57 Atlantis, 459articulate, 57 Atlas, 459artifice, 57, 531artificial, 531articulation, 57artillery, 57artisan, 57artist, 57atmosphere, 81atom, 428atomic, 428atone, 22atonement, 22atrabilious, 387attainder, 410attemper, 419attempt, 31 , 424auction, 83auctioneer, 83audacious, 17audacity, 17audible, 17audience, 17audit, 17auditor, 17auditorium, 17Audrey, 608 n.auger, 583aught, 117aught, 39, App. I. p. 709augment, 83augmentation, 83augur, 81, 305august, 81, 84Augustus, 81, 82 n.aularian, 81aulic, 81aumbry, 57aunder (prov. ), 30, 568 aura, 81Aurelius, 90 aureola, 90aurichalcum, 387auricle, 17auricula, 17auricular, 17auriferous, 90Aurimazdes, 75aurist, 17Aurora, 90auscultation, 17auspice, 81austral, 90Australia, 90Austria, 90authentic, 35, 74, 406author, 84auto-, 406autobiography, 35autocrat, 35, 210, 406autochthonous, 380artless, 57 attach, 410arum, 53 attaché, 410Arundel, 384 attack, 410arundinaceous, 53 attain, 410Aryan, 56as, 54attaint, 410ascend, 31 attainted, 410ascertain, 200 attainture, 410ashame, 44ashlar, 7ashore, 30ash- tree, 7aside, 30ask, 2 attentive, 424 autopsy, 35, 156, 406askance, 213 attenuate, 424 autumn, 17Askell , 253 attest, 447 auxesis, 83askew, 30aslake, 44attestation, 447attire, 498auxiliary, 84avail, 337 aslant, 30 attitude, 13asleep, 30attend, 424attendant, 424attention, 424autograph, 35, 406 automaton, 35, 406autonomy, 35, 406, 585Asmodeus, 2, 507aspirate, 31assafetida, 557assay, 7, 44attorney, 434attract, 441attribute, 449attrition, 433auburn, 63avalanche, 131avant-courier, 26avarice, 17avaunt! 26Ave Maria, 17aventurine, 298APPENDIX III. 727AVENavenue, 31, 298 baptism, 329 beginning, 214aver, 130 baptist, 329 begrudge, 305average, 180 averse, 146avert, 14, 146avenge, 490 avenger, 490baptistery , 329 behave, 181baptize, 329 behaviour, 181bard, 348 behind, 34Bardolph, 137 behoof, 178Bardsey, 18 behove, 178baritone, 312BEWIBarrackpore, 628barytes, 312barytone, 312, 424aviary, 81avidity, 17avocation, 119avoid, 104avoirdupois, 180, 700 basal, 298, 299Avon, 13 base, 298, 299avouch, 120 basil, 298, 299avow, 333 Basil, 298basilica, 298basilicon, 298bejan, 387 belabour, 34Belcham, 245Belchamp, 512Belcher, 512beldam, 494, 512belemnite, 316Belgrade, 385belladonna, 494Bellamy, 512, App. I. p. 710bellicose, 523belligerent, 301, 523avowal, 333avulsion, 14, 135avuncular, 17awake, 44, 84 basis, 298basilisk, 2.8 belle, 512aware, 130 bashaw, 234, 599away, 117 bastard, 210, 301 Bellona, 523awe, 8bastille, 301 Beltain, 427awful, 8 bastinado, 801 Beltean, 427awkward, 4, 14, 15 bastion, 301 Belvedere, 110, 512awl, 7 basto, 301 bemoan, 34awn, 48 batten, 301awoke, 84awry, 30, 141ax, 2axe, 2, 48axiom, 7axiomatic, 7axis, 7axle, 7ay, 41aynde (dial. ), 11azote, 331Bbacillus, 298bacteria, 298bagnio, 316bathos, 328bathometer, 328batiste, 329battlement, 301bean- cod, 274be-, 34beast, 329 n.beau, 512Beauchamp, 245, 512Beaulieu, 512beauty, 512Beauville, 115Beauvoir, 512becalm , 293become, 34, 299becoming, 299bedaub, 34beneath, 34, 568Benedict, 490, 512benediction, 490benefactor, 511, 531benefice, 512, 531beneficence, 511 , 531beneficial, 512, 531benefit, 512, 531benevolent, 152, 512benign, 341, 512benison, 490Ben Lomond, 214Bennet, 490Ben Nevis, 214Ben Rhyddyn, 706benumb, 586bequeath, 302bequest, 302Bermondsey, 18Bernard, 210Berwick, 115beset, 34besmear, 34bail, 298, 300, 301bailey, 298 bedazzle, 34Bailey, Old, 298 bedew, 558 bailiff, 301 bedim, 430baillie, 301 Bedolf, 137balance, 523, 661 Beecham, 245balefires, 427 beef, 334 beteem, 495ball (a dance), 317 beefeater, 334 betide, 475ballad, 317 beeves, 334 betoken, 490ballast, 200 Beevor, 512 betray, 473ballet, 317 befal, 563Ballymena, 299baluster, 316balustrade, 316bain-marie, 316 beget, 344banister, 316 begin, 214before, 34, 648befoul, 686befriend, 666betroth, 510beverage, 601Bevil, 115bevy, 600 n.beware, 130bewilder, 34, 153728 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.BEWIbewitch, 110Bewley, 512bonne, nurse, 512bonnie, 512bewray, 141 b nny, 512beyond, 19 bonus, 511by, 34by-and-by, 34bye, 34by-name, 34bezoar, 599 boon (companion), 512 by-path, 34bi-, 523 Boötes, 334 by-play, 34bias, 523 Borealis, 313 by- plot, 34bib, 601bibulous, 601bicephalus, 183biceps, 183, 523bichord, 384bicipital, 183bicycle, 196, 523bid-ale, 58Biddulph, 137biennial, 4, 120, 523biform, 543bifurcate, 391, 523bigamy, 298, 523Boreas, 313Bosher, 512boský, 689 n.Bosphorus, 334Bosporos, 631both, 34Botolph, 137Bougainvilliers, 115boulevard, 140, 141bounty, 512by the by, 34Ccabbage, 183cable, 175, 178cache, 7, 230cachet, 7, 230cachinnation, 168cackle, 168, 302cad, 183cadastral, 183cadaverous, 261caddie, 183CALLbouquet, 689 n.boutique, 531Bouverie, 334bile, 387 bovine, 334 cadence, 261bilingual, 523 box, 688 cadet, 183bilious, 387 braggart, 210 cadre, 173billet-doux, 311 branchial, 311billion, 523 bridal, 58binary, 523 bridegroom, 380 binnacle, 179 bridge, 328 binocle, 523binocular, 523bio-, 330 Brodrick, 186biogenesis, 330 Brogden, 552biography, 330 brome-grass, 311biology, 330 bronchiæ, 311bipartite, 634 bronchitis, 311biped, 523, 619 brute, 312Britannia, 704 n.Briton, 704 n.caduceus, 185Caerleon, 235cage, 274Caird, 162cairn, 202, App. I. p. 710Cairn, 202, 290Caithness, 587caitiff, 178cajole, 274cake, 613calamity, 193, 263 n.calcareous, 202bis-, 523biscuit, 523bubo, 336 calcine, 202Bucephalus, 183, 334 calculary, 202bisect, 523 Buchan, 512 calculate, 202bisextile, 523 bucolic, 193, 344 calculus, 202bishop, 32 buff, 334 calèche, 196Bishopsthorpe, 450 buffalo, 334 caleçon, 202Bismarck, 32 bugle, 334 Caledon, 512bittacle, 181 bugloss, 334 Caledonia, 205, 512bivalve, 134 bulge, 456bivouac, 84 bulimia, 334blackguard, 130-ble, 179 n. , 625 n.blockhead, 183blood- feud, 602blood-vessel, 154blunderbuss, 689boa, 334boa constrictor, 334boatwright, 141bocage, 689 n.Boethius, 332bonhomie, 380, 512Boniface, 511bulwark, 141buoy, App. I. p. 711buoyant, App. I. p. 711buprestis, 334bush (mechan.), 689bush (tree), 689 n.bushel, 689Bushman, 689 n.bustard, 81but, 34, 91butter, 158 m. , 333, 334buxom, 231Buzzard, Leighton, 512calefaction, 531caleidoscope, 207calendar, 185, 196calf, 325 n., 328caliber, 458 n.caliginous, 208Caligula, 202calipers, 458 n.caliver, 458 n.call, 305Callicrates, 210calligraphy, 207, 324Calliope, 119Callirrhoë, 207callisthenics, 207APPENDIX III. 729CALLCallistus, 207callow, 249calm, 293calomel, 207calotype, 207caltrop, 202 calumet, 193calumny, 190 n.Calvary, 249calve, 328Calvin, 249Calvinism, 249Calvus, 249Calypso, 276calyx, 276calx, 202Cam, 213Camborne, 213, 245Cambray, 213, 245Cambridge, 213, 245Cambus-nethan, 213, 245camera, ' in,' 213camera obscura, 213Cameron, 213, 245 n.camisade, 291camisard, 291camisole, 291camomile, 380Camoys, 213, 245 n.camp, 245campaign, 245campanile, 245campanology, 245campanula, 245Campbell, 213, 245 n.Canning, 366 cannon, 190 n.2canny, 366 canon, 190 n.²cañon, 190 n.²canonical, 190 n.ºcanonise, 190 n.²canopy, 156 canorous, 169cant, 169cant (tilt), 213cantata, 169canteen, 213cantharellus, 169cantharides, 215canticle, 169canto, 169cantonment, 213canton, 213Cantori, 169Cantyre, 214canzonette, 169cap, 178 capable, 177capacious, 177capacitate, 177capacity, 177capapie, 183, 619cape (cloak), 178cape (headland), 183capello, cobra di, 178capercailzie, 205capillaceous, 183capillaire, 183capillary, 133campestral, 245 capital, 183camphor, 218camphorated, 218 Capitol, 183camp-stool, 245 capitular, 183canaille, 274canal, 190canapie, 156Canary Isles, 274canaster, 190capitation, 183capitulate, 183capnomancy, 218Capp, 245Capper, 245capsize , 183capstan, 175, 178captivate, 177carbine, 316carbineer, 316carcass, 260 n.carcinoma, 202card (ofwool), 222Carden, 202Cardew, 202cardiac, 285cardinal, 212care, 305 careen, 202career, 193careful, 305careless, 305caress, 162 Carfax, 174cargo, 193 carillon, 174 carinal, 202 carinate, 202carious, 205cark, 193, 306 n.Carl, 308carlin, 308Carlisle, 235Carlow, 202Carmichael , 162carminative, 222carmine, 196CARTCarnac, 202, 290; App. I.p. 710carnage, 205 n.carnation, 205 n.carnal, 205 n.Carne, 290carnival, 205 n.carnivorous, 204 n. , 311carol, 196Caroline, 308carp, 211carpal, 196, 217carpenter, 193, 196carpet, 211carpo-, 211carpophagous, 211carpophone, 211carpus (the wrist) , 196, 217Carr, 202carriage, 193Carrickfergus, 202, 290carrier, 193cancel, 170cancer, 202 capsule, 177candelabrum, 215 captain, 183candescent, 215 caption, 177candid, 215 captious, 177candidate, 215candied, 215 captive, 177candle, 215 capture, 177 carrion, 205 n.Candlemass, 215 capuchin, 178 carrot, 290candlestick, 215candy, 215 n.car, 193cane, 190canine, 274canker, 202carack, 193caracole, 193, 196Caractacus, 163caravel, 205carry, 193 Carry, 308cart, 193carter, 193cartilage, 209730 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.CARTcartwright, 141 caustic, 293carve, 324 cautery, 293 carver, 324 caution, 237carving, 324 cavalcade, 316Carwinian, 202cerealin, 197cerebral, 290cerebro-spinal, 290cerecloth, 198 n. , 200Carwithen, 202caryopsis, 202cascade, 253cascara, 253cascarilla, 253case (a cover), 178casemate, 235caserne, 174cash, 178cashier, 178casino, 235cask, 235, 253casket, 235, 253casque, 235casquet, 253cassock, 235cast, 301castaway, 301caster, 301cavalier, 316cavalry, 316cave, 274caveat, 237cave in, 328cavern, 274cavity, 274Cawnpore, 628cawsey (Scot. ), 202cease, 261 , 262ceaseless, 262cede, 261ceiling, 272 n., 274celebrate, 193celerity, 193celery, 690 n.celestial, 274celiac, 274cell, 276cellar, 276cellarer, 277cerement, 198 n. , 200 cernuous, 290ceromancy, 200ceroplastic, 200 cerous, 200 certain, 200certes, 200 certificate, 200certify, 200 certiorari, 200ceruse, 198 n., 200 cervelas, 290 cervical, 103, 290cervine, 290cessation, 261cession, 261-cester, 235cestui que trust, 21cestui que use, 21chace, 177chafer, 369chaff, 369caster (hat), 255caster (a cast horse) , 301-caster, 235castigate, 7castigation, 7Castile, 235castle, 235castor (hat) , 255cellarman, 277cellular, 276cellule, 276Celt, 112, 193, 276, 277cement, 254cemetery, 240cenotaph, 274, 540cent (coin) , 486cent, per, 485centage, 185castor (oil) , 255 casual, 261casuist, 261cataclysm, 284 centaur, 462cataplasm, 661cataract, 137catch, 177Catchpole, 177centenary, 485centennial, 485centesimal , 485centigrade, 485catchpoll, 175, 177catch-word, 177centime, 486centipede, 486, 619catechize, 119 centripetal, 615catechumen, 119 centuple, 485category, 308catenary, 259 n.cater, 177chaffinch, 369, 705chaffer, 178chain, 259 n.chalcography, 387chalet, 235chalice, 276chalk, 202challenge, 190 n.chamber, 213chameleon, 380champ, 369champaign, 245champerty, 245champignon, 245champion, 245cateran, App. I. p. 710 caterer, 177catgut, 400catoptric, 156cattle, 183cattle- lifting, 217caul, 277cauliflower, 193caulk, 202cause, 238causeway; 202centurion, 485century, 485, 486cephalalgy, 183cephalic, 183cephalitis, 183cephalocele, 183cephalopod, 183cerambyx, 290ceramen, 200ceramic, 198 n. , 200cerastes, 290cerate, 198 n., 200cere, 198 n. , 200cereal, 197chance, 261chancel, 170chancellor, 170chancery, 170chandelier, 215chandler, 215Chandragupta, 215 changeable, 214channel, 190chant, 169Chanter, 169chanticleer, 169chantry, 169chaos, 375chaotic, 375chap, 178, 221 n.chapbook, 178CHAPAPPENDIX III. 731CHAPchapeau, 178chapel, 178chaperon, 176, 178cheirotherium, 384Chelsea, 18, 336chemise, 291chaplain, 176, 178 chemisette, 291chaplet, 178 chenille, 274chapman, 178 cheque, 234Chapman, 178 cherish, 162chap-money, 178 cherry, 290chaps, 369chapter, 183char-à-banc, 193character, 391charcoal, 373charge, 193charger (dish), 193charger (horse) , 191 , 193chariot, 193charisma, 381Chersonese, 391, 589Chertsey, 18, 290chervil, 381chess, 172, 234chestnut, 232 n.cheval-glass, 316chevalier, 316chevaux de frise, 316chevelure, 183chevy, 183chlorodyne, 50chlorophyll, 387chlorosis, 387Choephori, 399choice, 363choir, 385choke, 373 n.choker, 373 n.cholagogue, 6, 386cholera, 386cholic, 386choose, 363chop (to cut), 221 n.chops, 369choragus, 384 choral, 384chorale, 384chord, 384CHUcharitable, 162charity, 162Chevy-chase, 183 chorea, 384chew, 373 chorion, 384Charles, 308Charles's Wain, 308Charlotte, 308charnel, 205 n.charnel-house, 204 n.chary, 305chase (to catch) , 177chase (to inlay) , 178chasm, 375child, 342chiliarch, 394chiaroscuro, 185 chorister, 385chick, 168 choroid, 384chicken, 168 chorus, 384chickpea, 202 chosen, 363 chief, 183 choucroûte, 312chieftain, 183chignon, 259 n.chasten, 7chastise, 7chasuble, 235chatelaine, 235chattel, 183chough, 302chrematistics, 381Chremes, 352chrestomathy, 381chrism , 353Christ, 353chaul, 369chaunter, horse-, 169Chaunter, 169chaussée, 202chaussure, 202chauvinism, 249chaw, 373 chirm, 305chaw-bacon, 373 chiro-, 384cheap, 178cheapen, 178cheapness, 178Cheapside , 178 chirp, 305cheat, 44, 261 chirr, 305check, 172 n., 234checker, 234chiliasm, 394chiliast, 394chill, 317 christen, 353 chilverlamb, 328 Christendom, 353, 531chimera, 379 Christian, 353 chimerical, 379 Christmas, 353 chimney, 48chin, 368chinbone, 368chin-cough, 302, 368Chipping Norton, 178chirography, 384chiromancy, 384chiropodist, 384, 618chirrup, 305chirurgeon, 141 , 385Christmas-box, 353Christology, 353Christopher, 353chroma-, 353chromatic, 353chromatrope, 436chrome, 353chromium, 353chromo-, 353chromoscope, 353chronic, 384, 385chronicle, 385chronology, 384, 385chrysalis, 350 checkmate, 172 n. chirurgy, 141 chrysanthemum, 350cheek, 373 chisel, 254 chrysoberyl, 350cheeky, 373 n. chitterlings, 593 n. chrysolite, 350cheer, 290 chivalry, 316 chrysoprase, 350 cheerful, 290 chive, 183 Chrysostom, 350cheerless, 290 chivy, 183cheery, 290 Chloe, 386cheese, that's the, 363 chloric, 387cheiranthus, 384 chlorine, 387church, 273, 274church-ale, 58churchgoing, 274churchwake, 274732 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.CHURchurchyard, 274 claque, 307churl, 308 Clara, 185churn, 334, 354, 372 claret, 185chyle, 399 Clarice, 185chylo- , 399 clarify, 185clientèle, 284cliff, 320Clifton, 320climacteric, 280climate, 280CLUSchylopoietic, 399 clarion, 185 climax, 280chylous, 399 Clarissa, 185 climb, 320chyme, 399 clash, 306 clinch, 319ci-devant, 26, 470 clasp, 322 cling, 319ciel, 274 class, 185 clinic, 280cilia, 276 classic, 185ciliary, 276 classify, 185cincture, 170 clause, 243cinders, 231 clavecin, 243cineraria, 232 clavicle, 243clink, 186 n. , 307, 319clinkers, 319clip, 322clique, 306cliquish, 307cinerary, 232 claw, 322 cloacal, 284cinq, 622cinquecento, 622cinquefoil, 622cinque-ports, 622circle, 196circuit, 36, 196circuitous, 36, 196circular, 196clay, 319clayey, 319claymore, 205Cle-, 283cleam, 319clean, 372Cleander, 283cleanly, 372cloak, 187cloam, 319clock, 187clod, 322clodhopper, 322circulate, 196circumjacent, 196circumnavigate, 590circ*mstance, 196circumvallation, 131circumvolution, 134cleanness, 372cleanse, 372clear, 185cleat, 322cleave, 320, 323clef, 243clematis , 205clemency, 280circumvolve, 134 cleft, 323circus, 196 Clei-, 283cirrus, 196 Cleitus, 283cis-pontine, 620 clem, 320cit, 240citadel, 240citizen, 240city, 240civic, 240civil, 240clack, 306clag, 322claggy, 322claim, 185clairvoyant, 110clam (a shell-fish) , 319clam (starve), 320clement, 280Clement, 280Clements, 280Clementson, 280clench, 319Cleo- , 283Cleobulus, 283, 318clept, 305clodpoll, 322clog, 322 cloggy, 322 cloisonnée, 243cloister, 243 cloistral, 243close, 243close-stool, 243closet, 243closure, 243clot, 322 Clotilda, 284 clotted, 322cloud, 322cloudy, 322 Clough, 323clout, 197, 322clouted, 322clove (ofgarlic), 323clove (spice), 243cloven, 323clover, 323 n.Clovis, 284clepsydra, 217 clown, 322cleptomania, 217 cloy, 243clerestory, 185 club, 322clamber, 320 clergy, 205clammy, 319, 320 cleric, 205clamour, 185 clerical, 205clubfoot, 322, 619club-room, 322cluck, 186 n., 307clamp, 320 clerk, 205 clue, 322clandestine, 276 clerk-ale, 58 Cluff, 323clang, 187 cleromancy, 205 clump, 322 clangour, 187 cleruch, 205 clumper, 322 clank, 186 n., 307 clew, 322clap, 307clap- dish, 307clapper, 307click, 307clewline, 322client, 284clumsy, 322clunch, 321 n. , 322'clunchfist, 322cluster, 322APPENDIX III. 733CLUTclutch, 322clutter, 322clyster, 284co-, 230coach, 264 n.coif, 220 n.coil, 230coincident, 261coition, 36, 230commodore, 473commonweal, 153commonwealth, 153commotion, 230CONCco*kayne, 611 n. , 613 compact, 609coadjutor, 45 cold, 317 companion, 599coagent, 7 cole, 193 companion-hatch, 599coagulate, 7 Cole, 568 company, 599coal, 373 coleopterous, 615 comparative, 634coalesce, 53 Coles, 568 compare, 634coal- heaver, 178 Coleson, 568coarse, 193 Colet, 568coat, 238 colewort, 193 compass, 697cob, 220 Colin, 568cobble (small lump), 220 collar, 193comparison, 635compartment, 635compassion, 697compatible, 697cobble (a boat), 274 collate, 459 compeer, 599, 638cob-nut, 220 collateral, 663 compel, 655cobra, 193 collation, 459cobweb, 102, 220 collect, 230co*ck, 168 Collett, 568co*ckade, 168 collie, 274co*ckatoo, 168 collier, 373co*ckatrice, 168 Collins, 568co*ckchafer, 369 Collinson, 568co*ck-horse, 193 -colluvies, 670co*ckerel, 168 Collyer, 373co*ckney, 612 n. Cologne, 193coctile, 613coction, 613Cocytus, 168cod, 274cod- piece, 274Cole Syria, 274cœnobite, 230coequal, 19colon, 193colonel, 193colonnade, 193colony, 193colophon, 193Colossus, 193compendium, 700compensate, 700compete, 615 competent, 615compile, 676 complacent, 661complain, 656complaisant, 661 complement, 628complete, 628complex, 653complexion, 653complicate, 653 complice, 653complicity, 653compliment, 629colour, 277 compline, 629colourable, 277 complish, 629coerce, 60 colporteur, 193 complot, 653cœrulean, 274 column, 193coeternal, 41 com-, 230coeval, 41 comb, 369coffer, 178 n. -comb, 369coffin, 178 n. combat, 230cogency, 7 combe, 274cogent, 7, 230 Combe, 274comply, 629component, 650comport, 631composition, 230compost, 650composure, 682compot, 650cogitate, 7, 230 Combes, 274 compound, 230, 245, 650 cognate, 341 combine, 523 comprehend, 344cognisable, 366 combustion, 96, 230 compress, 693cognisant, 366 come, 299 comprise, 344cognise, 366 comedy, 122, 240 compter, 230cognition, 366 comely, 299 Compton, 274 cognosce, 366 comestible, 50cohabit, 181coheir, 75cohere, 230coherent, 378cohesion, 378 commence, 37cohesive, 378cohort, 384cohabitation, 180comfit, 531comfort, 549comic, 240comitatus, posse, 36command, 473commend, 473commendation, 472compulsion, 655compunction, 625compute, 684 comrade, 213con-, 230con (to know), 366con, pro and, 230concave, 274conceal, 276734 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.CONCconcealment, 276conceit, 177conceive, 177concept, 177, 230conception, 177concern, 200concert, 200, 230 conciliate, 185concinnous, 169congest, 301conglobate, 322 conglomerate, 322congratulate, 304congregate, 308congress, 349 congrue, 316 conjecture, 38 connect, 591 connexion, 591 connivance, 246concionate, 298concise, 254conclave, 243 connive, 246conclude, 243concoction, 613connoisseur, 366connotation, 366connote, 366connubial, 581contumely, 463contuse, 464convalescent, 337convection, 117convenable, 298convene, 298convenient, 298convent, 298conventicle, 298convention, 298converge, 139conversant, 146conversation, 146conversion, 146convert, 146CORDconcord, 285concordat, 286concourse, 193 conquer, 165concrete, 197 conquest, 165concubine, 220concur, 193concupiscence, 218concussion, 253convey, 117 conveyancer, 117convex, 117 Conrad, 366 convict, 113consolation, 530 convince, 113console, 530, 531consume, 586condemn, 474 consummate, 95condign, 490condiment, 530consumptive, 586contact, 410contagion, 409contain, 424contemporaneous, 419contents, 424contest, 447conterminous, 433convivial, 331convocation, 119convoke, 119convolve, 134convolvulus, 134convoy, 117 convulse, 135cook, 613cool, 317Coombs, 274-cöon, 237coop, 220 Cooper, 220co-operate, 13co-opt, 13co-ordinate, 70cop (peak), 221 n.cope, 178Copenhagen, 178condition, 490condole, 562 condonation, 472 contaminate, 409condone, 472 contemn, 428conduce, 514 contemplate, 428conducive, 514conduct, 514 contemporary, 419 conduction, 514 contempt, 428 conductor, 514 contend, 424conduit, 514 content, 424confection, 531confer, 230configurate, 536configuration, 536 context, 417 confirm, 543 contiguous, 409 coper, 178 confirmation, 543 continency, 424 confiture, 531 continent, 424conform, 543conformation, 543 continue, 424conformity, 543 contort, 436confound, 400 contour, 434confuse, 399, 400 contra, 230confusion, 399confute, 400confutation, 399 contralto, 53congé, 230 contrary, 230congeal, 317congelation, 317 contrite, 433 congener, 341congenerate, 341congenial, 341congenital, 341congeries, 301contingent, 410contract, 441contradict, 230, 490contribute, 449contrive, 448 n. , 450controversy, 146copious, 13 , 230copper, 40copperas, 39, 40coprolite, 218copula, 13, 230 copulate, 13copy, 13, 230 coquette, 168coracle, 196coram populo, 76corbel, 185, 196, 217, 327Corbet, 185corbie- steps, 185corcule, 285cord, 384controvert, 146 cordelier, 384contumacy, 462contumelious, 462 cordon, 384cordial, 386APPENDIX III. 735CORDcorduroy, 65, 385core, 285coriaceous, 205cork, 205cormorant, 185corn (on thefoot), 290corn (grain), 372corncrake, 307corned beef, 372coulter, 205council, 185count, 37count (vb.), 230, 684countenance, 230, 424counter, 230, 684counter ( prep. ) , 231counteract, 7, 231cranium, 290cranny, 205 crash, 306, 307crass, 209 crassitude, 209-crat, 210cratch, 327CRITcrate, 209counterfeit, 231, 531 crater, 200 cornelian, 290 counterpane, 625 -crates, 210cornel-tree, 290 counterpoint, 625 -cratic, 210 corner, 290 counterpoise, 231, 700 crave, 307cornerwise, 110, 290 countervail, 337 craven, 307cornet, 290 countess, 37, 230 cornopean, 290 county, 37, 230cornucopia, 13, 290 couple, 12, 13 cornute, 290 couplet, 13Cornwall, 143, 290 courage, 285corollary, 196 courier, 193corona, 196coronation, 196coroner, 196corporal, 183, 211corporeal, 211 corps, 211 corpse, 211corpulent, 211course, 193court, 231 , 384 courthouse, 384courteous, 384courtesan, 384courtesy, 231, 384cousin, 230couthly,, 366 3crayfish, App. I. p. 711Crayford, 252creak, 186 n., 307cream, 200, 371create, 197creature, 197crèche, 327credence, 287credential, 287credible, 287credit, 287credo, 287credulous , 287creed, 287corpuscle, 211 couvade, 220 creek, 252correct, 65, 230 covenant, 298 creel, 209corridor, 193 Covent Garden, 298 creep, 328 corrugate, 139corsair, 193corse, 211corselet, 211Corserig, 252corset, 211cortège, 384Coventry, 298, 450cover, 32, 53, 230covert, 32, 53, 230covet, 218covey, 220covin, 298crenate, 205crenellate, 205creole, 197creosote, 206crepitation, 188crepitus, 188Cortes, 384corvée, 230corvette, 196coryphæus, 193 cost, 363costume, 230coward, 210 crescent, 197Coward, 279cowitch (cowhage), 335 n.cretin, 353crevasse, 187cowl, 277 crevice, 188Cowthorpe, 450 crew, 308coxcomb, 168, 369 crib, 217, 328 coy, 240 cribbage, 217, 328coterie, 238cotillon, 238cotta, 238cot, 238cotequean, 238cozen, 230crab (thecrustacean) , App. crick, 252I. p. 711crack, 186 n. , 306, 307crackle, 307cribbed, 328cricket, 187, 252Cricklade, 252crime, 200cottage, 238 cracknel, 307cottar, 238 -cracy, 210 cottier, 238 cradle, 209Cottrel, 238 crag, 312 n.cotyledon, 253 craft, 326 n.couch, 230couchant, 230 cramp, 328 couch-grass, 331cough, 302could, 366craig (Scot. ), 311cranberry, 305 crane, 305craniology, 290criminal, 200crimp, 328crimson, 196cringe, 327 n.crinkle, 327 n.cripple, 328crisis, 200crisom, 353criterion, 200critic, 200736 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.CRITcritique, 200croak, 186 n., 307crocket, 252crone, 205 n.crook, 252, 327 n.crop, 328croquet, 252Crosby, 252crosier, 252Crosier, 252cultivate, 193culture, 193culverin, 193cumber, 274cumme*rbund, 212cumulate, 274Cunliffe, 346cunning, 366cup, 220 cupboard, 220cygnet, 169cylinder, 196cylindrella, 196cymatium, 274cymbal, 220Cymbeline, 426 cyme, 274Cymric, 231cynic, 274cynocephalus, 274cynosure, 274Cyprus, 40 n.Crosley, 252 Cupid, 218cross, 252 cupidity, 218crosslet, 252 cupola, 220 cyst, 274Crosthwaite, 252 cupping-glass, 220 cysti-, 274crotch, 252 curable, 165 cystis, 274crotchet, 252 curate, 165 cysto-, 274crouch, 252 curb, 196 cyto-, 274croup, 188, 327 curd, 206croupier, 327 curdle, 206croûtons , 206crowd (fiddle), 196crowd, 308 Crowder, 196crown, 196 crowner, 196Crowther, 196crucial, 252crucifix, 252, 534cure, 165curfew, 32, 53curiosity, 165curlew, 193curmudgeon, 372current, 193curricle, 193curriculum, 193curse, 252crucify, 252 cursitor, 193crude, 206 cursive, 193cruel, 206 cursory, 193Cruikshanks, 252 curt, 205cytoblast, 274czar, 221 n.-d, 470da capo, 470dab, 540Ddab-chick, 540dabble, 540dachshund, 417dactyle, 486dad, 407daddy, 407dado, 472curule, 193crusade, 252 curve, 196crust, 206 curvet, 196crustacea, 206 cushion, 170crutch, 252 custard, 206Crutchedfriars, 252 custody, 237cruise, 252crump, 328crumpet, 328crumple, 328crupper, 327curtail, 205curtain, 231 , 383 n.curtle-axe, 203, 205curtsey, 384crural, 193, 281 , App. I. p. 710 curvature, 196dagger, 477, 534 n.daily, 537dainty, 490dairy, 533dairy- maid, 533daïs, 504daisy, 537dale, 553dalesman, 553dam, 494damage, 474dame, 494crypt, 249 custom, 230 damn, 474cryptogam, 249, 298 cutaneous, 237 damp, 541 crystal, 206 'cute, 48cube, 220 cuticle, 237 damper, 541 damsel, 494cubicle, 220 cutlas, 205cubit, 220 Dan (Sir or Mr.), 494cutler, 205cuckold, 168 cuvée, 220cuckoo, 168 cyar, 274 cuirass, 205dance, 426dandelion, 49, 50danger, 494cyathus, 274 cuisine, 613Danube, 557cycle, 196cuisses, 170 cycloid, 196culinary, 613 cyclone, 196 cull, 230culminate, 193cult, 193cyclopædia, 196cyclopean, 196Cyclops, 156, 196Darcy, 470dare, 544dark, 557Darley, 470darling, 542 n., 543darraign, 57DARRAPPENDIX III. 737DASSdass (dial. ), 531dastard, 561Decapolis, 478data, 472decay, 261Deccan, 491date, 472 decease, 261date (fruit), 486 deceit, 177dative, 472daub, 63daughter, 534daunt, 495December, 478decemvir, 478decemvirate, 127decennial, 478defensive, 346defer, 470, 523defiant, 523deficient, 530DENdefile (march in line), 396defile (pollute), 396, 686defile (subs. ), 523deform, 543defraud, 550defray, 523, 666dégagée, 125degenerate, 341deglutition, 311dauntless, 495Dauphin, 325 n.¹, 327Dauphiné, 325 n. ' , 327Daventry, 450decent, 490deception, 177 deft, 540decide, 254 defy, 523deciduous, 261dawn, 537 decimal, 478day, 537 decision, 254daylight, 537 deck, 409 n. degradation, 349dayment, 537daysman, 537deck (vb. and subs.), 411declaim , 185degrade, 349day-star, 537 declamation, 185degree, 349deify, 508dehiscent, 375daze, 561dazzle, 561declaration, 185declension, 280 deign, 490de-, 470, 523 declination, 280 deil, 317deacon, 504 decline, 280 deist, 508dead, 558 declivity, 280 deaf, 557 decoction, 613deal (plank), 460 décolletée, 193deal (vb. ), 553 decorate, 490deity, 508dejected, 38déjeuner, 524 Delamere, 470dealing, 553 decorous, 490 Delaware, 470dean, 478 decorticate, 205-dean, 552 decorum, 490dear, 542 n., 543 decrease, 197dearth, 542 n. , 543 decree, 200death, 558Death, 470decrepit, 188decrepitude, 188delay, 459, 523delectable, 137delete, 508 n.deleterious, 508 n.deliberate, 459delible, 508 n.deave (dial. ) , 557 decretal, 200débâcle, 298 decry, 523debar, 523 decurion, 478debarcation, 523 dedicate, 472debark, 523 dedition, 472debate, 470, 523 deduce, 514debauch, 470, 523 deed, 531debilitate, 180 deem, 531debit, 180deep, 559Deepdene, 552deer, 557debouch, 523debt, 181 , 179debtor, 181début, 523decad, 483decadent, 261decagon, 478decahedron, 478decalogue, 478decameron, 478decamp, 245, 470, 523decanal, 478decani, 478deemster, 531deerhorn, 557deer-hound, 557deeve, 557deface, 523, 531defalcation, 523defame, 523default, 523, 563defeasance, 523, 531defeat, 523, 531defect, 530decant, 213 defence, 346decapitate, 183 defend, 346delicate, 137delicious, 137delight, 137 dell, 553Delphin, 327deluge, 524, 670delve, 554demagogue, 6, 473 demand, 473Demetrius, 341demi-, 524demigod, 524 demise, 524demiurgus, 141democracy, 473democrat, 210, 473Democrites, 473demon, 473demoniac, 473Demosthenes, 473dempster, 531demur, 470demy, 521, 524 den, 5523 B738 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.DEN-den, 552denarius, 478dendrobion, 497-dene, 552denial, 9destrier, 491destructive, 470detach, 410, 524detail, 417, 524diagnosis, 366, 523diagonal, 523diagram, 324, 523dial, 508dialect, 523dialogue, 523detain, 424denier, 478 detect, 411Denis, 508 detention, 424denizen, 470 detenu, 424Dennis, 508 deter, 445denominate, 366 detergent, 442denote, 366 deteriorate, 470diameter, 523diamond, 495Dian, 508Diana, 508diapason, 523dénouement, 524, App. I. determine, 433p. 711 deterrent, 445denounce, 571 detersion, 442detest, 447detestation, 447dethrone, 543denude, 579 detonate, 425denticulate, 50dentifrice, 50, 354dentist, 50denunciation, 571deny, 9, 470, 566deodar, 507depart, 470, 524, 635 dependent, 700depict, 704depilatory, 676deplete, 628 deplore, 670deploy, 524, 653depone, 650depopulate, 628deport, 524, 631détour, 434, 524detract, 441detriment, 433detritus, 433detrude, 455deuce, the, 506 n.deuce (two), 508, 523Deuteronomy, 512 devastate, 97develop, 79deviate, 117device, 524devil, 317, 523Devil, 470Deville, 470devious, 117devise, 524, App. I. p. 709devoid, 104diaphanous, 523diaphoretic, 523diaphragm, 523diarrhoea, 523diary, 508diatessaron, 173diathesis, 512, 530diatomaceæ, 428diatonic, 424, 523diatribe, 442, 523Dibble, 463dicast, 490dice, 472dichotomy, 428, 523dicotyledon, 253, 523 dictate, 490diction, 490dictum, 490did, 525 n. , 531didache, 490didactic, 490didapper, 559Didymus, 523die, 472deportment, 632depose, 649 n.depot, 650deprave, 647deprecate, 664depreciate, 673 devoir, 181depredate, 344 devolve, 134deprive, 647 devote, 333depth, 559depute, 684deputy, 684devour, 311devout, 333derange, 196, 470, 524 dew, 558dermal, 497 Dew, 557dermatology, 497derrick, 463Derrick, 463 dewlap, 558devotee, 333dewberry, 558 Dewe, 557diet, 330Diet (assembly), 331dietary, 331differ, 523difficult, 531diffident, 523diffuse, 399, 400, 523dig, 535digest, 301 , 523digit, 486digitalis, 486dignify, 490derring-do, 544 n. , 548 dewy, 558Derry, 498 dexterity, 491des-, 523descant, 169, 563deshabille. 181desk, 504despatch, 470, 523, 606 n. ,609despot, 493, 599dess (dial. ), 531dessert, 470, 523dexterous, 491dextral, 491dextrorsus, 491diabetes, 296, 523diablerie, 317diabolic, 316diaconate, 504diadem, 475, 523diæresis, 523dignity, 490digress, 349dijudicate, 490dike, 535dilatation, 459dilate, 459dilemma, 523dilettante, 137dilling, 533dill-water, 533dilute, 670DILUAPPENDIX III. 739DILU DOMdiluvial, 670dim, 430dime, 483dimity, 523din, 563dine, 521, 524Dingwall, 419dinner, 524dinornis, 53dinosaur, 524dinothere, 524diluvial, 523diocese, 115, 523discount, 230, 684discountenance, 424discourage, 285discourse, 193discover, 32, 53, 523discredit, 287discreet, 200discrepant, 188discrete, 200discriminate, 200discretion, 200discursive, 193discus, 504discuss, 253disdain, 490distant, 523distaste, 410distemper, 419, 523distend, 424distich, 523distort, 436, 523distract, 441, 523distrait, 441distribute, 449distrust, 510, 523disturb, 450disuse, 17dit,on, 490ditch, 535ditto, 490Diocletian, 508Diodorus, 508Diodotus, 508Diogenes, 508Dion, 508Dionysius, 508dioptrics, 156, 523 disengage, 125diorama, 130, 523 disfigure, 536disdainful, 490disease, 523disenchant, 169disendow, 472ditty, 490diuretic, 86, 523diurnal, 508dive, 559diverge, 139divers, 146Dioscuri, 193 disgorge, 311 diverse, 146Diotrephes, 508 disgrace, 305 divert, 146dip, 559 disguise, 110 Dives, 508disgust, 363 divest, 78dish, 504diphtheria, 496diploma, 523, 628diptera, 615diptote, 615diptych, 523 dire, 524direct, 65dirge, 524diruption, 523dis-, 523dish(vb.), 504dishearten, 286disinfect, 530disingenuous, 341disinherit, 75disinter, 447disinterested, 74disject, 38dismal, 483, 508dismantle, 417, 470, 523dismay, 470, 523display, 523, 653displease, 661disport, 470, 524Dis(Pluto), 508 disable, 181disaffected, 530disagree, 305 disobey, 17disagreeable, 305 disorder, 70disappear, 635 disparage, 638disappoint, 625 disparity, 638 disarm , 57 dispel, 655disarrange, 196 dispense, 700disc, 504discard, 523discern, 200, 523discharge, 193disciple, 490discipline, 490disclaim, 185 dissemble, 230disclose, 243 dissert, 523discobolus, 504discolour, 277discomfit, 531discomfort, 549disconnect, 591disconsolate, 530discord, 286dissolve, 523dissuade, 531dispute, 684disquiet, 240disquisition, 165dissever, 635dissimilar, 523dissimilate, 230dissimulate, 230dissipate, 95divide, 104, 523divination, 508divine, 508division, 10, 523divo, sub, 508divorce, 146divulge, 141dixit, ipse, 490dizzy, 561do, 531do, it will, 534Doab, 13Docetæ, 490docile, 490dock, 515doctor, 490doctrinal, 490doctrine, 490document, 490doe, 495doer, 531'doff, 531doge, 515dogma, 490 dolce far niente, 311dole, 553dolicho- cephalous, 508dollar, 553dolorous, 563dolour, 562dolphin, 327dolt, 563-dom, 531ལས་ང3 B2740 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.DOMEdome, 494domestic, 493Douglas, 557dour (Scot. ), 512 domicile, 493 Douro, 559dominant, 494 dout, 531dominate, 494 dove, 559domineer, 494Domingo, 494Dominic, 494 Dover, 559Dominica, 494dominical, 493Dove, 557dovecote, 238Dominicans, 194Dow, 557dominie, 494dress, 65, 524dribble, 547drift, 547drill, 434drill (cloth), 454drilling (cloth), 454drink, 545drip, 547dripping, 547dowager, 472 drip-stone, 547dower, 472 drive, 547down (prep.) , 512 drivel, 546drabble, 546drachm, 502Draconian, 499draff, 546draft, 545draftsman, 545drag, 545dominion, 494domino, 494domus, 493don (do+on) , 531Don (river), 557Don (title), 494donation, 472done, 531donjon, 494donkey, 556, 557donna, 494donnish, 494dool (Scot. ), 563doom, 531doomsday, 531doomster, 531door, 560door-pin, 560down (subs.), 557downcast, 301Downes, 557downfall, 512, 563downward, 146, 512downy, 557dowry, 472doxology, 490doze, 561dozen, 478, 523drab, 546drizzle, 551dromedary, 501Dromo, App. I. 712drone, 552droop, 547drop, 546, 547droplet, 547dropsical, 85, 156dropsy, 85, 156dross, 551drought, 550drouth, 550drudge, 548drove, 547drown, 545drowsy, 551drub, 546drubby (dial.), 547door- post, 560 draggle, 545 druery, 510door- ward, 131 drag- net, 545Dorcas, 499 dragon, 499dormant, 500 dragonade, 499dormer-window, 500 dragoon, 499dormitory, 500 drain, 545dormouse, 500 n. , 561 drake, 11Dorothea, 472, 539 dram, 502Dorothy, 539 drama, 501dorsal, 498 drank, 545Dory, John, 90 drape, 503dose, 472 draper, 503dossal, 498 drapery, 503dotard, 561 drastic, 501dotation, 472 draught, 545dote, 561 draw, 545dotterel, 561double, 523, 629doublet, 523, 629doubloon, 523, 629Doubs, 557drawers, 545drawl, 546dray, 545dream, 550doubt, 523douce, 311douceur, 311douche, 515Dougal, 557dough, 536doughty, 534drawing-room, 545dreary, 551dredge (to sprinkle), 441dredge (to drag), 545dredger, 545dree (Scot. ), 548dregs, 546drench, 545drug, 550drugget, 550druggist, 550 Druid, 497drum, 551 n. , 552Drumlanrig, 498drunk, 545drunkard, 210, 545drunken, 545drupaceous, 498drupe, 498Drury Lane, 510dryad, 497dry-nurse, 550dry-salter, 550dual, 523dub, 465dubiety, 523dubious, 523dubitation, 523Dublin, 557Dubnorix, 559Dubois, 470ducal, 514ducat, 515duch*ess, 515dry, 550DUCHAPPENDIX III. 741DUCHduchy, 515 dynamic, 511 efface, 531duck, 558 dynamite, 511 effect, 530duckling, 558 dynasty, 511 effeminate, 533duckweed, 558 dysentery, 516 efficient, 530duct, 514 dyspepsia, 516 effigy, 536due, 181 dyspnoea, 516, 684 effort, 549due (north, &c. ) , 491 effuse, 399duel, 523 E effusion, 44duenna, 494 -ea, 18 duet, 523 each, 19duff, 536Duff, 557duffer, 557dug (subs. ), 533Duggan, 557duke, 515dukedom, 515, 531dulcet, 311dulcimer, 311dull, 563dullard, 563duly, 181dumb, 557dump, 465dumpling, 465dumps, 557Dumnorix, 559Eady, 608 n.eager, 47, 48eaning, 78ear, 17, 47, 48, 236 n.¹ear (vb. ), 53earl, 53 n.¹earldom, 531early, 41earn, 53 n.earnest, 53earth, 52 n.,east, 9053East- cheap, 17eftsoons, 15egalitarian, 19egg (to egg on), 48egg (ofa bird), 81Egidius, 7eglantine, 48eglatere, 47egoism, 20, 402egotism, 20, 402egregious, 308 egress, 44eight, 157eighteen, 157eighth, 157eighty, 157, 480ELSEdun (colour), 557dun (ask payment), 563Duncan, 557Dundee, 512eastern, 90eastward, 146eat, 50eau de vie, 17eaves, 96eavesdropper, 96ebb, 33 n.ebriety, 582eikon, 107either, 19, 161 , App. I. p. 709ejacul*te, 38eject, 38, 44eke, 84elaborate, 68eland, 71elastic, 53Dunedin, 512dung, 536 n.Dungeness, 587dungeon, 494Dunkeld, 512Dunn, 557duodecimal, 478duplex, 523, 653duplicate, 523, 653Duport, 470durance, 512Durand, 470duration, 512dure, 512duresse, 512durst, 544dusk, 557Durward, 131 , 560dust, 557Dutch, 462 n. , 463dutiful, 181duty, 181dwale, 563dwarf, 550dwell, 563ebullient , 44ec-, 44eccentric, 44ecclesiastic, 44, 185echinus, 8echo, 119eclipse, 44economy, 115, 585ecumenical, 115edacious, 50edentate, 50Edgar, 377, 608 n.edge, 47, 48edgewise, 48edict, 44, 490Edie, 608 n.edification, 2, 531elate, 459Elbe, 63elbow, 57eld, 54elder, 53, 54Eldorado, 90Eldred, 608 n.electric, 63electro-, 63electrum, 63eleeison, Kyrie, 72eleemosynary, 72element, 53eleven, 22, 477elf, 68Elfrida, 608 n., 666elicit, 137élire, congé d' , 44Elise, 284élite, 44edifice, 2edify, 2, 531edile, 2edit, 472 Eliza, 113, 284edition, 472 elk, 71Edmund, 608 n. ell, 57educe, 514 elm, 54 Edward, 608 n.Edwin, 127, 608 n.Elsass, 28dwindle, 561 else, 28dwine, 561 Edwy, 608 n. elsewhere, 28742 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.EMANemancipate, 177 embark, 24encrust, 206encumber, 274ERADentire, 24, 410, App. I. p. 709entitle, 165émeute, 44emit, 44 enfilade, 396empale, 24 enfold, 652empanel, 24 enforce, 549emperor, 24 enfree, 666emphasis, 24 engage, 125emphatic, 24empire, 24, 635 engine, 341empirical, 24, 631 engraft, 324employ, 24, 653 engrain, 371emporium, 24, 631 engrave, 391 empower, 74, 599 n. engross, 340empress, 24 engulf, 217empressé, 692embarrass, 24 encyclical, 24, 196 ember, 34Ember-day, 34 end, 26embitter, 25emblem, 24, 316embody, 25embolism, 316embosom, 25emboss, 24embower, 25embrace, 24embrasure, 24embrocation, 24, 142embrown, 25embryo, 24, 312; see Vol.ii. , bhreuemetic, 125encyclopædia, 24, 196, 681endanger, 494endear, 543endeavour, 181endemic, 473endless, 26endorse, 498endow, 472endogenous, 24, 341endure, 512enemy, App. I. p. 710energetic, 141energy, 141enervate, 591enfeoff, 610enfer, feu d', 30engender, 341entity, 74entomb, 462entourage, 434 entrails, 24entrance (subs.), 24entrance (vb. ) , 24, 37, 434entrap, 501 entreat, 441entrenchment, 437entresol, 24entry, 24enucleate, 594enumerate, 586enunciate, 44, 571enure, 13envelop, 24, 79 envelope, 79envious, 100environs, 110envoy, 117envy, 110 eocene, 214 Eothen, 90epact, 7ephemeral, 32, 90ephemeris, 90Epictetus, 234Epicurean, 193epicycle, 196epidemic, 32, 473enjoy, 362 epidermis, 497emprise, App. I. p. 711emptor, 586 empyema, 686enmity, App. I. p. 710 epigastric, 341Ennis, 590 epigram, 32, 324Enniskillen, 590empyrean, 24, 684 emulous, 19 ennui, 123-en, 569enable, 181enact, 7 enrich, 65encænia , 214 ensample, 586encage, 274 encamp, 245encaustic, 24, 293 ensign, 24enceinte, 170enchant, 169enchase, 176, 178encircle, 196encl*tic, 280enchiridion, 24, 384enclose, 243encomium, 24, 240encompass, 697encore, 42encounter, 231encourage, 24, 285encroach, 252ennoble, 366enough, 228, 231, 577enquire, 165ensconce, 531ensemble, 230enslave, 284entablature, 424entaglio, 417entail, 24, 417entente, 424enter, 24enteric, 24enterprise, 344entertain, 24, 424enthral, 439enthrone, 543enthusiasm, 24, 539enthymeme, 557episcopal, 32epistle, 32epitaph, 540epithet, 530epitome, 428épris, 344equal, 19equanimous, 19equation, 19equerry, 165equestrian, 48equidistant, 19equilibrium, 459equine, 48equinox, 19, 578equipoise, 19 equipollent, 629equity, 19 equivalent, 337equivocal, 19, 119era, 40eradicate, 149epithalamium, 553APPENDIX III. 743FRAS EXPUerase, 44ere, 41Erebus, 66ethical, 530ethics, 530Ethiopia, 1 , 156Etruria, 18etymology, 74excise, 254exclaim, 185exclamation, 185exclude, 243exclusion, 243erect, 65ere-long, 41eremacausis, 293 etymon, 74ere-while, 41 Eubule, 318Erin, 604ermine, 56 n.Eubulus, 318eucharist, 381 .ern (dial. ), 54 Eugene, 341erning (dial.), 54 n. Eugenia, 341err, 71 Euippos, 48errand, 54 Euru-, 130errant, 37 Euterpe, 443erratic, 71erring, 71erroneous, 71 evade, 44, 299error, 71Erse, 604erst, 41erst-while, 41 evaporate, 218erudite, 350 eve, 14 n., 15erysipelas, 651escapade, 44, 178escape, 44, 178eschatology, 44escheat, 44, 261escort, 44, 65, 230esculent, 50Esk, 85esoteric, 24Esquiline, 193Eutyches, 420evacuate, 97evanescent, 97evangelical, 9evangelist, 9even (subs. ), 15even (adv. , adj.), 33 n.evening, 15evensong, 15 event, 298ever, 41Everard, 210Everett, 210every, 19, 41evict, 113evident, 110esplanade, 44, 661evil, 94, 96evince, 113essay, 7, 44 essence, 74essential, 74Essex, 90essoigne, 74 essoine, 74esteem, 2estimable, 2estimate, 2evoke, 119evolution, 134evolve, 134ewe, 78 ewer, 17estival, 2, App. I. p. 709ex-, 44exaggerate, 301excoriate, 205excrement, App. I. p. 710 excrescent, 197excruciate, 252excursion, 193 excuse, 238Exe, 85exegesis, 7exegetic, 7exemplar, 586 exemption, 586exercise, 60Exeter, 85, 235exfoliate, 44exhale, 11exhibit, 180exhilarate, 2, 388exhort, 381exhume, 380exigent, 7exiguity, 7exit, 36, 44Exodus, 44exogenous, 44, 341 exorcise, 44exordium, 70exoteric, 44exotic, 44expand, 697expedite, 619expel, 655expend, 700expense, 700experience, 631expert, 631expiate, 163 n., 684explain, 661estivate, 2estrange, 44estuary, 2esurient, 50et cetera, 10etch, 50-eter, 235eternal, 41exact, 7explanation, 661exalt, 44, 53 expletive, 628examination, 7 explicate, 653example, 586 explicit, 653exasperate, 44 explode, 663excavate, 44, 274 exploit, 653exceed, 262 explore, 667, 670excel, 193excellent, 193excelsior, 193excelsis, in, 193Etesian, 122eth-, 1Ethel, 608 n. except, 177Etheldreda, 608 n excerpt, 211Ethelred, 608 n.ether, 1etherial, 1excess, 262explosion, 663exponent, 650export, 631expostulate, 664 exposure, 682express, 692 expugn, 623exchange, 214 expulsion, 655exchequer, 234 expunge, 625744 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.EXPU FIDDexpurgate, 7, 684exquisite, 165faintly, 536 feature, 531fair, 610 fee, 610extemporaneous, 419 Fairfax, 611 feed, 600extemporary, 419 fake, 705 feel, 658extempore, 419 fald- stool, 652 feet, 619extend, 424 fall, 563extent, 424 fallacious, 562extenuate, 424 fallacy, 562 exterior, 44external, 44extol, 459fallible, 562exterminate, 433 fallow, 679extorsive, 437extort, 436extra, 44 falter, 563extract, 441 family, 531extradition, 44, 472 famine, S.extraneous, 44 famish, S.extraordinary, 44, 70 fane, 702extravagant, 117 fang, 610 fender, 346extreme, 44 fang- tooth, 610 fennel, 346extricate, 437 Fanny, 661 n. fenny, 687extrude, 455 far, 638 feoffee, 610exuberant, 86 fare, 632exuvation, 78 farewell, 632exuvial, 78-ey, 18 farm, 543eye, 156false, 563falsetto, 563falsification, 56falsify, 563feign, 536feint, 536fell (fierce), 563 n.fell (a hide), 651fell (a hill), 663fellow, 610fellowship, 610felon, 563 n.felt, 676female, 533feminine, 533fen, 687fence, 346fend, 346eyebrow, 156eyeglass, 156eyelet, 156eyelid, 156, 281eyliad, 156eyot, 17eyre, in, 37farfetched, 638farmer, 543far- niente, 566farrow, 677fart, 671farther, 638farthing, 174farthingale, 331fash (Scot. ), 544fashion, 531fastidious, 544father, 600fatherland , 600fathom, 697F fast, 619Faber, 539 fastening, 619fabric, 540fabricate, 539 fastness, 619façade, 531 fat, 604face, 531facet, 531facial, 530facile, 531facilitate, 530 fault, 563facinorous, 530 faun, 399fact, 530 fauna, 399faction, 530 Faunus, 399factious, 530factitious, 530 favour, 400fawn, 533fatigue, 7, 375fauteuil, 651feræ naturæ, 401ferine, 401fern, 613 n. , 706ferocious, 401ferocity, 401Ferrara, 560ferrule, 99, 100ferry, 632fet (obs. ), 619fetch, 618 n. , 619fetid, 557fetish, 531fetlock, 619fetor, 557fetter, 619fettle, 619feu, 610feuage, 610feuar, 610feud (strife), 602feud (afief), 610feudal, 607 n., 610feudatory, 610few, 682fey (Scot. ), 612 n.¹fiasco, 154fibre, 396factor, 530factory, 530fadge (obs. ), 610 fail, 563-fic, 531-fice, 531fawn (as a dog), 608, fichu, 535App. I. p. 712 fear, 631 n., 632fain, 610 feasible, 531fainéant, 531, 566faint, 536feat, 531feather, 615fickle, 705fictile, 536fiction, 536fictitious, 536fiddle, 121, 122APPENDIX III. 745FIEfie! 602fief, 610field, 663fieldfare, 679 n.fiend, 602fierce, 401fiery, 685fife, 604fifteen, 622fifty, 480, 622fight, 611, 623figment, 536figurate, 536fixation, 534 foist, 671fixedness, 534 fold, 652fixity, 534fixture, 534fizz, 671fizzle, 671flag, 651flagon, 153, 154flake, 651flan, 663flank, 196flannel, 395, 396flask, 154figure, 536 flat, 663filament, 396filanders, 396filatory, 396file, 396filial, 533filiation, 533filibuster, 670filigree, 396fill, 629filly, 681flatten, 663flatter, 663flaw, 651flawn, 663flax, 653 flay, 651flea, App. I. p. 712fleam, App. I. p. 711 fledged, 670-fold, 652folding-stool, 652folk, 140 m. , 629follow, 629, 658, 679foment, 537fomentation, 537font, 399fontanel, 399food, 600foot, 619footing, 619footman, 619footpad, 620footpath, 620footwarmer, 347for (= pro), 648for ( =pera), 638forage, 600foray, 600forbear, 638film, 651filter, 676filth , 686fimbricate, 396fin, 615, 702finch, 705find, 615Findon, 294Fingal, 294forbid, 638flee, 667 n. , App. I. p. 712 forçat, 549fleet, 670 force, 549Fleet Street, 670 forceps, 177, 347Fleetwood, 670 forcible, 549flesh, 652 ford, 632flew, 670 -ford, 632flick, 656, App. I. p. 712 fore, 648flicker, 670, App. I. p. 712 fore-, 648forebode, 648flight, 667 n. forecast, 301finger, 608 n., 610fink, 705Finland, 294flier, 670fling, 656, 670, App. I. p. 712 foreclose, 243, 560 flint, 663flit, 670forefend, 638foregather, 360Finlay, 294fiord, 632flitch, 652 forego, 37, 638finnack (Scot. ) , 294 flittermouse, 670 foreign, 560float, 670 forensic, 560fire, 685 flock, 670firefly, 685 floe, 651firmament, 543 flood, 670first, 648 flook, 661firstling, 648 floor, 661fish, 688 floss-silk, 669 n.Fish, 688fisher, 688 flow, 670Fisher, 688 flown, 670fist, 610 n. , 623 fluke, 661fitchew, 671 flutter, 670Fitz-, 533 fly, 670Fitzherbert, 533Fitzpatrick, 533 foal, 681Fitzroy, 65, 533five, 622fiver, 622fives, 622focus, 555 n.fodder, 600foe, 602fix, 534flounder, 434, 661fly-dragon, 670foam, 706foeman, 602foreordain, 70forerunner, 54forest, 560forestal, 560Forester, 560forfeit, 531 , 560forget, 344, 638forgive, 638fork, 391forlorn, 638form, 543formal, 543former, 648formidable, 543formula, 543fornication, 347forsake, 638forsooth, 74forge, 540FORS746 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.FORSForster, 560 freebooter, 666forswear, 638 freedman, 666fort, 549 freedom, 531furlong, 677furnace, 347Furness, 587, 648fortalice, 549 Freeth, 666forte, 549 freeze, 671Furniss, 648furrow, 677forth, 648 freight, 671 n. , App. I. p. 709 further, 648-forth, 632fortify, 549fortiori, a, 549Fréjus, 560French, 661 n.fret, 50fretful, 638fury, 401, 557furze, 687fuse, 399, 555 n.fricassee, 354fricative, 354forum, 560 friction, 354forward, 648 Friday, 648fortissimo, 549fortitude, 549fortnight, 174, 578fortress, 549forty, 174, 480friable, 354fricandeau, 354fusee, 555 n., 557fusible, 399fusil, 399, 555 m.fusion, 399fuss, App. I. p. 711fustigate, 346fusty, 346foster, 600 Friedland, 666 futile, 399Foster, 560 friend, 666 -fy, 531fother, 600 fright, 631 n.fought, 623 fringe, 396 Gfoul, 686 fritch, 664 gab, 370found (to cast), 399 frith-, 666found (fr. find) , 615 Frith, 666founder, 399 frivolity, 354foundling, 615foundry, 399 fro, 638fount, 399fountain, 399four, 174fourchette, 391fourgon, 391fourteen, 174, 478 frore, 671frivolous, 354frock, 60frog, 677 n.frolic, 646 n. , 648from, 638Fronde, 700gabion, 274gable, 181, 369, 370gad, 377gadfly, 377, 670gae (Scot. ), 37 Gael, 112 n.2Gaelic, 112 n.²gaff, 181, 370 gage, 125 gain, 112gainly, 112 n.fourth, 174 frost, 671 gait, 37fowl, 670 froward, 146, 638 gala, 388fowler, 670 frustrate, 550 galant, 388fracas, 253frack, 664fractious, 664fragrance, 353fragrant, 353frame, 648franchise, 661 n.Francis, 661 n.frankincense, 215frank, 661 n.Frank, 661 n.franklin, 661 n.fratricide, 254fraud, 550fraudulent, 550frustum, 550fry, 354 n.fuel, 361fugleman, 670-ful, 629fulfil, 629fuliginous, 557Fulk, 629full, 629fulsome, 629fumble, 658fume, 557fumigate, 7, 557fumitory, 557fumose, 557fraught, 631n. , App. I. p.709 fumous, 557fray, 354, 666freak, 664freck, 664fund, 400, App. I. p. 711 funeral, 557funereal, 557freckle, 677freckles, 678Frederick, 65, 666funnel, 400fur, 130 n.Furies, 401free, 666 furious, 401, 557Galatia, 337gale (ofgeese), 376gale, 388gallant, 388gallantee-show, 388gallantry, 388Gallic, 337gallina, 305gallinaceous, 305gallipot, 359gallop, 133, 134galoppe, 134galore, 629galt (dial.), 205gambit, 213gambol, 213 gammon, 213gander, 376gang, 393 gangrene, 311gangway, 392gannet, 376gaol, 274GAOLAPPENDIX III. 747GAOL GLANgaoler, 274gap, 375 gape, 375gelatine, 317 gew-gaw, 181gelatinous, 317 geyser, 400geld, 205 ghastly, 378garb, 231, 351 n., 356 gelid, 317garbage, 351 gem, 393garble, 200, 351 n. geminate, 393ghee, 347, 353ghost, 378Ghilanders, 586gardeloo, 129, 130 Gemini, 296 n., 393 giant, 341garden, 385 gemmate, 393 Gibbe, 357gardener, 385 gemmiferous, 393 Gibbins, 357gardeviant, 130 gendarme, 341 Gibbon, 357gardevin, 130 gender, 341 Gibbs, 357Gardiner, 385 genealogy, 341 Gardner, 385 general, 341garfish, 377Gargantua, 311 generic, 341gargle, 311 generous, 341gargoyle , 311 genesis, 341garlic, 377garment, 129, 130Garner (n. prop. ) , 385garner (vb.) , 372genetic, 341genial, 341geniculate, 367garner, 372 genital, 341 garnet, 372 genitive, 341generate, 341genethliac, 341genitor, 341genius, 341gent, 341garnish, 130garniture, 130garret, 128, 130Garret, 377 genteel, 341garrison, 129, 130 Gentile, 341garrulous, 304 gentility, 341garth, 385 gentle, 341gas, 374 n., 377 gentleman, 341gastric, 341 gentry, 341gate, 375 genuine, 341gateway, 375Gathas, 302gather, 360Gatling, 360gauche, 143gaucherie, 143 geometry, 341 gaud, 362 George, 341 Gaude, 362gaudy, 362gaufer, 102Gaul, 112 n. , 337gauntlet, 375 n.'Gautama, 334gave, 181genus, 341geodesy, 341, 473Geoffrey, 400, 666geography, 324 geology, 341Georgiana, 341Georgics, 341Gerald, 377geranium, 304Gerard, 377gerfalcon, 336, 381 n.Gibson, 357giff-gaff, 181gift, 181gig, 332 n.gigantic , 341giggle, 302Gilbert, 357Gilchrist, 301, 353gild (for guild) , 355gild (with gold), 387Giles, 7Gill, 7Gillanders , 301Gillespie, 32, 301Gillie, 301Gillies, 301gilliflower, 202Gilmour, 301Gilnew, 301gilt (dial. ) , 205gilt (fr. gild), 387gim, 393gimbals, 393gimcrack, 393gimmalrings, 393gimmerlamb, 379gin (for engine) , 341gin (the spirit), App. I. p.709ginger, 290girandole, 336gird (scold), 377gird, 385girdle, 385girth, 385germ, 327 give, 178, 181gavelkind, 181 germander, 380gavelock, 370 germane, 327gavrock, 391 Germinal, 327germinate, 327Gertrude, 377gerund, 301gesin, 38Gavrock, 391gawk, 168gawky, 168 gay, 362 n.gaze, 378gazebo, 378gear, 231ged, 377gestation, 301gesticulate, 301gesture, 301get, 344glabrous, 322glacial, 317glacier, 317glacis, 317glad, 359gladiator, 205gladiolus, 205Gladstone, 359glamour, 324glance, 359gland, 316748 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.GLANGotobed, 400gotten, 344grail, 348grain, 371Grainger, 372glanders, 316 glyphic, 323glandular, 316 glyptic, 323glandule, 316glass, 359glyptodon, 323glassful, 329glaucoma, 359glaucous, 359glyster, 284gnat, 232gnatho-, 368 Gnatho, 368glave, 359 gnaw, 232, 580glaze, 359 gnome, 366glazier, 359 gnomon, 366gleam, 359glean, 372 n.glebe, 320gled, 359Gledstane, 359glee, 359gleed, 359 gob, 370gleeman, 359Gnostics, 366go, 36, 37, 231goad, 377goat, 401goatee, 401goatherd, 271, 401gourd, 217govern, 220Gow, 370Gowan, 370Gower, 370gowk, 168grab, 351grabble, 351grace, 305gradation, 349grade, 349gradient, 349 gradual, 349graduate, 349graft, 324 n.gobbet, 370glee-singer, 359 gobble, 370glib, 320 goblet, 220glide, 359 go-by, 37glim, 359 go-cart, 37glimmer, 359 God, 400glimpse, 359glint, 359glissade, 359glisten, 359 godless, 400glitter, 359gloaming, 359gloat, 359 gofer, 102 globate, 322 gold, 387 globe, 322globose, 322 gone, 37globular, 322globule, 322glomerate, 322 gonorrhoea, 341glomery, 322gloom, 359glorification, 284glorious, 284glory, 284gloss, 359glove, 658glow-worm, 359Goddard, 279Godfrey, 400, 666Godhead, 400Godward, 146Godwin, 127, 400Gondomar, 346gonfalon, 346, 702gonfanon, 702Gonsalvez, 346Gontard, 346good, 112 n.goodly, 360goodman, 360goodness, 360Goodrich, 65, 399Goodwin, 400goody, 360goose, 376gopher, 102gorcrow, 385gore, 377, 385gorge, 311gorgeous, 311gorget, 311Glover, 658glow, 359glower, 359gloze, 358glue, 319glum, 359glumaceous, 323glume, 323glumpy, 359glut, 311gluten, 319glutinous, 319glutton, 311 got, 344glycerine, 311Gorgon, 306, 391Gorgona, 391gospel, 400gossip, 231, 400Goths, 398 n.'grallatory, 349 graminivorous, 311grammar, 324 grammatical, 324gramme, 324 granadilla, 372granary, 371 grand- dad, 407grange, 371 Granger, 372 granite, 372 grant, 287 granule, 371grape, 327grape-shot, 327graphic, 324grapnel, 327grapple, 327gras, paté de foie, 209grasp, 351grass, 387grate, 209 grateful, 305gratification, 305, 531gratify, 305grating, 209gratis, 304 gratuitous, 305 gratulation, 305grave, 312, 391gravel, 350gravid, 312gravitate, 312gravity, 312 gray, 387 n.grease, 209great, 350Greathead, 350GREAAPPENDIX III. 749grievance, 312grieve, 312Griffin, 327grill, 209, 347 guess, 344grille, 209 guest, 357grim, 352 guide, 110grimace, 352 guild, 355GREEgreed, 349Greenwich, 107green, 387greet, 388greeting, 388Gregg, 309gregarious, 308Gregorian, 309Gregory, 309Gregson, 309gremial, 327grenade, 372 grenadier, 372grice, 389 n. , 391griddle, 209, 347gridiron, 209, 347grief, 312grow, 387 growl, 305 n.growth, 387 grub, 391 grudge, 305 gruel, 350 gruesome, 391grumble, 305 n. , 352grumpy, 352grunt, 305 n.gryce (Scot.), 354 guarantee, 130guarantor, 130guard, 130 guardian, 130guardship, 130gudgeon, 370 n.guerdon, 104guerre, nom de, 144guerrilla, 144gut, 400 Guthridge, 400 Guthrie, 316Gutierez, 346gutter, 400Gwatkin, 278Gweek, 115Gwendoline, 294 Gwinneth, 294Gwynn, 294Gwynnet, 294 gymnasium, 579gymnast, 579gymno-sperm, 579 gyneceum, 341gyrate, 336gyves, 393habit, 181Hhabergeon, 193habitacle, 181habitat, 180habitate, 180Grimaldi, 352 guilder, 387 habitual, 181grime, 352 guild-hall, 355 habitude, 181grin, 352 guildmote, 355grind, 354, 371 guile, 134grinders, 354 guilt, 355grindstone, 354 guiltiness, 355grip, 351 guiltless, 355gripe, 351griskin, 354, 389 n. , 391 guise, 110grisly, 391 gulch, 311Grisons, 387n.grist, 354gulden, 387gules, 311gristle, 354 gulf, 217grit, 350 gullet, 311 groan, 352 Gullick, 346groat (the coin), 350 Gulliver, 346groats, 350 gully, 311 grocer, 350 Gully, 346grog, 350 grogram, 350groin, 391gulp, 311Guinever, 294gums, 375hack, 242hackbut, 242hackle, 242hackney, 242had, 181Hades, 110haft, 78hag, 170, 171hagard, 170haggard, 171haggis, 242haggle, 242hagiographa, 42, 324hagiology, 42hag-like, 171ha-ha, 171hail, 207hair, 222hair-cloth, 222hairless, 222hairy, 222Gundry, 346 groom, 380 Gunhilda, 346groove, 391 Gunning, 346 grope, 351 Gunston, 346 hake, 242groschen, 350 Gunter, 346 Hal, 241gross, 350 gurgle, 311 Grosvenor, 112 gurnard, 305grot, 249 gurnet, 305Grote, 350 gush, 400 grotesque, 249grotto, 249group, 327 grouts, 350 grove, 391gust (relish), 363gust (ofwind), 399, 400gustatory, 363 Gustavus, 400gusto, 363halberd, 277halberdier, 277hale (whole), 207hale (pull), 186halibut, 208, 134 n.halidom, 531Halkin, 241hall, 277Hall, 241HALL750 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.HALL HERDHallet, 241Halliday, 208 Halliwell, 207hallow, 208hallow-e'en, 208Harris, 241Harrison, 241harrow, 278harry, 278Harry, 241hallow-mass, 208halm, 193halo, 134halser, 193halt, 205halyard, 186ham (the haunch), 213-ham- (in comp.), 241Hamadryad, 230, 497hamble, 292 n.hamlet, 240hammer, 48hammercloth, 291hamper, 292Hampton Wick, 115harsh, 210hart, 290hartshorn, 290harvest, 211hash, 242hasten, 569hat, 235hatchet, 48, 242hatchment, 183hatter, 235hauberk, 193haughty, 51, 53 haul, 186haulm, 193haunch, 4hamstring, 213 hautboy, 53, 689 n.³hand, 344 have, 181hand- cuff, 344 haven, 177handful, 344, 629 -haven, 178handgrip, 351 Havre, 178 handicraft, 231, 344handiwork, 231handkerchief, 32, 183hawk, 177, 178hawk (vb. ), 239hawker, 239Hawkins, 241haws, 171hawsehole, 193heavenward, 146heavy, 178hecatomb, 230, 334, 485heckle, 242hedge, 171hedonism, 530heed, 238heedless, 238heel, 202, 280hegemony, 7Hegumenos, 7heifer, 634 n.,height, 239635heir, 75, 376, 384heirloom , 75heliacal, 90helico-, App. I. p. 709Heligoland, 17, 208helio-, 90heliograph, 90, 324heliotrope, 90helix, 134hell, 277Hellespont, 620hell-fire, 277hell-gate, 277hell-hound, 277helm, 277helmet, 277Héloïse, 113, 284Helvoetsluys, 243helyer, 277handle, 344handmaid, 344handsel, 344handsome, 344 hawser, 193handy, 344 hawthorn, 171hansel, 344 hay, 242hem, 292hemicrania, 230harangue, 196 hay (hedge), App. I. p. 709 hemicycle, 230harass, 279 hayrick, 242harbinger, 279 haythorn, 171hemiplegia, 230, 656hemipterous, 230harbour, 278 hayward, 131 hemisphere, 230hard, 210 Hayward, 131, 171 hemistich, 230Hardcastle, 210 hazel, 222harden, 210 head, 183hardhearted, 286 -head, 166Hardicanute, 210hardihood, 210hardly, 210Hardman, 210hardware, 130hardy, 210hark, 238harken, 238harlot, 307 n.¹harlequin, 276 n. 'headlong, 183head-rope, 183headstrong, 183heal, 208health, 208heap, 220hear, 238hearken, 238hearsay, 238hearse, 278 n.hemlock, 292Hemming, 292 n.hen, 169henbane, 169hencoop, 169, 220Henderson, 241Hendrickson, 241hendyadis, 230Hengist, 171henpeck, 169Henry, 65, 241hepatic, 39hepatica, 39harm, 292 heart, 286 hepatitis, 39harmonium, 57 heart-ache, 286 heptarchy, 66harmony, 57 hearten, 286 Heracl*tus, 283harness, 40 heart-felt, 286harns (dial.) , 290 Harold, 278heave, 178heaven, 48 n., 176, 178Herbert, 278herd, 278herdsman, 278APPENDIX III. 751hilt, 205HEREhereditament, 384hereditary, 74, 384Hills, 193hilly, 193heredity, 75, 384heresy, 152heretic, 152Hereward, 278heriot, 278herinaceous, 391heritable, 75heritage, 75, 384heritor, 75, 384hermit, 57hermitage, 57Hilton, 193Himalaya, 379hind, 241hip, 220Hipparchus, 48Hippodamos, 48hippodrome, 48, 501hippophagus, 48hircine, 391hirsute, 391history, 110histrionic, 394hoarding, 209hoar-frost, 166homily, 230hom*o-, 230homœo-, 230homœopathy, 230hom*ogeneous, 230hom*oiousia, 74, 230hom*onymous, 585hom*oousia, 74, 230honey, 250honeycomb, 250, 369honeysuckle, 250honied, 250hook, 242hooker, 242hoop, 220Hooper, 220hoopoe, 96hoost (dial. ), 245hoot, 96 n.hop, 220hope, 218, 220, 237 n.hopscotch, 220hippopotamus, 48 hood, 238hernia, 384 hire, 241 -hood, 166hernshaw, 168hero, 127 hist, 295Herodotus, 472heroic, 127heroine, 127 hithe, 238heron, 168 hive, 241heronsew (dial. ) , 168 hoar, 166heronshaw, 168 hoard, 238hesitate, 378Hesperides, 90hetero-, 19 n.2hoary, 166heterogeneous, 19, 341 hob, 220hew, 242 hobble, 220Hew, 237 n. hobbledehoy, 220 hewer, 242 hobby, 220 hornbook, 290 Hewson, 237 n. hobbyhorse, 220 hornet, 290hiatus, 375 Hobler, 220 hornpipe, 290 hibernal, 379 hock, 171 hornwork, 290hibernate, 379hibernation, 379Hibernia, 604hoe, 242 horologe, 42hog, 242Hogarth, 131heterodox, 19, 490hoarse, 245 horary, 42 hordeaceous, 391horn, 290hornbeam, 290hornblend, 290HOSThidalgo, 28, 161, 533hide (subs. and ob. ), 238hog-maned, 242Hogue, La, 239hiding, 238 hold (vb.), 192hierarch, 3, 66 hold, 277hieroglyph, 3, 323 hole, 277hierophant, 3higgle, 242Higgins, 237 n.Higgs, 237 n.high, 239highness, 239hilarious, 2, 388hilarity, 2, 388Hilary, 2, 388Hildebert, 205Hildebrand, 205holiday, 207Holland, 277hollow, 277holly, 193 n.holly-hock, 207holm, 193Holmes, 193holster, 277holt-, 205-holt, 205Holywell, 208homage, 380horoscope, 42horrid, 391horrific, 391, 531horrify, 391horripilation, 391horror, 391horse, 193horse-coper, 178horseman, 193hortative, 381horticulture, 193, 384hortus siccus, 384hospitable, 357, 599 n.hospital, 357, 599 n.hospitality, 357, 599 n.Hospitaller, 357, 599 n.host (dial. ) , 245host, 357, 599 n.hostage, 357, 599 n.hostel, 357, 599 n.hostelry, 357Hildegard, 205Hildegund, 205 home, 241Hildyard, 205hill, 193 homely, 241Homer, 230Hill, 193 homeward, 146 hostile, 357, 599 n.Hillier, 277 homicide, 254, 380 hostler, 357, 699 n.hostess, 357, 599 n.752 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.HOTEhotel, 357, 599 n.hough, 170, 171 hound, 274hussy, 155, 238hustings, 238, 419hut, 238Houndsditch, 274 hydr-, 85hour, 42 hydra, 85house, 238 hydra-headed, 85hydrant, 85hydrarge, 85hydraulic, 85house-leek, 238housewife, 155, 238housing, 238how (adv.) , 161how(hill) , 239howk (Scot. ), 276, 277howl, 96Howson, 237 n.hydrargyrate, 85hydrocele, 274hydrocephalous, 183hydrogen, 341hydropsy, 85, 156hydrostatics, 85hygeia, 83Hubbard, 237 n.Hubert, 237 n.huckster, 239 hygiene, 83huddle, 238 hygro-, 83hue and cry, 96 n. hygrometer, 83hug, 239 hymn, 102huge, 239hugeness, 239 hymnus, 102huggermugger, 239Huggins, 237 n.Hugh, 237 n.Hughes, 237 n.Huguenot, 237 n.º, 574hulk, 137hulks (sheds), 277hymnology, 102hyper- , 95hyperbole, 95, 316Hyperborean, 313hyperbrosis, 95, 311hypercritical, 95, 200Ides, 2idle, 2idiosyncrasy, 200, 230idol, 110idolatry, 110idyl, 110idyllic, 110if, 33igneous, 158ignoble, 366ignominious, 366ignominy, 366ignoramus, 366ignorant, 366ignore, 366il-, 24Ildagonda, 205ilk, 19ill, 96illegal, 566illuminate, 24im-, 24image, 19imaginary, 19imagination, 19imagine, 19imbed, 25hypertrophy, 95 imbibe, 601hyphen, 95 imbitter, 25hull, 277 hypo-, 95 imbody, 25hullabaloo, 96 hypochondria, 95 imbosom, 25human, 380 hypocrisy, 95, 200 imbower, 25humane, 380 hypocrite, 200 imbricated, 581humble, 380 hypodermatous, 497humble-pie, 583 hypogastric, 341humeral, 159 hypostatic, 95 humero-, 159 hypotenuse, 95humid, 84 hypothecate, 530humidity, 84humiliate, 380 hysteria, 91hypothesis, 530humility, 380humour, 84 Ihump, 220 I, 20, 402humpback, 220 iambic, 38hunch, 239hunchback, 239imbrown, 25imbrue, 601imitate, 19immense, 566imp, 24 impact, 609impair, 602impale, 24impale (dial. ), 610impanel, 24, 702impare, 566ichneumon, 2, 107 impart, 634ichthyology, 399 hundredfold, 486 ichthyophagous, 399hunger, 238 n. Icolmkil, 277impasse, 697impasto, 600impassible, 697hungry, 238 n. icon, 107 impatient, 697hunt, 344 iconoclastic, 107huntsman, 344 ictus, 38hurdle, 209 idea, 110hurds, 222 ideal, 110hurlyburly, 96 idealize, 110husband, 238 identical, 21hush, 295husky, 245 identify, 21, 470hussif, 238 identity, 21identification, 21impeach, 606 n. , 609 impecunious, 609impede, 619 impediment, 619impel, 655impend, 700imperative, 634 imperfect, 530imperial, 24, 634IMPEAPPENDIX III. 753impetus, 615impiety, 685 incision, 254impinge, 609 incisive, 254impious, 684 incisor, 254implacable, 661implement, 628 incline, 280implicate, 653implicit, 653 incoherent, 378implore, 670 incomprehensible, 344 impluvium, 670 incongruous, 316 imply, 653 inconsolable, 530imponderable, 700 incorporate, 211 import, 631 incorrigible, 65importune, 631 increase, 197impose, 24 increment, 197impossible, 566impost, 650 incrustate, 206impostor, 650 incubate, 220 impotent, 74, 599 n. inculcate, 202impound, 705 incumbent, 220impoverish, 635, 682 incumbrance, 274IMPEimperil, 631impertinent, 424 imperturbable, 449impervious, 117impetuous, 615inch, 22Inch (island), 590Inch-keith, 590incident, 261incipient, 177incise, 254inclination, 280include, 243incriminate, 200indulgent, 24, 554INNOindurate, 512indurescent, 512industrious, 24indwelling, 563inebriated, 582inert, 57inertia, 57inevitable, 104inexorable, 76inexpiable, 684infallible, 562infanticide, 254infect, 530infection, 530inferior, 30infernal, 30infest, 346infirm, 543infirmary, 543inform, 543informal, 543information, 543infra dig. , 30infuriate, 401, 557infuse, 400 imprecate, 664 incur, 193 infusion, 399impregnable, App. I. p. 711 incurious, 165 infusoria, 399impregnate, 341 indebt, 181impresario, App. I. p. 711 indecent, 490ingenious, 341ingenuous, 341 imprimis, 647 indeed, 531imprint, 692 indefatigable, 7, 375imprison, 344 indelible, 508 n.impromptu, 586 indemnify, 474 improvisatore, 110 indemnity, 474 improvise, 110 indent, 50impugn, 623impulsion, 655 index, 490impunity, 165 indicate, 490impure, 185 indict, 490impute, 684 indictment, 490 in-, 24inaccurate, 566inadvertent, 146 indigent, 24 inalienable, 27 indignant, 490 inanimate, 11 indignity, 490 inaugurate, 81 , 305 indiscreet, 200inborn, 24 indite, 490inbred, 24incandescent, 215indenture, 50indifferent, 566indigenous, 24, 341 , 470individual, 104, 523indocile, 490incantation, 169 indoctrinate, 490incarnadine, 205 n.incarnation, 204 n.indolent, 562indomitable, 495incendiary, 215 indoors, 560incense, 215 induce, 24, 514incentive, 169inception, 177incest, 566induct, 514indue, 24, 78inducement, 514ingot, 400ingrate, 305 ingratiate, 305inhabit, 181inhale, 11inherent, 378inherit, 75, 384inhibit, 180inimical, App. I. p. 710inimitable, 19iniquity, 19initial, 36initiate, 36inject, 38ink, 23, 24, 293inkstand, 293inland, 25inlay, 25inlet, 25inmate, 25inmost, 24, 25inn, 24innate, 341inner, 24Innes, 590innings, 24 Innis, 590innocence, 5763C754 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.intestine, 24intimate, 24intimidate, 430intolerant, 459intonation, 425,INNOinnocent, 576innocuous, 576innovate, 571innuendo, 573inoculate, 156inoculation, 156inoperative , 13intone, 424intoxicate, 417intramural, 24intrepid, 444intricacy, 437intricate, .437inopportune, 631inordinate, 70inquest, 165inquire, 165inroad, 25insane, 74inside, 24insist, 566insolent, 530insubordinate, 70insular, 589 n.intrigue, 437 introduce, 24, 514introduction, 514introit, 24, 36introsusception, 177intrude, 455intrusion, 455iron-founder, 399ironmonger, 40irradiate, 149irrefutable, 399irreprehensible, 344irreverent, 566irreversible, 146irrigate, 142irritate, 24, 57is, 74 island, 17isle, 589 n.isochimenal, 379 isochronous, 111isolate, 589 n.isomeric, 111isometrical, 111isosceles, 111JIGinsulate, 589 n.insure, 165intrust, 510 isotheral, 111 , 347intact, 410insuperable, 95insurgent, 65, 95insurrection, 65intaglio, 24intuition, 463 isotherm, 111, 347intumescent, 462 italics, 122inundate, 85 Italy, 122inure, 13invade, 299invalid, 337item, 18iterate, 18itinerate, 37integer, 410, App. I. p. 709 invective, 117 Iverdun, 604Jinversion, 146invert, 146intense, 424 invertebrate, 146intent, 424 invest, 78inter, 24, 447 investigate, 144intercalary, 185 investiture, 78, 79intercalate, 185 investment, 78intercede, 261 inveterate, 122intercept, 177 invidious, 110intercessor, 26 invigorate, 84intercourse, 193interdict, 490 inviolate, 331interdiction, 490interest, 24, 74interesting, 74 invocate, 119interim, 24 invoice, 117interior, 24 invoke, 119interjection, 38 involve, 134interment, 447 inward, 24integral, 410, App. I. p. 709integrate, 410, App. I. p. 709integrity, 24, 410, App. I.p. 709integument, 411intend, 424inveigh, 117invent, 299inventory, 298inverse, 146invincible, 113invitation, 112invite, 112, 165 n.Jabalpur, 628jackal, 290jail, 274jail-bird, 274jailer, 274janitor, 37jaundice, 387jaunty, 341javelin, 370Jefferson, 400, 666Jeffry, 400, 666Jeffs, 400, 666jelly, 317 Jennifer, 294jeopardy, 38Jephson, 400Jerram, 377Jerusalem artichoke, 336,677 n.Jervis, 377jaw, 373intern, 24 iodine, 147 jest, 301internal, 24 ipse dixit, 21 jet, 38internecine, 576 ir-, 24 jetsam, 38interpret, 673 irascible, 71interregnum, 65 irate, 71jettage, 38jetty, 38interrupt, 24 ire, 71intervene, 298, 299 Ireland, 604interview, 110 Irish, 604jewel, 362jeweller, 362jewelry, 362intestate, 447 iron, 40 jig, 332 n.APPENDIX III. 755JIMIJimini! Oh, 393 kidfox, 341 n. , 342jocose, 38 kidnap, 247, 341 n., 342jocular, 38 kidney, 341, 593joke, 38jollity, 45Kilbirnie, 277Kilbride, 277jolly, 45journal, 508Kilchrist, 277kilderkin, 342Kilkenny, 277Kuldee, 193Kyrie, 274Llaboratory, 68LAVAlaborious, 68. journey, 508 journeyman, 508Jove, 508jovial, 508jowl, 369joy, 362jubilant, 45jubilation, 45junior, 45kill, 317kiln, 373kilogramme, 324Kilpatrick, 277kilt, 342kindergarten, 341kindred, 341king, 296, 341kingdom, 531kinship, 341kinsman, 341kin, 341kinchin, 341jubilee, 45 kind, 341judge, 490judicial, 490 kindle, 215, 341Juggernaut, 574 kindly, 341juggle, 38juniper, App. I. p. 709Juno, 508Jupiter, 508justification, 531 kitchen, 613jut, 38 kith, 341juvenescent, 45 Klepht, 217 juvenile, 45 kloof, 323knack, 247 K knacker, 247kail, 193 knag, 247 kalends, 185 knagged, 247 kamptulicon, 213 knaggy, 247 keel, 336 knap, 247 keelhaul, 336 knapper, 247keen, 169, 366keep, 178kemp (Scot.), 245Kemp, 245knapsack, 247knave, 341knead, 367, 368knee, 367labour, 68lace, 137lacerate, 137lacrymatory, 476lacrymose, 476lacuna, 137lacustrine, 137ladder, 281lade, 200lading, 200ladle, 200lady, 536, App. I. p. 710lady-bird, 536 n.Lady chapel, 536 n.Lady Day, 536 n.ladyship, 536 n.lady-slipper, 536 n.lady-smock, 536 n.lagoon, 137Lagrima, 477laine, muslin de, 135lake, 137Lambeth, 238Lammas, App. I. p. 710lampret, 691lamprey, 691lancinate, 137lander, 670landgrabber, 351Languedoc, 402laniariform, 135lanigerous, 135lanuginous, 135ken, 366 kneel, 367 lanyard, 137Kenelm, 341 knell, 248 larch, 497Kenilworth, 130 n. knick-knack, 247 larum, 29Kenmare, 214 knife, 246, 248 lasso, 137Kenmure, 214 knight, 341 last, 200Kennedy, 214 knit, 368 lateral, 663kennel (dog's), 274 knob, 248kennel, 190 n.² knock, 247Kenneth, 214 Knockbogle, 248kenosis, 274 knocker, 247kid, 341 n., 342Keppoch, 245kerb, 196kerchief, 32, 53, 183, 230kerne, App. I. p. 710knot, 268knotgrass, 368 Lauds, 284kettle, 253 knotty, 368 laugh, 187Kettleby, 253 knout, 368kettledrum, 253 know, 366Kibworth, 130 n. knowledge, 366knuckle, 367 n. , 377laughter, 187laundry, 670lava, 670lavatory, 670knock-kneed, 247knoll, 248Lateran, 663lather, 670latrine, 670laud, 284laudanum, 284laudation, 284Lauder, 278, 2843 c 2756 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.LAVElavender, 670laver, 670law (hill), 281leaf, 657 n.Leamington, 512lean, 280lee, 281leet-ale, 58leeward, 281lot, App. I. p. 710 Lothaire, 279, 284Lothario, 279, 285Lothringen, 284lotion, 670lottery, App. I. p. 710loud, 284lough, 137 Louis, 113, 284Louisa, 113, 284loupgarou, 137 Lovegrove, 391low (bellow), 186Lowder, 278, 284lowe (Scot. ), 280 Lowry, 284Lowther, 284Mahadeva, 507Maharajah, 65maid, 186maidenhead, 165maintain, 424maintenance, 424major-domo, 494malaprop, 650 malediction, 490malefactor, 531malefic, 531malevolent, 152malfeasant, 531malformation, 543malign, 341malison, 490 malversation, 146ma'm, 494legislate, 459Leicester, 235leper, 657 n.lepidoptera, 615level, 459levirate, 474lew, 281Lewis, 284librate, 459 lozenge, 284licorice, 311 Ludgeter, 281lid, 281 Ludovic, 284Lidgate, 281 Ludovico, 284Lidgetter, 281 lues, 670Lidyatt, 281 lieutenant, 424luff, 658 manhood, 165lukewarm, 281, 670 manifest, 346lift (steal), 217 likewise, 110Lincoln, 193lumbago, 281 manifold, 652lumbar, 281 maniple, 628manage, 407 n.mandate, 472Manfred, 666mangelwurzel, 149MESSlinen-draper, 503link, 196liquorice, 149, 311lunch, 572luncheon, 572Lupercal, 137lupin, 137lurid, 387luster, 667 n., 670lustrate, 670lira, 459list, 284listen, 284litharge, 63 lustre, 670litigate, 7 lute, 670litigation, 7litigious, 7litre, 459liturgy, 141liver, 38 n., 391liverwort, 149livre, 459Luther, 278, 284luting, 670Lutterworth, 130 n.Lutwich, 113, 284Lutwyche, 113, 284lycanthropos, 137Lycophron, 137lizard, 137 lycopodium, 137Llan-, 661 lye, 670Llan-dref, 661llano, 661 Mload, 200loaf, App. I. p. 710loch, 137Loder, 284Mabel, App. I. p. 710 Mac, 186 n.¹Macgregor, 309manipulate, 628manœuvre, 13mantel- piece, 417mantle (subs. ), 415 n.mantle (vb. ) , 417mantle-piece, 417mantua, 417manufacture, 530manure, 13maraschino, 15maroon, 273, 274mate (in chess), 172 n.Matilda, 205matricide, 254maugre, 305Maundy Thursday, 473mead, 101 n.medal, 27, 28medallion, 27, 28Mediterranean, 447megatherium, 401megrim, 231, 290melancholia, 386Macneill, 588 melancholy, 386loin, 281 Mactaggart, 473 melodious, 122lone, 22lonely, 22lonesome, 22loaf, 658 magnificence, 531loose, 667 n.Lorraine, 279, 284 magpie, 705lose, 667 n. Mahadeo, 507madam, 494madefaction, 531Madonna, 494magnify, 531melodrama, 501melody, 122Menedemus, 473meridian, 508meridional, 508Mesembrianthum, 90Messapia, 13APPENDIX III. 757METAmetal, 26 n. , 27metalliferous, 27metallurgy, 27, 141methinks, 420metronome, 585NEROmoribund, 470 nave(ofawheel), 582 n. , 583mortgage, 125 nave (ofa church), 589, 590mortification, 531 navel, 583M'Phinn, 294 navew, 248mugwort, 149 navigate, 7, 589metropolis, 628 multiform, 543mettle, 28 multiplication, 653navigation, 7, 589navvy, 7, 589 mezzotint, 412 Munich, 231 navy, 590midriff, 211midsummer, 231millennium, 4, 120millipede, 619mindful, 629mine, 569minster, 231miocene, 214misadventure, 298misanthrope, 156misbegotten, 344miscall, 305miscarry, 193mischance, 261mischief, 183misconceive, 177misconception, 177miscreant, 287misdeal, 553municipal, 177munificent, 531Munster, 231mutter, 371 n.myopia, 156mystery, 371Nnab, 247nab (top ofa hill) , 248nag (a horse), 232, 246nag (to scold), 232, 580naggle, 580Nagpur, 628Naiad, 589naïf, 341nail, 580nailor, 580naked, 579misdeed, 531 name, 586misfeasant, 531misguide, 110misogynist, 341misprision, 344, 647misquote, 161misrule, 65mistake, 410, 486namesake, 586nana, 564Nancy, 586Nankivel, 586Nantes, 586Nant-yglos, 586 nap, 232nap (a short sleep) , 246 nape, 248mistrust, 510misuse, 17mitigate, 7 Naples, 571mohair, 221 napless, 232mold-warp (Prov.), 139 narrate, 366monad, 230 narwhal, 196monarch, 230 nasal, 587monastery, 230money-grubber, 391monk, 231monkey, 494 natal, 341mono-, 230monody, 230, 122monogamy, 298, 230monogram, 230, 324monograph, 230, 324nascent, 341nasturtium, 437, 587nasute, 587Natal, 341natation, 589nation, 341native, 341natty, App. I. p. 712nay , 566 Naylor, 580 Naze, 587 Neale, 588 neaptide, 246near, 577 nearest, 577 nearly, 577 nearmost, 577neat (cattle), 574 neat (nice), App. I. p. 712 neath, 568neatherd, 278, 574nebula, 581nebulous, 581neck, 248necrology, 576necromancy, 576Necropolis, 576 need, 575need- fire, 575needle, 591needy, 575nefarious, 566negation, 9, 566negative, 9, 566neglect, 566negligent, 566negotiate, 17, 566negress, 588negro, 588Negropont, 620neigh (dial. ), 246neighbour, 577neither, 19, 161, 566Nelson, 588nemesis, 585neo-, 571neology, 571 neoteric, 571nepe, 248nepenthe, 566, 697 n.¹Nephelococcygia, 168monologue, 230 nephew, 580monomania, 230nature, 341naught, 117 nephritis, 593monopoly, 193, 230, 673 naughty, 117, 566 nepotism, 580monotheist, 539, 230 nausea, 589 Neptune, 592monotone, 230, 424 nautical, 589 Nereid, 589Montagu, 48 nautilus, 589moorhen, 169 naval, 590Nereus, 589Nero, 586758 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS..NERVnerve, 591 Nicomachæans, 568nescience, 566 Nicotiana, 568-ness (promontory), 587 nicotine, 568nest, 568 nictate, 246nestle, 568 nictitate, 24nestling, 568 nidification, 568net (of price), App. I. p. niece, 580712 Nielson, 588net (forfish), 574, 591 Nigel, 588nether, 568 Niger, 588nigg*rd, 232nigg*r, 588nethermost, 568nettle, 232, 591neuralgia, 591 neurosis, 591neuter, 566neutral, 566Nevada, Sierra, 592never, 41, 566Nevett, 586Neville, 115, 571new, 571, 573Newall, 341Newark, 141Newberry, 571Newburgh, 571Newbury, 571Newby, 571newel, 594Newhaven, 178niggle, 232, 580nigh, 577night, 106 n., 578nightingale, 384, 578nightmare, 578nigrescent, 588nihilism , 396nihilist, 396, 566nil, 396, 566Nilgheries, 313nim (slang), 586nimble, 586nimbus, 581nine, 573ninety, 480ninny, 564nomenclature,NUAN185, 366,584, App. I. p. 711nominal, 366, 584, App. I.p. 711nominate, 366, 584, App. I.P. 711nonage, 41, 566nonagenarian, 573nonconformist, 543, 566none, 566 nonentity, 566 Nones, 573nonpareil, 638 noon, 573noon-day, 573nor, 19, 161 , 566, App. I. p.709Nore, 590Norman, 568Norse, 568north, 568Northampton, 241, 512Northfleet, 670Northumberland, 568Norway, 568 nose, 587nosegay, 587 nosology, 576 nostalgia, 587 nostril, 437, 587 nostrum, 570not, 566notable, 366notary, 366notation, 366ninth, 573Newman, 571 nip, 246Newport, 631 nipper, 246news, 571 nit, 232newt, 22 Nivett, 586Newton, 512, 571 Nix, 568next, 577 nixie, 592Niall, 588 n. Nixon, 568nibble, 246 no, 566Nibelung, 582nice, 566 nobble, 248nicety, 566 noble, 366nichel (obs. ) , 566notion, 366nobleman, 366nobly, 366noctilucous, 578 noun, 366, 584, App. I. p.711 nocturn, 578Nicholls, 568Nicholson, 568nod, 573nichil (obs. ), 566Nicholas, 368Nicholetts, 568nob, 248, 366note, 366notice, 366 notification, 366notify, 366notorious, 366noumenon, 366nick (of time), 246node, 368, App. I. p. 711 nodose, 368Nick, 568 nodulate, 368Nick, Old, 592 nodule, 368nick-name, 22, 83, 84, 568 Noel, 341Nicks, 568 noir, 588Nickson, 568 noise, 576, 590Nicodemus, 473 noisome, 589 n.Nicol, 568Nicolaitans, 568Nicolas, 568Nicolls, 568Nicolo, 568nolle prosequi, 152nomad, 585nome, 585nomenclator,App. I. p. 711nous, 366novel, 571novelty, 571November, 573novena, 573Novgorod, 385, 571novice, 571noviciate, 571now, 570Nowell, 341noxious, 576noyade, 576noyau, 595185, 584, nozzle, 587nuance, 582APPENDIX III. 759NUBInubile, 581nucleus, 594nude, 579nugatory, 594nugget ( =ingot), 22, 400nuisance, 576null, 22, 566nullify, 22, 566nullity, 22, 566numb, 586number, 586obolus, 316obsolete, 34, 53obtestation, 447obtrude, 455obtrusive, 455obtuse, 464obvert, 146obviate, 117obvious, 117occasion, 34, 261occidental, 261occult, 276often, 96ogle, 156 oil, 58 n., 59oily, 59ointment, 158old, 54oleaginous, 59oleaster, 59olfactory, 159olive, 59Olivet, 59numerate, 586numerous, 586numismatics, 586nun, 564occultation, 276occupancy, 177occupation, 177nuncheon, 572nuncio, 571nuncupative (nomen +capio), 366, 586оссиру, 177occur, 34, 193 ocean, 240oct-, 157nunnery, 564nuptial, 581nurse, 590nurture, 590nut, 232nutation, 573octa-, 157octagon, 157octahedron, 157octangular, 157octant, 157omen, 17ominous, 17omnipotent, 74, 599 n.omnivorous, 311on, 30 once, 22onde (dial. ), 11on- dit, 380one, 22 onion, 22only, 22onomatopoeia, 166, 585onset, 30octave, 157 Octavius, 157octavo, 157octogenarian, 157, 483nutrient, 590nutriment, 590nutrition, 590 octo-, 157nyctalopia, 578 October, 157nyctopia, 156nymph, 581 octopus, 157, 618nympho-, 581 ocular, 156nymphomania, 581 oculist, 156odaller, 608 n.ode, 122O'-, 186 Oden, 99oaf, 68 odious, 123odium, 123Odling, 608 n.odonto, 50odontology, 50odoriferous, 159odorous, 159odour, 159oar, 54oast, 2obduracy, 512obdurate, 512obedient, 17obeisance, 17obelisk, 316obese, 50 O'Dowd, 557obey, 17, 34 of, 15 obiter dictum, 34 off, 15obituary, 34, 37 offal, 15object, 38objective, 38objurgation, 7oblate, 459oblation, 459oblige, 34oblivious, 34oblectation, 137obnoxious , 576oboë, 53, 689 n.offend, 346offensive, 346offer, 34office, 13, 531officer, 531official, 531officiate, 531officinal, 13, 531offset, 15oft, 96onslaught, 30ontological, 74onward, 30onyx, 580oom, 17ooze, App. I. p. 709opacity, 4, 32opaque, 4, 32operate, 13Ophelia, 355ophidian, 8, 155ophthalmia, 156opine, 32Oporto, 632oppidan, 619opportune, 631oppose, 34oppress, 693opprobrium, 647oppugnant, 623optative, 13optic, 156 optician, 156optimist, 13opulent, 13or, 19, App. I. p. 709or (before), 41oracle, 76oracular, 76oral, 76oration, 76oratorio, 76orchard, 149, 385orchestra, 69ORCH760 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.ORCHorchid, 69ordain, 70ostracise, 77ostrich, 80, 81 , 456ordeal, 44, 553 Oswald, 75order, 70orderly, 70ordinal, 70Oswestry, 450Oswy, 75other, 29pace, 697 Pacha, 599pachnolite, 609pachy., 609pachyderm, 497, 609pacific, 609ordinance, 70ordinary, 70ordinate, 70ordination, 70otherwise, 29, 110 pacify, 609otiose, 17 pack, 610otter, 85Otterburn, 85ordnance, 70 ought, 39PALLordure, 391ore, 40orexis, 65orfling, 68organ, 141orge, 390 orgeat, 391orgy, 141 oriel, 90orient, 53orifice, 76Oriflamme, 90ouphe, 68our, 570ours, 570 out-, 91 outcast, 301outer, 91outermost, 91outlet, 91outmost, 91outpace, 697outrage, 29outrageous, 29outside, 91outward, 91oval, 81oriole, 90orison, 76Orleans, 90Ormuzd, 75 ovary, 81orndorns (dial. ) , 30 ovate, 81ornithology, 53 ovation, 78ornithorhynchus, 53 oven, 47, 48 orphan, 68 over-, 96Orpheus, 66orphrey, 90orpiment, 90 overseer, 96Orson, 61 overt, 53orthodox, 69, 150, 490 overture, 53overweening, 127overall, 96overreach, 65package, 610 packet, 610packet-boat, 610pack-wax, 611pact, 609pad, 620 paddle, 620Pædobaptism, 229, 681pagan, 609page (ofa book), 610page (servant), 680 n.², 681pageant, 681paginate, 609 pagurus, 609pail, 697pailer, 659pain, 165 paint, 705painter (rope), 401pair, 638palace, 600paladin, 600palæography, 324 palæstra, 659palanquin, 639palatable, 610orthoepy, 69, 119, 150orthography, 69, 150, 324orthopedic, 69, 618ortolan, 384orts, 44Osborne, 75Oscar, 75oscillate, 76osculate, 76osier, 100Osler, 599 n.osmium, 159ossification, 77osprey, 77osseous, 77ossify, 77Ossuary, 77ostensible, 424ostensive, 34palate, 610palatial, 599Palatinate, 599overwhelm, 134, 216 n. , 217 | Palatine, 599oviparous, 634owe, 39owl, 96owlet, 96own (to grant) , 11own (to have), 39own (adj. ) , 39 01, 84oxalic, 48Oxenden, 552Oxford, 632oxide, 48oxygen, 48, 341oxymel, 48 oyez, 17oyster, 77ozone, 159palaver, 316, 638pale (a stake), 610pale (whitish), 679paleaceous, 659paleness, 679paletot, 598 n., 651palette, 610palfrey, 638Palgrave, 600palings, 610palinode, 122palisade, 610pall, 599 n., 697pallet, 659palliard, 659 palliasse, 659palliate, 599 n.ostentation, 34, 424 palliative, 697 n.osteology, 77 P pallid, 679ostler, 357, 599 n. pabulum, 599 Palliser, 610APPENDIX III. 761PALLpallium, 599 n.Pall-Mall, 659pallor, 679PAYparalysis, 638paramount, 638parvenu, 299, 638parvise, 536, 640paramour, 638, App. I. p. 610 pasha, 234 pass, 697passable, 697palm, 656 n., 658 parapet, 638palmate, 657palmer, 658Palmer, 658palmipede, 657palmistry, 657Palmyra, 656 n.paraphrase, 348, 638parapluie, 638, 670 parasang, 638parasite, 638parasol, 87 n., 638parboil, 638passenger, 697passim, 697passion, 697passport, 697palpable, 659palpebræ, 659palpitate, 659palustrine, 85pan, 697 panacea, 596 n.Pan-Anglican, 596pancake, 697panchayat, 622 pancreas, 206pandect, 486pandemonium, 473pane, 702panegyric, 308, 596 n.panel, 702panic, 599Panjab, 13pannier, 599pansy, 700pare, 635parcel, 635parcener, 635pardon, 472, 638paregoric, 308, 638parent, 634parentage, 635parenthesis, 530, 638parget, 640Pargetter, 37, 640parhelion, 87 n. , 638parietal, 37paring, 635parish, 114 n. , 115, 638parishioner, 115parity, 638past, 697paste, 599pastel, 600pastern, 599pastille, 600pastime, 697pastor, 599pastoral, 599pastry, 600pasture, 599pasty, 599patch, 656pate, 663 n.patella, 697paten, 697patent, 697panorama, 130pantheist, 539pantry, 599Panurge, 141pap, 600рарасу, 599papai, 613papal, 599papilionaceous, 657papillot, 658papist, 599papule, 599Parkins, 691parlance, 316parley, 316, 638parliament, 316, 638parlour, 316, 638Parnel, 691parochial, 115, 638parody, 638parole, 316, 638paronomasia, 585paroquet, 691paroxysm, 638 Parratt, 691parricide, 254parrot, 690 n. , 691parry, 635parsley, 691par, 638para-, 638 parse, 635parable, 316, 638 Parsee, 694parabola, 316, 638parabolic, 316, 638 parsnip, 674 n.parachute, 260, 638 partake, 410Paraclete, 184, 638 parterre, 638parade, 635paradigm, 490paradise, 536, 640paradisiacal, 536paradox, 490, 638paraffin, 682paragon, 636 n. , 638paragraph, 324, 638parallax, 638parallel, 27, 638participate, 177, 634particle, 634particular, 634partisan, 635partition, 634partner, 635partridge, 671parturient, 634party, 635 parure, 635paterero, 691paterfamilias, 530paternal, 599Paternoster, 570Paterson, 691path, 620pathology, 700pathos, 700patient, 697patriarch, 599patrician, 599patrimony, 599patriot, 599patristic, 599Patrocles, 283patron, 599patronymic, 599patten, 697pattern, 599patty, 600patty-pan, 600paucity, 682Paul, 682pauper, 634, 682 pause, 682pave, 687 pavement, 687pavilion, 658pawn (to pledge) , 610, 701n. , 702pawn (at chess), 619 pawnee, 601pay (to pitch), 603762 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.PAYpay, 610paynim, 610pea, 676 peace, 608peach, 694penchant, 700pencil, 672pendant, 700Pendennis, 214, 512pendent, 700PETAperigee, 338, 640perihelion, 87 n.,90peril, 631perimeter, 640period, 640609peak, 705peal, 655pear, 693 penitent, 165pearl, 693 pennant, 615pearl-barley, 693 pennate, 615Pearse, 691Pearson, 691peasant, 610peascod, 274 pease, 676peccadillo, 602peccant, 602peck, 702 n. ,peach (to inform against) , pendulum, 700Penelope, 702 penetralia, 599penetrate, 599penniless, 610Pennine, 214pennon, 615, 702penny, 610pennyroyal, 64, 65Penrhyn, 214pensile, 700periosteum, 77, 640peripatetic, 620 periphery, 640periphrasis, 348, 640periplus, 640, 670periscopic, 640perish, 37, 638peristyle, 640peritoneum, 424, 640periwig, 675 n. , 676 periwinkle (plant), 103periwinkle, 100, 702perjure, 638Perkin, 691705 pension, 700pectinal, 611 penta-, 622peculate, 610 pentacle, 622peculiar, 610 pentagon, 622pecuniary, 610 pentameter, 622pedagogue, 6, 681pedal, 619pedestal, 619pedestrian, 619pedicel, 619pedicle, 619 pent-roof, 700pedigree, 619 penultimate, 29pediment, 619 penury, 599, 702pedobaptism, 229, 681peel (a shovel), 610peel ( for pill, to plunder) ,Pentateuch, 420, 622pente-, 622penteconter, 483Pentecost, 483, 622pent-house, 700Perkins, 691Perkinson, 691permanent, 638Pernel, 691pernicious, 576perorate, 76perpend, 700perpendicular, 700 perpetrate, 599perpetual , 615perplex, 653perquisite, 165Perrin, 691peon, 619 Perrot, 691people, 629 perry, 693pepper, 691 Perry, 691 676 n.¹ peppercorn, 372peer, 638 pepsine, 613persuade, 531pertain, 424peewit, 604 peptic, 613 pertenance, 424peg, 705 per-, 638pelerine, 7, 638pertinacious, 424perambulator, 34, 638pelf, 676pertinacity, 424percentage, 485 pelican, 655 perception, 177pelisse, 651pell, 651perch, 677percussion, 253pellet, 659pertinent, 424perturb, 450peruke, 676perturbation, 449perdition, 530, 638pelleter, 685pervade, 299pellicle, 651pellitory, 636 n. , 640Peloponnesus, 588, 679pelt, 655 perfect, 530peltry, 651 perfidy, 638pelvis, 651 perfume, 557pen (writing) , 569pen (sheep &c. ) , 615, 705 penal, 165penance, 165Penates, 599pence, 610perfunctory, 638perfuse, 399peri-, 640perduellion, 523peregrinate, 7, 638peremptory, 586perennial, 4, 638perverse, 146 perversion, 146 perversity, 146pervert, 146pervious, 117pessimist, 602pester, 599pestiferous, 530pestilent, 530pest, 531pericardium, 285, 640 pestle, 676pericarpus, 211 petal, 697Pericles, 283 petard, 671APPENDIX III. 763PETEPeter, 690Peters, 691petiole, 619petition, 615Petra, 690 n.piece, 255 n., 619piece- work, 255 n.piquant, 705piecemeal, 255 n. , 619 pique, 705piquet, 705pied, 705pie-powder, 619Petræa, 690petrel, 691petrify, 691petticoat, 238, 255 n. , 619pettifogger, 255 n., 619pettitoes, 619petty, 255 n. , 619petty cash, 255 n.petulant, 615pew (a seat), 619pew (to whine) , 604pharmacopoeia, 166pheasant, 694Philadelphia, 230, 327Phelps, 48Philip, 48Phillipps, 48Phillpotts, 48philoprogenitive, 341Phinn, 294Phipps, 48pier, 691pierce, 638, App. I. p. 711 Pierce, 691Pierian, 603Pierides, 603Piers, 691Pierson, 691piety, 163 n. , 685pigeon, 604pigment, 704pike, 705pirate, 631pirouette, 604pis aller, 602piscatorial, 688Pisces, 688piscina, 688pistil, 676pistol, 676piston, 676pit (subs.) , 684pit (vb. ), 684 Pitcairn, 255pignorate, 609 Pitcastle, 255pitch, 604pilaster, 676pilch, 652Pilcher, 652pile, 676pilfer, 676pilgrim, 7, 638pill (plunder), 676 n. 'pill (med. ) , 659pillage, 676phlebotomy, 428, App. I. | pillar, 676pillion, 652pilose, 676pilot, 676pitch (to throw), 705piteous, 163 n.pitfall, 684pitiable, 163 n., 685pitiful, 163 m. , 685pitiless, 163 n. , 685Pitlochrie, 255pittance, 163 N., 685pity, 163 n. , 685pivot, 604p. 711placard, 661Phoenix Park, 294 placate, 661phonograph, 324 photograph, 324phrase, 348phraseology, 348phthiriasis, 232pilule, 659pimento, 705pimpernel, 615pin, 100, 705place, 663placenta, 661placid, 661plack (Scot. ), 656, 661plagiarism, 653phthisic, 232 pinafore, 705 plague, 656phthisis, 232 pinaster, 603 plaice, 663piano, 549, 661 pince-nez, 705 plaid, 652piastre, 661 pincers, 405 plain, 661piazza, 663 pinch, 705 plaint, 656pibroch, 604 Pinder, 705pica, 705 Pindus, 214picador, 705 pine (vb. ), 165 picaroon, 705 pine (tree), 603piccadilly, 705 pine apple, 603plaister, 661plait, 653plan, 661planchette, 661plane, 661piccaninny, 564, 705 pinery, 603 plank, 661pick, 705 pinfold, 705 plant, 661pick-axe, 705 pinion, 615, 702 plantigrade, 661picket, 705 pink, 705 plaque, 661pickle, 705 pinnacle, 702,704 plaster, 661pick- lock, 705 pinnate, 615 plastic, 661picnic, 705 pint, 705picric, 602 pioneer, 705picro- , 602 pious, 163 n. , 684Picts, 704 n. pip, 613picture, 704 pipe, 604picturesque, 705 piper, 604plastique, 661Plata, La, 663platanus, 663plate, 663plateau, 663platform, 659, 663pie, 705 pipkin, 604 platinotype, 465 piebald, 705 pippin, 613 platinum, 663PLAT764 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.PLATplatitude, 663 poetaster, 166platter, 663 poetess, 166platypus, 618, 663 poetic, 166plaudit, 663 poetical, 166plausible, 663 poetry, 166Plautus, 663 poignant, 625play, 342, 656playful, 629 -ple-, 625 n.point, 625poise, 700poison, 601plea, 661pleach, 653plead, 661pleasant, 661pleat, 653plebeian, 628plebiscite, 628polar, 193Pole, the, 193polemic, 655polenta, 659pole-star, 193Polesworth, 130 n.police, 629policy, 628Pope, 599 popery, 599 poplar, 691 popple, 691 popular, 628 populate, 628 populous, 628por-, 647 porcelain, 677 n.porch, 632 porcine, 677 porcupine, 677pore, 631 pork, 677 porous, 631porpoise, 677, 688plectrum, 656pledge, 342, 644 n. , 647pleiocene, 214, 628pleistocene, 214, 628plenary, 629porridge, 687policy (of insurance) , 627, porringer, 687656politic, 628polity, 628port, 631-port, 631portable, 631plenish, 629 portal, 631plenitude, 628plenty, 629 pleonasm, 628pleroma, 628plethora, 628plevin, 342, 647 n.², 656pliable, 653pollen, 659pollute, 647, 670Polson, 682poly- , 628polyandry, 586polyanthus, 11 , 628Polycrates, 210Polydorus, 628portcullis, 632portend, 424portent, 424, 647 portfolio, 632porthole, 631portico, 632POSTpliant, 653pliers, 653plight, 342 n. , 653, 656plinth, 663plot, 653plough, 670plover, 670ploy (Scot.), 342pluck, 675 n., 676plum, 671 n.plume, 670plumeau, 670portion, 634polygamy, 298, 628 portly, 631polygon, 628 portmanteau, 417, 632 Polynices, 628polypus, 628 polytheist, 539pomade, 600pomatum, 600pomegranate, 372, 600pomiferous, 599pommel, 600Pomona, 599portrait, 441 , 647Portsmouth, 631port-wine, 632pose, 649n., 650, 681 n. , 682 -pose, 682 poser, 682position, 650posse, 74 posse comitatus, 599 n.posset , 654 n.possible, 74, 599 n.postage, 650 post-date, 472poster, 650posterior, 650 postern, 650 posthumous, 650plural, 628pomp, 631 Pompeii, 622plus, 628 Pompeius, 622plush, 676post, 650Pompilius, 622Plutarch, 628 pond, 705Pluto, 628 ponder, 700plutocracy, 210, 628 ponderous, 700pluvial, 670 poniard, 623ply, 653 pontage, 620pneumatic, 684pneumonia, 206, 684-pod, 619podagra, 618podo-, 619podophyllin, 619postprandial, 647pony, 681pœcile, 704postulant, 664pool, 84 n. postulate, 665poem, 166 pool (at cards), 681poet, 166Postumus, 650poor, 635, 682 posture, 650pontifex, 527, 622pontiff, 531pontifical, 531, 622pontoon, 620Pontus, 620, 622postill, 650postillion, 650post- obit, 34, 37postpone, 650APPENDIX III. 765POSYposy, 166pot, 601potash, 601potass, 601potassium, 601potation, 601poteen, 601precedent, 261precentor, 169precept, 177precession, 261precinct, 170precious, 673precipice, 183, 647precisian, 254potent, 74, 599 n.potentate, 74 précis, 254, 647precise, 254, 647 potential, 74pot-herb, 601 precision, 254 pot- hook, 601 preclude, 243 potion, 601 precocious, 613 potpourri, 686 precocity, 613 pottage, 601 precursor, 193 potter, 601 predacious, 344 pottery, 601 predatory, 344, 647 Pottinger, 531 predecease, 261 pottle, 601 predecessor, 261potwalloper, 134poult, 681poultice, 659poultry, 681pretend, 424preterite, 37, 647pretermit, 647pretext, 417preux, 647prevail, 337 prevalent, 337 prevaricate, 196prevent, 298 prevention, 299 previous, 117prevision, 110prevot, 647pri-, 647price, 673prick, 678prickle, 678PROCpounce (vb. ), 625pounce (pumice), 706 pouncet-box, 706-pound (fr. pondre), 650pound (weight), 700pound (enclosure), 705pound (vb. ), 686 n.poundage, 700pourparler, 316pourpoint, 638pourtray, 441predial , 344predicate, 490, 647predict, 490, 647predominate, 494pre-emption, 586prefatory, 647prefect, 531prefecture, 531prefix, 534pregnant, 341, 647prehensile, 344prehension, 344prejudge, 490prejudicate, 490prejudice, 490, 647 poverty, 635, 682powder, 659 prelacy, 459prelate, 459 power, 74 premier, 647powerful, 74, 599 n. premium, 586 practical, 632practice, 632præcordia, 285prætor, 37prætorian, 37 preparation, 634pragmatic, 632 prepare, 634 prairie, 663praise, 673pransorial, 647pratique, 632praxis, 632pray, 664pre-, 647prentice, 344, 647preoccupation, 177preoccupy, 177preordain, 70prepense, 647, 700preposterous, 647, 650presence, 74presentation, 74present, 74press, 692pressure, 692Prester, 647prestige, 647pride, 647prie-dieu, 654priest, 648prim, 644 n. , 647primate, 647primates, 647prime, 644 n., 647primer, 647primerole, 647primogeniture, 647primordial, 70primrose, 647primula, 647prince, 178, 647princedom, 178princess, 178principal, 177, 647principle, 177printer, 692prior, 647prise, 344, 647prism, 692prison, 344, 647pristine, 647 private, 647privilege, 647privy, 647prize, 344, 673pro-, 646probate, 647probe, 647Probert, 186preach, 490, 647preamble, 34prebendary, 180, 647 prestidigitation, 647presto, 647 presume, 586precarious, 664precaution, 237precede, 261precedence, 261 pretence, 424presumptuous, 586problem, 316, 646Probyn, 186procedure, 261proceed, 261process, 261proclaim, 185proclamation, 185proclivity, 280, 647procreate, 197766 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.PROC PYÆMproctor, 165, 647procuration, 165procure, 165prod-, 647prodigal, 7prodigy, 9, 647produce, 514product, 514profane, 647proficient, 530, 647profile, 396, 647protest, 447Protestant, 447protestation, 447prothetic, 530proto-, 646protocol, 646 protoplast, 661prototype, 465 protract, 441protrude, 455 protuberant, 462proud, 647prove, 647provender, 181proverb, 132profit, 531, 647profligate, 647 profuse, 399prog, 678progenitor, 341 provide, 110progeny, 341 province, 113prognathous, 368prognostic, 366pulmonary, 206pulmonic, 206pulp, 659pulse, 655pulse (food), 659pulverise, 659pulverulent, 659pumice, 706pumpkin, 613punch (beat), 165punch (drink), 622punch (the tool), 625Punch (the puppet), 680puncheon, 625Punchinello, 680punching, a, 165programme, 324prohibit, 180project, 38proletarian, 53provision, 110proviso, 110punctilio, 625punctual, 625punctuate, 625provocation, 119 puncture, 625 pungent, 625punish, 165provoke, 119provost, 647prow, 647 prowess, 647prowl, 678proke, 678prolific, 53, 647prolix, 647punt (a boat), 620punt (to gamble), 625puny, 341, 650proximo, 647prompt, 586pupa, 681proxy, 146, 165, 647 promptitude, 586pupil, 681prude, 647 prone, 647 prudent, 110, 647 prong, 678 prune, 671 n.pronominal, 366 prurient, 671 pronoun, 366pronounce, 571pronunciation, 571proof, 647 prop, 609 n.-pterous, 615propagate, 609 -ptery, 615propel, 655 ptisan, 676propension, 700 ptomaine, 615propensity, 700prurigo, 671 ptero-, 615pteropod, 615 pterosauria, 615puppet, 681 puppy, 681purchase, 177, 647pure, 684purée, 687, 691purfle, 396, 638purgation, 7, 684purgatory, 7, 684purge, 7, 685 purification, 684purify, 684purl, 396, 638ptosis, 615 proper, 647purlieu, 647puberty, 681prophet, 646purloin, 647pubescent, 681propinquity, 647purport, 632public, 628propitiate, 163purpose, 682Publicola, 628propitious, 615pursy, 655publish, 629proportion, 634 Publius, 628proposal, 682 puerile, 681propulsion, 655 puerperal, 634 pros-, 646 pugil, 623prosaic, 146 pugilism, 623pugnacious, 623puisne, 341 , 650puissant, 74, 599 n.puke, 706purtenance, 424purulent, 686purvey, 110pus, 686 push, 655 pusillanimous, 681pustule, 686put (push), 686 n., 687putative, 684putrefaction, 531prose, 146proselyte, 646prosody, 122prosopopoeia, 156, 166prosthetic, 530 pule, 604protagonist, 6, 646 puling, 604protect, 411 pullet, 681protégé, 411puzzle, 682pullulate, 681 pyæmia, 686putrescent, 686putrid, 686APPENDIX III. 767PYGMPygmy, 623 rainfall, 142rajah, 65quell, 317pylorus, 130 querimonious, 295 руге, 684raj, 65querulous, 295 pyrethrum, 684 query, 165 pyretic, 684 quest, 165question, 165pyrotechnic, 414, 684 quick, 331quicken, 331pyrites, 684Pythagoras, 308pytisma, 706pyx, 689quicksand, 331quickset, 331quicksilver, 331quiddity, 161 quack, 168 quiescent, 240quack-doctor, 168 quiet, 240quad, 173 quietude, 240 quadrangle, 173 quinary, 622 quadrant, 173 Quinctilis, 622quadrate, 173quadrature, 173quadrennial, 173quadrilateral, 173quadrille, 174quadrillion, 174quadroon, 174quadrumane, 173quadruped, 173, 619quadruple, 174, 629quæstor, 165quail, 168quail (vb. ), 317quaint, 230, 366quality, 161qualm, 317quantity, 161quarantine, 174quarier, 174quarrel, 295quarrel (bolt), 173quarrelsome, 295quarry (tile) , 174quarry (bolt), 173quart, 173quartan, 173quarter, 173 quartern, 173quarters, 173quartet, 173quarto, 173Quinctilius, 622Quinctius, 622quincunx, 622Quinquagesima, 483, 622quinquennial, 622quinsy, 8, 274quinta, 622quintain, 622quintessence, 622quintet, 622quintuple, 622Quintus, 622quire (of paper), 174quire ( =choir), 385quirester, 385quit, 240quite, 240quitrent, 240quittal, 240quittance, 240quorum, 161quota, 161, 255n.quotation, 161quote, 161Ralph, 137, 185 ramification, 149ramify, 57, 149ramous, 57, 149Ramsden, 552ran, 54Randar- Oss, 76Randars, 76range, 196 ranger, 196 Rangor-Oss, 76rani, 65rank, 196ranker, 196ransom,rao, 65586rap (subs.), 188rappel, 655rare, 57, 206rarefaction, 57rarify, 57rarity, 57rash (vb. ), 149ratable, 57rate, 57rather, 210ratify, 57ratio, 57ratiocinate, 57ration, 57Ratnapura, 628 rattle, 187rattlesnake, 187 raven, 188raw, 206Rawlins, 186Rawlinson, 186ray, 149re, 57reach, 65react, 7Reading, 706real, 57quoth, 302quotha, 302quotidian, 161quotient, 161R real (coin), 65race (root), 149 realm, 65Quartodeciman, 173, 483quash (annul) , 253rack, 65 reason, 57rackrent, 472quash ( = squash), 226reasonable, 56, 57radiance, 149 rebel, 523quaternary, 173 radiate, 149 recalcitrant, 202 quaternian, 173 radical, 149 recall, 305 quatrain, 173 radicle, 149 recant, 169 quatrefoil, 174 radish, 149 quean, 341 radius, 149recapitulate, 183recast, 301 queen, 341 ragout, 363 recede, 261Queenhithe, 238 rain, 142 receipt, 177RECE768 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.RECEreceive, 177RETRrefix, 534 repay, 609recent, 214 reform, 543 repeal, 655reception, 177 reformation, 543 repeat, 615receptive, 177 refrain, 543 repel, 655recess, 261 refund, 400 repertory, 635recidivist, 261 refusal, 400recipe, 177 refuse, 400repetition, 615replenish, 629recipient, 177 refute, 400 replete, 628reciprocal, 647 regain, 112 replevin, 342, 647reclaim, 185 regal, 65reclined, 280replevy, 342, 647regale, 388 replica, 653recluse, 243 regalia, 65 reply, 653recognizance, 366 regard, 129, 130 report, 631recognize, 366 regenerate, 341recognition, 366repose, 682regent, 65 repoussé, 655recommence, 37 regicide, 65, 254recompense, 700 régime, 65reconciliation, 185 regimen, 65recondite, 530 regiment, 65reconnoitre, 366 region, 65record, 286reprehend, 344, 647 represent, 74 repress, 693reprieve, 644, 647reprimand, 692register, 301 reprisal, 344, 547recount, 684 regnant, 65 reproach, 645, 648recourse, 193 regress, 349recover, 32, 53, 230recover (get back), 177recreant, 287reprobate, 641, 647regular, 65 reproduce, 514regulate, 65 reptile, 138rehabilitate, 180reign, 65, 569reptilian, 138recreate, 197 republic, 57, 628recriminate, 200 rein-deer, 199, App. I. p. 710 repudiate, 687recross, 252 reinforce, 549 repugnant, 623recrudescent, 206 reins (kidneys), 593 n. repulse, 655recruit, 197 reiterate, 18 repute, 684rectangle, 65 reject, 38 request, 165rectification, 65 rejoice, 362 requiem, 240rectify, 65 rejuvenate, 45rectilinear, 65requiescat in pace, 240relate, 459 require, 165remand, 473 requite, 240 renaissance, 341rectitude, 65rector, 65recumbent, 220recuperate, 177recur, 193recusant, 238redactor, 7Redan, 50renascent, 341rench (dial.) , 200rend, 205render, 472rendezvous, 472renegade, 9, 566renew, 571rennet, 54redeem, 586redemption, 586redintegration, 410 Rennie, 341redolent, 159 renounce, 571redoubt, 515redoubtable, 523redound, 85redress, 65, 524Redruth, 450reduce, 514renovate, 571renown, 366, 584 rense, 200rent (tear), 205resemble, 230resource, 65resume, 95, 586 resumption, 586 resurrection, 65, 95resuscitate, 95retail, 417retain, 424retake, 410, 486retaliate, 406retard, 434retention, 424retentive, 424reticent, 420retinue, 424rent (hire), 472 retire, 498rentroll, 472 retort, 437renunciation, 571 retrace, 441repair, 599, 634 retract, 441repandous, 697 retreat, 441reduction, 514redundant, 85reduplicate, 523re- echo, 119reek (vb. ) , 66repartee, 635repast, 599retrenchment, 437retribution, 449APPENDIX III. 769RETRretrieve, 448 n. , 450retrograde, 349retrogressive, 349retroversion, 146rink, 196rinse, 200rite, 57ritual, 57rumbline, 139run, 54 runlet, 54SCRArunnel, 54retrovert, 146return, 434reveal, 79,reveille, 84revelation, 79revenant, 299revenge, 490reverberate, 150revenue, 299revere, 130 reverend, 130reverent, 130reverse, 146Robert, 186Robertson, 186Robin, 186Robinson, 186Robson, 186rochet, 60Rodd, 186Roddy, 186Roderic, 65Roderick, 186Roger, 186Rogers, 186Roland, 186roll-call, 305runner, 54runnet, 54-rup, 450 Rupert, 186 Ruric, 65, 186ruth, 185, 183 ruthless, 186Ssacerdotal, 472safeguard, 130sallyport, 631saltpetre, 691 reversion, 146revert, 146review, 110revise, 110revisit, 110revive, 331revocation, 119revoir, au, 110revoke, 119revolt, 134revolve, 134revulsion, 135reward, 129, 130Reynard, 210 rhabd-, 150rhabdomancy, 150Rhadamanthus, 542rhapsody, 122Rome-scott, 234rook, 187rookery, 187roop (Scot. to cry) , 188roopy (dial.), 188ropy (dial.), 188 rosaceous, 149rosary, 149Roscommon, 648 rose, 149roseate, 149same, 231 Samoedes, 380samovar, 231sample, 586sanatorium, 74sanctification, 531sandal-wood, 215Sanders, 60, 586Sandie, 60, 586Sandison, 60, 586Sandracottus, 215, 333Sands, 60, 586Roseland, 648 Sandys, 60, 586Rosemary, 70 sane, 74rosette, 149rosewood, 149Roskelly, 648 Ross, 648rosy, 149Rotherfield, 290rhetoric, 132rhinoceros, 290rhododendron, 149, 497rhomboid, 110, 139Rotherham, 290Rotherhithe, 238, 290 rhombus, 110, 139 Rottingdean, 552rhumb-line, 139 rotund, 470rhyme, 57 roup, 148 rice, 148 n.rich, 65Richard, 65riches, 64, 65Richmond, 65richness, 65rick, 196riddle, 200ridge, 196Riding, 454rig, 196right, 65righteous, 65ring, 187ring (subs. ), 196ring-leader, 196rout, 187row, 54 rowan, 53Rowland, 186rowlock, 54rowt (arch. ), 187royal, 65royalty, 65rudder, 54Ruddy, 186rude, 350rudiment, 350Rudolph, 137, 186rue, 185, 186rule, 65rullock, 54sanity, 74Sanscrit, 197, 230sardonyx, 580satisfaction, 531Saunders, 60, 586Saunderson, 60, 586Sawney, 60, 586scald, 44scamp, 44, 245, 470, 523scamper, 44, 245, 470, 523scantling, 44 scape, 44scapegrace, 44, 178scar, 90scarce, 44, 211scarcely, 211 scarp, 211 sconce, 531scorch, 44, 205scorzonera, 205scot, 234scot-free, 234scour, 165scourge, 44, App. I. p. 709scout, 16, 17 scrag, 312 n.scrag-end, 3113 D770 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.SEAFSeaforth, 632search, 196seaward, 146Sebastopol, 465, 628seclude, 243secrecy, 200secret, 200secretary, 200secrete, 200secure, 165sedition, 37seduce, 515seduction, 515segregate, 308Siegfried, 666Sievewright, 666sigillatim, 230silly, 438 ".silver, 62 n.simile, 230similitude, 230simple, 230, 628Simple, 185, 682simpleton, 230simplicity, 230, 653simulacrum, 230simulate, 230simultaneous, 230selvage, 48 sin, 74semblance, 230 sincere, 200, 230semi-, 230 sincerity, 200semicircle, 196, 230 sinciput, 230semitone, 424semivowel, 230something, 231 ,sooth, 74soothe, 74soothsayer, 74 soprano, 96 sotto voce, 96soufflet, 95STOR419sound (healthy), 74sound (plumb), 85, 95sound (channel) , 229 n. , 231soundness, 74source, 65, 95sourkraut, 312soutane, 95Southam, 241Southfleet, 670Southwark, 141sempiternal, 230Semple, 185, 682se'nnight, 578separate, 634sepoy, 48septuagenarian, 483Septuagesima, 483sepulchre, 650 n.Serampore, 628serious, 465 n.sesquipedalian, 230sesqui-carbonate, 230sesterce, 230seventy , 480 sever, 635Sinclair, 185sinful, 74, 629single, 230singular, 230singultus, 230Sinkler, 185sirdar, 290sirloin, 96, 281sixty, 480slave, 284Slavonian, 284Slavonic, 284Slovenia, 284Slovenic, 284sluice, 44, 243smack, 306smash, 306several, 635 snaffle, 587 n.severe, 465 n. snag, 579 n..sew, 101 n. snare, 591 n.Seward, 131 sniff, 587 n.sexagenarian, 483 snivel, 587 n.Sexagesima, 483 snore, 587 n.Shah, 234 snout, 587 n.Shahanshah, 234 snuff, 587 n.Shahzada, 234Shahzadi, 234shall, 355 n.shank, 572sheer, 198 n.shell, 248 n.shepherd, 278Shepherd, 278Sheppey, 18Sheva, 240snuffle, 587 n.sober, 582sobriety, 582sodality, 530Soden, 552Sodor, 18sojourn, 95, 508solace, 531solemn, 4, 120souvenir, 95Sovereign, 96sowar, 48spandril, 697spend, 700spenser, 700Spenser, 700spent, 700 spheroidal, 110spike, 701 n.spital, 599 n.Spitalfields, 357, 599 n.splay, 653splay-footed, 653sport, 524, 631squad, 174squadron, 43, 44, 174square, 174squash, 230, 253squat, 230, 253squirrel, 81stain, 412Stamford, 632Stanislaus, 284steadfast, 619steal, 407stealth, 407steep , 465 n.steer (bull), 461sterling, 89 n., 90 sternutation, 679steward, 131Steward, 131Stewart, 131stipend, 700shoplifter, 217shot (Scot. ), 234 should, 355 n.sib, 231sickle, 254solemnity, 4, 120 sombre, 95, 582sombrero, 95, 582some, 231 -some, 231 somersault, 96Stockholm, 193Stockport, 631Stoddard, 279stoop, 465 n.storied, 110story ,110APPENDIX III. 771STOTstot-herd, 278Stotherd, 279strange, 44sum, 95 summary, 95 summer, 231stratagem, 6 summit, 95strategic, 7 summon, 95strategy, 6Stratford, 632strident, 456Stuart, 131stun, 425 stupefaction, 531stupendous, 470sturdy, 44, 443 suasion, 531suave, 531subaltern, 95subdivide, 95, 104, 523subject, 38sublimate, 95sublime, 95submit, 95subordinate, 70, 95suborn, 95Sumner, 95sumptuary, 586sumptuous, 586sunder, 229 n. , 231sundry, 229 n., 231superabundant, 85, 95superannuate, 95superb, 95supercargo, 95, 193 supercilious, 95, 276superficial, 95, 530superficies, 530superfluous, 95 superintend, 424superior, 95surtout, 96, 463surveillance, 84, 96survey, 96, 110 Survive, 96, 331susceptible, 95, 177suspect, 95suspend, 95, 700suspense, 700suspicion, 95sustain, 95, 424sustenance, 420sustentation, 95, 424suzeraine, 95sweet, 531sweetbread, 531swineherd, 278syllable, 230syllogism, 230symbol, 230, 316symbolic, 230superlative, 459 symmetry, 230supernal, 95 sympathy, 230, 700supernumerary, 586 symphony, 230superstitious, 95 symposium, 601supine, 95TACTsubside, 95subsidy, 95substitute, 95subterfuge, 95subtile, 95, 417supple, 95, 653supplement, 95, 628suppliant, 95, 653supplicate, 95, 653subtend, 424subterraneous, 95, 447supply, 95, 629subtility, 95, 417 support, 95, 631subtle, 95, 417 suppose, 95, 682subtlely, 95, 417subtlety, 95, 417subtly, 95, 417subtract, 441suburb, 95, 149, 150subvention, 95, 298, 299suppress, 95, 692suppurate, 686supralapsarian, 95 supramundane, 95supremacy, 95supreme, 95surcease, 96surcharge, 96, 193surcingle, 170subversion, 146subvert, 146succedaneous, 261succeed, 95, 262 sure, 165success, 95, 262succinct, 95, 170succour, 95, 193succumb, 95, 220succursal, 95, 193surface, 96, 531surfeit, 96, 531surge, 65, 95symptom, 615synæresis, 230synagogue, 6, 230syncope, 230syndic, 230, 490syndicate, 490synecdoche, 486synonymous, 585synopsis, 156syntax, 230, 409synthesis, 230, 530Syntyche, 420 .system, 230Ttabefaction, 413tabefy, 412tabernacle, 424tabescent, 413surgeon, 141 , 385surgery, 141, 385surgical, 141 , 385surmise, 96surmount, 96surname, 96, 586sudden, 37, 95sudra, 253suffer, 95sufferance, 95suffice, 531 surpass, 96, 697sufficient, 530suffix, 534surplice, 96, 651surplus, 628 suffragan, 95suffrage, 95suffuse, 399suggest, 301surprise, 96, 344, 647surrender, 96, 473surreptitious, 95.surrogate, 95tabid, 413table, 424tableau, 424tablet, 424tabular, 424tachy-, 413tachygraphy, 413 tacit, 420taciturn, 420tack, 409 n.2, 410, 476tackle, 410tackle (vb. ) , 410, 486tact, 410tactics, 409taction, 4103 D 2772 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.TADCTadcaster, 235tænia , 424taffrail, 425tag, 410Taggart, 473tail, 410, 476tail (legal), 417tailor, 417taint, 410take, 410, 486tale, 509talent, 459talipot, 460talk, 459, 509tallow, 508tally, 417talon, 417tamarind, 656 n.tampion, 540 n.tame, 495taw, 515tax, 410taxation, 409taxidermy, 409, 497tchin, 166teach, 490team, 515teapoy, 453, 618tear (rend) , 498tear, 477tearful, 477, 629tease, 516teat, 533 n.teatotal, 463teazel, 516Tebbutt, 463technical, 414technology, 414tenor, 424tenour, 424tense (rigid), 424tense, 419tension, 424Tent (wine) , 411tent, 424tentacle, 424tentative, 424tenter, 424Tenterden, 424, 552tenterhook, 424tenth, 478, 483tenue, 424tenuity, 424 tenure, 424tepefaction, 427, 531tepefy, 427 teem, 515 tepescent, 427-teen, 478 tepid, 427tandem, 406, 470 teen, 515 terce, 453tang, 477 teend (dial. ), 515 tercel, 453tangent, 410 teeth, 50 tergiversate, 146, 438tangible, 410 teetotal, 463 term , 434tanistry, 425 teetotum , 463 termagant, 453tansy, 345 tegument, 411 terminus, 433tantalize, 459 telegram, 193, 324 termites, 433tantamount, 406 telegraph, 193, 324 ternary, 453tap, 540 teleology, 193 ternion, 453tape, 427 telephone, 193 Terpsichore, 443taper, 426, 427tapestry, 427tapis, on the, 427tapster, 540tell, 509telluric, 460temper, 419terrace, 447temerity, 430tar, 498 temperament, 419tardiness, 434 temperance, 419tardy, 434 temperate, 419tarn, 498 tempest, 419tarpaulin, 498 Templar, 428terracotta, 447, 611terra-firma, 447terrain, 447terraqueous, 447terrestrial, 447terrible, 445terrier, 447TESTTarragon, 499tarry (vb. ), 432 n. , 434tarry (adj. ), 498tarso-, 447tarsus, 447tart, 441Tartuffe, 447, 463task, 410tassel, 417 , 453taste, 410tattle, 509tattoo, 540 n.taught, 490temple, 428temporal, 419temporary, 419tempt, 424temse, 429 n. , 430ten, 477, 478tenable, 424tenacious, 424tenacity, 424tenant, 424tend, 424tendency, 424tender, 424taunt, 424 tendon, 424taurine, 462 tendril, 424taut, 411tautology, 35, 406 tavern, 424tenebrous, 430tenement, 424tenesmus, 424Taverner, 424 tenon, 424terrific, 445, 531terrify, 445territory, 447terror, 445Terry, 463 terse, 442terserole, 453tertian, 453tessellar, 173tessellated, 173test, 447testacea, 447testament, 447, App. I. p.711testator, 447, App. I. p. 711tester, 447testicl*, 447, App. I. p. 711testification, 447, App. I. p.711testimony, 447, App. I. p. 711APPENDIX III. 773TESTtestoon, 447testy, 447thermal, 347thermantidote, 347threnetic, 552threnody, 552TILLtetanus, 424 thermometer, 347 thresh, 442tête-à-tête, 447 Thermopylæ, 347 threshold, 442tether, 425 Thersites, 544 thrice, 454tetrachord, 173, 384 thesaurus, 530 thrift, 443tetrahedron, 173 these, 406 thrill (vb. ), 437tetrameter, 173 thesis, 530 thrill, 434tetrarch, 66, 173 thews, 463 thrive, 443Teuton, 462 they, 406 throat, 457tew, 515 thick, 411 n. throe, 456text, 417 thief, 465 throne, 542text-hand, 417 Thierry, 463 throng, 437 textile, 417 thieve, 465 -throp, 450 textual, 417 thigh, 463texture, 417than, 406, 569thane, 414thank, 420tharf-cake, 68, 437that, 406, 470thatch, 411thaumatrope, 538thaumaturgy, 538thaw, 412the, 406theatre, 538thee (thrive), 419thee, 466thill, 460thin, 425Thirkell, 425thirst, 447thirteen, 454, 477thirteenth, 483thirty, 454, 480this, 406thistle, 426throwster (obs. ), 434thrum, 434Thrupp, 450-thrupp, 450thrush ( of the throat) , 447thrush (bird), 456thrust, 456thud, 464thumb, 463thump, 465throstle, 456throttle, 457thimble, 463 through, 437throughout, 437thine, 466, 569 throw, 434thing, 419think, 420thinness, 425theft, 465their, 406theism, 539theist, 539them, 406 thorax, 542thither, 406thole, 459thong, 464Thorburn, 425thunder, 42thurible, 557thurifer, 557Thurkell, 253, 425Thursday, 425 theme, 530 thorn, 434 Thurston, 425Themis, 530 Thornton, 512 thwart, 437 Themistocles, 283, 530 Thorold, 425then, 406, 569 thorough, 437thence, 406, 569 Thorp, 450Theobald, 463 -thorp, 450theobroma, 311 Thorpe, 450theocracy, 539Theocrites, 539Theodore, 472, 539Theodoret, 472, 539Theodoric, 463Theodosius, 472, 539Theodotus, 470, 539those, 406thou, 466though, 406thought, 420thoughtful, 420, 629thousand, 463, 486Thracian, 115thraldom, 439Thraso, 544thrasonical, 544Thrasybulus, 544theogony, 539 .theology, 539 thrall, 439theophany, 539Theophilus, 539theorem, 538theory, 538 thread, 434theosophy, 539 threat, 456Theotokos, 539 three, 454therapeutic, 542there, 406threefold, 454threep, 450thyme, 557Tibbetts, 463Tibble, 463Tibbs, 463tic-douloureux, 563tick, 410, 412tick (touch), 486tick, on, 412ticket, 412tickle, 410, 486tide, 475tidings, 475tidy, 475tie, 515tier, 498tierce, 453Tierney, 411tight, 411tile, 111 , 536 n.tiler, 411till, 475tillage, 475774 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.TILTtilt (ofa wagon), 509 token, 490tilth, 475 tola, 459Tim, 165, 539 told, 509 timber, 494time, 475timid, 430Timkins, 165, 539Timkinson, 165, 539timorous, 430Timothy, 165, 539Tims, 165, 539Timson, 165, 539tinctorial, 412tincture, 412tind (dial. ), 515tinder, 515tolerable, 459tolerant, 459tolerate, 459toll, 509toll-bar, 509Toller, 509tolls, 509tomb, 462tombstone, 462tome, 428tom-tit, 533-tomy, 428tonic, 424-ton, 512tine, 50 tone, 424tinge, 412 tongs, 477tingle, 425 n.tinker, 425 n.tinkle, 425 n.tint, 412tip, 540 n.tip-cat, 540tippet, 427tipple, 540 n.tipstaff, 540 n.tip-toe, 540 n.tirade, 498 n.tirailleur, 498tire, 498tiro, 498 n.tisan, 676tiresomeness, 498tonsils, 428tonsorial, 428tonsure, 428too, 470Toole, 463tooth, 50toothsome, 50top (point), 540 n.tope, 540 n.topography, 324toper, 540 n.topple, 540 n.tor, 456torch, 437tissue, 417tit , 533 n.tit-bit, 533 n.tithe, 478, 483torment, 436tormentil, 436torn, 498tornado, 434torpescence, 443tousle, 516tow, 515toward, 146, 470towards, 146, 470towel, 463tower, 455town, 512Townley, 512 Townsend, 512tow-rope, 515 toxæmia, 417toxicology, 417 toxophilite, 417 toy, 515tra-, 433trace, 441traceable, 441tracery, 441 trachea, 441tracheotomy, 428, 441 tract, 441tractate, 441tractile, 441traction, 441trade, 501tradesman, 501tradition, 472traduce, 433, 515tragedian, 441tragedy, 122, 441tragic, 441trail, 441train, 441trainband, 441trait, 441traitor, 434, 473tram, 433 n., 434trammel, 453tramp, 501torpedo, 443tithing, 483title, 165 torpid, 443 titmouse, 533 n.trample, 501torpor, 443titular, 165 torrent, 447Titus, 165 torrid, 447tizzy, 447 torrify, 447to (prep. ), 470 tortion, 436to- (pref. ), 516 toast, 447tocsin, 515toddy, 460torture, 436tot, 406toe, 486toft, 540 n.toga, 411together, 360, 516togs, 515toil, 475 n.toilet, 417toils, 417toilsome, 475tortoise, 437tortuous, 436total, 463tottle up, 463touch, 408 n., 515touchstone, 515tour, 434tourist, 434tourment, 434tournament, 434tramroad, 433tramway, 434tran-, 433trance, 37, 434tranquil, 240 trans-, 433transact, 7, 433transept, 433transfigure, 536transfix, 534transform, 543transfuse, 399transgress, 349transient, 37, 433transit, 37, 433transition, 37, 433translate, 459touse, 516 transom, 433TRANAPPENDIX III. 775TRANtransplant, 661transpontine, 620transport, 631transverse, 146Tranter, 501trap, 501trap-ball, 501trap-door, 501trapeze, 173, 618trapezium, 173, 618trapper, 501trap-rock, 501 traumatic, 455travail, 449trave, 449travel, 449traverse, 146, 434travesty, 434trawl, 434tribal, 449tribe, 449tribulation, 433tribunal, 449tributary, 449 tribute, 450trice, 452 n., 453trichord, 453trick, 435 n. , 437trickster, 437tricksy, 437triclinium, 280, 453tricuspid, 453tricycle, 196, 453trident, 50, 453trifle, 446 n. , 447, 463triforium, 453trollop, 434trolly, 434trombone, 552troop, 450trop, de, 450trope, 436trophy, 436tropic, 436trot, 500, 501troth, 510troubadour, 450trouble, 450trounce, 437trousseau, 437trout, 441 , 454 n.,trover, 450trow, 510trowel, 456456TUITtriform, 453, 543trigonometry, 453 trowsers, 437tre-, 450 trilateral, 453 truant, 456treachery, 437 trillion, 454 truce, 510treacle, 401 trilobites, 453 truck, 439tread, 501 trilogy, 453 truckle, 439treadmill, 501treason, 434, 473treasure, 531treat, 441treatise, 441Trinacria, 48, 453trine, 553trimeter, 453 truculent, 455true, 510truffle, 446, 447, 463Trinitarian, 453 truism , 510Trinity, 453 trull, 434treaty, 441 trinket, 436, 437 truly, 510treble, 452, 453 trinket (of a sail), 453 trump, 552 treddle, 501 trinomial, 453 trumpet, 552tree, 498 trio, 453trefoil, 453Trefry, 450Tregurtha, 450tremendous, 444trip, 501tripartite, 453, 634tripitaka, 453trunk, 437truncate, 437truncheon, 437trunk-hose, 437triple, 453, 629 trunnion, 437tremolo, 444 triplet, 453, 629 -trup, 450 tremor, 444. triplicate, 453, 629 truss, 437tremulous, 444 tripod, 453, 618 trust, 510trench, 437 Tripoli, 453, 628 trustee, 510trenchant, 437 triptych, 453 trencher, 437Trent, 453trepan, 456trephine, 456trepidation, 444trespass, 434, 697tressel, 431 , 434trestle, 431 , 434Trevelyan, 450trevet, 453, 619trews, 437trey, 453tri, 453triad , 453trial, 434, 502triangle, 4, 453triangular, 4, 453trireme, 53, 453Trishagion, 42, 453trisyllable, 453trite, 433triturate, 433triumvir, 127, 453trivet, 453, 619trivial, 117, 453trochaic, 439troche, 439trochee, 439trochilus, 439trod, 501trodden, 501truth, 510try, 434-try (in place-names), 450trying, 502tryst, 510tuber, 462tubercle, 462tubercular, 462tuberose, 462tuberous, 462tuck (sen) , 515tucket, 515Tudor, 539Tuesday, 508tuft, 540 n.troglodyte, 441, 455, App.-1. tug, 515p. 711troll (fish), 434Tuileries, 411tuition, 463 n.776 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.14472typical, 465undertone, 30, 568underwood, 30typographer, 465 Undine, 85tyrannical, 455 undo, 26, 531tyranny, 456 undone, 531tumefy, 463tumid, 462tumour, 463TULLTulloch, 463tumefaction, 462tumescent, 462typhus, 557tyrant, 456tumult, 463 tzar, 221tumulus, 462tund, 464 Utunding, 464 ubiquity, 161 tune, 424 udaller, 608 n.tungsten, 464tunny, 557 turbot, 432, 434turbulent, 450tureen, 446, 447turf, 502turkey-poult, 681 turmoil, 444 n.turn, 434 turner, 434turnip, 248, 434 n.¹turnpike, 434, 705 turnstile, 434turpitude, 444 n.ºudder, 86ugly, 8Uhland, 608 n.ulcer, 137Ulfilas, 137Ulrich, 608 n.ulterior, 29ultimate, 29ultimatum, 29ultra, ne plus, 29ultramarine, 29ultramontane, 29umbel, 582undulate, 85unending, 26unerring, 71unfair, 610ungainly, 112 n.ungrateful, 305unguent, 158ungulated, 580 unhouseled, 357unicorn, 22, 290unification, 22uniform, 22 unify, 22union, 22unique, 22unison, 22unit, 22unitarian, 22unite, 22umbelliferous, 582 unity, 22turret, 456 umber, 582Tuscan, 18 umbilical, 583univalve, 134universe, 22, 146Tuscany, 18 umble- pie, 583 university, 146tutelage, 463 n. umbrage, 582 unked, 366tutelary, 463 n. umbrella, 582 unlace, 137tutor, 463 n. Umbrian, 581 unlike, 566twain, 517, 524tweak, 464twelve, 477umpire, 566, 638 unmanly, 566un-, 566 unmask, 566unnerve, 591twenty, 480, 483twice, 517, 524twig, 522, 524twilight, 522, 524twill, 522, 524twin, 392 n.twine (subs. ), 522, 524twinge, 464twinkle, 464twissel, 522, 524twist, 522, 524twitch, 464twixt, 522, 524two, 99 n., 517-ty , 411 , 483 Tybalt, 463Tychicus, 420unable, 181unanealed, 59unanimous, 11 , 22unavailing, 337unbind, 26uncanny, 366uncle, 16, 17unclean, 372uncomfortable, 549unconditional, 490uncouth, 366uncover, 32, 566unction, 158undaunted, 495undeceive, 177under, 30, 566 n.¹, 568Undercliff, 320undergo, 30 -tye, 411 underground, 568tympanum, 465 underlie, 568unpack, 610unprofitable, 531 unreal, 566unruly, 65unsound, 74unstrap, 26untie, 515until, 475untirable, 498unto, 470untoward, 470untrue, 510unveil, 79unwind, 123unwitting, 110unwonted, 127unworthy, 131up, 96Tynewald, 419type, 465typhlitis, 557typhoid, 110, 557typhoon, 557underling, 568undermost, 30, 568undern (Prov. ), 30underneath, 30, 568undertake, 30, 486upbraid, 96up-hill, 193upholster, 96upmost, 96upon, 96 upper, 96UPPEAPPENDIX III. 777UPPEuppermost, 96uppish, 96Vaisya, 115Valais, 143Venables, 112 venal, 154venality, 154VERTupright, 65, 96upward, 96uræmia, 86Uranus, 130urban, 150Urban, 150urbane, 150Urbane, 150urchin, 61 , 391urethra, 86urge, 141valance, 337vale, 131valediction, 337, 490Valence, 337Valencia, 337Valentine, 337valerian, 337Valerius, 337valet, 154valetudinarian, 337valiant, 337vend, 154vendible, 154, 473vendition, 154, 472vendor, 154, 473venerate, 126venery, 112venge, 490 vengeance, 490 venial, 126venison, 112venous, 116, 117vent, 154, 473, App. I. p. 709 ventail, 81urgent, 141 valid, 337urine, 86 Valkyrie, 152 n.², 363 vent, 81urn, 86, 88, 90 valley, 131Ursa Major, 61 valour, 337ursine, 61 value, 337urtica, 90usage, 17, 35 n.¹ us, 570use, 17, 35 n.'useful, 17, 35 n.¹usher (vb. ), 76valve, 134vambrace, 26vamp, 26van, 26vanguard, 26vane, 702usher (subs. ), 76 vanish, 97Usk, 85 vanity, 97usual, 17, 35 n.' vanquish, 113ventilate, 81ventral, 341ventricle, 341ventriloquist, 341venture, 298venue, 298Venus, 126veracious, 130veracity, 130verb, 132usucapio, 17, 35 n.¹ verbal, 132usucaption, 17, 177usufruct, 17, 35 n.¹ usurp, 17, 35 n.¹usury, 17, 35 n.¹utensil, 17, 35 n.¹uterine, 91uterus, 91utility, 17, 35 n.¹utmost, 91utter, 91utterly, 91uttermost, 91vantage, 26vapid, 218 vapour, 218 varicose, 196verbena, 150verbose, 132varlet, 154varnish, 110vascular, 154vase, 154vassal, 154vast, 97vat, 618 n. , 619vaticinate, 99, 169vaudeville, 131vault, 133, 134vavasour, 154utterness, 91uvula, 84 vaunt, 97uxorious, 82veal, 122V Vecchia, Città, 122 vacant, 97vacate, 97vaccination, 120Veda, 110vedette, 84vaccine, 120 veer, 100vacillate, 118vacuity, 97vacuous, 97verdant, 331verdict, 130, 490verdigris, 331verdure, 331verecund, 130verge (limit), 141verger, 141veridical, 130verification, 130verily, 130verisimilitude, 130veritable, 130verity, 130verjuice, 331vermicelli, 134vermicular, 134vermifuge, 134vagabond, 117vagary, 116 n., 117vagrant, 117vague, 117vail, 337vain, 97Vedistic, 110vegetate, 84vehement, 117vehicle, 117veil, 79vein, 116, 117velar, 79velleity, 152vellum, 121 , 122velvet, 135vermilion, 134vermin, 134vernacular, 154vernal, 90, 569versatile, 146verse, 146versicle, 146versification, 146version, 146vert, 146vertebra, 146778 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.VERTvertex, 146vertical, 146 vine, 100vertigo, 146vertu, 127vindictive, 490vinegar, 48, 100vineyard, 100, 385vintage, 100volition, 152volley, 317volteface, 134volume, 134voluntary, 152WALEvervain, 150very, 130 vespers, 90vespertilio, 90vessel, 154vest, 78, 79Vesta, 90vestal, 90vestige, 144 n.'vintner, 100viol, 122violate, 112 n.², 331violent, 112 n.2, 331violin, 122violoncello, 122viper, 331, 635virago, 127vestment, 78 virelai, 100vestry, 79 virgin, 141Vesuvius, 90 virid, 331vetch, 100 virile, 127veteran, 122veterinary, 122virtue, 128volunteer, 152voluptuary, 152voluptuous, 152volute, 134vomit, 125voracious, 311vortex, 146votary, 333vote, 333votive, 333vouch, 120Vouchsafe, 120 Vow, 333vowel, 120vexation, 117viaduct, 117, 515viands, 331viaticum, 117Viborg, 107 vibrate, 155vicar, 107vicarious, 107Vicary, 107virtuoso, 128virtuous, 128virulent, 147virus, 147visard, 110vis-à-vis, 110viscount, 37, 107visée, 110visible, 110voyage, 117Vulcan, 147vulcanite, 147vulgar, 141Vulgate, 141 vulnerable, 135vulture, 135vision, 110vice (a press), 100 visit, 110vice (evil), 146 n.¹ visor, 110vice-gerent, 107, 301 vista, 110vice-regent, 107 visual, 110viceroy, 65, 107vice versâ, 107vicinage, 115vicinity, 115vicious, 146 n.Wwad, 100, 122 n.wadding, 100, 122 n.waddle, 299wade, 299vital, 331 Wadset (Scot. ) , 125vitelline, 122 wafer, 102vi termini, 111 n.², 331 waffle, 102vitreous, 110 waft, 81vicissitude, 107victim, 84, 107victor, 113victory, 113victuals, 331videlicet, 110vie, 112view, 110Vigfussen, 113, App. I.p. 711vigil, 84vigilant, 84vignette, 100 vociferate, 119vitriol, 110vittles, 331vivacious, 331vivacity, 331vivandière, 331viviparous, 331, 634vivid, 331vivific , 331viz. , 110vocable, 119vocal, 119vocabulary, 119vocation, 119wag, 118wage, 125 wager, 125 waggish, 118 waggle, 118waggon, 117 Wagner, 117wag-tail, 118wail, App. I. p. 709wain, 117wainscot, 117wainwright, 117Wainwright, 117, 141waist, 84vigour, 84 voice, 120 waistband, 84Vikings, 107 n. void, 104 wait, 84villa, 114 voidance, 10+ waits, 84village, 115 voilà, 110 wake, 84villain, 115 volatile, 316 waken, 84villose, 135Viminalis , 100vindicate, 490vol-au-vent, 317volcanic, 147volcano, 147wale (from a blow), 134wale (to choose, dial. ), 153Wales, 143APPENDIX III. 779WALKwalk, 139Walker, 139wall, 131Wallach, 143Wallachian, 143wallflower, 131Walloon, 143was, 154 wash, 85wasp, 102wassail, 154, 207wassail-bowl, 154, 207wast, 154waste, 97welkin, 143well, 134, 153wellknit, 368Welsh, 143Wenceslaus, 284wench, 118wend, 123WHOMwallop, 134wallow, 134walnut, 142, 232walrus, 193, 196wastrel, 97Wat, 278watch, 83water, 85Walsh, 143Walter, 278Walters, 278waltz, 134wan, 98, 126 n.wander, 123wane, 97wanhope, 98wanion, 97wanluck, 98wanlust, 98wanrest, 98Wanstead, 99want, 97, 126 n.wanthrift, 98wanton, 97, 98, 514war, 144ward, 131Ward, 131warden, 130warder, 131Warder, 131wardrobe, 130wardroom, 131ware, 130warehouse, 130Waters, 278Watkin, 278Watkins, 278Watson, 278wattle, 100, 122 n.wave, 81 wax, 83, 84, 103 n.²way, 117wayfarer, 117, 632waylay, 117wayward, 117we, 570weak, 107weal, 153weald, 131 , 152 n.wealth, 153wean, 127wear (to clothe), App. I.p. 709wear (to tack), 100weary, App. I. p. 709weasand, 295weather, 81weave, 102web, 102went, 123were, 154werewolf, 128, 137werguild, 128Westphalia, 610Westropp, 450westward, 146wet, 85wether, 122, 123whale, 196wharf, 217what, 161wheat, 293wheedle, 81wheel, 196Wheeler, 196wheelwright, 196wheen, 98wheeze, 295whelk, 320 n.whelm, 134, 216 n., 217when, 161 , 569whence, 161, 569where, 161whether, 161which, 161whiff, 218while, 241whine, 98 n. , 169Webber, 102 whip, 155webbing, 102 whir, 196webfooted, 102, 619 whirl, 217Waringians, 130 Webster, 102 whirligig, 217, 332wares, 130Waring, 130warlike, 144warlock, 130warm, 347warmingpan, 347warmth, 347warn, 130Warner, 130warp, 138, 139 Warrand, 130warrant, 130warren, 130Warren, 130wed, 125wedding, 125wedge, 118Wednesbury, 99Wednesday, 99weeds, 100, 122 n.week, 107ween, 127 weevil, 102weft, 102whirlpool, 217, 84 n.whiskey, 85, 331whisper, 295whist, 295whistle, 295whit, 116 n.white, 293Whitehaven, 178whither, 161whitesmith, 293weigh, 117weir, 130`whiting, 293Whitsunday, 293, 294 n.Warrender, 130 weird, 146Warrener, 130warrior, 144wart, 149Warwick, 115wary, 130welcher, 143welcome, 153weld, 134welfare, 153 , 632welk, 143, 320 n.Whitsuntide, 293, 475who, 161whole, 207wholesale, 207wholesome, 207whom, 161780 EUR-ARYAN ROOTS.WHOB YEARwhor*, 162 wiry, 100 worship, 131whor*dom, 162, 531 wisdom, 110, 531 worst, 144whorl, 217 wise, 110 wort, 149whose, 161 wiseacre, 110why, 161 wish, 127wick (of a candle) , 103 wisp, 155wick (a village) , 115 wist, 110wicked, 109, 110 wistful, 127wicker, 103 wit, 110worth, 130, 146-worth, 130 n.²worthy, 131wot, 110would, 153wound, 97 n., 127Wickham, 115wide, 105widgeon, 118 n. ' , 155widow, 103, 104witch, 110 woven, 102with, 105 wrack, 141withdraw, 105, 545 wraith, 131withe, 100wither, 81withers, 104width, 105wife, 155wig, 676wigging, 676Wiggins, 113wight, 116 n.Wigramı, 113Wigstone, 107 withy, 100Wikings, witless, 110wild, 153 witness, 110wilder, 153wilderness, 153 witting, 110wilding, 153 witty, 110 .wile, 133, 134, 563 n.¹ wizard, 110wilful, 153 wizen, 147withhold, 105within, 24without, 91withsay, 105withset, 105witticism, 110wrangle, 141wrap, 139 wrath, 145, 146 Wratislaw, 284 wreak, 141 wreath, 146 wreck, 141 wrench, 139 wrest, 146 wrestle, 146 wretch, 141wriggle, 141 wright, 140, 141 wring, 141 wrinkle, 139wrist, 146will, 153 Woden, 99 writhe, 146willow, 134 woe, 98 wrong, 141willy-nilly, 153 woeful, 98, 629 wroth, 146wily, 134 wold, 131win, 127 wolf, 137, 152 n.Winbush, 689 n.2 Wolfenden, 552wince, 118 Wolff, 137winch, 118:Winchester, 294wind, 80wind (vb. ), 123windlass, 123windle, 123Wolfram, 137Wolrych, 65, 137Wolsey, 18, 137Wolverton, 137Wolvesey, 18, 137 woman, 155wrought, 141wrout, 149wry, 141wud (dial. ), 99wyte (prov. ), 110XXerxes, 234xylo-, 222window, 81 , 156 wont, 127Windsor, 123windy, 81wine, 100, 569wine-bibber, 100, 601wine-fat, 100, 619Winfried, 127, 666wing, 118Wingrove, 391Winifried, 666wink, 118winkle, 100winning, 127winnow, 81winsom, 127, 231Winton, 294wipe, 155wood, 531wood (obs. ), 99woodward, 131Woodward, 131woof, 102wool, 134 n. , 135Woolacombe, 274Woolridge, 137word, 132work, 141world, 54, 127, 128worm, 132 n., 133, 134wormwood, 134worn, App. I. p. 709 worry, 141worse, 144xylo-balsamum, 222yacht, 38Yyard (a measure), 377yard (an enclosure), 385yard-arm, 57yare (dial.) , 231yarn, 385 yarrow, 231yawn, 375yclept, 231, 305ye, 20yea, 19yeaning, 78year, 42yearling, 42yearly, 42APPENDIX III. 781YEARyearn, 381 yield, 355yede, 37 yogee, 42yeid, 37 yolk, 387yeld (dial. ), 205 yon, 19yell (dial.), 205yell, 388 yore, 42yellow, 387 you, 20yelp, 388 young, 45 yes, 19youngling, 45yonder, 19yure (dial.), 86ywis, 231ZZembla, Nova, 380zemindar, 380zodiac, 330ZOUNyoungster, 45 younker, 45yesterday, 396yesternight, 396yestreen, 396yet, 19yex (dial.), 375your, 20youth, 45youthful, 45zoedone, 330zone, 569 zooks, 400zoology, 330 zoophyte, 330 zounds, 127, 400PRINTED BYSPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW- STREET SQUARE LONDON

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